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UNCLASSIFIED

AD NUMBER

LIMITATION CHANGES

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FROM:

AUTHORITY

THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED

AD830290

Approved for public release; distribution isunlimited. Document partially illegible.

Distribution authorized to U.S. Gov't. agenciesand their contractors; Critical Technology; SEP1963. Other requests shall be referred to Army

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document contains export-controlled technicaldata.

USAMC ltr, 2 Jul 1973

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fQ E CK K l sA L

R E P O R T

S E C T I O N

1

/

V L

POSTGR A D U A TE

S C H O O L

MONTERtV,CALIFORNIA

9394Q

M C

P M P H L E T

M C P706-244

THISIS AREPRINTWITHOUTCHANGEOFORDP20-244

R E S E A R C HA N D

D E V E L O P M E N T

O M A T E R I E L

ENGINEERINGDESIGNHANDBOOK

A M M U N I T I O N

S E R I E S

S E C T I O N 1 ,

A R T I L L E R Y

A M M U N I T I O N - G E N E R A L

WITH

TABLEOFCONTENTS,GLOSSARYANDINDEX

FORSERIES

B E S T

A V A I L A B L E

C O P Y

HEADQUARTERS,U .S.ARMYMATERIELCOMMAND EPTEMBER963

8/10/2019 Artillery Ammo General

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i

HEADQUARTERS

UNITED

STATES

ARMY

MATERIEL

COMMAND

WASHINGTON

25,

.C.

30

September

1963

AMCP

706-244,

ection

1,

ArtilleryAmmunition--General,

formingpartof

the

Ammunition

Series

oftheArmyMateriel

Command

Engineering

DesignHandbook,

spublished

for

the

information

and

guid-

anceof

allconcerned.

( A M C R D )

FOR

THE

COMMANDER:

SELWYN

D.SMITH JR.

MajorGeneral USA

Chiefof

Staff

OFFICIAL:

DAVIDSON

Colonel,S

Chief,

Administrative

Office

DISTRIBUTION:

Special

(

8/10/2019 Artillery Ammo General

5/88

F O R E W O R D

T heA R T I L L E R YA M M U N I T I O NSERIES

sbeing

ssued

s

an

interim

publicationofth e

O rdna nceEngi neeri ngD es ign

H an d bo o k,

a

comprehensive

sequenceof

publications

planned

to

treatth eentire

ield

ofO r d n a n c e

design.hen

th eH a ndbook

w as

begun

it

w as

found

tobe

impractical

o

ntegrate

nto

t

he

series

relating

to

Arti l lery

Am m u n i-

tion

alr ead y

in

preparation

under

th e

direction

ofPicatinnyArsenal.

A l-

thoughhey

were

imilar,

he

bjectivesofh e

w o

rojectswer e

ot

identical.h esubjectbrea kdownadoptedfo r

th e

H an d bo o k

would

have

necessitated

edistribution

f

heaterial

f

h iseriesh r o u g h o u t

severalofth eplanned

volumes

of

th e

H an d b oo k ,

with

onsequent

elay

in

publication

of

much

ofth ematerial .t

w as

therefore

decidedto

issue

this

m at er ia l

intactasan

interim

publication

to

makeit

ava i lableasearly

as

ossible.

he

m at er ia lppearing

inthisserieswil lbegradual l ysu -

perseded

s

ertinent

olumesfherdnance

ngineering

esign

H an d bo o k

become

available.

Mat er ia lfo rthisseries

w as

prepared

y

he

echnical

riting

Service

of

th e

M c G r a w - H i ll

B o o k

Company,

under

Contract

D AI-2 8 -01 7 -

5 0 1 - O R D - (P )- 91 2 .

echnical

supervision

and

much

f

th e

basic

nfor-

mationer e

urnished

y

icatinny

Arsenal.

ngineers

romther

O r d n an c eDes i gn

Centers

alsosuppliedmuchinformation,andaidedin

th e

review.

nfact ,

so

ma ny

persons

havegivent imeandenergy

to

this

projectthatithasbeendifficult

to

compile ompleteistofcknowl-

edgements.

T he

fol lowing

wer eresponsiblefo rth econceptionand directionof

th eroject.

A R T I L L E R Y

A M M U N I T I O N

S E C T I O N ,

ARTILLERY

A M -

M U N I T I O N A N D

ACKING

D E V E L O P M E N TL A B O R A -

T O R Y ,

S A M U E L

F E L T M A N

A M M U N I T I O N

L A B O R A -

TORIES,PICATINNYARSENAL

A l fredF.Teitscheid

hief,

Arti l lery

Am m u n it io nB r a n c h

W i ld e r

R .

Carson

hief,

Arti l lery

Am m u n it io n

B r a n c h

R oyH .W o o d

hief,

Arti l lery

Am m u n it io n

Laboratory

A

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M A J O R

C O N T R I B U T O R S

GeorgeDemitrack

Lars

Enequist

H e n r y

P.Hitchcock

Dr.

RobertH .

K e n t

Charles

Lenchitz

Prof.

A r t h u r

F.

M a c C o n o c h i e

A r n o l dO .

Pallingston

Richard

E .

T o d d

Col.

H e r m a n

U .

W a g ne r ,

U SA

(Retired)

Picatinny

Arsenal

Ballistics

Research

Laboratory

Ballistics

Research

Laboratory

BallisticsResearch

Laboratory

Picatinny

Arsenal

Prof.f

Mechanical

Engineering,

Uni-

versity

of

Virginia

Picatinny

Arsenal

Interior

Ballistics,

P

rope H a n t s

Lethality

Criteria

Exterior

Ballistics

Exterior

Ballistics

Thermodynamics

of

Explosive

Materials

M a n u f a c t u r i n g

M e t h o d s

Physical

Testing

f

Explosive

Materials

Picatinny

Arsenal

Qual i ty

Control

GeneralContributor

andConsultant

M u r r a y

Weinstein

Picatinny

Arsenal

PhysicalTesting

f

Explosive

Materials

Dr.LewisZernow

Col.H e r m a n

H .

Zornig,U SA

(Retired)

BallisticsResearch

S h a p e d

Charge

Laboratory

heory,Blast

O r d n a nc e

Specialist

andCon sul tan t

G E N E R A LA S S I S T A N C E

K e n ne th

H .

A bbott

Theodor

A d v o k a t

N o r m a nE .Beach

D o n a l dR .Beeman

W a t er t ow n

Arsenal

KineticE n e r g y

A m m u n i t i o n

PicatinnyArsenal

PicatinnyArsenal

Picatinny

Arsenal

SpecialPurpose

Shell

ChemicalTesting

f

Explosive

Materials

H e a d

A m m u n i t i o n

DesignB r a n c h

11

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G E N E R A L

A S S I S T A N C E

(cont)

W i ll a r d

R .

Benson

lcatlnnyArsenal

WarrenBllttersdorf

rankford

Arsenal

Joseph

I.

B l u h m

at er t o wnArsenal

WilliamByrne

rankfordArsenal

John

E .

Capell

lcatinny

Arsenal

Herbert

N .

C ohen

icatinny

Arsenal

C o r w i nS.

Davis

lcatinny

Arsenal

A b r a h a m

L.

D o r f

m a n

icatinny

Arsenal

CyrusG .

D u n k l e

icatinnyArsenal

LeonardH .EriksenicatinnyArsenal

H a r o ld

N .

E u k e r

PatrickFalivene

A r t h u rP.Field

A l

Fox

Leo

J .Frey,

Jr.

RobertFrye

A n d r e w

J.

G a l k o

ThomasH a l l

Dr.

DavidH a r t

FloydHill

SidneyJacobson

Frankford

Arsenal

PicatinnyArsenal

Picatinny

Arsenal

Frankford

Arsenal

Picatinny

Arsenal

Picatinny

Arsenal

Picatinny

Arsenal

Picatinny

Arsenal

PicatinnyArsenal

Ballistics

Research

Laboratory

PicatinnyArsenal

Lethality

Theory

Cartridge

Case

Design,

Manufac-

tur i ng

M e t h o d s

R o t a t i n g

B a n d s

Cartridge

Case

Ammunition

Design

Standards

Pyrotechnics

C hi efPropellant

Section

Pyrotechnics

Sh apedCharge

Ammunition

ExplosivesChem-

istry

Laboratory

A PShell

PropellantIgnition

Inspection

M a n u f a c t u r i n g

M e t h o d s

Special

Purpose

Shell

H e a d

Chemical

Branch

G B

Shell

H E P

Shell

H e a d

Pyrotechnics

Laboratory

T a n kVulnerability

KineticEnergy

Ammunition

111

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G E N E R A L

A S S I S T A N C E

cont)

WilliamJosephs

K u r t

K u p fe r m a n

Picatinny

Arsenal

Picatinny

Arsenal

RobertG .

Leonardi PicatinnyArsenal

WilliamL.

Lukens

Propellants

Sh aped

Charge

A m m u n i t i o n

Primer

Ignition

Formerly

incharge

of

Ammunition

De-

sign

Branch,

PicatinnyArsenal

Ulysses

S.

M a c D o n a l d

Picatinny

Arsenal Inspection

James

R -M c K a y

icatinnyArsenal

Special

Purpose

Shell

H a r o ld

M a r k u s

rankford

Arsenal

A P

Shell

Ant hony

Muzicka

atervlietArsenal

Jacob

H .

Niper

K a r l

G .

O t t os o n

PicatinnyArsenal

Picatinny

Arsenal

LawrenceW .Pell Picatinny

Arsenal

BallardE .

Quass

icatinnyArsenal

Lt.Richard

Rhiel

Dr.

William

H .

R i n k e n b a c h

D

P

SAberdeen

Proving

G r o u n d s

GilbertE .

Rogers PicatinnyArsenal

M a x

Rosenberg

WilliamM .

R o w e

SamuelSage

Picatinny

Arsenal

PicatinnyArsenal

Picatinny

Arsenal

M a r v i nB .Schaffer Picatinny

Arsenal

A r t h u r

B .Schilling Picatinny

Arsenal

Rifling

and

G u n

Chambers

Inspection

Asst.

Chief,

Chem-

ical

Test

Section

H i g h

Explosives

Special

Purpose

Shell

Plate

Penetration

Monograms

Formerly

ncharge

of

Picatinny

Arsenal

General

Artillery

Ammunition

Design

Ammunition

Design

H E PShell

Chief,

H i g h

Ex-

plosives

Section

Canister

Shell

ForeignAmmunition

IV

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G E N E R A LA S S I S T A N C Econt)

RobertM .

Schwartz

Picatinny

Arsenal

William

F.Sh irkicatinny

Arsenal

M o r g a n

Smith

allisticsResearch

Laboratory

JosephV.

Sperazza

BallisticsResearch

Laboratory

JosephSterne

BallisticsResearch

Laboratory

Theodore

W .

Stevens

icatinnyArsenal

N o a h

A .

Tolch

allisticsResearch

Laboratory

Paul

B .

T w e e d

icatinny

Arsenal

Robert

J .

Vogel

icatinny

Arsenal

LeoVolkheimericatinnyArsenal

Stanley

W a c h te il

Garry

Weingarten

icatinny

Arsenal

General

Ammunition

Design

Canister

Shell

Aircraft

Vulnera-

bility

BlastTheory

Lethality,

Frag-

mentation

H i g hExplosives

Lethality,Frag-

mentation

H i g hExplosives

Assistant,

Research

and

Development

Section

W P

Shell

Chief,

Physical

TestSection

H e a d ,

Chemical

ResearchSection

Pyrotechnics

Laboratory

E d w a r d

Wurzell

PicatinnyArsenal InteriorBallistics

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P R E F A C E

T h is

eries

s

ompilation

ofvailable

ata

n

h e

esign

f

arti l lery

ammunition.tisintended

to

introduce

th e

graduate

engineer

toth ea rtofammunitiondesignandtoserveas

areadyreference

fo r

th e

practicingarti l leryammunitiondesigner.

Inform ati on

ontainednheseublicationsas

ee n

btained

from developmentreportsandd r awin g s

of

ammunition

items,fromproof

firing

records,

an d

from

research

reports

by

Uni ted

States

nd

B r i t i s h

government

agencies.

he

nformation

obtained

fromthese

sources

w as

corroborated

and

supplemented

y

mea ns

of

direct

interviews

and

cor-

respondencewithpersonnelofU .S.overnmentnd

rivate

esearch

and

designagencies.

Th is

series

consistsofsixsections.

ection

1

is

anintroduction

to

th e

general

subjectof

ammunition

an d

it s

design.

t

is

prima ri ly intended

to

familiarizenewcomers

to

th e

fieldw i th

th e

nomenclature

and

classifi-

cation

of

ammunition

items.Forconveniencein publication,th efeatures

applyingto th eentireseries,

such

as

Table

f

Contents,

Glossarynd

Index,

have

been

bound

w i th

Section

1 .

Section

2

is

concerned

w i th

terminal

ballistics,orth eproduction

ofeffect

by

th evarioustypes

of

ammunition.

ection

3

dealswith

h e

control

offlight,

and

exterior

ballistic

esignofot hin-stabilizednd

spin-stabilizedrounds.

Section

4,ondesignorprojection

ofmmunition,ncludes

h e

designofpropel lantsfo rdesired

nteriorballisticcharacteristics ,stress

analysis,

and

th e

designof

cartridgecase,

u n

chamber,and

ifling

nd

rotating

bands.

Section5

describes

th e

inspection

aspects

of

arti l lery

ammunition

design.

t

is

included

to

ac q u ain t

th e

designer

with

imensioning

rac-

t ices

nd

h e

at u r e

of

he

imitations

placedondesignbyth e

require-

ments

of

gaginga ndqualitycon tro l

Section6,on

m anufacturi ng

methods,

a s

ee n

ncluded

o

iv e

th e

neophyte

designer

some

insight

into

th e

overal lproblemof

th e

ma nu-

VI

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facture

f

etal

artsfmmunitiontems,incemethods

of

ma nu-

facture

impose

l imitationsupon

th e

design

of

such

items.

M u c h

effortas

ee n

pent

n

ocatingnderifying

h is

ata.

H o w e v e r ,

in

spiteofthis,itisprobable

hat

aluableources

ave

ee n

overlooked

andthat

a

certainpercentage

f

h enformationslready

obsolescent

ecause

f

he

apiddvances

eing

made

n

he

ield.

t

ishopedthatth eusersofth e

Arti l lery

mmunition

eries

wil lnform

th eO f ficeofO rdna nceR esear c h ,

B ox

CM ,D u k e

Station,

D u r h a m ,

N o r t h

Carolina,

of

any

omissions

or

errorsthattheym ay

notice.

Vll

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table

o f

contents

Section

age

Paragraphs

F O R E W O R D

iii

P R E F A C E ix

1

R T I L L E R YA M M U N I T I O N

G E N E R A L 1

Types

and

Classification

of

Complete

R o u n d s

1

-1o

1-12

Types

f

Projectiles2

-13to

1-21

Projectile

C om ponents3

-22to1-28

Fuzes,

Boosters,

ndDetonators

...

1-4

-29to

1-37

Explosives

for

A m m uni t i on

6-38

to

1-41

Propelling

Charges

6

-42to1-50

GeneralDesignRequirements

8-51to

1-54

ReferencesandBibliography

8

2

E S I G N

FO R

T E R M I N A L

E F F E C T S

2-1

Introduct i on

1-1

o

2-16

BlastEffect 7-17to2-49

viu

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Section a ge Paragraphs

2ESIGN

FO RT E R M I N A L

E F F E C T S(cont)

Re fe re nce sandBibl iography

-

20

Characteristics

of

High

Explosives

.

-2 2

2-50

to

2-70

Shaped

Charge

Ammunition

-30

2-71

to

2-153

Fragmentat ion

-93

2-154

to2-207

R e f e r e n c e s

and

Bibl iography

-

1

1

3

K inetic

Energy

Ammunition

fo r

th e

De f e a tofA r m o r-1 17

2-208

to 2- 265

Re fe re nce s

and

Bibl iography-14 8

Canister

Ammunition

-

1

5

0

2 - 2 6 6

to

2-278

Re fe re nce s

and

Bibl iography

-1 55

H igh -E x plosive

Plastic

( H E P )

Shell.

- 1 5 6 2-279to2-291

R e f e r e n c e s

an dBibl iography

-1

59

Special

Purpose

Shell

-1

6 0

2-292

to

2-371

Re fe re nce san dBibl iography-199

3

ESIGN

FO R

C O N T R O L

O F

FLIGHT

CHARACTERISTICS

-1

D e s ign

for

Precision-1

-1to3-22

R e f e r e n c e s

and

Bibl iography

33

D e si gn

fo r

Maximum

Range

or

Minimum

Tim e

ofFlight

-38 3-23to

3-48

R e f e r e n c e san dBibl iography-77

Projectile

Geometry

-81

3-49

to

3-64

4

ESIGNFO R

P R O T E C T I O N

-

1

Propellants

nd

InteriorBallistics

4 -1

-1

to

4-75

Cartridge

Case

an d

Gu nChamber

D e s i g n -11 7

4-76

to4 - 1 1 6

R e f e r e n c e s

an dBibl iography-1 37

ix

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Section

age

Paragraphs

4

ESIGNFO R

PROJECTION

cont)

Rotating

Bandand

Rifling

Design4-149-117

to

4-154

ReferencesandBibliography

1

76

StressnShell

1

77

4-155to

4-177

References

and

Bibliography

190

5

NSPECTION

ASPECTS

OF

ARTIL-

LERY

AMMUNITION

DESIGN

1

QualityAssuranceAspectsof

Ammunition

Design

1

-1

to5-21

References

andBibliography12

Effect

of

Dimensioning

and

Tol-

erancing

onInspection

13

5-22

o5-28

6

ANUFACTUREOFMETALLIC

COMPONENTSOFARTILLERY

AMMUNITION1

Introduction 1-1o

6-10

Forging

of

HE

Shell

4-11

to

6-33

Machiningof

HE

Shell

14

-34to

6-56

ColdExtrusionofH E

Shell

21

-57to6-68

Compromise

Method

ofShell

Forming 25 6-69to6-70

Manufacture

of

High-Explosive

Plastic

Shell 26 6-71

to

6-77

Manufacture

of

Armor-Piercing

Shotand

Caps29 6-78

to6-86

The

Manufacture

of

Hypervelocity

Armor-Piercing

HVAP)

Shot

35

6-87

to

6-91

TheManufactureofTungsten

Carbide

Cores

36 6-92to

6-95

The

Manufacture

ofBrass

Cartridge

Cases

37 6-96

to

6-103

The

Manufacture

of

Drawn-Steel

CartridgeCases4 1

6-104o

6-122

x

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Section age Paragraphs

6A N U F A C T U R EO F

M E T A L L I C

C O M P O N E N T S

O FA R T I L L E R Y

A M M U N I T I O N

cont)

T h e

M a n u f a c t u r eol

Trapezoidal-

W r a pp e dSteel

Cartridge

Cases . 6-46 6-123

to

6-131

T he

M a n u f a c t u r e

l

Perforated

Cartridge

Cases

48

6-132

to

6-133

References

nd

Bibliography

49

G L O S S A R Y -l

I N D E X 1

xx

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G L O S S A R Y

ABSOLUTE

EVIATION:

Theshortest

distance

between

heenterf

he

arget

ndhe

point where a projectile hits or

bursts.

ABSOLUTE

RROR:

hortestdistance

between

the

enterf

mpact

r

heenter

ofburst

of

roup

f

hots

nd

he

ointofmpact

or

urst

f

ingle

hotithinheroup.

ACCURACY

IFE:

he

stimated

verage

number

founds

hat

articulareapon

can

ireeforets

ube

ecomes

oworn

that

its

accuracy

tolerance is

exceeded.

ACCURACY

F

IRE:

he

easurement

f

the

recisionfire

xpressed

s

hedis-

tancef

he

enterfmpactromhe

center

ofthetarget.

ADIABATICLAMEEMPERATURE:he

temperature

a

combustiblesystem

would

at-

tain

f

ll

he

nergy

f

ombustion

ent

into

he

ormation

fasithout

nergy

losstothe

surroundings.

AMATOL:ig h

xplosive

made

of

a

mixture

of

ammonium

itrate

nd

rinitrotoluene;

sometimes

sed

s

urstingharge

n

high-explosiveprojectiles.

AMMONAL:

igh-explosive

ubstance

made

of

aixture

f

mmonium

itrate,

rinitro-

toluene,

nd

laked

r

owdered

luminum.

Ammonal

sometimes

seds

ursting

charge

n

igh-explosive

rojectiles,

nd

producesbrightflashesonexplosion.

AMMUNITION

ATA

CARD:

Identification

card

preparedorach

ndividual

lot

of

ammuni-

tion

manufactured,

ivingheypeand

com-

position

fhemmunition,

nd

dentifying

its components by lot

number andmanu-

facturer.

he n

ecessary,

t

ay

lso

include

nstructions

or

handling

theammu-

nition.

AMMUNITIONDENTIFICATIONODE:ode

symbolforxample,

5HBA)

ssigned

o

each

mmunition

tem

or

dentificationand

to

acilitatehe

upply

fmmunition

o

the

ield.

heirstwoharacters

refero

theertinent

rdnance

atalog,

nd

he

re-

maining

hree

haracters

ohe

eapon

group,

ype

nd

odel,

nd

ackaging.

n

small

rms

mmunition

he

rade

s

n-

dicated.

AMMUNITIONOT

UMBER:

ode

umber

that

dentifies

articular

uantity

f

m-

munitionrom

ne

manufacturer.

Thenum-

bersssignedoeach

otf

mmunition

when

its

manufactured.

ANGLE

FEPARTURE:ngleetweenhe

line

fightndhe

xis

fhe

oreof

a

gun

at

he

nstant

he

rojectile

eaves

he

muzzle.

ngle

f

eparture

s

he

um

f

the

ngles

f

ite,

levation,nd

ertical

jump.

ANGLE

F

ALL:

ngle

etween

heori-

zontalnd

he

angento

he

rajectory

t

thepointatwhichaprojectile

falls.

ANGLEF

MPACT:cute

ngle

etween

the

tangento

he

rajectory

theoint

f

impactfrojectilendtheplane

tangent

toheurface

fheround

thepointof

impact;

ngle

t

hich

projectile

trikes

thegroundor

a

target.

ANGLE

F

NCIDENCE:

nglet

hich

projectile

trikes

urface;

cute

ngle

between

he

angent

o

he

ine

of

mpact

of

a

rojectile

nd

heerpendicularo

he

surfacef

he

ground

at

thepointof

mpact.

It

s

heomplementoftheangleofmpact.

G-l

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A R E A

A R G E T :Targetfor

gunfire

orb omb in g

covering

onsiderable

space,

uch

as

am-

munitions

actory,irport,rreightyard.

A narea

arget

differs

rom

oint

target,

which

is a

particular

bject

rtructure.

A R M I N G :sppliedo

uzes,h eh an gin g

fromsafecondition

toastate

freadiness

for

nitiation.

enerally

uze

is

caused

to

arm

ycceleration,

otation,

lock

mech-

anism,rir

ravel,

r

by

combinations

of

these.

A R M O R :rotectiveovering,

especially

metal

platessedn

ships,

anks,

motor

vehicles,

etc.

A R M O R - P I E R C I N G :ermappliedo

bullets

and

rojectiles

esigned

o

ierce

rmor

plate.

A R M O R - P I E R C I N G

A P P E D :

erm

pplied

to

armor-piercing

rojectiles

hich

a ve

steelapnrontfheprojectile

poin t ,

o

assistnefeatingace-hardenedrmor

plate.

A U T O M A T I C(Self-Acting):

M o v i n g

or

acting

by

itself.

Afterth e

first

ound

is

fired,n

auto-

matic

e a p o n

ires,

xtracts,

jects,

nd

reloads

w i t h o u tapplicationofpowerfroma n

outsideource,epeating

he

ycles

long

as

the

firing

mechanism

sheld

in

the

proper

position.

utomatic

ction

nvol^s

epeat-

in g

he

ycle

f

peration,

s

distinguished

from

emi-automatic,w h i c hisrestricted

to

on e

complete

cycle

a t

a

time.

A U T O M A T I C

EEDE C H A N I S M :

Mechanism

inan

utomatic

u n

hat

u tsresh

hells

into th e chamber

in

positionor

firing.

B

B A C K - B L A S T :

earwardlastf

gases

rom

the

reech

f

ecoilless

eaponsand

rock-

ets

pon

h eurn in g

f

h e

ropellant

charge.

t

s

ometimes

eferred

o

s

breech-blast.

B A L L I S T I C

A P:

a p

or

projectile,designed

toimproveitsballistic

efficiency.

B A L L I S T I CO E F F I C I E N T :easuref

h e

abilityf

issile

overcomeire-

sistance.

B A L L I S T I C

O N D I T I O N S :

onditionshich

affect

h e

otionfprojectile

nth ebore

andh roughheatmosphere,ncluding

muz-

zle

elocity,eightfrojectile,izend

shapef

rojectile,otation

f

h e

arth,

densityf

h e

ir,lasticity

fheira nd

th ew i nd.

B A L L I S T I C

U R V E :

ctual

a th

r

trajectory

of

a

bullet

or

hell.

B A L L I S T I CE N S I T Y :

o m p u t e d

constantir

density

h a t

w oul d

h a v e

thesametotaleffect

on

rojectileurin g

ts

light

s

he

varyingdensitiesactuallyencountered.

B A L L I S T I C

F F I C I E N C Y :

bilityfro-

jectileo

vercome

he

esistance

f

h e

air.

allisticfficiency

epends

hieflyn

th eeight,

iameter,

ndhape

f

h e

projectile.

B A L L I S T I C

I M I T :

elocity

t

h ich

given

type

f

rojectileill

erforate

iven

thicknessnd

ypefrmorlatet

specified

obliquity.

B A L L I S T I C

O R T A R :

nstrument

sedode-

termine

heelativeenergyobtainable

from

explosivematerials.

B A L L I S T I C S :

T h e

projectiles.

science

of the

motion

of

B A L L I S T I C

E M P E R A T U R E :

Acomputedcon-

stantemperature

ha t

ouldhaveth esame

total

ffectnprojectile

raveling

rom

theu n

o

h e

arget

s

h e

arying

em-

peratures

actuallyencountered.

B A L L I S T I CA V E :udib le

isturbancer

wave

ausedy

h e

ompression

f

ir

a h e a d

ofaprojectile

in

flight.

B A L L I S T I C

I N D :

ssumed

constant

wind

that

w o u l d

aveheameotalffect

n

apro-

jectileravelingrom

he

u n

o

h etarget

as

th e

varying

winds

ctually

ncountered.

B A L L I S T I T E :mokeless

owder

seds

propellingcharge

nsmall-armsandmortar

ammunition.

B A L L O T I N G :The

boundingfromside

to

side

of

a

projectile

inth e

bore

fagun.

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B A S EJ E C T I O N

S H E L L :

T y p e

of

special

pur-

pose

hell

w h i c h

unctions

y

expelling

ts

filleru t

f

he

base

of

th e

shell.

Expulsion

issuallychievedymallcharge

f

propellant,called

a n

expelling

charge.

B A S E

I N E :

Line

of

k n o wn

length

and

direction

between

w o

oints

hose

ocations

re

known;used

in

firecontrol.

B A S E

P L U G :

Seal

in

base

ofprojectile.

B A S E

F

R A J E C T O R Y :

traightorizontal

linerom

h e

enter

f

h e

uzzle

f

w e a p o n

to

th e

point

inth e

d o w n w a r dcurveof

th ea th

f

a

projectile

t h a tis

levelwithth e

muzzle.

B A S E

S P R A Y :

See

S P R A Y . )

B I O L O G I C A L

A G E N T :

iruses,ny

fcertain

classifications

f

icro-organisms

nd

toxic

ubstances,erived

rom

iving

or-

ganisms

sedo

produce

eath

r

disease

in

m a n ,animals,

nd

growing

plants.

B I O L O G I C A L

A R F A R E :

actics

nd

ech-

niques

f

on ductin g

arfarey

se

f

biologicalagents.

B L A C K

O W D E R :

ensitive,easily

ignitible

explosive

ixture,hi chroduces

ense

smoke;

ew

emaining

ilitary

uses,

uch

as

gniters,

xpelling

nd

lank-fire

charges.

lack

p o w d e rwasused

as

pro-

pellant

efore

h e

dventfo-called

smokeless

p o w d e r .

B L A N K

A M M U N I T I O N :

m m uni t i onontaining

poweru toprojectile.lank

ammunition

is

sed

n

raining,

n

ignaling,nd

n

firing

salutes.

B L A S T :

u d d enir

ressurereated

y

h e

dischargefu nrh explosion

f

charge.

B L A S T I N G

A P:Small

cylindrical

casewitha

thin

alln

h ich

s

nclosedaensitive

explosive,

uch

sercury

fulminate,used

as

detonator

o

et

ff

n oth er

xplosive

charge.

h e

explosive

nth e

blasting

ca p

is

fired

ither

y

aurni ng

use

r

y

elec-

tricity.

Also

calleda

detonator.

B L A S T

C U B E :

ngle

ron

rame

overed

with

alumin um

heets;

used

for

testingeffective-

ness

of

blast.

B L A S TU B E :evice

sed

orh e

t u d y

f

shockaves,nd

or

alibration

f

ir-

blast

gages.

B L A S T I N G

A C H I N E :

mall

and-powered

generatoror

lectrically

iring

ne

r

more

etonatorsr

quibs

o

xploder

ignite munitions or series ofmunitions.

B L O W B A C K :scape,oheear

nd

nder

pressure,f

gases

ormed

duri ng

the

firing

of

u n.

l o w b a c k

a y

e

ausedy

defectivereech

echanism,

u p t u r e d

cartridge,or

a

faulty

primer.

B O A T - T A I L :

ear

nd

f

projectile

ha t

s

tapered

orcone-shaped,

nd

notcylindrical,

asn

rojectile

avi ngquare

ase.

B O O S T E R :High-explosiveelement,ufficiently

sensitive

o

be

ctuated

y

mall

explosive

elements

n

a

uze,nd

powerful

nough

to

causeetonationf

he

a in

xplosive

filling.

B O R E :

he

ylindrical,

ndsuallyifled,

portion

f

h eu n

ub e,

r

arrel

interior,

extending

rom

h e

forcing

cone

toth e

muz-

zle.

ore

is

used

both

for

the

inside

surface

of

he

arrel

r

u be

f

u n,

it h

its

rifling,ndorhe

ylindricalpace

en-

closedby

thatportion

of

th e

tub e.

B O R E

M P R E S S I O N :mpressionf

th e

bore

of

a

u nu b e ,

m a d ew i tha

plastic

ubstance

n

ordero

etermine

h e

ondition

fh e

rifling.

B O R E S A F E

U Z E :

ype

f

uze

avi ng

a n

in-

terruptor

n

he

xplosive

rainh a t

pre-

vents

unctioning

ntil

after

the

projectile

has

cleared

the

muzzle

of

a

w e a p o n .

B O U R R E L E T :inely

achined

bandor

ringof

metal

ustehindh e

give

fa

projectile,

designed

o

upport

he

rontportionof

th e

projectile

yiding

he

ands

as

he

pro-

jectileravelshroughheore

f

u n.

B O W

W A V E :

(See

B A L L I S T I CW A V E . )

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BREECH:heearartfheoref

a

gun,

especially

hepening

that

permitsthe

pro-

jectile

to

be

inserted

at

therearof

thebore.

BREECH-BLAST:

SeeBACK-BLAST.)

BREECHBLOCK:

ovable

teellockhat

closes

he

ear

art

f

he

arrel

n

firearm.

CANISTER:

1)

Metalcylindercontainingmetal

fragments

hich

re

cattered

hen

he

cylinder

breaks.

2)

Cylinder

containingma-

terials

orpecial

erminal

ffects,

uch

as

smoke,

propaganda

leaflets,

haff,

tc.

CANNISTER

MMUNITION:hellontaining

preformed

metal

fragments

hich

re

is-

persed

y

he

entrifugal

orce

aused

by

theshell'srotation.

BRIDGEAVES:achavesausedyhe

interaction

f

wo

hock

aves

oform

third

hat

ridges

heolumebetweenhe

original

two.

BRISANCE:hattering

ower

figh

x-

plosives.

BURNING

of

ropellant):

Se e

LINEAR

BURN-

IN G

RATE.)

BURST:xplosion

faprojectilen

the

air,

or

whenitstrikesthegroundor

target.

BURSTER:

xplosive

harge

sed

o

reak

open

nd

pread

he

ontents

f

hemical

projectiles,

bombs,

or

mines.

BURSTERUBE:

ubehatoldshe

urster

in

a

chemical

projectile.

BURSTING

CHARGE:

Quantity

of

explosive

which

breaks

to

produce

or chemical

CHARGE.)

the

asing

f

rojectile

demolition,

ragmentation,

action.

(See

EXPLOSIVE

CANNELURE:

1) ing-likeroovenhe

jacket

f

bullet

which

provides

a

meansof

securely

rimpingheartridge

case

tothe

bullet;

nalogous

o

he

rimping

rooven

artillery

mmunition.2)

ing-like

roove

for

ockinghe

acket

fanarmor-piercing

bullet

oheore.

3)

ing-like

roove

n

the

otating

and

ofaprojectile,ntendedto

lessenhe

esistanceffered

o

heun

riflings.

4)

roove

round

the

ase

f

he

cartridge

ase,

here

he

xtractor

akes

hold.

CANNON:1)ixedr

mobile

eapon,

arger

than

mall

arms,hat

jects

ts

rojectile

byhection

f

n

explosive.

annon

nc-

clude

uns,

owitzers,

nd

reech-loading

mortars.2)

hat

ortionf

uch

a

weapon

requiredo

fire

projectilethats,ube,

breech

mechanism,

ndfiringmechanism),

as

ontrasted

o

that

portion

whichsupports

the

eapon

nd

hich

is

called

the

carriage

ormount.

CANT:

object;

gun.

leaning

or

tilt,

one

ide,

fan y

militarily,

he

idewiseiltingf

CALIBER:

1)

Diameter

of

the

bore

of

a

gun.

n

rifled

gun

bores

healiber

s

btainedby

measuring

between

opposite

lands.

A

caliber

.4 5

evolver

has

barrelwitha

land

diam-

eter

5/100

f

n

nch.

2)

iameter

f

projectile.

3)

nit

f

measureusedto

ex-

pressheengthfheore

f

weapon.

The

umberf

alibers

s

eterminedby

dividing

thelength

of

the

bore

of

the

weapon,

from

hereech

ace

f

he

ubeo

he

muzzle,

y

the

iameter

f

tsore.A

gun

tube

hoseore

s4 0

feet(480

nches)

ong

and2

nches

ndiameters

aid

obe4 0

caliberslong.

CAP:

1)

osepiecen

rojectile.

2)

See

BLASTING

CAP.)

CARTRIDGE ound

of

ammunition

wherein

the

propellant

nd

rimerreontainedna

casing

nd

n

which

he

propellant,

primer,

and

rojectile

re

ssembled,

tored,

shipped, and

issued asa

ompleteunit.

CARTRIDGE

AG:

lothagoldinghe

ro-

pelling

charge

forsome

typesof

annon.

CARTRIDGEASE:ontainer

hatolds

he

primer

ndropellant,ndo

hichhe

projectilemay

beaffixed.

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CONFINEMENT:

Degree

ofphysicalrestriction

to

assagefetonation

av e

hrough

x-

plosivematerial.

COOK-OFF:

unctioning

fa

chambered

round

of

mmunition,

nitiated

y

he

eatf

he

weapon.

COPPER

RUSHER

AGE:

evice

sed

o

measurepressuredeveloped

in

gunchamber

byeasuring

he

eformation

f

copper

cylinder.

COPPERING:Metal

ouling

eft

nthe

ore

of

a

eapon

yhe

otating

andorthe

jacket

of

a

projectile.

CORDITE:

ouble-base

owder

n

the

orm

of

cords,

composedof

guncotton,

nitroglycerin,

and

ineral

elly,

sed

y

ome

oreign

nations

s

ropellant

n

roundsofammu-

nition.

COUNTERRECOIL:

orwardovementf

gu n

eturning

ofiringposition

after

recoil.

CROSS-WINDORCE

LIFT):

omponent

f

air

esistance

n

direction

erpendicular

to

heotionfheenterf

gravity,

n

theplaneofyaw.

CRYSTAL

ENSITY:

Maximum

de;

sity

attain-

able

for

a

given

substance.

DECELEROTOR:evice

or

lowing

he

rota-

tionf

arachute-containing

rojectile,

e-

fore

ejection

oftheparachute.

DEFLAGRATION:

apideactionexplosion)

with

volution

f

onsiderableheat,accom-

panied

y

ome

isruptive

ffect

ut

ess

violent

than

adetonation.

DEGRESSIVE

GRANULATION:

Propellant

grain

which

urns

ith

ontinually

ecreasing

surfacentil

he

rain

s

ompletely

on-

sumed.

DELAY

UZE:

uze

hat

as

delayelement

incorporatednheuze

rain,

ermitting

the

missile

to penetrate

he

arget

is-

tance

orrespondingto

the

delay.

Such

fuzes

are

sed

o

ermit

penetration

ofthetarget

before detonation, or

for mining effect.

DESIGN

ROCEDURE:

utlinef

teps

tofol-

low

n

designing

an

tem.

DETERRENT:

aterial

diffused

nto

he

ur-

face

f

ropellant

grains

to

control

burning.

DETONATE:

Explodesuddenly andiolently.

DETONATING

G E N T :

xplosivesed

o

set

offnotherexplosive.Fulminate

of

mercury

and

etryl

re

sed

s

etonatinggentsto

set

of fother

less

sensitive

explosives.

DETONATINGHARGE:

Charge

used

toset

off

a

high-explosive

charge.

DETONATING

ORD:

Flexible

fabric

tube

con-

taining

iller

f

igh

xplosive

thats

set

offyblasting

cap

or

by

an

electric

deto-

nator.tas

n

extremely

igh

ate

ofex-

plosion,

nd

s

sed

o

et

ff

ther

igh-

explosiveharges.

he

etonating

ord

currently

n

se

s

nown

ommerciallyas

primacord.

DETONATING

r

'LOSIVE.)

EXPLOSIVE:

(See HIGH

EX-

DETONATION:

xtremelyapid

eaction

with

evolution

f

onsiderable

eat

ccompanied

by

onsiderable

iolently

isruptive

ffect

and

ntense

hock

wave.

See

lso

DEFLA-

GRATION.)

DETONATION

FRONT:

See

WAVE

FRONT.)

DETONATION

ATE:

elocity

t

hichhe

detonation

wave

travels

through

an

explosive

material.

DETONATION WAVE:

(See

SHOCK

WAVE.)

DETONATOR:

ensitive

xplosive

sed

o

et

off

n

xplosive

rain,

as

well

as

he

mech-

anism

an d

container connected

therewith.

DEVLOPEDUZZLE

ELOCITY:

he

ctual

muzzle

velocity

producedbyanygun.

DOUBLE-BASE

POWDER:

SeeDOUBLE-BASE

PROPELLANT.)

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22/88

D O U B L E - B A S ER O P E L L A N T :

ropellant

whose

rinciplectivengredients

rei-

trocellulosend

itroglycerin.See

R O -

P E L L A N T . )

D R A G :om ponent

f

ir

esistance

n

h e

direction

pposite

o

h a tfh e

otion

f

th e

centerfgravityf

projectile.

D R I L L

M M U N I T I O N :

m m u n i t i o n

i thout

n

explosiveharge,

used

n

training

a nd

prac-

tice.

D U M M Y

R O J E C T I L E :

hell

h a t

as

oex-

plosiveharge.

D u m m yprojectiles

are

used

forpracticend

trainingpurposes.

E . C.

B L A N KI R E :

See

.

P O W D E R . )

C.

M O K E L E S S

E .

.

M O K E L E S S

O W D E R :

r a n g e

r

in k

explosive

owder,

esembling

oarse

a n d .

It

ssed

s

hargen

mallrms,n

bl ank

artridges.

lso

alled

lank-fire

p o w d e r

orE .C.blankfire.

E C C E N T R I C I T Y :

istance

romenterine

to

center

ofgravityfprojectile.

E L A S T I C

T R E N G T H

R E S S U R E :

h eom-

pu t ednternalgas

ressuren

a

gu n

w h i c h ,

a t

h e

ectionnder

onsideration,

ill

stress

h e

etal

n

ome

ayer

f

h ewall

tangentially,

p

o

h e

inimum

lastic

limit

hich

s

rescribedor

h e

etal

fromw h i c h

th emember

s

m a d e .

E L E C T R I C

R I M E R :

Metallicevice

ontain-

in g

mall

m o u n t

f

a

sensitiveexplosive

or

harge

f

black

p o w d e r

w h i c h

s

actuated

by

nergizingn

electric

ircuit.

t

sused

for

etting

ff

xplosive

rropelling

charges.

E L E C T R I CQ U I B :ommercial

flash-fuze

de-

vice

or

lectricaliring

f

u r n in g

yp e

munitions

u c h

s

moke

ots.

t

onsists

essentially

f

mall

u be

ealed

it h

sulfur,

ontaining

mallcharge

of

p o w d e r

compressedroundine

esistance

ire.

Thererehree

ypes:

pen-end,

lash-

vented,

nd

closed-end.

E Q U A L

E C T I O NH A R G E :ropelling

charge

m a d e

up

of a

u m b e rf

harges

q u a l

n

size.h e

u m b e r

f

ections

sed

eter-

mines

h e

uzzle

velocitynd

ange

f

th e

projectile.

E Q U A T I O N

FT A T E :n

quat i on

elating

th eolume,

emperature,nd

pressuref

system.

E R O S I O N :

eari ng

w a yfbored u e

to

com-

bi ned

ffect

f

as

ashing,couring,

nd

mechanicalbrasion.

u e

o

h eig hem-

peraturesnd

velocities,

ndhemicalc-

tion, th e

ore

iameter

ecomesnlarged.

E X P E L L I N GH A R G E :uantityf

ropellant

used

n

pecial

urposehell

o

eject

he

contents

fth ehell.

E X P L O S I V E :

ubstance

hi ch,

h enubjected

toeat,mpact,

riction,

rtheruitable

initial

mpulse,

ndergoes

n

explosionthat

is

ery

apid

hemical

ransformation,

forming

ther

more

stable

products

entirely

or

argely

aseous,

hose

ombined

ol-

u m e

s

uch

reater

ha nthatf

th e

origi-

na l

ubstance.xplosivesre

lassified

as

high-explosive

r

ow-explosive,ccording

to

he

atefth etransformation.

Sec

H I G H

E X P L O S I V E

ndLO W

E X P L O S I V E . )

E X P L O S I V EH A R G E :

redetermined

quantity

of

xplosive

equiredoroduce

specific

effect.See

U R S T I N GH A R G E ;

XPEL-

LI N G

C H A R G E ;P R O P E L L I N G

C H A R G E . )

E X P L O S I V E

:

m m o n i u m

icrate,

igh-

explosive

harge

h a ts

ot

easilyetffn

transportation,

r

n

andl i ng,

tc.ome-

timest

s

se dsurstinghargen

armor-piercingprojectiles.

E X P L O S I V E

R A I N :

h a tortion

f

fuzeor

fuze

ystem

onsistingf

xplosive

om-

ponents,

u c h

as

primer,

otonutor ,

booster,

etc.,ecessary

oause

unctioning

f

w a r h e a d

or

destructor.

E X T E R I O R

AL L I STI CS:

T h e

r an c h

f

ballis-

tics

hi ch

eals

it h

the

motion

oi

he

pro-

jectileafter

eaving

h e

gun.

F I N :ight

etal

ortion

f

ortarhell,

b o m b ,nd

ome

ockets,

esigned

or

ta-

bilizing

nd

ontrolling

themwhile

n

flight.

G-7

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FIN

TABILIZATION:

Method

f

tabilizing

projectilejomb,

r

missileuring,flight

by

the

fitting

of

fins.

FIXED

AMMUNITION:

Ammunition

with

primer

and

ropellent

owder

ontainedncar-

tridge

ase

ermanentlyrimpedrt-

tached

o

projectile,

hat

soaded

nto

a

weapon

as

a

unit.

FIXED ROUND:Round

f

ixed

mmunition.

FLAME

EMPERATURE.See

DIABATIC

FLAME

TEMPERATURE.)

FLASH

EDUCER:Any

material

foruse

with

a

propelling'

harge

oeduce

tsuzzle

flash.

r

'

:/

>

-

-

FLAT

RAJECTORY:

rajectory

ith

ittle

curvature,

roducedy

projectile

ith

highvelocity.

:w-

FLECHETTE:

Stabilized

fragment

pointednoseand

finned

tail;

dart.

having'-a?'

FORCE:

erm,

onvenientininterior

ballis-

tics

heory,

hich

s

efinedas

the

product-

ofhe

umberfmols

f

aserrmof

propellantrid

he

diabatic-constant-vol-

ume

flametemperature.

FORCING

ONE:

apered

eginning

fhe

lands

t

he

rigin

fhe

ifling

f

gun

tube.

heorcing

one

llows

he

otating

bandf

he

rojectile

o

be

gradually

n-

gagedyhe

ifling

hereby

entering

he

projectile

in

the

bore.

FORMOEFFICIENT:actorsed

n

orm

functions

o

escribeheatiofurning

surface

to

fraction

burned.

FORM

UNCTION:

athematical

xpression

relating

urning

ateo

ropellantrain

geometry.

FRAGMENTATION:

hereaking

nd

cat-

tering

n

ll

irections

fheiecesf

projectile,bomb,

or

grenade.

FULMINATE

OF

MERCURY:

S e e

MERCURY

FULMINATE.

FUZE: Device

used

tonitiateaetonation

undertheconditionsdesired.

GILDINGETAL:opper-zinc

lloy

brass)

usedforrotatingbands.

GRANULATION: Sizeand

shape

of

grain

of

propellant.

GRAVIMETRICENSITY:eight

fhe

ro-

pellant

inlb

pern.3)

divided

by

the

volume

occupied

by

he

ropellant

includes

the

air

space in an d

around

propellant

grains).

G-SERIES

AR

ASES:

roup

f

ersistent

blood

nd

erveoisons

hich

re

ighly

toxic

nd

racticallydorless.A,

B,

an d

GD

are

members

of

the

G-series.

GUNCOTTON:

itrocellulose

ontaining

3

percent

ormoreofnitrogen.

"

H

HANGFIRE:

emporary

failure

rdelayn

the

action

f

,primer,gniter,

r

ropelling

charge.

or ewecondst

annote

distinguished

romompleteailure,

r

misfire.

HANGFIRE

EST:

est

o

determine

uniform-

ity

nd

romptness

ffire

f

atype

of

am-

munition.

HC

IXTURE:

olid,

onpersistent

creening

smoke

hat,

when

burning,

produces

agray-

ish

s

whitemokeaving

harp,

crid

odor,hich

stoxicfreleasednsufficient

quantitiesn

nclosedlaces;sedn

bombs,

hell,

renades,

ndmokeots.

The

moke

s

ool

urning

s

ontrasted

with

hite

hosphorous,

nd

ends

o

ling

to

the

earth.

H E A T

F

OMBUSTION:

eat

volved

n

he

completexidation

f

ubstance

ton-

stantressure

nd25C.The

test

s

usually

accomplishedalorimetrically

yurning

a

gram

f

ample

n

combustion

bomb

con-

tainingnec

f

aterunder

a

pressure

of

30

atmospheres

of

pureoxygen.

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IGNITING

IXTURE:

xplosive

mixturesed

as

a

fuze

n

pyrotechnic

signals.

IGNITING

RIMER:

rimer

esigned

o

e

initiated

y

lame

rom

notherrimer.

Sometimessedn

ubcaliber

uns

o

s

topermitdrill

r

ractice

with

theregular

primer.

IGNITION

ARTRIDGE:

gniter

n

artridge

form

hich

ayesed

lonerithad-

ditional

ropellant

ncrementss ro-

pelling

harge

or

ertain

mortar

ammuni-

tion.

ILLUMINATINGHELL:

Projectile

witha

time

fuzehat

ets

ffarachutelaretny

desired

eight;sed

for

lighting

upanarea.

INTERIOR

ALLISTICS:

ubdivision

fballis-

tics

hich

eals

ith

that

art

f

hehe-

nomenaithin

hehamberndoref

weapon

ssociated

ithmpartinginetic

energyomissiles.See

BALLISTICS.)

ISOBARIC

DIABATICLAME

EMPERA-

TURE:

Adiabatic

flame

temperature

attained

in

onstant

ressure

ystem.

See

ADIABATIC

FLAMETEMPERATURE.)

ISOCHORIC

DIABATIC

LAME

EMPERA-

TURE:

Adiabatic

flame

temperature

attained

in

onstant

olume

ystem.

SeeD I-

ABATICFLAMETEMPERATURE.)

IMPACTUZE:

uzeesigned

o

functionon

impact.

INCENDIARY:

1)

hemicalgent

sed

ri-

marily

or

gniting

ombustible

ubstances

with

hich

ts

n

ontactyenerating

sufficient

eat

o

ausegnition.2)

Filling

forncendiaryunitionsuch

s

hells,

bombs,

renades,

nd

lame

hrowers.

3)

Munition

ith

flammableilling

nd

means

ofreleaseand/orgnition.

INCREMENT:

package

ofpropellant,

forming

partofthe

full

propellingcharge,which

may

be

emoved

oreducethevelocityor

range.

(See

MULTISECTION

CHARGE.)

JOLTND

UMBLE

ESTS:

ests

ntended

to

simulate

hehocks

arious

omponents

of

mmunition

re

ubjected

o

n

trans-

portationandhandling.

JUMP:

he

ovement

hich

heube

f

he

gunescribesnderhe

hock

f

iring,

but

eforehe

rojectile

leaves

themuzzle.

Usuallyexpressedasan

angle.

K

KINETICNERGYMMUNITION:

mmuni-

tion

hose

ffectivenesss

ependent

pon

its

high

density

(mass)

an digh

elocity.

INITIAL

IRSPACE:

olumef

unhamber

no t

ccupiedy

ropellant

hen

un

s

loaded

for

firing.

INITIAL VELOCITY:

LOCITY.)

(See MUZZLE VE-

INITIATOR:mall

uantityfery

ensitive

andowerfulxplosivesedotarthe

detonation

fnother

ess

ensitive

x-

plosive.

Mercury

ulminate,

ead

azide,

and

tetryl

re

theprinciplehighexplosivesused

asinitiators.

INSTANTANEOUS

UZE:

ne

hichwillburst

the

rojectile

nhe

utside

f

a

hard

sur-

face

such

s

concrete

mplacement)

be-

fore

enetration

r

icochet.

his

fuze

will

give

ome

ratern

ard

round.

See

SUPERQUICKFUZE.)

LANDS:

aisedortionetween

grooves

boreofa

rifled

gun.

n

the

LATERAL

EVIATION:

orizontal

istance

betweentheointfmpact

rurstnd

thegun-target

line.

LEAD

ZIDE:

ery

ensitiveighxplosive

used

n

mall

uantities

o

nitiate

ther

less

sensitivehighexplosives.

LEAFLET

HELL:

sually

onsistsf

tand-

ard-base

jectionmokehell,

f

an y

cali-

ber,ithmoke

anisters

emoved

nd

propaganda

substituted

therefor.

LIFTING

LUG:

hreadedyebolthich

its

into

the

uze

cavity,permittingheavyshells

to

behandled

bymeans

of

awinch.

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LINEARURNINGRATE:The

distancenormal

to

ny

urning

urface

f

he

ropellant

grain

urned

hroughn

nit

ime.

his

propertyependsponhe

hemical

om-

position,

nd

s

otafunction

of

geometry.

LINER:1)Inner

tube,

n

acannon,

which

bears

the

ifling

nd

hich

may

be

replaced

when

worn

ut.

2)

one

f

material

sed

sn

integralpart

of

shapedchargeliner.

LIVE

MMUNITION:mmunition

ontaining

explosives.

his

s

n

ontrast

to

drill

am-

munition

dummymmunition),

hich

on-

tains

oexplosives

nd

s

sedintraining.

LOADING

ENSITY:atio

feight

f

ro-

pellant

in

lb

perin.3)

to

available

chamber

volume.

LONG-DELAY

UZE:

ne

which

willburstthe

projectile

fter

omplete

enetration

nto

hard

round.heres ariation

nhe

time

lement

n

ong-delay

uzes

equired

for

ifferent

ses.

This

s

a

question

to

be

determined

by

the

Ordnance

Dept.)

LO WXPLOSIVE:

xplosive

hich

ndergoes

a

elativelylow

hemical

ransformation,

therebyroducing

deflagration

r

n

x-

plosion,

he

ffect

anging

rom

hat

f

rapid

ombustiono

hat

f ow

rder

detonation.

t

s

uitable

for

se

n

igniter

trains

nd

ertaintypes

of

propellants.

See

PROPELLANT.)

LOW

ORDER

ETONATION:

ncomplete

eto-

nation

f

he

xplosive

harge

n

bomb,

projectile,

r

ther

imilar

igh

explosive.

(See

DETONATION.)

LOWERCCEPTABLEEAN

AXIMUM

PRESSURE:

or

ny

ype

un,thatvalueof

themaximumpressure

which

sspecified

in

theropellantpecification

s

heower

limit

for

he

average

of

the

maximum

pres-

sureshat

reeveloped

y

n

acceptable

smokeless

ropellant

n

propelling

harges

which

ill

mpart

hepecified

muzzle

ve-

locity

othespecified

projectile.

Smokeless

propellant

n

ropelling

harges

hich

n

acceptance

ests

evelops

an

averagemaxi-

mumpressure

owerthanthisvalue

scon-

sideredas

having

failedto

pass

heest.

M

MACH

UMBER:atio

fhe

elocityf

body

o

hat

found

n

he

ame

medium.

MACHWAVE:Supersonicshock

wave.

MAGNUS FORCE: (1)

Forcenormal

to

the

plane

f

aw,aused

y

hespin.

2)

Force

arising

fromnteraction

fpinningbody

an d

the

windstream

when

the

body

s

yawing.

MAGNUS

ORCE,ENTER

F:

anishing

point

of

Magnus

moment.

MAXIMUM

RESSURE:

he

maximum

value

of

the

pressure

exerted

by

thepropellant

gases

onhe

alls

f

gu n

uring

he

iring

of

the

round.

MAXIMUM

KY

RIGHTNESS:

Worst

ossible

sky

ondition

for

observing

pyrotechnic

sig-

nals; usuallyuniform

clouds

or

vercast.

MEPLAT:

Flatnose.

MERCURYULMINATE:

ensitive

xplosive

that

s

etff

y

riction,

mpact,

r

heat,

and

etonates.

ercury

ulminate

s

sed

to

et

ffther

xplosivesn

rojectiles,

mines,

or

bombs.

METAL

OULING:

epositf

etal,

hich

collectsn

he

ore

f

gun,

hat

omes

from

he

ackets

r

otating

ands

f

ro-

jectiles.

MISFIRE:

1)

ailure

ofirerexplodeprop-

erly.

2)

ailurefaprimeror

the

propel-

lingharge

f

rojectile

ounction,

wholly

or

n

part.

Misfire

may

be

contrasted

with

hangfire,

hich

s

elay

n

an y

part

of

afiringcharge.

MULTISECTION

H ARGE:

ropelling

harge

in

eparate-loading

remifixed

mmuni-

tionthat

soaded

ntoanumberofpowder

bags.

ange

djustments

an

e

ade

y

increasing

reducing

he

umberf

ags

used,

s

ontrasted

ith

ingle-section

charge,

n

hich

the

size

ofthechargecan-

not

be

changed.

MUZZLE

LAST:udden

airpressure

exerted

in

he

icinityfhemuzzle

of

aweaponby

the

rush of

ho t

gases

and

air onfiring.

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MUZZLE

RAK E

also

alledECOIL

BRAKE):

evice

ttachedto

the

muzzleof

a

gunhichtilizes

scaping

gasesoreduce

the

ffective

ecoil

orce

f

the

guntubeon

thearriage

r

mount.

nsome

esigns

t

eliminatesorreducesmuzzle

flash.

MUZZLE

LASH:

ndesirable

uminous

gni-

tion

f

nburned

ropellant

ases

ssuing

from

he

muzzle

fgun.

Thegases

gnite

uponmixture

with

atmospheric

oxygen.

MUZZLEELOCITY:

peed

f

projectile

at

the

instant

itleaves

he

muzzle

f

gun.

MUZZLEAVE:

ompression

avereac-

tion

fheir

n

frontf

he

muzzleof

a

weapon

mmediately

after

firing.

N

NERVE GAS: (See

G-SERIES WAR

ASES.)

NONDELAY

UZE:

uzehatunctions

s

result

f

nertia

f

iring

in

or

rimer)

as

issile

s

etarded

uring

enetration

ofarget.

he

nertia

auseshe

iring

pin

totrike

he

rimeror

rimerhe

iring

pin),

nitiating

uzeaction.Thistypeoffuze

isnherentlylowernctionhanhe

superquick

r

nstantaneous

uze,

ince

ts

actionepends

pon

eceleration

retarda-

tion)

f

he

issileuring

enetration

f

thetarget.

NORMALHARG E:

Propelling

chargeemploy-

in g

standard

amount

of

propellant

tofire

a

gun

nder

rdinary

conditions,

as

compared

with

educedhargerupercharge

usedinspecial

circumstances.

NORMAL

ORCE:

1)

Componentofair

resist-

ance

erpendicular

o

he

xisf

he

ro-

jectile

n

he

lane

f

aw

(exterior

ballis-

tics).

2)

ny

force

perpendicular

o

a

given

line

or

surface

(general).

NITROCELLULOSE:

xplosive

ubstance

formed

b y

he

itration

f

otton,r

ome

other

orm

f

cellulose.

Usedasthebase

of

most..

ropellants.

pecificrades

f

nitrocellulosesee

YROCELLULOSE

nd

GUNCOTTON)dependonthedegreeto

which

the

cellulose

isnitrated.

NITROCOTTON:

See

GUNCOTTON.)

N ORM AL

MPACT:

trikingfrojectile

againsturfacehat

serpendicular

o

thelineofflightof

the

projectile.

NOSE

SPRAY:

(See

SPRAY.)

N UTATION :

mall

periodicoscillationabout

themotionofprecession.

N1TROGUANIDINE

nitrated

minomethanami-

dine):

seds

nadditionalbaseofpropel-

lant,

seds"cool

propellant"

becauseof

its

ow

lameemperaturehich

does

ot

erode

un

boresnorproduceasmuchlumi-

nous

lash

s

ingle

ase

nitrocellulose)

propellants.

NITROGLYCERINE:

itrated

ster

fglycerol

in

hichheH

adicals

reeplaced

y

NO2;

sed

s

rimary

ase

f

Britishpro-

pellants

nd

s

elatinizing

gent

f

.

.

propellants,

ut

ot

sed

srimary

ase

of

.

.ropellantsecausets

igh

flame

temperature

acceleratesboreerosion.

NITROGEN

USTARDGASES:

Group

ofblister

gases

imilar

o

mustard

as

ith

arying

chemical

ropertiesndittle

r

o

dor;

gases

affecteyes,nose,

and

lungs.

OBTURATION:

ny

rocesshat

revents

he

escape

f

ases

rom

he

ube

fweapon

during

the

firing

of

aprojectile.

OBTURATOR:

evice

or

makingthetubeof

a

eapon

as-tight,

reventingnyscape

of

as

ntil

he

rojectilehas

leftthe

muz-

zle.

OGIVE:

he

shape

of

the

head

of

the

projectile,

often

onvex

olidofrevolution

generated

by

n

rc

firclehoseenter

ies

on

the

ide

fhe

xisf

evolution

pposite

tothearc.

OPTIMUMCHARG E:

Web

andpropellant

weight

combination

hich

roducesmaximum

e-

locityat

a

specifiedpressure.

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OVERTURNING

O M E N T

of

rojectilen

flight):ouple

bout

n

xis

hrough

he

center

fravity,

perpendicular

to

theplane

of

yaw.

OXYGENALANCE:

atio

f

elf-contained

oxygeno

uel

n

propellant

or

explosive.

PARASHEET:

arachute-likeevice

ade

from

ingle

lat

iece

fmaterial,

r

as

fe w

ieces

s

ts

ize

illpermit;voids

costf

omplex

ore

onstructionfpara-

chute.

PEAKRESSURE:nstantaneousaximum

pressureevelopednheun

chamber

by

burningropellant;

ressuremmediately

preceding

anexpanding

shock

wave.

PERCUSSION

COMPOSITION:

igh-explosive

powder

that is

ignited inome

types

of

firearms by the blow of

he firingpin

against

theprimer

cap.

PERCUSSION

FUZE:

(See IMPACT FUZE.)

PERCUSSION

RIMER:

ap

r

ylinderon-

tainingmallhargefig h

xplosive

that

ayeet

ff

byablow.

Apercussion

primers

sed

n

ll

ixedndemifixed

ammunitionndn

ertai

ypes

f

epa-

rate-loading

mmunitionognite

hemain

propelling

charge.

PERFORATION:assagef issileom-

pletely

throughanobject.

PERMISSIBLE

NDIVIDUALAXIMUMPRES-

SURE:

or

ny

ype

un ,

hatalue

hich

should

ot

exceededyheaximum

pressureevelopedy

ny

ndividualround

underan y

service

condition.

PERMISSIBLEEAN

AXIMUM

RESSURE:

For

ny

ype

un,

hat

alue

hich

hould

no t

e

xceeded

y

he

verage

f

he

maximumressures

eveloped

neries

of

ounds

ired

nderny

ervice

ondi-

tions.

PHOSGENE:olorlesshoking

as

aving

n

odorofnew-mownha y

or

freshcorn;

causes

chokingndoughing,ndnjuriesohe

lungs.

PICRIC

CID

trinitrophenol):ig hxplosive,

more

owerfulhanrinitrotoluene,sed

widelynhe

orm

f

mixtures

ith

ther

nitro

compounds.

PIEZOELECTRICRYSTAL:rystalline

ma-

terialossessing

he

roperty

hat,

when

t

isecahnicallyompressedr

tretched

in

certain

directions,

lectrical

harges

n

direct

roportion

o

hemechanical

train

appear

onthe

crystal

surfaces.

PITCH

of

ifling):eciprocalf

he

wist.

(See

TWIST.)

PLANFORM:Shapeofplan

viewoffins.

PLASTIC

XPLOSIVE:Explosivewhich,within

normal

angesf

atmospheric

temperature,

is

apable

f

eing

olded

nto

esired

shapes.

PLUNGING

FIRE:

Gunfire

that

strikes

earth'ssurfaceat

a

highangle.

the

POINT-BLANK

ANGE:istance,otarget,

that

s

ohorthathe

rajectoryf

bullet

rprojectile

spracticallyastraight,

ratherhanurved,

ine.

oint-blank

range

sne

or

hichnosuperelevations

needed.

POINT

DETONATING

UZE:

uze,

ocatedn

theose

f

rojectile,

hich

s

nitiated

upon

mpact.

POWDER:

ermometimes

ooselysed

or

"propellant"

or

"propellingcharge."

POWDER

RAIN:

1)

rain,

sually

fom-

pressed

lack

owder,

sed

o

btainime

action

n

lder

uzeypes.

2)

rain

of

ex-

plosives

aid

ut

fordestruction

by

burning.

PRACTICE

MMUNITION:mmunitionsed

for

argetractice,mmunitionwithapro-

pellingharge,utith

ithernnert

filler

r

ow-explosive

iller

o

erve

as

a

spotting

charge.

PRECISION:

heuality

f

aving

mall

is-

persionaboutthe

mean.

PRECESSION:

hangen

he

directionofthe

axis

f

otating

ody.

nhis

andbook,

precessioneans

he

low

motion

ithout

nutation.

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P R E S S U R E ,

E N T E R

O F:

h epoint

where

th e

resultant

orceausedby

air

resistancen-

tersects

th eaxis

f

th e

projectile.

P R I M A C O R D :

lexibleabric

tube

containinga

filler

f

high-explosive

E T N

pentareyth-

ritetetranitrate)

hats

used

oransmit

detonation

rom

a

detonator

o

a

booster

or

bursting

harge.

rimacordsh erade

nameor

h e

ype

f

etonat i ng

cord

cur-

rently

in

use.

P R I M E R :

Device

usedto

initiate

th e

functioning

of

nexplosive

r

gniter

rain.

t

m a ye

actuated

y

riction,

l o w ,

eat,

ressure,

orelectricity.

P R I M E R - D E T O N A T O R :

Assemblyconsisting

of

a

rimer

nd

detonator.t

a y

lso

n-

clude

delay

element.

P R I M E R

E A T :

hamber

n

h e

breech

mech-

anism

f

u n

h a t

uses

eparate-loading

ammunition,

into

hi chh erimerset.

P R O B A B L E

R R O R :

n

errorfsuchmagni-

t u d e

h a th erobability

fm ak in gnerror

greater

h a n

t

n

ny

ivenbservation

s

just

qualoh erobability

f

aki ngne

less

h a n

t,

oth

probabilities

eing

ne-

half.

P R O C E D U R E ,E S I G N :

utl ine

of

steps

tofol-

lo windesigning

a n

item.

P R O G R E S S I V E

R A N U L A T I O N :

ropellant

grainhichurnsit h

ontinually

n-

creasing

urface

ntilherainsom-

pletely

consumed.

P R O J E C T I L E :bject,uchsullet

r

shell,

h a t

s

ropelled

romw e a p o ny

anexplosivepropelling

charge.

P R O O F

M M U N I T I O N :

A m m u n i t i o n

incorpora-

ting

olid,

lunt-nosed,

teel

or

ast

ron

shot

f

nexpensive

anufacture;sedn

proof

iring

funs;sedoimulate

h e

weight

f

projectile

designedorh e

gu n

in

adjusting

th e

charge

weight

ofropellant.

PROPAGANDA

HELL:

S e e

EAFLET

SHELL.

P R O P E L L A N T :xplosiveaterial

whose

rate

of

ombustion

s

ow

n o u g h ,

ndts

ther

propertiesuitable,

opermit

tsses

propellingcharge.

P R O P E L L I N G

H A R G E :

xplosive

charge

that

isu r n e dnaw e a p o nto

propel

aprojectile

therefrom

see

R O P E L L A N T ) .urning

f

th eonfinedropelling

harge

roduces

gases

hose

ressure

orces

h e

projectile

out.

P R O X I M I T YU Z E :uze

designed

o

detonate

a

rojectile,

o m b ,

ine,

rcharge

h en

activated

y

nxternal

nfluence

nh e

close

vicinityf

a

target.

P Y R O C E L L U L O S E :itrocellulose

ontai ni ng

12.60

percentnitrogen.

PYROCOTTON:

S e e PYROCELLULOSE.

P Y R OO W D E R :

traight

itrocellulose

ow-

d e r ;

mokeless

propelling

chargeconsisting

of

itrocelluloset h at

has

smaller

nitro-

gen

ontent

h a nuncotton;

ingle-base

propellant.

P Y R O T E C H N I C S :mmunitionontaining

chemicals

h a tproduce

a

smoke

or

brilliant

lightnurni ng,sed

or

signalling,

mark-

ing,potting,

lluminating,etc.

P Y R O X Y L I N

( coUodi on) :

Nitrocellulose

taining8-12percent

nitrogen.

con-

Q U A L I T Y

S S U R A N C E :ystemf

ssuring

t h ataterial

ccepted

s

n

ccordance

w i thequirements,

ncluding

nspection

and

test

procedures,

acceptance

criteria,

etc.

Q U I C K N E S S

propellant

urning):

a tef

c h a n g e

f

pressure

w i thi nth eclose

chamber

wit h

respect

to

time.

R A M :1 )

o

u shntoposition.2)

o

eat

a

projectile

inthe

bore

of

a

gun.

R A M M E R :

1 )

evice

orrivingprojectile

into

osition

n

u n.

t

a ye

a n d -or

power-operatedra rt

f

h e

eceiver

mechanism.

2)

ool

sed

o

emove

ive

projectiles

from

th ebore

of

a

gun.

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R A T E D

A X I M U M

R E S S U R E :ornyyp e

g u n ,

h a t

aluefheaximum

pressure

w h i c h

s

pecified

n

hepropellantpeci-

ficationash e

pper

limitofaverage

pres-

surehicha ybe

developedb ya n

accept-

able

ropellantnheorm

fropelling

charges

hichill

mpart

h epecified

muzzle

velocity

o

hepecified

projectile.

T h e

mokeless

ropellant

n

ropelling

chargeshich,nh ecceptanceest,e-

velopsn

verageaximumpressure

ex-

ceeding

hisvalue

s

considered

as

avi ng

failed

topass

the

test.

R E L A T I V EO R C E :

atio

ofobserved

axi-

m u m

ressure

eveloped

y

ropellant

u n d e r

est

oheaximum

ressure

de-

velopedy

tandard

ropellantn d er

identical

test

conditions.

R E L A T I V E

Q U I C K N E S S :

Ratio

of

the

quickness

(dP/dt)fa

est

propellant

tothequickness

of

tandardropellant,

easured

athe

same

initial

temperature

a nd

loadingdensity

in th esameclosed

chamber.

R E M A I N I N GE L O C I T Y :peedfprojectile

a t

ny

pointalongits

pat h

of

flight.Remain-

in gvelocity

s

usually

measuredinfeet

per

second.

R I C O C H E T :

lancing

after

impact.

r eb o u n dfprojectile

RIFLE:

1 )

nyirearmhat

has

riflinginthe

bore

esignedo

ive

pinohe

pro-

>

ectileorreater

ccuracy

fire

nd

longer

ange

notxtensivelysedn

his

manner,xcept

orhoulderarms).

2)Cu t

spiralgrooves

rifling)

n

he

bore

of

a

gu n

in

ordero

giveapino

heprojectileso

t h at

t

will

avea

greater

ccuracyoffire

and

longer

range.

R I F L I N G :

Spiralgrooves

nth e

bore

ofaweap-

on

designed

o

give

a

pin

o

the

projectile

for

reater

ccuracy

nd

carrying

ower.

Riflingncludes

othh erooves

nd

he

ridges

between,

called

lands.

bycentering

h e

rojectile,

h u spreventing

escapefgas,nd

giving

herojectilets

spinas

tengagesinth e

rifling.

R O U N D :1 )llheartsh a t

a k e

ph e

ammunition

ecessary

n

iring

n e

hot

(also

alled

O M P L E T E R O U N D ) .

2)

ne

shot

fired

b y

a

w e a p o n .

R O U N DO FA M M U N I T I O N :SeeR O U N D . )

S

S A B O T :1 )ightweightarriern

h ic h

subcaliber

projectile

s

entered

o

permit

firing

he

rojectilen

he

arger

caliber

w e a p o n .h e

arrier

ills

he

bore

of

he

w e a p o n

rom

whichhe

projectile

s

ired;

and

ts

ight

weight

permitst

obesafely

fired

at

very

ig h

velocities.

tisnormally

discarded

hort

distance

rom

he

uz-

zle,

nwhich

case

it

is

k n o w nasa

discard-

in g