Artillery Lines of Information

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'CONFIDENTIAL:'i~ '. ""A'~'E.F/N~:"'1403;', '~'I,.:.: 'f;..d.;' .~I., ., ~~.i,.- ,1,5,;. ;.,',,~j,~~,'t\.,;;:.:,: ,<,'.:i;~~

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,":r:,t};~~,:~',I;,:f:'j;(:';i:~~lj,':1~{f~;,;:i~"~,r11'l"[:'ER".':LINES"'OF 'Irt~"OR~JlATION \; ~.!..•,! 'in I. t.. lid' ; ,;,'ur Itl.. • .

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PAUlS.

IMPRIMERIE NATIONALE.



CONFIDENTIAL. A.'E.F. No. 1403,

G-5.

SAUMUR ARTILLERY SCHOOL.

~1ANUAL OF AHTltLEHY.

VOL. HI.

ARTILLERY LINES OF INFORMATION. c3



PAIlIS.

T\lPJUMEJUE NATIONALE.



TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAnT 1.

MEANS OF LIAISON.

CHAPTER I.

Telephone Lines. Page~.

1'EU:PIIONI': LI'iES •• ,., ..•..••...•.•..••••• , .• , ....•. ,.,.,." •••• ,. 9

CHAPT.ER 11.



-- I{

PAnT II.

GENERAL LIAISON SYRTE~('

CIlAPTEH I.

General Organization.

GP.Nf.RAL OI\GA.NIZATION.......................... .••..•••.••••••••• 73

CIIAPTEH 11.

Liaison Officer.

LIAISON OI'PICEII ••••••••••• , •.•• •••.•••••••••.•••••••••••.••••.••

CHAPTER Il1.

Telephone Officer.

Xo

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CHAPTER 11.

Undamped Stations. Pages.

t!}/llA"I'f.D~TATJON9.............................................. 118

CHAPTER 111.

Morse Code.

MOIIS/lCODB..................................................... J 24

CIIAPTEH IV.

Cipher Codes.

CII'H~:R CODF-li ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • • • • • 12R

CllAPTEH V.

Messages.

.............................................. 133

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INTBODUCTION.

fn order to see, think and act, .11} army ueeds a ner-vous SJstclll of Jines of infonnatiOll running from theseat of government to the listeniug posts eXlending eveninto the enemy territory. \Vhcrcver this system breaks

(lown, the army will he ineIlicient to that extent.

The comp'.pte 'coon.'ination of the various units in a.command must he realized.

l.inilolOIi. The general word for this coordination

is "I...wison". It means the uniting of all the dirersifiedhrancllCS so that they act as a whole. The actual workof keeping the variolls units together devolves on the

respective commanders. They appoint liaison agents;hilt no dek'gation of authority relieves the commander

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-8 .1

transmit that which will be of benefit and insure SUccess

to their respective commanders.

Meall~ or lia iflilOIi. To accomplish this liaisonrequires the transmission of messages from one point toanother as rapidly as possible. This is done on what

are called uLines of Information"." These "Lines of.Information" are the theoretical lines between the variouscommand or observation posts made real by telephone,visual signaling, radio or runners. No individual meansofliaison has proved infallible hut the telephone remains

the basis, because commanders still seem unable tohandle their work by written messages. But in sixminutes of a heavy bombardment, twenty Jines enteringthe battalion Post of Command have been completelyput out, so it is absolutely essential that reserve meansof liaison be instalJed. The first of Ihese is perlJapsthe visual systrm with lamps and fire- works. Forthe higher units in particular, it is the radio. AfieI'these, come the most costly, the carriers of mess-ages, such, as runners, cyclists and cavalrymen. P~g~

eons or message-carrying rockets are also used,' but

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RAU 1\1UnA RT ILl ..]~n y s r. II 0 0 L.

~(.\ NUA L OF ARTIL LJ~nY.

VOL. III.

\HTILLEHY LINES OF INFOn"ATION.

-'lEANS OF LIAISON.

J) DTIES Oli' SPECIA LI TS.

STANDARD conES.



i:

-10-

. a rQUllfI through u circuit, doing the necessary work as it goeti,and return again to the starting point. The circular path il

fID=-.---------------------.---- -- -- -----------mJTelephone lines,

Fig. :1.

follows is made up of wires. Th('J'(~ Illilst lJe a meta /He \\ ire10 conduct the electricity to Hw distant station and anolf.cr

wire to bring it back. It is possible to eliminate one of 111I~~wwires and use the r-round as Ihe electric return, but IIlispractice islo he avolIJed, (~uept In open wllrfare, hccans(! it

~.---. ---.-. _ -----.--

GrOtH7d reltrn

Gl'OUllU rt'lllnt.



.- 11 -.-

2. To impl'o\ the condition of that first inslallatioll.

J. '1'0 l'Cl)luce it with a good, liI'st class insiallatton, lI~ titfj~

permits.

For the Crsl inslallation, the wire may be laid out rapidlyright over the ground, avoiding shelled areas, traffic, promi-nenlland marks, aUll crossing under or over roads, underifpossihle.

'''Ire. The wire used for the first installation is gen-erally light field cable. Il is made of three strands of copperwire or two slramls of steel and one of copper. Il is flexibleanll easily carrieu. There are five hundred meters of single

wire 10 the spool of four kilograms. Its insulation, however,is very pOOl' and will not slaml up for any length of time.But it is serviceable for the Hrst installation and can he placedIIp OJ} small stakes for the seconll improved stage, as .soon as

~t::Brold

C;;1r;-;; co;:;er wIre

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12

faWI', itS SiAly PCI' cellt of aflline hreaks are due to tJ'llfficand the light field cable, with a hreaking strf~ngth of onI)

thirty kilograms, never holds up under service conditionsStranded wire is hetter than solid because it is mOl'e llf.'lihle,stronger and does not kink. AI'rnored wire, seldom seen oj'used, is a slill heavier wire and comes one third of a kilo-

meter on a spool.. The exteriol' covering is of galvallizedwire which resists two hundred kilograms tension and is vel')

~i~~:'::;~::~~r~ 7.':4rcJll "M '.v F. (',':JSj~

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!load crossing wiUl single pair lead covered cables.

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,~.00,1 agaill,t tramc a1HIeve,:3Iighl ,hell f,'ag",ellls. '1'1",

-hier difficulty is in the splicing. To pass under roads or

renChes, lead cable will withstand dampness excellently.'he sizes arc oue pair, ten pair and twenty pnir. The largerizes are used almo~t entirt:'.,jy hy the Signal Corps fOI' their'hurics". They arc placed at the IJollom of trenches, eight

Iredeep. The trenCh. is then filled in and a bursting surface

f stone marIe on the top. In all lead cable work, the cablehould be zig-ozagged along the bottom of the trench to pre-'ent ht'eaks in the lead, caused hy concussion on the surface

f tile ground. A very convenient and serviceable form of

t

Vire is the heavy twisted pair, made up of two lines of fieldvireo With this, one installation gives the two complete

ines for a circuit. It also has the great advantage of notTenerating ground currents which the enemy could pick up.

J'«;>r the lin~s further hack, bare wire is the most economical\vlth pole Ime construction. •

lteelN. To payout and take up the light field wire, the>reast reel is used. For paying out the heavy field wire, the

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15

•Fig'. !) B. Ilanow reel.

rilL kiJoHlell'l's or wi,'e. Motorized recl cHrIs arc now inrviee.

All these win's willgire helle!' service if kept

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Iti

off the ground; so, a~ soon a:) IH'acticable, pol~ line e;:oJlSl

tion of some type should be installed. It is not necessaryhave a fixed size or design of stake. The main considerati~should he simplicity and case of conslruction with therials at haml. Wooden pulleys, soaked in paraffine,nailed on these slakes sufiiciently high to keep the wifrom dragging on the ground or' in waleI' and so plact~d a~

keep the lines apart.

'l 'rell(~"eH. The lower the line, the less chanc(~ itof heing' hit by shell fragments. To accomplish this and s

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17-

Types of poles for aeriall1n~.

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hlld aroullu the straight pOrlion of the \\ ire. Be sun' 10 liea 8qt111l'a knot because the granny Imot will not ha\'e rmUidt'llt

lnP("haniraJ strength.

'1



.

20

eH~r as good as the original conduclor, 80 it must be keptthe ground and out :01' contact with other wire or 5plic

=--;;;::-.=:-=~i:~.;. _~

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21

. run down the trouble quickly. When the trouble is once

hI'3C'keted, it is readily located aT)d this saves any unnecess-

willch grif

l'1IiI'prsaI I('sl dip.

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j

c"oss scdioll.

22-

power to make it flow. One of the !iirnplel>l forms of ~leetl'i

pO\\"{'ris the dry cell. If such a cell is placed in anelectricirclIi! I it will pump electricity through in ,a direction whie

J

Showillg chemical actiull. j'1

The dry cell. jFig. 18.

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23

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2ft

of the receiver must be screwed down tightly so thaidiaphragm will vibrate well. If (he diaphragm is in pelnent contact "ilh the electro-magnets, the effect willspoiled. If this is the case, turn the diaphragm upside dor get a new diaphragm. Permanent steel magnets al'eas the cores to the magnets in the receiver in order

there will always be a magnetic pun on the diaphragm.small electric changes entering the coils will then weaor strengthen that pull, depending on the direction ofcurrent j and the telephone receiver will reproduce,and most truly, the sound vibrations on the transmiller.

'1'rammliUer. In order to make this system a tcleph(a transmitter is included in the circuit, which consistssimilar vibrating diaphragm, moved back and forth asvoice waves strike il. As it does so, it presses mor(~ orclosely together the carbon particles in the back_of the tr8

~R;9/d Connection(r

- --

10U

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25-

coil consists of two separate coils, a primary coil and andary coil, wound nround the same iron core for the

litc.~.,.,

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0

Prv".'YS<cottJ...ryp

t.,..,..d

C<lYud-::I:-

Simple telephone.

fig. 22.

ose that the eIrect in one will be electro-magneticallyuced in the other. The telephone transmitter is placede primary turns of the induction coil, with the batteries .. telephone receiver then responds to the electric varia-started in either of the transmitters.

"hele. In order not to waste the electric power of the

o

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26

is used which is an electro-magnet revolving between poruI horseshoe steel magnets. As the coil is rotated by

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.- 27-

vibrating currents, which, with the coils included in the cir-

cuit, are nol of the right value to pus through that partic-

• Principle of the condenser.

Fig. 25.

ular design of condenser. Condensers are addedJ to tele-

phone sets to incrcasc:the efficiency, by keeping most:oftheringing current in the bell circuits and_most ~of the:.talkin~currents. in the telephone receivers.

C.unp Teleltllone. The designs vary, but they all in--

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both the primary and secondary circuits. The condenser isplaced in the bell circuit. The magneto is in only when thecrank is turned. The home bell rings.

'''estern E lectric Telephone. The modified WesternElectric Telephone t No. 1375 B (Serbian) is similar. exceptingthat the switch is replaced by a push button and the condeno:

Fig. 27'

ser is~placedf~in the talking ~circuit. The small dry cell israther quickly exhausted, but the receiver and transmitterare very good and the instrument is light and very serviceal,leas a test instrument. The home hen does not ring oncalling.

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ilion sense. An insLl'ul1lL:uLor line is supposed Lowork. To

II nil out, try it. Ifit does, so much the better, and no time willhe lost foolishly working around the connections. If it does

not, then tryout the separate portions to see if they aredoing what they are made for. A battery is supposed to de-liver current; will it? A receiver diaphragm should vibratewlwll any kind of current is sent through it; try that. A mag-

neLo is supposed to give out current; put two fingers acrossthe points that lead off that current and turn the crank. Ten

to one it works excellently. Make the test which includes themosL first; then when the portion is found which does work,the trouhle is surely located hetween. Work down from thelong limit and JH'acket by hold jumps.

1 00 I.(~r (~eJlt 'elit'. - The long limit of the teleplloneinstl'lunent is the 100 per cent test. Short the line bindingposts wit II a wire or piece of metal, pick up tJw IJand set (thetl'ansmiLL(~l'Cllld receiver), as it is meant to he used, Illow inthe , rallsnJiUer, and tlw slight vibrations should produceelectric ellcets, IleaI'd in the receiver. To note whether it is

lRANSJ1is,SioN



.100X. TE,ST

~horlllile yo,sI~Md blowZTL lra.nflmitter '

. . .

R£CEiv.ER_ Te,Sl LvilA-S<?fa.ra.te bal/erg - Receiver

cord 0fel~

(0vjTCH ((aJ'!P'TelcpllOfJeJ

rlCONniN~ER - Open lead

Poor connectiofl,.s

1£ this fails, go to the first place where there is wear the-



hatteries.l~ Test them; taste them; try a small electric bulh

across them; or see if each cell will give at least half a volt onthe voltmeter.

With the batteries alright, try the receiver with another

J)aHery, or turn tJJC crank and see if it does not click a litLle inthe receiver.

Shake the transmitter. Do the carLon particles rusLle?The transmitter, particularly on the Camp Telephone, be-comes clogged with moisture. This will be indicated by a

distinct click in the telephone receiver as the button or switch

MAGNETO TEST.

J1./iGN£TO

{ (ONNECr/ON~

f J1AGN£~O 5WITCJ{

... - • I •

32-



alternating. current cannot get through; Ol' the conden:might be punctured and thereby shaded. .,

The connections all through must he good and no dirtgrime get between metal parts so as to short them. The sal

methods hold for the magneto and hell.

Special test. The following tests for the camp telphone are particularly suitable for a man makingrnany fquent tests. It requires one good phone with two short ie,wires from the binding posts. They should only }Je memrized hy use.

~'rO test l)rilu8I',. coH.Touch "¥" andjnear' battel

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sj 'J'.. ",. ••••• 1•••• "G" a~~d;\".riJ1 '1'0 test t,',uJIlonnIUer. "Y" and "R".

J 'J'.. 'eo' J..... e....oeetl..... "L" and "R".

'J. '1'0 • .-Ht h"U.-r1' Near hattery and ~~r hatlery con-

~tIC('(ions.

,{ 'r .. 'e.' ".11. - Connect lead wires from good phones10 "1./' and "L," of })1Ione being tested. Turn gencratOI'llandle of good phone and oUler bell should ring ..

Note. '01' tel.-pllOne lIl~n. Never shout into theransmilter. It causes deterioration of the apparatus and

~he words hecome indistinguishable to the receiving oper-

J

tor.. ,

Always shake the transmitter gently hefore using. This

. nsures the proper working of the carbon particles in theJ,'ansmiLter. .

1 Talk distinctly. Leave an appreciable pause after each~vord.

I If some one hreaks in on your line, ask llim quietly what

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b) Coil spring on magneto driving crank hroken. Not It

likely trouble. tc) Open circuit in magneto windings.

d) Contact piece at end of magneto shaft bent or broken.

e) Open, crossed or grounded lines external to the instruJment. (The most likely trouble.)

j) Defective apparatus at other end. Something wrong in

other bell circuit.

Station does not receive a ring from other station :

a) Home station bell out of adjustment or permanent mag~net weak. Adjust bell by turning screws on gongs.

b) Open circuits in windings of ringer or broken wire inringer circuit.

c) Failure to operate of magneto automatic cut-out.d) External lines open, crossed or grounded.

e) Defective apparatus at other end.

Station cannot transmit speech to distant station:

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CHAPTER III.

SWITCHBOARDS.

To make the telephone system complete. it is essentialthat any station can call any other. To arrange this, the twowires of one station must be able to tap on the two of any

Other station. This is accomplished through switchboards.

-.

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-36

Routln swltc .... oa ..d. This is accomplished in Hie nll

tary Routin switchboard by bringing the two wires of a slafie

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I - 37-

. neeted bylthe lower right hand two binding posts to a red

"d LInd plug onlthe switch hoard.": He can plug into any

, :

..... -. ,- •• 'f .. ;r •• .....•••

Plug.

Fig.:34.

nnd thereby get his telephone in a closed circuit withof the other stations. Each station having this arrange-

It, it is possible to conncct any two together hy placing

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- 38 -

party i.calling. Thi. con.ists of a small magnet with •chanical device for releasing a shutte.f when energized bJ.

calling station. These ffi(lgncts are placed across thetwo lines in such a manner that they are across the line

when there is no plug in the jack of that particularAs soon as a plug is inserted in that panel, one spri ng 0

jack is forced away from the contact which leads to thej

magnet.

A.larm hell. In order to be sure of receiving a C

night alarm hell is added. When the drop falls, it closl

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Jlom. "illf or ei1l l rS l>

Grt~1l ?lut

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"f~,-=. ,"r----.:~,1..-:,,-,

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Electro .11a.cmet:J

/'JJ~~" .-Sh.utLer

''B~LL',sCo/da.d

Fu"se,3

BelL

Wor ki ng o f l he droP'

Fig. 37. .. . .. . JI.

Thoor et lc al d ia gr am o f a p an el .

Fig. 37' I.

I ncomin g cur rent ( , au ,. .l ug th e d ro p t o fall .

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II

ijC rrent ( rom home but tery (al l~\ling the bell to ring when

t he d ro p f al la .

IoCOIni0t hr ol l , r. 1J rr en t p as si ngpIng. I j ock and inser ted

Worki ng o f t he ,Ind.

Fig. 37' 111.

3 d 3~l '11"n' \"01. I ll. Artillery lines of infol motlon.

To be inserted between pl.gel 8 an 9." anual of !rl l .'

,ull'e If>IS pages 38 et 39).

Saumur. Vol. Ill .

' ------~

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~o""4'leHo;; twoswitehboartllit to::;~ther. These~~'tchLoards come in four, six, twelve and twenty panel

1\1~.es It' f tl t . . h0 J • .. IS rc.qucn y. ~~cessary 0 Jom two or more toget ernnkc snffiC'lent faCIlIties for the numher of stations hand!-

o 00

<~

II 1I I I 11£ r G H

0000

()

o0 0

II II, II I IA B" C D

0000

Dingram !two switchboards wired together.

Fig. 38.

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, 40-

first installation to get thc husincss through, hut then impr

the installation, particularly from t.hc. viewpoint of nea,nand order. Two considerations are of prime importance:

1. That the operator will have freedom and ahilityhandle his work.

2. That trouble shooters can get at the lines without

hO!ering the operator.

To do this, it is always essenlial to have t.erminal stl'l

installed sepnrate from the switchhoard. For a dug-out imf

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f field wire, can be carried connected directly to the switch-01\rd •. At the other end of this cable, the terminal strip will

42-SWITCHBOAnD TEST •

-



.RED PLUG. - 5h orA.

IDROP -5IucJ. jlo/u~

lever .

{CR££N PLUG - Red

)/llig Ul jc1cJ.,Ium

ra.nJ./ .shoeJ. dlgr~eJl

43-OIl} the line post'! at t.he top to the green plug at the bot-

-



lill.. On the way down, there are taps off for the drop andt"~ Jack. To see if all this works on a panel unit, applycctric pressure and find out if the current works through.

Use the magneto of the home telephone for the electricressure. It should deliver this pressure straight through

the. tip and sleeve of the red plug when the magneto

ank IS turned. .

Itett eord. Seize the tip and sleeve of the red cord inlie hand. Turn the crank and a shock should be felt .

•h.op• Hold the red plug across the top of one panel,

? that the sleeve is in contact with one line post and the'P with the other. Turn the crank; the drop should falllid the alarm bell ring. If not, examine the fuses, or seer the catch needs adjustment by the little screw behind the

nagneto.

}I&~II. Examine the spring contact which is pushed back

~d~en the drop faUs. Test the batteries and then look at the." Justment of the vibrator contact on the bell.

, .Jaek. Insert the red plug in the jack. Place the fingers

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_

_

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of the quickest llleallS to estahlish and is a very good sUport for telt'phone lines.

t4 er pOl'lahle lalllp.

FIg. 4~.

1....UI.Oj. Lamps of varying sizes are furnished to-

-- 45 -



------.:.:....-=========-~;;=~-=..::=...

NormaL

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116

• essary. However, when new bulbs are placed in a proJdue to the irregularity in construction of the bulbs, It

be necessary to make the slight adjustment as given a

Operatloll. To carry the furthest distance, theof light is made as small as possible. Therefore, into he seen, the lamp must be pointed directly towar

receiving station. A sighting tube is provided on thejector and the lamp can be held in the hand, pointed II

receiving station. By far the belleI' arrangement, how)is to place the lamp on a fixed support of some type. Acan he inserted in the handle, or the Jamp cnn be rest

a convenient support. In [sending out a lamp detail

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r

, I' In irench warfare, more elaborate stations may he estab.Ishcd in specially constructed dugouts. Old machine-gun

48_-



49 -



Plan of a central signaling slaLion.'

Fig.6g.

It is frequenUy possible to use semaphore or even telephoneto retransmit a message received by visual. .'



50

brought with him, and the operator sends back the inforlIl

tion. The operator will place the lamp on the edge of tshell hole, being careful not to show his head. The orieltation can also be roughly determined by the compass.any rale turn the lamp somewhere in the direction offriendly troops and send the message ,as many times as,necessary to obtain the result desired. The enemy lllachi

gun will surely fire at the lamp. Still it is possible towith a lamp that has been pierced with several bullets.Champagne a squad received twelve bullets in their lamp

was still able to send with it. Every receiving station that 5a message sent from the front lines must read it and try

send it by the quickest way to the person for whom intendWhen the infantry is stopped 01' the objective reached,a point as neal' a dugout as possible. Place the lamp onparapet and try to protect it from the sun's rays and shsplinters by a tunnel of sand bag~. Once the lamp is PlaClengthen the cord to lhe bottom of the dugout withextension pieces, which should always he carried by the 01 j

ators. One man sils by the tamp to look for signals rrothe receiving station. Carefully ('amouflage the station.

- -

t

sel~

ChO

51--



Very pistol 25:"/- and 35"'(-'.

Fig. 50.

- -. ,2 .



quite sufficient for the airplane. The 25 nun. shoots to 11

height of about 200 feet, the "Tromblons" to about 300 feel,

and the "Rockets" as high as 1000 feel. The only pre-:cautions are to shool them upward, slightly into the wind,so that the lights will rise as high as possible. The flare~are used by the infantry at the order of the airplane toindicate the position of the most advanced elements.

Or~ftnlzatlon of a watchIng station. The artillery

should or~anize a watching station for rockets so that signalsintended for that particular unit are differentiated from the

rest. For this purpose a horizontal board should be arranged:with nails so driven in as to stake out the sector of that

particular artillery unit. It is advisable to place the watcbinl-;'

!'1'adical.dllgolll for a rocket gllard.

_

53--



hut even wilh the greatest precaulions, confusion is apt tobe very great. The safest method is to increase the angle of

ohservation to incl~de other positions, rather than make theerror of not answermg the requests desired .

..4S...lIlapll?re. The semaphore and wig-wag flags are stillof use, partIcularly in open warfare and as a connecting link

from a. visual ~tation to a battery. Advantage can be takeD;of the Internaltonal code for sending messages without any

-

~

5'1--



1J•..•• ... I"•••••••

J

_

55-

••.••lIs ...lullll; buse. To transmit sicrnals by the ground

-

-



electrically, it)s .necessary t? get electrigity into t~e. groundand then to pIck It up at a dIstant point. To get Itmto the

-~----- -

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,

'.

......

"', "'IL-".I'llj II

\

\

I

\ \

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- 56 -



fr?m the battery,. to the key, to a few turns of rather heavywIre around an Iron core of the buzzer, then back to the

57--



the. primary turns, hut every time the huzzer hecomes~nagnelized ~y the battery current, a strong electric impulse

1S generated In the secondary turns which is directly led offto the ground posts. .

.10.8t8110tloo of :1I1C sendln!'" set. Efficiency of trans-In . . II ...18810nIS prachea y entirely dependent upon the quality of

th~ .ground~. For movement warfare, where the trans-

nllttmg set IS carried forward in liaison with the infantry,

_

. ., 58 . '.- -



Jshould be Geld wire. . The insulation of outpost wire i~ too.poor to n(lmit of laying it 011 the ground". The field wire

1.• 1 v,' v' I.

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. >

'v. I "y.

, ./

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or;

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. v / ~\I 'V/

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VI

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.... ".

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,.,' vi ,0(1 "'\

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.: . ...1 ". I .~

......

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59 -



any distance perpendicular to'the base line.' Rivers, railwaysand "buries" wiUintedere by absorbing much of the groundcunents.

• ~lecel"lng ,.t~ tlon. For the reception, a similar base15 Installed. It IS usually possible to make it longer, due tothe fact that the transmission is generally from front to rear,

and a longer h.ase can be safely installed two kilometers back

from the scndmg station. The electric disturbance createdby the transmitting set could be picked up at a distance ot

SOIll~ five hundred meters by simply having a telephonereceiver inserted in the circuit between the two receivingground stakes. But in order to make it useful to a possible

distance of about two kilometers, a sensitive relay is usedcalled an amplifier. .

.\.mpUOcr • ....:..An amplifier is an electrical device consistingof three special bulbs, lighted by a four-volt storage battery.In this condition, they are very sensitive to electric dis-

turbances and are therefore serviceable to amplify electricsignals. To connect in the amplifier, the wires from the two

grounds are brought in to the two binding posts markedT. P. S. (Telegraphie par Sol). To provide the current fOI'the sensitive telephone receivers used, a forty-volt battery is

' -

-60

lowered to the position marked B.F. (basse fniquence). Th



other position and binding posts are for use with ~adioTurn the circul~r rheostat, which lights the lights, untIl the

signals are heard. Save the batteries by not using any morecurrent than is necessary. To determine whether theamplifier is working in good shape or not, touch lightlylamp or the lamp support and a bell-like ring should hcheard in the telephone receivers. If the instrument starts

howling as soon as the battery is connected, it is probably anindication of an opened ground connection. To determiJlewhether this is the case or not, take a knife or piece 0metal and connect the two binding posts together. If tllC

howling stops, it shows that the amplifier is alright and thatthe trouble is in one of the ground connections. To delel'~

mine which ground connection, make a trial ground directlyat the instrument and connect it first to one and then to Ow

other binding post of the amplifier, leaving the olher con-nections attached. The binding post on which the howlin~stops is attached to the line in which there is the fault,

either in the line itself or at the ground. Send men out tomake similar tests along the line or at the ground stakesuntil the howling has stopped. Sometimes the instrumentwill howl anyway. This can frequently be reduced hydecreasing or increasing the amount of battery cunent being

.. 61

With greatest efficiency h)' heing given the compass directions

~ -



which will make these angles equal. The compa;s direction

T. 1'. S. transmission axis.

l~ig.60.

can' be determined hy making a map diagram. A for-mula for working this out, knowing the compass hearing ofthe receiving hase, is as follows :

Where "A" is the hearing of the transmission axis from themagnetic north and "e" is the hearing of the receiving base

f"orn magnetic north. "8: '~~I he lhe bearing of the j~



ding hase from magnetic north. It is J)etter to alwaysa map diagram illustrating exactly the angles of the sendl

and receiving hases so that there will be no question of OJ

taking the angles in the right direction, and tben it will

unnecessary to remember the formula. It ishare other means than the directional element toferentiate between more than one sending station on a k

meler front hy Using enHrely di!ferent tones for lbe hl171

~._~ ."~.f'L

!1..~==J _--~-~

#~I f.o? jp. d'l'1'" ~~ ~..,

"'~";1'''1'(! '~~;L-l_'=k~

~

eSSential

_,-."~

63 -



If ,the sendin!{~ta'lion moves' forward further than two kilo-~lleters, the receiving base should be moved up correspond-

Ingly. .In case good results are not obtained with a lo-VOltstorage battery. at the transmitter, twenty volts can be used.lIowever, the pIece of German silver wire included in the setshould he used as one connection from the 2o-VOlt storaO'e

I

hallery to the instrument to prevent excessive currents. 0

Combined transmlttlng ~nd receiving lnstrument.-

In order .to make a system that will work both ways, sets arenow furnIshed with transmittinO' and receivinO' outfits included.A 't I. T" ' 0 0SW1C 1 throws either to transmission or to reception.The gronnd connections are made at LI and "L2" and a

1Q-volt storage battery is connected as indicated and eitherOperates the buzzer for transmission or lights the lights forreception. A small glow light or an ammeter can be switch-ed in the transmitting circuit, to show whether sufficient~nergy is being sent into the ground or not. The lampIndicator should only be used for short tests in order not to

hurn it out .

. Code. All messages sent by T. P. S. can he heard by anylIstening set in the sector, friend or enemy; so all messagesshould be coded. Coding has the additional advantage of

" " "

-

-6'J-

and can he picked up at a receiving station prope~ly arran~e



Tn the same manner that waves can he set up on the surfaof a pond by dropping a slone into it, an electric surgi

Water waves.

Fig. 63.

65

Current mto an induction coil. The secondary of the

~



induction coil is wound with many turns of fine wire which~tep up the electric potential to a great extent and make it

'Jump an open air gap. From one side of this air gap, aconnection is taken to a wire stretched out, called anantenna., and from t~e other side a lead is taken to a ground~onnecbon.. Every hme there is an electric spark producedIII t1.le spark gap I there is a corresponding electric surge sentup mto the antenna. Like the waves on the pond, thispulse I once sent up into the antenna I reflects back into the~round and oscillates back and forth for a short period oftUlle. So for each spark, a series of electric impulses ispr'oduccd up and down the antenna, and in consequenceelectric waves are sent out in all directions.

Iteeehlol; set. In order to notice the effect of theseWaves passing any given point, it is only necessary to set upanother antenna and have another ground connectionconnected to a receiving instrument. The receiving instru-

lnent consists of a delicate detector of electric currentsOperating telephone receivers. Every time the electricimpulses pass the antenna, they set up corresponding electricSurges down the antenna into the instrument. With onegl'OUPof waves surging into the receiving box the effect is all

-

Goclue to the fact that for a complete cycle there is a surge

- -



up into the antenna, (2) back to HIe instrument, (3) dointo the ground, and (4)from' the ground Lack to the insf~

ment again. This makes fou~' times a length correspondl

Type A: -:- Heceiving set .

/1

".~: ,

.- .---.--'----=..-- --. - ........

_.- .... _--

,

,. '. . 67-

It IS n?cessary to choose the right length of wire in order to

-



l

I

get Hus best effect. On the type "A" receivinO' box thereare contacts which make this possible. In order to make the

e.fl'ect. dO?bly: selective, the type "A" box has two such,electnc CirCUIts, one connected directly to the antenna andthe .other 'connected to the detector and the telephonereceivers. The second circuit receives its energy from the,first throu~h an induction coil. Also, electric condensers

,are added m each of these circuits which may be consideredas sort of weights for the two elect~ic circuits chanO'inO' the, 0 0

Type B. DeLector.

Fig. GG iJ.

tune to which the circuits will respond best. These

-

68-



II I I I

,Bor/en} I'

, I I ,!

Con/a cIs

BI/zzel'"

\

69-

Position, turn the lower len hand knob, controlling the

-



primary condenser, around from 0 to go to see if a responsecan be obtained to the signals desired. When the signals areheard lo~dest, adjust the secondary. To do this, turn theccnter sWllch first to "SYNT" and then in the same mannertr,~ success~ve positions of the upper right hand switch withaccompanymg variations in the lower right hand knob on thesecondary condenser. Try for loudest signals. It may be

necessary to make slight variations in the primary condenserafter the secondary has been tuned.

~oupUo~. The coupling is the amount of reactionbetween the primary and secondary circuits of the inductioncoil. At the start it should be fairly close; about 50 or 60 is

.a ~ood point. As the tuning progresses, it should hereduced. This reduces the strength of the signals but at the,Bame time decreases the chance of signals not desired from

Inlerfering with those which are wan ted.

Adju8Cm~ot of croollimlttloJ; seC. The transmitting

Sel used by the infantry, consists of an induction coil, operated

_

-

70-

by a lo-volt storage baUery. The storage battery shoul~

-



connected in the manner indicated by the plus and null

signs. so that the ammeter will register in the corrdirection. About four amperes should be the amountener'gy sent into the coil. The vibrator may need adjustme

which is done with the adjusting screw and locking nut un~~

the lid in the opening on the side .. Do not touch t~1J'adjusting screw at the same time as pressing the key,.

shock would be received, Never put current in the primacoil wilhout having the secondary connected to a good grou~and antenna, as the coil may be spoiled otherwise, The sp'gap should be adjusted to a distance which will give a goclear snappy bluish white spark. To do this, screw the plad

of the spark gap back as far as possible to get a thin strinspark. Then reduce the size of the spark gap until the spabecomes continuous and clear. This will be, in generalabout three quarters the size oCthe largest working spark gaExercise the same precaution about not touching tbadjustments of the spark gap at the same time as prcssi

the key.

,\nCeona. The infantry trench antenna consists of a 10wire supported about a mcter high by supports at each end.

'

-

71'-

It'unsmis!)ioll is .largely dependent upon the good quality of

-



the ground. Such a transmitting !)et will radiate best in a

continuation of the direction of the antenna wire from thecnll to which the transmitting set is attached. It is, therefore,

~ec?ss.ary to set. up a transmitting set pointing toward the1eccmng set, WIth the induction coil attached at the end ofthe antenna nearer the receiving set. For the receiving set,the antenna can usually be raised hiO"her where it is moreellicicnt. Poles four meters hiO"hare ~sed and in general the

1. b

P an IS to split the antenna, using two wires in the shape ofa. V", the point of the" V toward the direction from whichSignals are expected. The lead from the antenna to thereceiving set is taken from the point of the" V". A similar

gl'ound mat with ground stakes is installed under the antenna ..It is not essential that the length of the receiving antenna befix.eu with regard to the wave length expected, as thereceiving box will take care ofany c.hanges; butit is essentialthat both siues of the ••V" be exactly the same length.

Thirty to fifty meters are goou working lengths.

J\.lrltlaue scu«I1ng set. For airplanes, it is of course

impossible to have a ground connection, but the plane islhade a little world in iLsdf hy connecting all the metallic

" "

-

72

parts together, making electrically what is called H the mass"

-



This gives the electric balance to the antenna which floadown back under the machine. The generator of theairplane sending set is driven by a small propeller, work.by the air rushing through the plane. On the shaft of tbl'g-enerator is placed a disk slotted with teeth which pass

fixed metal post. The sparks pass between the metal poand the teeth. This is called a rotary spark gap. It gives

very clear, distinct, and musical note to the series of wayetrains sent out by an airplane.

Trame regula'lolllijo In order for radio to work weein any given sector it is necessary that each sending statio

lIe g-iven definite rules so that instead of making a hig noisethat will disturb every other station (H jamming"), it willsend out the electric waves only in the manner allowed it .The means of restriction are:

1. Wave length.

2. Pitch of note.

3. Time of transmission.

4. Direction anodstrength.

-

.- 73 -



PART II.

GENEHAL LIAISON SYSTE~r.

CIIAPTEU I.

GENERAL ORGANIZATION •

. la lnn of Unison. The system of communications willgive full service when it is possible for the various commands

-

74-

heen found wise to hav(' "Axes or liaison", generally 0/1

-



per diYision, connecting np centers of information to handl

the message tramc. Before the attack, these .. axes" spreaout in the form of a grid; starling from the hack at AnJl,lIeadquarters they go forward throngh rear centrals, forwacentrals and ohservation centrals, These designations dnot mean that it is ohligatory for anyone post to he coneeled to one cenll'al; hut the gencl'al plan is to have th

observation posts connected to the ohservation central, tll,hallalions and hatteries to the forward central, and the .hrtgades and regiments and echelons connected to the rc~central. Of ('ourse, code names, such as .. Boslon", .. Callfornia", are lIsed for these centers, hut this does not mak

them any the less real. Just previolls to the attack the:main arteries are pushed forward 1.0 the very frollt line allac('omnl()(lations provided so that they can in tllrn Jlecol/'ohservation, forward awl rear ('cntrals as the allack prgresses. Simplicity must he worked for in all cases. If it .

possible to combine any two posts together, the number (J

necessary communications is thereby reduced. For example.in an attack, it is frequently possihle and wise for the haUlePosts of Command of the artillery to he. unitcll :with those

75-

accompanying f:!:unsattached to infantry reO"iments. But of

-



cour~e it soon becomes unfensible for the b~ttalion and reO"i-Jnent~l commandei's of artillery to do this; so lines must l)eestahlIshed between the respective Posts of Command. Allc~ntrals I?ust be as we]~ protected as is possible, because.WIth the mcrease of then' use they become more and moreu. . .Ie centers for the whole action. They should be placed in

.~

I4-

76-

and aid in the rapid installations required in the advanc('.

-



Tllcse c('nters are conneclt>d primarily by telephone hut tlte

Chain scheme.

resel'Ve means are installed al\(l practised as soon as possible.

During the quiet phases, the general practice is to install 11

system of "Imries" consisting of buried lead cable telephoneroules n1nning forward, generally one per division, lowar(ltlae front line with connecting" buries" between these seled-

77-

estahlishment of this network. As all example, the EnglishJ~lade excellent use on one of their fronts of a captured por-

-



tion of the IIindenhurg tunnel to act as the forward lateral

78--



70-

this work as specialists. The arm of the service given super-vision of the whole net-work is the Signal Corps. In eachline unit therc is in addition, a detail to attend to the parti-

-



cular liaisons within that unit and with the neighboringUnits. To make them all a working whole, requires thateach follow the same systcm so that the work can be pro-

gressively handled from one end to the other.

S~nol eorplll. All telephone and telegraph lines in the

supply areas up to the Division Headquarters are handled byTelegraph Battalions of the Signal Corps. To each InfantryDivision is assigned a Field Battalion of the Signal, Corps.This hattalion takes up the work of. installing and ope-raling the means of liaison "hen the Division goes into the

line., •

'<'Ie'" "aUlllion~ To handlc:large 'radio stafions atDivision and Brigade'Headqual'lcrs, ,the battalion/has "A",lhe Uadio C01Upany.:.IWAlso i1w'sul'cnisioll of all the smallerl'adio. stalions ,iu_ the Division {'OllleS under "A" Camp,my.

IN.;.),;} IA"fI/1trs:

' '

~

-

So-more than half way in nH\"in~ liaisun real wilh all olherunils. Whenever a line goes -oul, trouhle shooters shouldstart immediately from each end. An artillery officer, cap-

-



tain or first lieutenant, is in charge of all means of liaison

at the Artillery Brigade. The infantry regiment is allowedone first lieutenant as radio officer, and another lieutenantis always detailed from the staff as telephone officer. Theartillery battalion is given two second lieutenants, one fortelephone and one for radio. The battery has the telephonesergeant.

SUPltl,.. All signal supplies are issued down throughthe units. Each detail sends its requisitions and lists ofmaterial on hand to the officer in charge of the signal workin the next superior unit, and the artillery brigade signal

officer g:ets all the material he can from the DivisionSignal Officer.

"'ral .. llI~ HI~."ll de.nUs. It must be remembere<! thatthe signal unit must he trained to act, to get the husinessacross. The signal detail is fighting hy giving the hest ac-fount of itself in the use of the means of liaison. This doesdemand certain technical skill or the men but this mllst nothe allowed to exclude their development as a tactical unit,ready and able to handle itself under all circUIllstances with

-

-

81-

mander when ami how that support is needed. neforeleaving artillery headquarters, tlle liaison officer should pre-

-



pure various taLles and plans to enable him to he of real

scnice to the infantry commander. These tables includethe charts of the operations officer of the artillery unit,indicating the normal and eventual barrages, the short andlong limits of fire, the dead spaces and the possibilities offire of each lHllIcl'y. The amount of ammunition on hand

Liaison Al"lillery Infantry.

Information h-anslUillcd.

-

82-

.in f?:encl'al, appreciate the handicap!; Lllc arti11l~ryWOI''k~ un-dt'r, particulal'1y as re~ard5 !ack of mohility. The artilleryran answer very quickly to nOl'lllill harrage calls hnt the

-



infantry should he made to understand why it takes so longto open fire on unexpected ohjectives. To call fm; such fire. usually re'luires telephone ('aIls to he put tll rongh to therCf?:imental or battalion headcruartel's, where they are in turntransmitted to the haLteries, and the haUeries finally makethe appropriate shirLs. All this may take twelve minutes.

H is a good plan to install direct Visual Signaling communi-cations at once to expedite such calls.

Information d("lilIlr("d. Information should he scnthack to tile arlillery whkh will enahle it to ad. Generalnfol'mation, mCl'eJy stating, for example, "Maclline gun onour right giving 11!;troll hIe ", is or no value as it does notinllit'ate exactly \\ here 01' \\ hen. An example of good infor-mation which can he immediately acted on is : lit Battalionstopped in front of Bl'cmen trench. Concentrate fire ontrench until 10 : 00 o'clock". The chief of liaison will take

every advantage of inspecting the enemy positions fromevery point of vantage that can he obtained, even frolllpoints outside his immediate sector. lIe will work illconstant touch with the intelligence officer in this resped

-

"

83-

he necessary to make use of visual sip;naling and any of the.Iilles of inforlllation estaillishcd hy the infantry, such as

-



Aprilll oblique ,'il''''.

}'iK. 81. ... .,.~

chains of infantry runners, wireless, ~~ound telegraphy and



CIIAPTEU III.

TELEPHONE OFFICER.

To provide telephone lines which will keep up with themovements of the artillery in open warfare requires an officer,wflo, not only has some technical knowledge of the work,hut has a tremendous amount of personality and resource

in making the best of all situations that arise and who getsthe hest out of his men. Above aU else, it requires a tre-

mendous amount of energy to keep improving whatever in-stallation is made.

Open warfare.When on the move and establishinglines of information for new positions, it is necessary to have

all equipment in as mobile a form as possible. This requiresmaking improvised boxes of one type or another to holdthe equipment, and arranging transportation that will at

-

~'::J"f''''''I

:11 7':",,_-_=='~='~~="":~~~,=.0d;tlln"'tf 11'0' C".~,...I/

__ ~



85-

:allcd 'IAnything to Get the nusiness Across". Light field~a"le will he use(}, strung out as rapi(lly as possible over the

-



First artillery battalion chain.

Fig. 82.

ground, on trees, anything to get the wire in position. Of\conrse a lillIe care must he exercised in keeping it out of theWay of traffic. As soon as this initial inst:lllation is in and

86-which will he "A Complete At Installation". In ol'der to estah-lish this Iiai~on, the tell'phone officel' mnst, of conrse,study vCl'y carefully the maps available; hut no telepllOJlCol1iccr will eVCl' he a snccess by siLLingin a dugout, stlH.Jying

-



maps. He must get out and reconnoiter the ground, choos-. ing the best routes for the installation.

(;onneetlon8 to nr ...,. ne'. A!'!soon as feasible, thC,telephone omcer should see the Signal Omcer in charge or~the ""bury" system to arrange for as many circuits as can hC

advantageously used in the cables, The circuits that callusually be obtained are those hetwcen the nanking artillerYhatlalions anel to the infantry regiment, the lines from the tartillery haltalions to the altillery regiment and to forwardOh~ervation Posts and, if snfiicient reason can hc shown,

the line!'! from the haUalions to the haUeries, These circnilSare alloUed hy the Division Signal Omcer or the Captain ofB Company. The taps are made in the cut-in hox-es hy SignalCorps personnel, and short lines run out to conned to thelines brought up by the artillery details,

.. On Che ... areh. On the march and for the first installa-tion the lines will he laid along. as the march progrcsses.In general the lines will he laid ont and turn cd OVCI' to lheunit following in succession; hut oncc the combat hecomes

-

-

S7-

thn Ohsel'vlltion Post Exchange nearer the battery and ha.ttaliiHl Itl'a.l

l}"arlcrs than the ob~ervalion posls~ if there exist

.' . : :

-

. ~' -



OP

"

- 88 -

only two good ohscl'Vation posts for the whole hattalion.There will thcn he two fairly long lines run forward 811(T

8 largel' numbcr of short lines run hack to the haUel'idalld battalion headquarters. The whole principle in estah-

lilH'



lishing exchanges is to save material by having the

as short as possible. Whenever this is done it means allsaving in personnel also.

{'..nfrals. A good telcphone central should be dry andw('l1 )ll'Oted<'d, with sufficient room for the personnel, sufli-

-

lilH

-- 80 -

1~I('Ixlhle ruhle to t4>rmlnul Hir11t. In order to make

quick inslaUations of a swilchboard, it is a very good plan to

have a cahle .fprepared ~in ~advance,~ connecting the switch

-



0-

save one half an houl' in the installation of a switchbollnl anll

can he in service continuously, carried everywhere from po--sition to position. In running lines, alLhough they should ~eas short and direct as possible, it is frequently advisahle to aVOl.J



areas which are continuollsly heing shelled. The German IS

a ,"ery systematic fellow and will often Le shelling the sameposition, perhaps even at the same time every day, and alittle detour will avoid destl'Uction of material and casualLiesat this point.

S'8t(' .... Make everything as systematic as possihle. Inthe third phase of the construction, he su re to arrange tohave all lines tagged. The rule at the front is "A line foundnntagged and giving 110 resulls on test can he rolled upand salvaged ))y anyone". There is neVer enough wire on hand

anyway, so aU wire should he salvaged whenever possible.!\ot only docs this add to thc equipment hut it also preventsthe chances of leaks passing through these lines and givingthe German olle more ear to heal' the ground currents. His frequently possible, particularly on an advance, to salvage

enough Gcrman wire to make all installations. Even thoughsome of this wire may not Le particularly good, it can heused fOI' the first installation and will save the good wireohtained from the Signal Corps for the (inal installations ofthe third phase.

-

_Ol~

then in a second. Also, charlli should be posted showingthe. missions of each ballery. Wilh these, the operatorswill know just how to handle the cans sent in from tbe infan-

try for the bal'l'a~es and will call the proper hallel'il'S ill the



(~ftluoull.~('o- He careful to cal"oll(l~~e all positions

and he particularly carcflllofwire trenches. They are readily

proper order in the quickest possible time." ; .

Shllcso Six hour shifts s"eem hi geileral to be most satis-

factory, one on and two off. All the personnel should heplace(I in 01' near the central so that trouhle can be got afterl~nmediately.it arises. The linemen will look after the long

hne troullles, but it is generally possible to have the operalorstend to trouhles on the short lines around the positions.

(':Illlio Exact vigilant ~as. discipline from a1\ personnel.

Insist that the gas equipment be always ('arried and kept in

good condition. Instruct all personnel thoroughly in the use

orthe equipment and also the dangers for several days inrnustard gas areas. By this means, gas casllullies can l)c cul

in half. . .

" _

_

"



93-

UuleH. Place in all telephone stations the rules to be

!'ollowcd. These include: (1) Priority cans. Priority is givenIn particular to barrage calls and to the calls of the higher

-

_



~~ollimand, as will be indicated in a priority list. (2) RulesIn regard to establishing outside connection to a given ex-thange. (3) Use of the operator's telephone only for the?perator. (II) Hules in case of retreat, involving the hurn-In~ of all papers and destroying any apparatus which cannothe taken away. (Messages should be continued at aU. costsand retreat S}lOul\! follow the line if possible). (fi) Methodof Iwndling regular calls. (6) Times for tests on all lines(every I.alf-hour in the day time; every ten minutes at night).

'I'oklng ower. The telephone officer relieving another

telephone officer sllould he sure to get from the previous tele-phone oflicer a diagram of the telephone system, a completeinvoice of the sector equipment and the equipment which isleft by the unit going out and which is exchanged for mater-ial from the entering unit. Have the previous telephone offi-Cel' go over the system and show where and how each line is

I'lln and where difliculties are most apt to be experienced.

IIII.trowenu-nt ... Always seek to improve a system butdo Hot he over-hasty in improving an old system. It is

-

-



CHAPTER IV.

RADIO RECEIVING OFFICER ..:

Tho radio receivin~ officer is detailed to the regimental orbattalion stations and with the radio l'eccivillg set. is a linkin the liaison scheme. His work comes uwlcl' the lW:l'I-ing's of:

1. Adjtistmcnt of fire hy ail'plane.

2. Heceiving general information from the rear.

3. l\eceiving time and mctcol'ological data..

4 Receiving information from the front from friendlyor enemy radio stations. . j

H...ttln:r lip tile station. The station must he put up'-

- 95 -

the fronL Ahout f)o melel' arms are med, set at nn angle'

?l allont :~o degrees, FOI' recei,ing time and communiques;It is fl'equently advantageous also to have a long single wire



antenna of perhaps 300 meters in length. Care must hetaken to have a very dry sheltered spot for the ll.pparatus.If any moisture gets into a wireless receiving set, it will beve,'y apt to cause trouhle which is very difficult to remove.'fIH~ station should he isolated from all noise and should he

away fl'om the post of command. Care must he taken thatthere is clear gl'olmd for the panels, der.Iaded from theenemy. The color of t.his ground has a very importanthearing on the ease with which the panel. signals can hepickpd up hy the airplane ohserver. It must not he at allWhitish. Green grass is the very brsl. Also it should not

he shaded. Never' place panels on hushy grass. In thewinler time dark red panels are used and sometimes hlackpanels. The radio station is just one link in the completeliaison net-work and for this reason must he well connectedto the rest hy having. well protected liaison by telephone

with tllo general system. It is not usually necessary toallempt visual signaling from a radio station.

\Orgunb:utlon of po"t. Twenty-four' hour service-

06-

haUalion radio officer is the adjustment of firQ hy airplane,The airplane ohserver has a tremendous advantag-e in beingahle to see shots as they fall and give corrections for deflec-

-



tion and range with equal accuracy. With good workingliaison between the plane and the ground, this hecomes amost valuahle method for the artillery commander. Inpreparation for adjustment, the radio officers should see to itthat the airplane observer, the haUery commander, and

perhaps the pilot, ha\e a conference. It is a good plau tomake this a dinner, hecause the small differences that arehound to come up without a complete discussion hefore-hand, might throw out what would otherwise be a perfectadjustment. At this time it is well to nwke sure that theohserver knows the locations of the target and of the panel

station. It is a good plan to show him the station 50 thathe can pick it up more easily from the air, Once the panelstation has heen picked up, it is fairly easy to read, hut it

is quite difficult to differentiate hetween the light spotsthat always show up on the ground. The code calls will he

agreed upon in conjunction with the plan given out by thedivision staff.

AdJu.hllent of rt"eel"llI;; Nt'C. The radio officer will-

97-

operators should he particularly quick and should hethoroughly instructed to stand aside once the panels haveheen laid out. Care must he taken to see that the panels

-



,,

are placetl the regulation distance apart, two meters for anypanels placed in parallel. The panels are laid with the top

as indicated in the code towards the front.

nt'cortl tldlt~cC. A record sheet should be drawn up fOl'

l'adio adjustments, giving time and signals and interpretationof each message as received. The operators should he

!1

• Dole

Coil

Observer

!3er//er/f

70rgel

Hour

. RadIO Officer

Co.ordmcrle sf:

{~

I• I

PRN£:LS

-

!J~ -'

rodl'. The l"..lio (lllicel' should lla\c II slu'd nil \\ !lith ht'does this himscIr. It must be rClnt~mhcrcd that the radioofficer is not the hattery communder. He lJH'r£'l.r furnishes

-



a connecting link hetween the ohser'\'('I' IIIHIthe halter,)'.However, it will frequently happen that n particular signal,due to the fact that they must all be ,;cnt ill code, will nothe easily understood. In this case the radio officer "ill usehis ingenuity awl above all his pust experience of similart~a!\Csto intcrprct what the ohsencr Illl.'llnl. _1"01' example.the Lalletv (.'ornmaIu]ers can never' llnder!ila/ld how shotsare~repeatedly lost. Messages in lhe clear should Jlever Jj(l

allelllpteu heh\cen airplane antI the groulld 01.' ,-ice versa,\isual si~nalillg", except fOl' night fl.ving, is pracl iea lIyuseless. A!so. till' shultet, }l[Hlp) is Hot of grC'itt St'I'Yiet'.

1-:.... u ralllt'4. , -. (;as rill' thl'l't~ to fUUl' Iiollrs at HlOst call

he carri('r1 on the plane; bllt Oil a roll~h day 0\' when thert'

are llIaIl~-enemy pl:uw~ in the ail' alld a great ueal of encmyanti-aircraft shelling Ihe human dernellt is not good 1'01'

more than two to three houl's. The cngines shollilinol, hiltoccasionally do. go "elwl" even in the best regulated planes,Dcdllding Ihe time for calling, rC'conllaissitnce al\(] }aIHling,this leaves less tban hw aUt] a ball' lwlIl's actual tiring' time,

WI

IIdjllstlllcllt is going 011 for oLlw!' lIuiLs it is a goo,ll'l.1II lo

have the operators lislen in and record aU the data as if it

\Ver~ an adjustment of their own. The infantry seLs an~



~~Olllmually working in open warfare and can give vallluhlt'

Infonnalion as to the location of our troops and ohslaclps

1I11~Y.IIl'e meeting, provided H,le infantry codes have been

I'-I'(:I'I\,C(},as LIley 61wuld by the radio oflicer. The chief of

1:I111onwilla the infantry may use these means for sendin~

hiS informHtions to the artillery; so great care lllmt 11('l~x('I'('ised that Ilonc of this information ~eh hy .

. 'l'l .. u~ .. i~nnl'i. Time is lrallsmilled frolll Eiffel lower

IlrHIJ•imes a daJ. At the present tillle t1lis is Ht 9 : 55 a/lll

10 : 45 in tJ)(~ 1lI0rning, and at 5 : 00 and 11: 44 in th(''\'~ning. The exact illformalion on Olis can alway'i Ill'

ll,.lained frorn the bignal onicer of the divisioll. The method

)( lIoling- this lilllP sllo.lll(} he to get the dilference between

\I ireless dol. all t 11(' JllillUle awl the second hand of fl1('

.~'Itli. ])0 lIol atlPllIpl to st'l Ihe second Iland at tile dot.

(

IInc sllolJ1d he disll'ihutecl al ollee to alL batteries alldflieers.

I'lc'.('o.'olo,:,-I(!ul du.n. l\leteorological data arc S(~nt onl

---

-

lOO

indicate, (u.Tol'llillg to the regulations, that Lhe hallisliwind, indicaLed by the first "3", i~ being given from a-or 300 meters ahove sea level, indicaded by Lhe second ":r

- --

heig-



that the telllperatnl'l~ is l:~degrees centigrade (Iemperatulhelow Zt'I'O j~ indicated hy starting at 50 as "0" so-5 degrees centigrade would he 55); the barometric pressuf\\'0111«1 )Ie i(l?, The next gl'onp of six figures gives the aJdensity. The Ilrst figure of Lhis group is the code figure f(ail' dl~nsity. Then eOlllt'S a figure giving th~ aHilllllehundreds of meters allove S(~a level 1'01' \\ hieh the d,~nsitygiven. The next fonr liglll'(~S give Ihe wl~ig-ht of a eu),meter of air in milligrams.

The next group of six figures give the )",llistie wind reatings at the successive heights, sLarting in at the level of

station an,d gOillg up hy hundl'e(h of meters as is indicalfhy the first two figures of each successive six-figure grouJ

93

92

9/

U

tl

.

,-- 101

TI,~ M'('ollll two rigures give the direction of the \\ illd on alJa81~of forty tlecagrades to the circle, startiIl~ with "0" at~Jamhert 1Iorth. The velocity is given in meteOrsper second;

-



~or example, 05 20 66 would indicate that at. a height ofaoo meters ahove the station the wind was south at a velocityof 16.lJ1cters per sccond. (Fifty is always added to the wind~'eloelty.) These data should he transmitted to the batteriespmnlediately, so that the appropriate corrections to the firing,data can be made.

r ~I .. p re....I..;;•• '1'1,0 designation of t .. 'gels and objed-J ('s is al wap sent by wireless in coded' coordinates. Thc

", . ITHplest way of handling this is to ]Jave strips of paper with1-

r /-1 -_=r-j.92

£ g,

!3 90 IM I

8~- I

-

-- ~

102 ..1illldlj~cllce may Jlave o""'i/lt~d I "ill pit'('1' logdhcl' a ('vlll-

plete story of the German. The receiving o/1iccr !\houJd hethoroughly in touch with the aims an.1 mission. of tho

- -



infantry as well as the artillery. Tn fad the radio ollict>r, in~pneral. usually becomes the 'center of all information for"Ihe artillery and as such can he of great help to all.

Itc:.;-imclltnl ,..tn.loli. The reg'illH~J'll.all 'adio stalion acts

a~ a conlrolling- station Losupervise lhe work of tlll~ hattalion1

outfits, IlIIt its. parlicular duty will he the research \Vor"- illrec'ording and illterpreting till radio inforrnntioll which mayC:OIJIC ils way.

CHAPTEH V.

THE AIRPLANE OBSERVER.

---

1O:J

JIll 11111:-1law 110 lIel'H'~ J1eCiHlsc, of ('oltrse, !lIe ,'IIl.'lIn llil';

developed the Ilirplalle work as well, and throughout 'it all

I _



there will be hostile aircraft Ilnd anti-aircraft fire to contendwith. The observers and the commander of the squadron(a ,lit Lieutenant or Captain) must be in close touch with theOnJCel"Sof the radio and balloon service so that all can work

1I10st efficiently. The time clement is most important, dueto Lhe limiLaLions of Lhe airplane. With close coordination

tile time can he reduced for each operation, and in conllC-Qllcnce, the plane will be of greater service by compIeLin~ a

gl'l~ater number of adjustments. ,

I.r~pftrll"on for UII udj••st ..u...... The location of Ihe

Lal"gels and methods of fire must he determined wiLh thehnlLery commander. The radio omcer should show thelOcation of the panel station and battery so that Ihey can be

' -

10/.

'sd is 11 good working order at the slart. The mCt:hani(:!lshould go over the set and see that all connecliolls al'clight. If possible, the radio officer attached to the sqnadl'on

- -



should arrange a tesling motor and groll nd antenna by mean!'(If which all ail'plane sets can be tested before the airplaneleaves the ground. At any rate, a receiving station shouldhe installed at the hangar so ,that the transmission of an air-plane can be checked imrllediately after it is in the air. Tlw

observer reels out the wire for the wave lellglh as agre(~dupon with the radio olllcer (ahout one thit'd the wave lengthto be transmitted). It is a gooo plan to have spools withjust the right amount of wire on them, or the ohsen(~J'should know just how many turus it is necessary to let out

fur a given length. Pliers should he always carried hy theobserver to cut the antenna in case enemy activity requiresfancy mana.mvel'ing. A telephone message is sent to the radioreceiving olllcer of the artillet'y as soon as the airplane is upand working. The observer sends the radio call some ten tofifteen times as he flies forward toward the targets. The

altitude is about 2000 meters. It should be rememberedthat it is difficult for the receiving set to heat' signals withthe airplane dircctly ovcrhead or when the airplane is makingturns and the antenna is swinging way out of shape. The

- 105 --

ground is blocked, To the ri~hl and left forwal'd are usuallyseveral fat struts which only allow a limited view. For thisreason it is necessary to maneuver for position. The com-



mand "Fire" is usually given when flying forward to the sideof the tal'~eL The view is rapidly altered by the plane'sspeed of some 2500 meters per minute. At a height of

~J,OOO meters this me3Wl that the angle of view is cOllsiderabl~'(:hangc,I in II minule, The wind also makes all this more

difficult nn4I may Illow the plane ont of position at a tremen-dous rate. This mot ion Jllny he so SlIIooth as 10 he unno!icellexcept hy observation of the ~round, This may happen toan inexperienced pilot OJ' observer before he knows it, as agrOund wind of ~5 IdJomelers per honr may he 100 kilo-JIleters above and in (Iuite a different direction. Great help

JIlay lie obtained by the (:harts OJ' data furnished by thl'llleteOl'ological service, from which the hest strata to fly incan be Iletermined. The maneuvering of the plane is alldone on a sort of "Figure 8" wiLh the observation timed tohe jus! at the farther end of the "8". It is necessary to havethe shells arrive for ohservation at the final twist at thl' topof the "8". The observation is noted on the tUl'll, ('Oded.

and wirelessed hack when the plane is on the retnl'll straight-away.

IO(i-

is (~~cJlLjal to chau~c tIw adjustment '0 a J.ifr(~l'ellt portion(,I' the target, he must precede the necessary corl'cdions I.,VIhe signal "kk". These various code signals have heen devis('dill practice, with tbe idea of haling them a~ few and as

-



.simple as possible. It sometimes requires (:onsidel'ableill~cnuit,Y on the part of the opcrator to scnd some messageswhich will be interpl'eted cOl'l'ccLlyby the ballery conllllandel'.If the obserVl~r and radio officer have the distinct advantageof working together frequently, they can make up a fewallowed signals to expedite their work.

Shell. The general plan is to use high explosive sheIls\\ ith non-deby fuses. Shrapncl will he requested l,y llwIII,server in case the oLLel's ('annoL be oLscned, 01' effect onpel'!;onnel is desired. Of courSt', Ihe shell ImrsLs are secn ill

"lane only more or less liS a hrownish (~olol' thrown up b~Ihe shells, so it may he necessary to bring the Imrsls inloIhe air hy the use of shrapnel. In this ca~e, however, cor-rections in deflection only will be givt'n, The ammunition\\ hich is to be used in firo for effect should he the final sheH

'used in adjustment, cxceplin~ of COUl'se, with gas shells.The greatest work is in picking up the III'S! hhols; for, onceIhey are seen, it is not so diflicult Lastay wilh tllClll,

-

107

illld I'pported in the same manner. Defledion changes" ill

not gellul'ully 1.>0 necessary; but if they are, anolher seriesmust JJe repeated after the deOection change, to check. If

Uw illlproVCllIcnt fire is hy salvo, the observer will send the

-- -



sens(, of the shots of each piece in order. Precision fire for('tfeet mllsisLs of 2!t rounds, and Ihe observer rt-'porls IheIllllllher of fihol'ts, overs and targets as hefore. If shots arcrepeatedly lost at any lime and ihe particular piece cannot

'. be idclltilicu, the observer will call for tire by piece to locale

th~ oneill ('1 '1 '01'.

'1.:.;-lIt firl .. .• Night fidng is feasihle wilh the 155's, asl~le lmrsls arc gencralJy qnite visihle. For signaling to the1l,Irplane, lamp projectors will he uspd, one to indicate the

!lIle gun-targd 1IIId the ol1n'I' to give tl)(~ appropriate signals.

fhe lamps will he elevated to an angle of ahout ten degrees.It is not in general possible to observe aclual corrections butonly the sensillg. Night ohservation is much safer for Ill('airplane and Cl1l1 he used advantageollsly for harassing tirl'011 distant ohjectives which canllot lIe reached, due 10 100

good air proteclion, during the day.

n..clio )'c'ct-h,ln;; on thC'l ntrl~I:"It-. Undamprd radiosets ll.r(' now fUI'nishC'(I, to lw installed on airplanes, giving-

~ -

~

-

- 108 -

adjustment call he rOlllilllled. Ohservation planes shouldnot be criticized for not paying attention to small planeswhich dash down over Lhe batlery positions. Little impOl'.tance should he attached Lo them. They have more moral



then material effed. Tiley cannot get a pinpoint on tilf'position with theil- machine guns lInd they carry, in general,no means of communication to the enemy batteries aneldo not even have mealls of rl'col'(lillg lilly po!'\itions whieh.l

. lhey mi~hl .. e.

.1

- 109 -



PAnT Ill.

TllEOHY OF HAOIO AND STANO\RD CODES.

CHAPTEH I.

RADIO DETECTORS.

('",~':l1 d ..... c.o r• Electric waves travel ",'ith h'Clllcn-

(lolls Sllt.pl! , some 300,000,000 metcrs per second; but thisI'Hte need not give any concern as it starts at thp. same rah'

throughoul all eleetricapparatus and, therefore, can- hehaudlt'd accol'llingly. But if a wave length.of 300 meters,1"01' example, is being: used, this means that there an'1,noo,()O() waVt~Sper second. Even if a telephone receiver

_

110

"lid addill~ Iheir dli'd all Log-eUlIT 10 !)rouuce 011(' f'It:'dl'i('

did. ill IIle tt.'lep]lone receivers. TIJis is done with L111'

galena Cl'ystal by the light contact hetween file sLeel spring'

and the galena. In tile circuits of the type .. A" receiving

sd, there at'e a sel'ies of rapid e}eclric oscillations working

-



]",ck and forth, set up JlY the train of waves arriving. These

pulses rush hack and forth thrOllgoh the ligllt contact be-tween the steel spring and the galena. It is not known

exactly what takes place here, but it may 'well he a heat

..earlion. Thes" "'pid oscillations h'rk and fo,.th hc,t th"('ontact between the steel !\pring awl Llle galena. Whcncvcl'contacts of dissimilar substances are heated, what is called a

l/,('rm(~-dectric force is generated; so that Lllese rapid

oscillatiolls will generate heat which in tUI'll will generate

dl'clric ('l1I"'I'nf. This electric Cllrl'ent is led off through HIl'

111---

lI;'W lIw alUplilier and tlJe crystal deteclol' togt't1I(~r, "hid.

gives the greater sensitiycness, connect two wires of a lel('-

--



1,,'(',,: ill; sl'I,

o+'. 0

AlIll'lifi.'r IT\I,Ial 1'011111'1:1j,,11 ,

Fi;:, !I~'

pholle plllg- ills('l'Il.d ill IIII' type "A" ho\ to the po ..l!\

Iflar!,!'ll "T. S, F." on a :~ tl'l' lllllplifiel' and turn the tlII'N'

poleiswitch to the position marked

IU'. I (hase fn"quence). Make the

same battery connections to the

amplifier as "1'1't~ indicated under(;round Telegraphy. A more ser-

,iceable arrangement, 1I0"c\'('I', is

10 dispense with the cryslal detec-

- 112 -I

of a metal (Ieposit which }tas heen thrown off from the fila-

Jucnt witll conHnued use. The electric action which takesplace is explained as electrons being shot off when the mOl-ment is at white heat. Electl'Ons actually seem to be smallparticles of negative electricity, so that when there is a mo-



WllIent of f>lectrons it is a lIow of cuncnt. Thl'Own off fro III"Ihe hot manu'nt in Ihis manner in the vacuum of the Jamp,lite) H1'C e1eclricity in a very sensitive conllition. In l/w

o)'dillary lamp, UH're is an atmosphere of these electrollsaro111\11he filarn~nt; hnt in the grid lamp, two things are

"added. A wire is ('oiled inlo II helix around the filamentand lids acts as Ihe grid through which the electrons mustpass in order to reach a metallic plate which SlllTolmds the

grid. Tlw electrons are negative, so that when a positivecharge is given the plate from a powerful forty volt slorage

haUcry the negative clcetrons will I,e altracted hy Ihe posi-tive 'plate. In elect rici Iy, lll\likl~ chal'g'('S aUrllcl, So thl'

- - - - - ....... -

,.," " ",

- 113 -

+



+

I-I ~l40 V.0

Electrons attracted by plus plate.

Fil!.101.

to about five limes the extent that woulJ nonnaUy he exped-

r 1', - .._II(' aided ill "leil' mO\ CUJcut to tllC plate. Thiscuu be SIIO\\I1

ill a Cline, g-iving the relations between the,pJale currenl

.. .._-- .......

....

-

-



..... ,

~-' llJ

awl lbe grill voiLag-e. III order to male this a \\orkillg'i\lslnllUClll, it is only essential to lead the delicate currents10 ht~ \\mplif1cd into' the grid and toohserve the effectsproduced ill Lhe plate drcuit hy inscrlin~ telephone receiv-

ers in thaL circuit. Tn 01'<1('1' to increase this effect, a ('hangl'

-



3 Lamp Amplifipr, II.F.

Fig. 105.

-_. 116

it is IJclll'1' to place Uw s\\ Hell 011 JI.F., ill \\ J!itll case fhe

first lamp ads as a detector only and the succeeding hrolamps multiply the effect five times eHch or, in olher words,give 25 times the original effect.

-



n.-.c.(.tor UNluli. _0:: To act as a detectOI' the lamp i.'S

given a slightly different connection. The lead to the gridis brought in through a very small condenser. The conden.ser consists of two surfaces, hrought very close together sothat an., elect!'ic charge .....n_ one plate attracts the opposite

WOkr enters

R"IJbel' diaphl'oqmRvbber /)el7ds

COllslng smallwoer !Yow

E/ectr,.c;~ _.

l-Vakr /-iodel

_

\



fig. -108 b.

Complete lell f ion 0 (eledor lamp on incoming wave traill.

(Rclw('(' n pages I 15 anrl I 16).

117

dlllq;e on the other plate. This heing the case, a smalll'1ectric impulse. coming in, will transfer its effects to thegl'i<l hy the push and pull action of the small condense!'.

So when connected into the type" A" box, with the switch



Oil Jl. F., the grid will receive the oscillating currents of thesecondary in that box, and be alternately charged negativelyand positively. When the grid is given a positive charge, it

.. will aUract on to it some of the little negative electronsleaving the filament. When the grid is given a negatiw

('hal'g-(~there iso.no such attraction, as electrons arc ne::ratiH'.

onnnnoO nftnonn~IN \)11 \(V IhYO 0 0 u

nao/ el'l'ecl

II. orl" a 1\"va II\) V VV.

Ilk ---

So UIC clI'cd JllI'OUgllOIlL tlte Irain or o!i('illatiolls "ill lie 1'01'

the grid to take bn some negative electrons on the low('r

halves of the oscillations and to show no errect on the upper

haln.s. Thi<; forms whaL is calJ~d the gl'id current flowing

on 10 the gl'id. Now the condenser, alLltong-h it pushcs and



pulls electricaJly, does not allow electricity (or electrons)

to pass through it So the net effect of the grid Clll'rent is

to trap elcctl'ons hetween the grid and the small conden!H'I',

An increaspd nnrnllcr or electrons means a negative chargt',

So the average net effect of the train of wave'! is to give liteg-rid a Iwgative charg(" This decreases Hie plate CUlTcnl

the same as willi the mnpliGel' action as first considered I

and 1I,e telephone receivcl's give one click for the wholt'

wave train. In ordel' to reslore tlte grid to its original

condition for the ned wave train, a very high resistanc('

leak is placed around the small condenser which will allowIhe trappl'd elpdl'Ons to get out slowly, afLel' the electric

train has passed, So one wave train gives olle click in tit!'

tdl'pholll' J'('ceiwrs alld the lamp I'1I1fills ifs dilly as a tll'-Inlor ..

"



_..'I."I

:AIY,,I,,: ,.,

.."R('~" ~. , ~IHItWJ Dq',M -' ~t!.fl''''-l~f'" ,'---, '

I I l . II I! I, ;-- ..--_. I --4-

I Ii' : I, I . I I

, J ~"'f

,'I

,I .,-----"-II

, -r-----~-----Jhrftny of ~av~

----l

~lw('en pag-e~ 1'9 and "0).

'\

flr,112.

Complete l imp .ction produdll' ennUnunu, we'ts. tII

II

f.

(£'lll'e)" .. es } l.lg l'S 11 9 l'l 1 20). SaulIlur. Vol. I ll .

"

~ --~ -- _ - - ----~- --- --- ----- ---

"

!t

-

Jifl\': \l.

..

i )"-'

-

"



;1:::~:.~ :--(.: 4

-..-;0--_ ......-.-.--:..:-.--::

vV\flOompt'd wove

.

nC\1l na 0 V\:J~

-

"

-

120

rallSl'S a CUlTellt to flow from the plate, which mcans a rusl!of electrons down from the plate. Thc induction coiltransforms this into a rush of electrons up into the grid.These will charge the. gl'irl negatively and therehy decrea ...~automatically th(' flow af electrons to the plate. When Ow

- --



Ilumbel' of electrons to the platc is decreased and thereforethe number rushing down the plate circuit is decreased,the induction coil will cause a corresponding reflex action topull out the char~e from the grid. So now with the ~rid

less Ilcgati\c, the plate CUlTcnt swings hack again toperhap~('\en g.'eater value than it had hefore. By this means, rapidoscillations hack and forth are set up. The rapidity will.wJlich these swing'S take place is dependent upon (he desigltoC the lamp, the heating of the filament, and the value orthe electric length of the wire in the induction coils. Also.

as a halance wheel, a capacity is added between the gridand the plate, As this 'capacity is increased, the electricswings will be reduced in frequency and in consequence th~wave length will he increased. All that is necessary to send

121

such a transllliLLing set there will he only one continuous

<i.cHon at the receiving set corresponding to the length of

tllne the key at the sending set is held down. This makes

• only one click for each time the key is operated, and soundsW'ry similar to the old Morse Telegraphy. In order to make

- -



'he sound a continuous huzz of some sort in the receiving

set, it is necessary to modify the detector or amplifier circuits

, I.y inclllding what is called a heterodyne. .\ heterodyne is a

Heferoa};/l1!1

WOP'e

Incomm9

Wave

-t;,..o

~"",

{\ { \ { \ {\ {\ { \ { \ fl. .._vI..Tcrcr\TV\Tv u

122

hecome nearer the same ,"Hlne. "hat is happcnding is thatthe two waves arc adding or subtracting their elfects in therecei"ing set. 1£ the two wave lengths are jnst !'>li~htlydiffcl'.

ent, there will he a moment when the two waves will he.IIMing and a moment later when one will he working

- -



..~ainst the other. This will occur re~ularly hack and forthas long as the two "'tn-es are continued. As a result, therecch-in;.; set will respond to these llnclnating valnes of thet \\0 added together and give a musical tone ('olTespolHling

to the numher of times the valnes O\'crlap caeh second.This gives a very sensitive means of picking out a particulaJ"wave length. In fact it makes an onl!'[' or selectivity of ahout:~ pc l' cent. That is, a wave length \\ lIicll dilfer!'> hy JlI()J'(~

than 3 pel' ('('nt from that desired can he readily eliminate,.

forlll heing heard in the receivillg sd.

(;ullaloll. As \\ ith all delicate appal'atus, the IilWuJjustments, although giving great accuracy, reqnire expertoperation. This" ill come, not so much frolll technicalknowledge, as frolll just plain practice. The illslllation orthe antenna and the station lIlUSt he excellent. Otlle1'\\ is,~the constants of the circnit \\ ill he conlinuonsly ehangin;{and therefore the wave length~ "ill lIe varying Imek nnd

forth.

--

123

'''.ne ...e ...... The waye metel' is silllply a lillIe II\lJlS-miliing station to determinc wave lcngLlI3 heing USCI!. It has

a condenser so mounted that it rcads directly in waye leBo-lhs.

Calihration CUl'yes arc included with each waw n~C(l'I'

indicating the slig-ht corre('lions .ha' IUllst he made for ,illY

- -

-



I'cading. To find Ow \ra\e tcngt'l fOI' which a !'eceiring" 5(:

, ,

12'1

CH.\PTEn III.

- -



MORSE. CODE.

._e_e_

•••

---.---.

o

p

oR.

S

T

;-\.-

B •••

.C .....

D - ••

E •

r ..-.

G ---.

Sound JUlIdflt.

In learning the code,the nrious combina-tions should he heardas (:omplete sounds.

F01' all thc elcctric mcans of trammission, exct.\pt the tel.

('phone, messages are sent hy the International Morse CodeThis code representsthe letters hy com-hinations of short andlong durations of thesignal. These are call-ed dots and dashes,from the way theyare printed.

-

-

125

Frcnch for A. Gel a buzzer and make (I bz bbm;z II enoughtimes to think of it as A withont hothering with thc thoughtof whethcl' there arc dots or dashes in it.

So ...... C'oIliIUlI'l"'O liloio In order to work out the differ-

ences in these SOIUllls, the lelLers can he grouped for •comparison. Start with tlw lelters made of dols :

- -

-



,e • i.. s ••• 11 •••• 5 •••••

Send thenl so many times, in different order, that each isrecognized immediately as a leller or numher. Continue

with the dashcs :t III 0 ell ~--_ 0

E••

s•••

H••••

5•••••

o- M o CH---- ------ -_ ...~-

N-.

u V 4..- ...- ....-

0 B 6- .. _ ... _ ....

- -- --- _

•

126Then 10 illll)t 'l '!\s litem on thc mind still rl1rlht~I', try OUtl'I'

('ompnrison5, such as:

t- C. In i •• °- __ s ••• ('11

h ••••

()----- \) ••••• n a-It -a 11•• .1-••v ••• J) •••

- -

-- _

-

- _



l>i{fe1'('nlialing helween the inverses helps one 10 note Ihat

f11(~ ones Ih~t slart hr'arier are Jlt.ltr~t" Ihe ht'ginniflg' of theatphahet as :

(1---- Ya g --a \\- a r •• _.I • •• Ii. -. 1- • -. J) ••• «J _. • (1 ••

11 •• JJ- ••• V ..........

Of (,OtH'se Ihc five-heat dlarat'l('.' of Ihe lIllUlh('rs can hercadily lIoliced as it Illlilds up from 1 10 5 and (hell runs

he,,,oy from (; 10 O. The hardest OIll'S 10 di{fcn'nti21le

.tre =a •• elnd 3 ••• --, alHI 7 ••• , and••. But lIw Iriple (one at 1I1l' of heginning Ihe :~

and (he ('wI of Ihe 7 ('an soon llIaJ..e Iltese ('hal'acters s(and011 t ill COllipadwll \\ 'th ~4 01' 8.

.... u("tunriou ... ad "'1)('4..,.. 1 (".... r .. (~t("••"'. It is usually

not lIecessary 10 sllllly lIle punctualion alllI spedal chal'acLcI's

H~ry !tard. Mkl' Ihc /'('gular )e/L('rs and fig\ll'cs arc pcrf(~e1I'y

__ __ - - - _

-

--- --~ ---

-

127gin>s a swinging motion" ilh the dots, a sOl'l of kick back 10

the tla!'\hes. The parts of a leller should be gh'en fairlydose together, 50 that they make one distindi\-c sound.That is, V sltoulJ be bwldubuddlluh am} nol Lu 1m 1m huuh.Civc them this way ('len in the heginning. Leale all thetillle neccss,u'y to unllerstand the character between letters.

- -



Jmt (TO,,11Ihe Idter itself as much as llossihle. .

" t.~h'HH "or.... In order to develop speed in a class, eachllIall must he shown that his own particular work is counted.

Several s110rt praeliccs are hettcr than fewer long ones. AtIlle start the mind cannot concentrate Oil this new sense forlong. At Ute ('JlI} of each period, give a short two-JJ1illull~test and have the papers handed in immediately. Mark tltepapers on the hasis of the words prr minute that were COl'

)'(~ellyn~CCiH'(1. Of cOlll'se opportnnity must he given indi-

vidual 111 en to take as fast as thev can. It is wise to di,idethe llIen into classes hy sp(,..~dif tile mlluhcr of them and theinstl'l1elors makes it advisahle. Good divisions arc 0 to j

words pel' minute, J to 8, 8 to 12, 12 to 18 and 18 to 30.Then a~ indi\idualllH'n del-clop they can he given the oppor-

tunily to advance inlo the next cJas~.

n",,"'oplll~ HI_lrl•• The (Iuestion of spirit is the mostimportant in all das~ worl.. When the men are pulling real

-

-

128

('(fol't into the work they will advance rapidly. It helps tospnd interestillg maller, so that they will wish [0 get every\\ord. Hecorll the tests on charts for each man with t1H~

number of words received pel' minute on the left hand sid(~. and the days along' tile hollom. Make averages fOI' class

charts, and post all these charts regularly. The men" iJ1tale interest in seeing tile lines dimh to the same degrc(~

- -



IIwt 1I1emovements of the frontlinc on the map arc watdlel!.All this takes ('frort; hut with pmper organization, it "ill h~Jwndlcil smoothly and em'din'I}.

CIL\PTEIl IV.

CIPHER CODES.

To cOllceal the Illeanillg of a lllessage to all except perhaps.th{)sl~\\ 110ha\'e the key, cipher codes arc used. Most codes.

lire sUhstitutions of olle leUcI' for' anothcr acconling to al"'earrang'ed plan. In addition, there are the word codes,\\hel'e -dog. may mean (lan amlllllancell, fOl' example, in~Send a dog to Detroit 1I. But such codes are quiLl' obvious,-

- 120 •. -



,

- 130 -

)Ict hack warus, starling" ith Z and pnlling one 1('(IeI' along-horizontally in each sf{llaI'e; Do not repeat A at the cnd.Cnder A write the code word Yt'rticalIy, each letler underthe preceding'. Then continlle Ihe straight alphallet horizon-tally 011 each line. After Z g-ivc the first part of the alphabet

"hich preceded the feller of ('ode. This sheet can then hellsed to code or decoue the Jll('ssages readiJ.y. 1"01' tJle first



Jetter in each A"rollp, sl1hstitllte the leller fonnd in the BAlphahet nnuer the fdter to he suhstitnted in tlw top alphahel.Continne with the Aalphahet for the s('cowl Jelters, nnl! so on.To decode n message use exactly the sallle pl'Oeess ...

)-laJfalr t"I)h.-r. Aho\e fhe infanlry hallalion, fheanthorized, form of code is the PlaJfair Cipher. H is hased

c 0 L U MB IJ A 0 EF G H K N

p Q R S TV W X y Z

-



132 -_

first.) Then the rest of the alphabet is filled in, in order,leaving out any letters already given in the ('Ode word.

TIle message to he coIled is Own divided illto groups of twoleiters each. If the two letters of a group llappcu to come

WIlen JJOLh IdLpI's of a pair' occllr ilLopposiLe COrll('I'S of 1I rl'clallglc,

-



co~u~

8 IJ A 0 EFGHKNJ

R R S T

Xyz

rhus LN IS Slibsttfuted for MH.

VQIS

sUbstlluted for WPI

,- 131

lIll' suhstitutes, each gronp is taken alol1('. The positions ofIbe two lellers in the group al'e noted on the code chart, ,111<1

file two suhstitutes sl'lecled according to the three possihle('asc's wllid. arise:

. 1. If both lellers arc in the same llOrizontalline, the leiterJust folIo" ing each is substituted. (If a letter is at the

-



. l'XLrelllc right of the line, then go hack to the first leiteI' ill'\ that line for its suhstitute.)

2. If hoth letters arc in tile same ycrtical column, the

kiteI' immediately helow is suhstituted. (If a letter is Ht Olellollolll of Ole column, go to fhe top of that colmnn for its

, SUhstitute.)

3. For HIl othcr cases, tIle two lellers can he considered ast\lO corners of the r('clang]e, formed hy tile lctters hetwecn

IIlc]l). TIle suhstitule"ill

Ill' Ole letter at the cornel' of IheSaillt' reclanglc, llol'izontally across.

Artcr the llIl'ssage lias heen (;oded, it is \\Tif!en in groupsof live ]cUel's each, flllingo out a last incomplete group- as!lefoI'C. For decoding, the HJ('ssagc recehed is written illg)'oups of Iwo ldlcrs, and the reverse process of tlte coding

'I ill give tJlI~ lell('r of tile message ill the dear. Any sU(ler-IIt.IOUS leiters" Ilid. \\ ere IH'CeSsary ill the coding will hel'/JllliJlat('d in writing olll the message for Ow addressee.l\lcssages 10 I,e codell should he as short as possihle, for

13/1started. An opcrator or receiving clerk must protcct Jlimsdl'at once hy pnlling on the .. Time filetl" on the messag-C

,'cceiwo(l. A person receiving Ii military mcssnge on t1wstrength of which lIe is going to act, wants to l)cablc tounderstand the message, to know fronl whom and from whereit comes, anu wIlen it was wrincn. So hefol't~ the pcrsoll

from whom the message is received gels away, the o))crnIO"

- -



I. CIN.rIlcss.

3. Address of sellllcl' kllown.

should look over lhe message to make snre of the foUo" ill~

points:

t

4. Hour when message was "rillcn. t.I

H the lines are "Oiling poorly. the sClHlel' hi 3s1.C(} 10 si;':-II.. Suhjcct to delay'\ 'nillen on the message hy Hw operator._ t"'r,.nsmhtl .. Ner"lec IIlnrk~ -~pac(~s al'e provide(l at

the top of the regular message form fOl' servIce marks; hiltthey can he written out in fuB fOl' a message on a ]llaJllo

sheet. The U lime filed'" is already entered hy this lillie. t

('lu-ek. The operator \\ ill now counL the numher or

"

~

-

13:>-Mal°ks Beu(lil1g opcralo.o places on 1llcssa~'C'.

Manu S""t:tmfl~"'" ~, 0" Mue~

~R~RW~'r-'iD

~;i/:,:a~~::':,::: .,• ~~alLJluta.r,

-



_________ ~b~o,~

tOlg. 123 b.

1\Iorks reocc!\'ing opcnlor {,laces on message.

---------"=-

130

message fOl' that ~tatioll is thell entered under No. ThelIH'ssage is then transmilled. The only pads not sent arc.. time filed ", and" time" on the top of the message form.The ••date" is only transmitted if it is a hack date. The.. h~)Ur should always be sent. ••IIow sent" indicates the

means such as, radio, T. P. S., etc.

The station sign and personal mark of the operatol' undcl'

- -

"



••s('nt hy", and the" time" of transmission follow directly."'hen the rcccivin~ operator acknowledges check and rccciptuf the message with llis station call and personal mark, the

S('wling operatol' recorlls these under "n~ceived hy". Thefinal work of the sendcr is to mark oIT the correspondjll~~erial numher on the IHlmhcr shed in the front of the book.'

Ueeeh-l .. ;; opel'uto.'. Hesponsihilities for errors are:llways lleld against the receiving operator, as it is his

}lri\"ilege to ask for r('peats 011 any doulJtful words. Thereforet he receiver should he sure to ('opy the mcssage very('arefully. TIle dleck is to he sure every word is received.So the operator should count the message and v('rify wilht11l~ check as received. If O. K., he transmits hack the check

followed hy his station call awl personal mark. Ill' then entersservice marks as received under" No", .. sent by" and.. check"; and adds his own under" received hy .. and "time"

received. lIe then does his hest to get the message to the

-

137

slo\\ ly in order to insure accuracy, so. eyery unnecessarysenice si~nal is eliminated, as indicaled aboye.

"'t")t"lthollc In"'s,,"n~ciOj. The same general plan of thefuIl s('rvice forIll should be followed ant in handling messnges

l)y tPlephone. The llsual prelude to the message should he.. 'Illis is Hoslon. ILne a wrilten messa~e to he transmilledto . Arc you ready to take it down?" On

- -

-



llcing given the .. go ahead to , the transmilling telephonist, "ill read the message slowly, using the word code to JlI'in~ouL any IclLers which are hard to understand. The check

IInd service marks will he inserled the same as fer stl'aigll ttelegraphy.

CIIAPTEH VI.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DECIPHERING MESSAGES

GIVING METEOROLOGICAL DATA.

TIle data from each hallool1 ascension are used to del('\'.

~O, spl.ed

20, slwed

138"ESS.\GE. nl'El\PRE'rATlON.

o():~o5", • Wind at ~ronnd level, Dircction 20, SlWP<!l me-tcrs P,S.

()J:Hl.H •• Wind at 100 mder len.l, Dil'edionI. meters !l.S.

OTm;)'. • • Wind at 200 lll(~ lcl' level, Direction

-



21, sperd

I. mctel's r.s.•':\'u:,i,.. Wind at 300 meter l~vel, I)in~ction

5 meters P.S.o'a'u;)li.. Wind at 1,00 meter lc\el, Dil'cdion 21, speed

Ii meters 1'.5.

(.'le. (i,o is added to the "ind velocily readin~s 10

pl'cvent confusion wilh direction f1glll'cs,)

Example of anti-aircraft message.

~IESS.\GE.

.\d(lress .•

~H 121;8 ••

l:'\l'ERPRETATION •

Some code adJ,'css \\ ill be used.

The l.t figm'c (2) is code fOl' anti-a ircr:t fl ; the 3"~figure (1) indicatcs that the pressure is givenfOl' an clevation of 100 lIIekrs above sea level ;

- 139 -

l\JtSS\G~. J\TERI'I\ E1'..TJO~.

the last two figures being sent. Thus i~8issent as 38. The pressure sent is that COITCS-

poucling to the level chosen. In the mes~g-c

giYen above. it means that tIw !wessure <It the100 meter level <lbovc sea is 708 m/m.



Ail' density is sent as the secontlline of the mes-

sage. In the example given 9 is the code fOl.

air density; 1 is the elevation above sea leu'l

in hUJH.lreds of melers for" hit-I. the density isgiven; and 1198 is the weight in millig-rams ofa euhie meter of air ~lt tlte femI)Cratul'e awlpressHre indicated in the first line of the m('S-!S<'tge.

Wind at surfacc lCH~I, Direction20,

speed I. JII.P..'3.

The dircclions arc coded on a 40 !)oint scalt',\\ lJl're 1.0 is Lambert North, and the other quad-nlllts are. taken in a clockwise direction as 10,

~wand 30. Filly lias heen added to aU wind

spl'eds to avoid confusion hclween wind speedawl wind direction. Thus in the messagehelow at the 500 JIIl'Ier leH~I, i/lllicaleu by O~-).

the direction is 21, and 54 m~ans that the

- 1'10 -

,6S + 2 or 770 mIll. Likewise, if a hallcry is locateu at auelcyation of 122 meters, a correction or + 21 X o.O!,

or 2 mm. must he suhtracted f!'Om thc given pressun'.\\ hich will then hecome 768 2 or 766 nun.The mean change of temperature with alLitnde is 0.56 de.

grces centigrade per hundred meters, the ternperatllre decreas-ing" as the altitude increases.

The decrease in the weig"ht of a cubic meter of ail' willi

--

-

o



altitude is 15 millig"rams per cubic metel' for each hundredmeter rise.

When wind cOlTections arc desircII hy Lallcries using ll'a-jectories considerahly less than Goo meters in height, tIwwiOIls as lish~II in the aviation message should he used, Tlwefl'l,(,ti\'c winds at these low levels is that at two-thirds themaximum height of the trajeclory. If the maximum Ol'lJi-nate of the trajectory is :~oo meters, the wind direction and

spepd at the 200 meler level as given in the aviation mes.sage, is the wind direction a11l1speed for which correctionsshould be made, Thus again, if the maximum ordinate orthe trajectory wel'e 200 ]11elers, the correction shoulU hemade for wind direction and spced at the 130 metcr level.This wind uireclion and spced con he readily fonnll hy inter.

dolation hctwcen the 100 HIIlI ~IOO mett'l' flgnres liS given illthe aviation mess:lg'(',

1'II

CHAPTER rII.

--



CODES.

MORSE ALPHABET.

Alphabet.

h IIe_

;l r

ii• e_ oj

aS

h k

e I II

dl ---- 11l ii

)) v

__

__ ___

1!l2

Punctuation.

])crio<l.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ••••• •COlnrna.. • . . • • • • . • . ••• •••• • • . • . ._

- -



Interrogation .••..•..•...... :... •• ••

IIJphen ...••. ..•..... .. •••

Dash. • • • • . . . • • . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . ••

Parenthesis (Leg-ill)............. _.

Parenlllcsis (end)............... ._

Quotation (hcgin)............... .-u_.Quotation (en'l)................. • ,

Exclarnalioll................... •

Apostrophe ••.......... ,....... •

Senlieolon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • ..

Colon .•.......... . . .. .• . .. .. ••

Bar indicating' fraclion........... •• _.

Cnderlinc (hcgin)............... •

LlHlt>dinc (t'IHI)................. a_

Cross (('rHI of work)............. •

__ _ _ _ __

_

__ _ _

" _ _

_

1'J3

E\A:\IPLE:

H the operalor recl'ires "Jmy" as "vie", ntHl dimcully i~

experienced in disliJlgllisllill~ "n" fl'Olll "V", "huy" may Jle

spelle(l "Jloy-n-y".

-



VISUAL SIGNALING CODES.

Example of transmission of a message.

Slation nl1l of sell(lin~ stalion: C~.

Slalion call of reccivin~ station: 1-\.

(;:\ wishes to scnd a llIessa~c of foul' wonls lo V\.

Transmitted signals .

I.

_.

STATIO~ C3• STATIO" F,. nE'f.\IH,S.

II

_'

A series of I,

A scries of GW, ••

1!t1We are ready to at-tack ...••••.•.•••

We willnol be readyto aUack at thelime designated, .•

Junease the al.tilleryrange we are going

__ __

- -



A s('l'ics of I I, •• •

A sel'ies of Y, _.

A scries of Q, ._

to advance .•....•

H('(IUest for rifle am-

munition .•.••..•

HC(}llCstfor grenades.

Conventional lamp 'signals for the artillery.

I wanl to lalk .

.\djust 011 tar~et yOIldesignale ..•.....

O)Jsene 011 targt.t .•.

BaUery ready .Wait at least ten min-

111('5 •••••••••••••

Dash held for ]0 s('conds,

A series of D, ••

A series of K, _._

A series of A,

A series of Z,

~ __

__

_

AS

An

Service signal used with lamp.

\\'ait (-'- )

End of messng-c ( -:.. _. )

- __ _



nn..Br

CL

r.Q\

FM

SN

OF'M

QUA

QHSQHT

QRU

(;0 ahend ( ••• _. )

Space (_ ••• _)

AlII

closing' station ( )

Sig-nal of inquiry employed by a station which desiresto communicate ( ) ,

Frolll ( •• )

Ullderstood ( -. • -) .A single dot is invari~bly used

fOl' this signal. ,Hepeat (- ) Two dots are invariably usedfor this signal.

Official message.

Tlds station is

Transmit more slowly.

Stop transmitting.

I have nothing- for Y011.

__

-

- -- - -

_

- 1I1~ -

TIle inll'nal hel\\'l'l'1I words is of ahoul !~secow!s um'alion.In order that lamp signals may Iw easily reau, it is nec-

l~ssal'y that the signals h~ not too rapid, ~'itlMn to twenty'chal'udel'S pel' minute should he taken as the upper limit.

Successive letters must he well spaced. An, interval of two'5cconds hetween letters will enable the rcc(~iying- operator '0

call off each letter to his assistant as he rl'ceives it. In gl';':-"



cral, two men for eacll shift al'e nl'c('s~ary to operate 'a tUliPsl:\lion. At the sending' stalion one mlin dictates the messaKe

leller hy letter, and watches the J'ecciviJl~ !italion for hreak!!,

The olh(!r sends the Illcssag-c. At the r(~(~eivil\g staLion, ow:lIlan receives tllC message and calls il off hy ]t>!ter to hi~helper, \\110 writes it down.

To call a station, its ca II Jeller should J)(~ Sf'lll sevl'l'nl t irrH'!I

and at intel'Vols the Alalion calling sll(utld sil£nnl its 0\\ n ('01\

Il~ller As SOOIl as a stalioll ohsl'rvcs Lhat it isbeing caJI(~d,it will ansWtll' hy hignaling ils call h:LLcr .and tho l'ignal BII.

"~o ahl'ad". The message is lh~n lrallsmilLe(1 and 1IJ{~J'('Cl'iv-illg Slillioll IIcknowledg'l's receipt of each word,.

The firework. code. (,

As 111i~signal:; that a1'e Illade hy nl'(~\\Ol'kS Hl'e always of 11U'



150

Special signals of 2 figures for firing.

,-

01 1st piece. 22 EITalic In range.

02 2nd pit'ce. 23 Was lIOt in position to ob-

- -

--



03 31'd piece. sel've.

0', 4th piece. 211 E!'ralic in deflection.

05 By piece. 25 Will observe as requested.

OG Is battery ready? 20 II. E. shell.07 lias battel'y fired ? 27 Lost.

08 Can't see pl'ojcetor. 28 Cease firing.09 I.a~- on DIe. 29 Result accomplished.11 Can't see pands. 31 Friendly sllOts falling at. ••12 Datum point. 32 Continue the lil'e.

13 Verily the 61'c. 33 Sheaf too open.

U l"il'c from the right. 31, Tillie shrapnel,

15 PI'ecision fi.-e. 35 Zone fire.10 By sah'o. 30 Sheaf too closed.17 B) lInlvo by two. 37 Volleys.

IS Fire from the left. 38 Continnous fil'e. I cease reg-I'J How Illany pieces al'e firing? utar observation.21 Obscn'ation il1lpossihte. 39 lIepeal.

OUS

PHF

QT'F.

liASsun

TAl\!

Tel"

151

West of ..•

Depth (fulluwed I,y a IIl1lubl:l") •.

Tallot. ••

Nothing" to 1'('I'OI'!.

Soulh of ..•

Frielldly troup~.

- -

- -



TEl'

TnA

IIEr.

IILV

\Ii\'

1))\0

(;\1

WI

JlC\

Railroad train.

Head at.. ..

Tl'eIIl'IH'~.

The ail'plauc cun ollS('J'\C Ii.'c. (Aller reporliug' an objective,

the observer \\ il l send t1lis signal whenever be ill in II IM)-

siLioll to ohs(!rl'e fire snlisfactol'ily J.Send relief.

I um going to I'dime,

I\i~lit at. , .

l.el1 al, ••

Airplane a vailal.lc llel'c.

Anti-tunk lUtHer'y It!. .••

Signals of 3 letters.

.

152

Projector or Radio Code

for use from ~he ground to airplanes.

/'-- II, J. j Owitled for special I

l ule... t •••••••• t t

--I I I

- -



2. j I have to speak. to I Da8h held to\' 10 5econd8.l yOu ••••••••••••• j

--I I

1A.djust on ObjectiVe!

3. you have jU8t re-

}lorted •••••••••••

--I IObserve fire on (SUChlan objective) orChange target {fol-lowed by designa-~.~~:)~~.~~~.~~~~~.j-- --- --- ---The objective i.giv-

eo ooly after the air-1,laDebaa lent I "Un-

derstood" ),

I

---I

1Seriesof d's

connected.!

r-1

Sedes

ofk's

connected.

Series5. Batleryready •••••• ofo's

_

__ __ __ __ __ __ __

153

No . -----._----.I(2.

1-'IQ i AdJ'us!Jucnl not suf-t

I ",

1

Sel'ies Iofch o's

f'ollnected.

1--Se.-ies

ofch j's

-

- --= -~ !



_'"

ficient, contiuue ..

'H. Bypicce .

15. By salvo .••••.•..•

Ia . Impl'ovement fire .•

---- ..---- ..

---e .. ...

---a a a

- ... - ... - ...

j\ cOllnected.

1--

1cOi~:~~d.11---

Sel'iesofoc'!!

COllnected.

I

j Seriesof b's

, connected.

1----\ Series

II7'l By series oq •• •••• •••• ) ofruh's

24 rounds •.•.••.• \ --.. {connected

" ----------

~

__ __

- 15'1 -"'f'~ .,v",<,"", -.. •.. .- -If pJI ., .... ..', .. " '4<' '" _ ." ,. ........... ...... ~~-"'...... ",....,.

Panel Code.

D1V. ART. HEAVY ART.- -

App,...i",." -;::? IIppfOO.im.t. rJ

-

... ....~ ~ .. ... ... .... -. , ~ - • -



Ob~rve fire of unit Indicated by d'f'OCtion of U;;; ""7ftidentification panel. Panel point.F~

0

<0.d toward this unit. .....••...+ •...... .:

2 I R~~~tt •• ~~:~r.v.~t~~~•• •• ~(~.~s.t~I Oc::J I Q~

;1Will odjust on objective you have I .....ofCII -,oo• .I~

I [just reported •••.•.•..•••.....

oDd t:::J c::::J

.1Observe fire on (such on ohject-

0 CJ~lve), or Change target( followedhy designation of new object-ive) •••••••••..•.....••••••.•

1st hllltery ready ................ ,

;r~rIT I CJ D'

'

~~

' ..... ,

~ "

l:l~)

DIV. ART. HEAVY ART.

-12,J ]1;0 ............................

DOc.iJ QFlJ;

- --

-



I3 I Ad~:::~~.e~.t. .~.I~f~.c.i~I:~•••~~l~~i~I Dc=J [Jc=J

"I.y pi""'...................... I IO cJD/5 I By salvo ••••.••.••••.••••.•.••. / UDO I 000

''''prove",,,,,a................. 1 0 I ~o6

onI I By series of ~4 l'ounds ........... / On I cJ[f1}] 8 I ConLinuous fire ................. i Oc:::{jc:J I0 t=Ja~

c::.:::J t:::;;l

~~~ ~ ~

~

- 156 -

Numerals.



000

3

l7

[bU

9 0 (Z(;I'O).

157

DESCRIPTION OF PANELS.

Identification panels.

-



r

DESlCNmON

OP UNITS.

AI'IlIY Corps.ulld Cn-

\'nlI'Y Corps Com-mllnd Post. .....

Division CommundPost. .•........•

DESCHIPTION OF PANELS.

ht I. I). ~n,l I. n. 3...1 I. I,. 'Il!. I. n.

:

158-

,

Example of the use of panel signals.

ASSIGNMENT OF OnJECTIVE

TO TBB AIRPLAlIB. ANNOUNCING THE UNIT TO FlIlE70 TBB AIRPLANR.

The receiving sla-

-



oAn ail'plane fliesover lhe informa.tioll center, andsends: "XA. iDI".

(Airpllllle lIvail-a!Jle !I,.I'.) ••.••••

HeCI'lving' stalion ofdivisional artil-lery (Call signal

XA "This is Dirl.Art. C. P." .......

The receiving' sta-lioll repli/!s : "Ob-serve liI'c of unit

Indlcaled by iden-tificatioll pane!.Panel points to-ward this unll" •.

(This panel Is thai

aDO

o

DO\!

lion displays Ull '

pand .•••••..•••The airplane replies:

"Unders/ood".

The receiving sta-tion display. thepanel .

The airplane re-

peats: "011.".

The receiving sta-tion displays thepane!. •••••••••.

The airplane re-peats: "Three".

The receiving sta-tion display. thepanel .. No .

,

1[>9

Identification panels for divisional' ;and field artillery.

-



DLJ[jP. C.Div.

Art.

t .

6 7 I g 10

160

Identification pa.nels.for heavy artillery.

_



20 30 31 32 33 1

:r;j ~ ~ [!j ~ I

:0 LJ .C1 f!J Q '[3 'IP.C, 24 2~'. 26 27 28 A

lrl'a\',\ . 'I.Arl. 0 C;J[!1 [j [!J:

- 161 -

International Conventional signs for radio work.

The same code call is givl~n for an afiirmativc amWl'r,ll~avillg off the qucstion mark.



PRB

QUA?

-'!II QUll?

QHJ?

QHK?

QRL?

QRM?

QRN?

QRO?

QHP?

QRQ?

I wish to communicate hy means of the Continl'lllal

Code.What station is that?

What is your wave length in meters?

IIow many words have you sent?

IIow do you receive me?

Are you receiving badly? Shall I send 20 for ad-justmcllt?

Are you lJeing interfered with?

Have you much static?

Shall I increase power?

Shall I decrease power?

Shall I send faster?

~

QSU

QSV?

QSW?

QSY?

(}SX?

QSZ?

J62

Please call me \\ 11t'1l YOll have lillished 01' alo'clock,

Is public corresflondl"'nce being handleu?

Shall I increase spark frequency?

Shall I send on wave JengUl of. lIIdt'rs?

Shall I decrease my spark frequency?

Send each woru twice. I have difficulty in reccivillg"you.

- -

_



Military radio stations .

.\ds of fixed wave length are formed ,conlledi/lg gl'OIlPS

of stations regularly working with each other. A mastC'I'

station (P. C. T.) is designated in each net to regulate tJlP

trafii.c in that net. Where traffic is purLicularJl heavy, the

P. C. T. regulates by calling and giving each slahon the rigllLof way in turn.

Authorized conventional signsfor American Expeditionary Force stations.

We arc having interference.Signals weak.

llU ..•.....•..•.•HF ........•.....nTF '

HB"X" "1:>11" •••

Cot W 30 •••••••

Col. 0 de X W 30.•

l\D .•..•.••••••••

Hn.•.........•..

163

1 l'eCeiH~d statio" .. X" O. K. and here ishis message of 15 hours to you.

Acknowledge message" W 30". (Com-

mand).

Acknowledge message .. W 30". fromstation" X" (Command).~Iessage undecipherable.

Net is controlled .

- -



... HL .•............P ..•....••••....

PO .•.....•......POD •..........

ponD .. : .

P20 .PZ .•••.••••....•PA .••••••..••.••PAD .••••••••••••

PAD1> •••.•.. ..••

SN••••••••••••.•

nn ..•..........An .•.•..........

Net is free.

I have.

I have an official message to send.I have an urgent official message to

transmit.I have a very' urgent official message

to transmit.t have two official messages to transmil.

Transmit your message.I ).ave a senice message to transmit.I have an urgent service message to

transmit.I have a very nrgenl scn-ice mebsage to

transmit.Understood or O. K.God ahead.End of transmission.

164

HC sends as 10110\\5 Lo get permission Lo tl'HusmiL:

-.-.- AB All AB de BC BC BC ••• POD DQ BI:.

,\B alls\\ers liS follows, giving penuission Lo tnmsmiL:

-.-.- Be Be BC de AB AB AB ••• PZ.

Be now starts sending the message as follows:

-.-.- AI> DQ de BC WlO 0845 h .... (this ispreamhle).

- -

- _

- _

- _



jQ acknowledges receipt as follows:

••• BC BC BC de DQ DQ DQ ••• RECU OJ) j}(Jde BC WIO 0845 h.

Entire ted now repeated thus:

PKY ••• QWE ••• -HTY ••• UI0- •••'PAS ••• Df'G ••• IIJK ••• LZK •••

CVB ••• NMQ ••• DQ de BC BIt

PKY ••• O\VE ••• RTY ••• UI0 ••• _.

PAS ••• D.f1; ••• IIJK ••• LZK •••CVB ••• Nl\IQ.

Assuming that DQ failed to get the 5Lh and 61h groupsof the message, DQ instead of ackno\\ Jedging receiptwould transmit as follows:

- - - -

- - - - _ _ - - - - - _ _ _ - - - -

- - - - - _ _ - - - - - _

_ _ - -

165

Artillery signal material.

(Sept. 27, 1918.)

--... ... ........ ------I1111111 ..... ...... ""!'"~~IIIII:IIIIIIIIIIIIII~~~~=-==~~ ....

AHTILLEIIY IIH1GADE.

"""'"-tJ

I155 Rt:O.

- -

- ~~

~



')75 RBG. I t.:l

----- . : '2.I~

II:go

i!il.. ...• !<

f beI'"~

.. ~e : .....:I

":"",,-" .. ::I: ::t: ...

r .s • 0

') ...;... ... .: III

;::;

-- --Accumulator's(I), 4 volt, 100 lllllp.-houl'S ...... 2 2 2 8

AcCulIlUlaLnl's (I), 110volL, :\ amp.-IHlUI's ......• 2 21 2 2 8AUfplilit~I's(1), Type" 3-ler" (l'rench) .......... 1 1 1 1 I tflaLt.el'ies, d,'y, No.6 •......••...•••••.•..•... {) 9 12 12 5 3 38flall.cI.jHs, dl'y, Tungst~n Nn. 703 ..•.•..•.....• IS 12 48 12 l( j 52 12 b 172flllLLeries, Type "1\1", fOl' pro~eclOl's •..••....... Ii 14 26 fl 14 26 (i 10 9'.Ilells, villl'aling el!'c. n. C., .. gnng...... .. 6 6 II 8 3 2 25/looks, (id,! nle~sage, 1'01'/0 No. 21 i-A .•....... 2525 25 25 12 !OJ 187Ca8~S, b:IIII'I'y, fOI' No. io3 haUel'ies ....••..... 3 2

:\i3 {) 2 2 2!)

Climhers, lilwlIIen's, wHh stl'UpS omi pads ...•• I 2 2 5 I I 15Clips, tes I, t.'r ,In kel .••••••....•••••••••....•• 1218 112 12 2', 60 8 18 liO.'Iash lights, cIcci I'ic. hand ......•••........... 12 12Puscs, 1 alllp, fOI' Monocord type swildlllllal (l. . 2,\ 118 90 10 56 IU4 16 2'. 3311

~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ = ~ ~ ~ '" ~

~

. ,.

•



....

fig. 125 • .

Saumur. Vol. 111.-

------ ------1 11

--- - .I 1

--- ----

TABLE.

114. )

I 1 1

------ ----

._--~-_._-

I

I

-

~.\nIOEQUIPMENT

(FiK.

._---_

Set Iladio type F.-IO bi, or S. C. R. 79 .••••••

Sd Ill ld io type F,.3 tl'r or S. C. 1\. !l9 . ••••••

Set I \acl io type Jo:.3bi, or S. C. 1\. 99 • •••••••

Trador Radio or S. C. 1\. 1)0•••••••••••••••

-

-

---------- .. -



1 I

1 1

1 1

• 1 1

~----------1 1 1

-----------1-

1 I 1

1 1 1

----- ------ -1

----- _._--- -

------- ----- -

-- --- -----r- -1 1

--- -:-

1 1

airplane for R. R. Art. R..gt.1l8.

l:'~---'- -----

I I I

-------

1 I

--------- - ------- ----

1 1--._-- --_.~---- -_.-

1 I 1 1 I

-r-- .~

---- ---_ ..•

....._-- -----

-

--_. --

---

I

(.oop HI'1 tyrll (oJ) ..

Amplifil'r type 3 tn' or S. C. R. 71 t1 •••••••••

s~t Trani. Y d lrf'd or S. C. Il. 73 •••••••••• , •

Sd TrUIII. Yl llc)irecl or S. C. II. 7:L •••• , ., •.

Sf't IInclin typ I~ 1-:-10 Airplane or S. C. R. (3) ••

~f'l Rrc. type A-I Art. or S. c. n. f',.\ A•••••••

(I) AmeriuG .quival~nt "ill' b~ 'p"ei,1 let sell 6. SCIl". -';-";~l I

(~) I.oop le t D O,", being d,•.".lol,,,J.(3) t'our ,i'l,I,n", of ~.eh army oh...rvalioa ,qu ..

1roal•

(4) Am"riren equival..nt "ill be 'I."ei, l t lOlL let :oCI\ : 'C o. , • • "P.p!'. ,) . ' h-=_'_ ~_ .. .t SIlt R.llio 10:"0

~--

Sel lIadio type F..IO Arl. or S. c. R. 79 .••••.

I

IT. ": S. Tn ... . 1 \", .. , S. C. 1\. 7'"1'"16 .....

!\f't. ' fraI lN. pori. ' I/o. II or S. C. 1\. 7!1 .

I Sd TlI~c.IYre A-I nrS. C. II. r,4 A .

-

_ ..

.

__ -

-

_____ ~

---

~ -

'" _ __

Documents

Artillery Lines of Information