Art Appreciation

Chapter 8Prints

4 basic methods

•Relief• Intaglio• Lithography• Screenprinting

What is a print?

• Courtesy of moma• http://www.moma.org/interactives/projects/2

001/whatisaprint/print.html

websites• Colored woodblock prints in the japanese style– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dliF74ojOho

• 4 color woodblock print, a stamping method– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ej0D_qxBd2w

• The best video, 3 color reduction process (with Bridget Mary Henry)– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSoRnKXpjU0

• MC Escher, doing his woodblock print of Snakes– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEQcuIRROzM

Relief

• The background image is cut away• The raised areas hold ink

Preface to Diamond Sutra, 868, woodblock handscroll, the earliest surviving woodcut image

Durer, Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 1497-98, woodcut

Odawara-juku in the 1830s, as depicted by Hiroshige in his series The Fifty-Three Stations of

the Tōkaidō.

Hiroshige and Van Gogh

Clear Weather After Snow at Kameyama

The Lake at Hakone

Fukagawa Susaki and Jūmantsubo

Edvard Munch

• http://romanjaster.com/edvard-munch/gallery/wood/index.htm

Edvard Munch, woodcut

Mondschein II (Moonlight II), Edvard Munch, 1902, Woodcut

Melancholy, Edvard Munch, 1896, Woodcut

Vampire, Edvard Munch, 1895-1902,Woodcut

Tower of Babel, M.C. Escher, 1928, woodcut

Snakes, M.C. Escher, 1969, woodcuthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEQcuIRROzM

Wood engraving

• Uses the end grain of the board• Uses harder wood• More highly detailed

• Quick video showing fine detail• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzZ26udf

Ps0&feature=player_embedded

Thomas Bewick, Barn Owl, 1847, wood engraving

Grace Thurston Arnold Albee, The Boyer Place, 1946, wood engraving

Still Life with Glass Under the Lamp, Pablo Picasso, 1962, linocut

Chuck Close, S.P. II, 1997, linocut

intaglio• Refers to 5 techniques

– Engraving– Drypoint– Mezzotint– Etching– Aquatint

• Opposite of relief, the ink goes into the grooves on the surface.

• Artist makes lines or grooves into a metal plate using a sharp tool or acid

• The entire surface is inked and then the plate is wiped clean• The paper is used damp and then pressed onto the plate

under pressure

• Intaglio demo• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNKn4PORGBI• MC Escher Mezzotint• http://www.mcescher.com/Film/Eschermezotintprint.mpg

• Lithography demo• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHw5_1Hopsc• Screenprinting demo• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wogKeYH2wEE

engraving• Began from the practice of incising designs

into armor• A sharp V-shaped tool called a burin is used to

cut lines into a metal plate• Shallow cuts make a light, thin line and deeper

gouges make a darker, thicker line• The result is similar to drawing• Engravings were a popular way of making

reproductions of major paintings

The Judgement of Paris after Raphael, Raimondi, 1514-18, engraving

St Jerome in his Study, Durer, 1514, engraving

drypoint

• Similar to etching, except it uses a sharp pointed drypoint needle instead of a V-shaped burin

• The artist draws on the metal plate similar to drawing on paper

drypoint

Woman in Cafe, Lesser Ury, 1919-21, showing the typical rich blurred line of drypoint.

Hard Climb, Louise Bourgeois, 1946-47, burin and drypoint

Edvard Munch, The Women, 1895,Drypoint on paper

mezzotint

• This is a reverse process, working from dark to light

• First the entire metal plate is roughened using a sharp tool called a rocker– The entire plate would make a black print at this

point because the burrs hold the ink– The artist uses a burnisher (a smoothing tool) to

smooth and rub out areas to create lighter values.– In the lightest areas, the burrs are smoothed out

entirely

The Jolly Flat Boat Men after George Caleb), Thomas Doney, 1847, mezzotint

Eye, Escher, 1946, Mezzotinthttp://www.mcescher.com/Film/Eschermezotintprint.mpg

Etching

• The entire plate is covered with a ground, like beeswax or asphalt

• The artist draws through the ground on the plate using an etching needle

• The entire plate is dipped into acid• Acid eats away the lines• The ground is removed• The plate is inked and printed

etching

Christ Preaching, Rembrandt, c. 1652, etching

aquatint

• Different in that it does not print lines but rather areas of tone

• It is good for creating value changes• Most often used with another technique• The artist dusts the plate with powder resin in

various thicknesses, then heats the plate to make the resin stick

• Plate is dipped into acid

Goya, Hasta la Muetre (until death),aquatint and etching

Goya, 1797-98, etching and aquatint,No 52: ¡Lo que puede un sastre!

Woman Bathing, Mary Cassatt, 1891, drypoint and aquatint

midpoint

lithography• Much different that intaglio, it is a planographic process• Lithography artists draw onto smooth limestone surface

using a greasy material– Lithographic crayon– Tusche, a greasy ink

• It works based on the idea that oil and water do not mix• The stone is treated with acid to fix the drawing in place• Then it is damped with water, the water goes to areas

without grease• The stone is inked and the ink sticks to the grease and is

repelled by the watery areas• Lithographs are often mistaken for drawings

Lithography stone with it mirror image,map of Munich

Death and the Mother, Kathe Kollwitz, 1934, lithograph

The Seated Clowness, Henri de Toulouse-Letrec, color lithograph

La Goulue, Toulouse-Lautrec, lithograph poster,use multiple stones to reproduce images in color

Alphonse Mucha, Fruit, 1897, lithogrph

Nestle’s Food for Infants, Mucha, lithograph, 1897

Dance, Mucha, 1898, lithograph

Still Life with Spherical Mirror, Escher, 1934, lithograph

Reptiles, Escher, 1943, lithograph

Three Worlds, Escher, 1955, lithograph

Hand with Reflecting Sphere,Escher, 1935, lithograph

Edvard Munch, self-portrait, lithograph

Edvard Munch, Madonna, 1895-1902Lithograph

Screenprinting• The artist uses a screen– Traditionally silk

• Silkscreen• Serigraphy

• They block out certain areas that are not meant to be printed– Using various methods and materials

• Place the screen over paper and force ink thru the screen using a squegee

• To use multiple colors, a screen is prepared for each color and the paper is registered for each printing

Untitled from Maryilyn Monroe, Andy Warhol, 1967, screenprint

Self-portrait, Andy Warhol, 1966, silkscreen on 9 canvases

Retroactive I, Robert Rauschenberg, 1964, oil and silkscreen on canvas

What Appropriation Has Given Me, Chagoya, 1992, serigraph

Gumiring Garkman, Lin Onis, 1994,Screenprint on Paper

Goonya Na Bilda, Lin Onus, 1994,Screenprint on paper,

Monotype & Monoprint

• Monotype – uses ink on a simple featureless surface (can be copper plate

or acrylic glass, ect) then transferred onto paper or canvas– plates are re-inked every time resulting in unique individual

prints• Monoprint– Uses ink on a plate with permanent markings on it such as

texture or incised lines– Plates are re-inked with each print, resulting in a unique

coloring with a common theme

• A second print is sometimes called a ghost print

Bastille Day, Prendergast, 1892, monotype in oil colors

End of chapter 8