Artificial Intelligencer

8/2/2019 Artificial Intelligencer

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BY :

Nikita Vyas (12069)Surabhi Raj Singh (12070)

RaviRaj (12060)

Shobhit Singh (12075)

Amardeep Singh (12061)


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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEArtificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligenceof machines and the branch of computerscience which aims to create it.

It was founded on the claim that a centralproperty of human beings, intelligence can beso precisely described that it can besimulated by a machine.

Today it is an essential part of the

technology industry and it is also related tomany other fields mathematics, philosophy,biology, etc.


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HistoryThinking machines appeared in acientsocieties (Greece, Egypt, etc.)

Humans believed that intelligence were builtin machines- they worshipped them

Sacred statues in Greece and Egypt

20th century: new approach to buidingintelligent machines based on discoveries inneurology and by the invention of digitalcomputer

1956: the field of AI research was founded at a

conference onthe campus of DartmouthCollege

Participants of the conference: John McCarthy,Marvin Minsky, Allen Newel, Herbert Simon-they became the leaders of AI


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Turing Test(developed by Alan Turing, a British Mathematician)

It was proposed by Alan Turing in 1950he concluded that a machine could beseen as being intelligent if it could "fool"a human into believing if it was human.

A benchmark for progress in AI

The process: a human interrogator

communicates with a test subject by atypewriter (or any other text-onlychannel)

The main issue: can the interrogator tellwhether the subject is human ormachine?


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Specific characteristics of intelligent behavior:1. Learn from experience and apply the knowledge acquired

from experience.2. Handle complex situations.3. Solve problems when important information is missing.4. Determine what is important.5. React quickly and correctly to a new situation.6. Understand visual images.7. Process and manipulate symbols.8. Be creative and imaginative.9. Use heuristics.


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Purpose: Intelligent Agents An agent is a device that responds to stimuli

from its environment.

Sensors: to recieve stimuli

Actuators: to react

The goal of artificial intelligence is to build

agents that behave intelligently.


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Advantages of AI Smarter artificial intelligence may replace human

jobs, freeing people for other pursuits by automatingmanufacturing and transportation.

Self-modifying, self-writing, and learning softwares

can relieve programmers of the burdensome tasks ofspecifying the functions of different programs.

Self-replicating applications can make deploymenteasier and less resource-intensive.

AI can see relationships in enormous or diversebodies of data that a human could not.


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Risks associated with AI Unforeseen, unpredictable impacts of new features.

Self-modifying, when combined with self-replicating,can lead to dangerous, unexpected results, such as a

new and frequently mutating computer virus. Rapid advances in AI could lead to massive structural

unemployment.

AI utilizing non-transparent learning (i.e. neural

networks) is never completely predictable.


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Ethical Considerations Artificial life may be viewed as more expendable

than human life, so AI will be used as cheap labor, orperhaps slaves, thus increasing profits forcorporations.

We do have to take responsibility for our creations,so if the risks associated with creating a form of AIare too great, then we should not pursue thatdevelopment.

Will AI ever reach a state when it can demand rightsfor itself? And if it does, can those rights be grantedto it?


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The Future of AI The idea of AI is being replaced by artificial life - anything with

a form or body.

The consensus among scientists is that a requirement for lifeis that it should have an embodiment in some physical form,but this may change. Programs are not able to fit thisrequirement for life yet.

Very sophisticated AI may not be far; with sufficientcomputation power (such as that offered by quantumcomputers) it is possible to evolve AI without muchprogramming effort.

Today, concerns include mutating viruses and the reliability ofAI.

Scientist should always remain cautious over the dangers ofdeveloping new features for AI.


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The Problems Of AIThe problem of stimulating intelligence has been broken down into a

number of specific sub-problems

These consist of particular traits or capabilities that researchers would like

an intelligent system to display

1.Deduction, reasoning, problem solving2.Knowledge representation

3.Planning

4.Learning

5. Natural language processing

7.Motion and manipulation8.Perception

9. Social intelligence

10.Creativity

11. General intelligence


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The difference between Natural and Artificial Intelligence

AttributesNatural

Intelligence

(Human)

Artificial

Intelligence

(Machine)

The ability to use sensors (eyes, ears, touch, smell) HIGH LOW

The ability to be creative and imaginative HIGH LOW

The ability to learn from experience HIGH LOW

The ability to be adaptive HIGH LOW

The ability to afford the cost of acquiring intelligence HIGH LOW

The ability to use a variety of information source HIGH HIGH

The ability to acquire large amount of external information HIGH HIGH

The ability to make complex calculations LOW HIGH

The ability to transfer information LOW HIGH

The ability to make a series of calculations rapidly and accurately LOW HIGH


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Major Branches of

Artificial Intelligence

ROBOTICS

VISION

SYSTEMS

LEARNING

SYSTEMS

NATURAL LANGUAGE

PROCESSING

NEURAL

NETWORKS

EXPERT

SYSTEMS


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1. RoboticsInvolve developing

mechanical or computer

devices that perform tasks

requiring a high degree ofprecision or that are

hazardous for humans.

Major Branches of Artificial Intelligence


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The Rover was a remote-controlled robot used byNASA to explore the surface of Mars.


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Lucyan orangutan robot, was a

pure research project todevelop some novel

theories about the

fundamental operating

principles of the brain.


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2. Vision Systems

Include hardware and

software that permitcomputers to capture,

store, and manipulate

visual images and pictures.


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3. Natural language processing

Computers understand and react to statements

and commands made in a natural language,such as English.


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4. Learning system

Computer changes how it functions or reacts to

situations based on feedback.

5. Neural network

Computer system that can act like or simulate

the functioning of the human brain.


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6. Expert Systems

Consists of hardware and software that

stores knowledge and makes inferences,similar to a human expert.


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THANKYOU

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Artificial Intelligencer