Artillery Memorandum (Instructions for Coastal Artillery)

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"'IOPEIN c, U. S. ARMY" .. ~.

ARTILLERY } WAR DEPARTMENT,

:MEl\IORAND~l\I, No, 1.' WASHINGTON, August 12, 190.q.,.

The accompanying instructions for the care and cleaning ofrecoil cylinders of seacoast carriages, prepared in the Office of

the Chief of.Ordnance, are published for the use and informa-tion of the qoast Artillery.

By ORDER. OF THE ACTI;G SECRETARY OF WAR:

GEORGE L. GILLESPIE

Major General, Acting Cjiie o~'~laff.OFFICIAL: • I....

... IF. C. AINSWORlTI,.. .

The Military Secretary.,.-

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AINSTRUCTIONS FOR TIlE CARE AND CLEANING OF

RECOIIJ CYIJINDERS OF SEACOAST CARRIAGES. .

1. Re~oil cylinders should be kept filled with hydrolene oil of

specific gravity of about .85 at all times as full as the location

of the filling' holes will permit; except that with di~appearing

carriages, in which the filling holes have not been placed so as

to leave a void for the expansion of oil. the following amounts

of oil should always be removed from each c~'1inder before

firing, namely: .

Six.inch disappearing carriages, L. F., model of 1898, one-

fourth gallon;' . .

Eight.inch disappearing carriages, models of 1894 and 1896,

one.half gallon;

Ten.inch disappearing carriages, models of 1894 and 1896,three fourths gallon; .

Twelve.inch disappearing carriages, models of 1896 and 1897,

Oneand one half gallons. .

The location of the filling holes in recoil cylinders of all dis-

appearing carriages is now beingcbanged so as to leave a void

for the expansion of oil, and when changed in any carriage the

removal of oil from the cylinder8 before firing will not berequired. .

2. If any leakage occurs from the hydraulic-recoil system it .

should be immediately remedied, calling if necei'\sary upon th&

artillery district commander for the services of skillt ..d labor,

3. The repacking of stuffing boxes may be done, when nec-

essary, by trained enlisted men under the supervision of' an

o~cer, but will preferably be done by skilled labor. Th&

tnethod of repacking stuffing boxes is fully de~cribec1 in th&

instructions for mounting, using, and caring for each carriag~.

4. The oil for recoil cylinders should be stored in clm-ed

'VeSselsand carefully protected at all tImes from dnst, sand •

. and water. Oil withdrawn from cylinders containing any

.sediment must never be ul'ed again for any purpose until

filtered or allowed to settle for not less than 24 hours. A

SUitable recep.tac1e should be kept by the ordnance officer of

each post in which oil Crom cylinders can be placed and al-

lOwed to stand undisturbed until all sediment in it has settled,

(3)

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after which great care should be taken in removing the oil

that the sediment is not disturbed nor any part of the oil con-

taining se<liment again used until thoroughly filtered.:Mere discoloration does not affect the serviceability of oil.

5. Strict precaution should be observed at all times to pro-

tect the oil from admixture with water.

6. Before removing a cylinder head containing a stuffing

box, or drawing a piston rod through a ~tuffing box, the

pressure of the packing on the rod should be released by un-

screwing the follower three or more turns. After l\ cylinderhead or pillton rod has been replaced, the follower should be

reseated on the packing.

7. The vulcanized fiber or copper gaskets between cylinder

heads and cylinders should be in good condition, and conse-

quently should be replaced Whenever necessary in order to

prevent leakage.

All leather packing wherever found should be replaced byvulcanized fiber.

8. After a cylinder has been cleaned and wiped out aR here-

inafter prescribed, a careful inspection should be made of its

interior walls If rust has formed it should be removed with

kerosene oil, using, if necessary, fine 'emery cloth; the latter'

should be used with great care to prevent any increase in the

clearance between the piston and cylinder. If signs of rub-

bing between the throttling bars and their slots in the piston,

or of the piHton in the cylinder be found, it should be reported

to the artillery district commander, and by him to the district

arm<\ment officer.

9. As the elevating gear of most barbette carriages is pro-

vided with a slip friction device, the gun should never bel

moved to the rear in the cradle until the rear end of the latteris Bupported by wooden blocking'110. For cleaning recoil cylinders a plumber's hand force

pump will be supplied to the ordnance officer of each coast

artillery post. For cleaning the cylinders of mortar carriages

the pump should have a suction hose about 10 feet and a rUb-j

ber discharge tube about 15 feet in length.

11. It will be noted that in no case will it be necessary to

remove the packing from a stuffing box to clean the cylinders.12. In removing und inserting the piston rod in a cylinder

great care must be exercised that it be moved straight in,order



5

that the piston shall not bind in or burr the walls of the cylin-

der or the sides of the throttling bars .

. ~n reassembling a piston rod care should be exercised that

It 1s accnrately relocated with reference to the origin of the

throttling eurves; when necessary measnrf'ments should he

t~~kenprior to dismounting the parts for use in relocating thel>1ston.

13. After the recoil cylinders of any' carria~e have been

cleCllJed and the parts properly reassemuled, the cylindersshould be immediately refilled with tlUl hYftrolene oU issued by

the Ordnance Department for that lntrpose.

14. All parts of the carriage that ha\-e been dismounted

should be carefully inspected to verify the correctness of their

assemhlage before the earring'S is maneuvered.

15. Recoil cylinders should be emptie'} 'and refillea at least

O~lce every three lllonthg and thoroughly eleaned once everySIX Inonths, or oftener if their conditioll requires it. The

cleaning shonld be done by enlisted men under the supervision

of an officer in the following manner, namely:

a,pOUNDER PARAPET MOUNT. MODEL OF 1898, DnIGGSSEADURY,

AND 15.POUNDEH. CASE:\IATE lIIOUXT, DIUGGS'SEADU[~Y.

(a) Give the gun 3 degrees depression,take off the nuts onthe front end of the recoil pistOIl rod, and remove the cylinderrearwa.rd from" the monnt.

(b) Remove all oil from cylinder throu~h filling holes .

• (c) Pass a chain around the rear part of the cylinder,

~I.g'hten it with a lever and u?screw the cylinder hear} one.

r.!.lfnrn only to start it from Its seat. As the serew threads

wOnld he stripped if the head were unscrewed from its seat

Under the pressure of the springs the cylinder should be

rll:l.eedvertically with its front end on a wooden block con

ta,lning a hole through which the front of the piston rod can

P~8S, \Vith a beam as a lever, press down on the rear end of

tston rorl until the piston is moved downward about one.half

tnell

, tben unsct"t>wthe l'ylinder head froUl its !'eat. Release

?f3 le\'er carefully nntil the spring is free, and remove the

111~tonrod and 8prin~ from the cylinder. The piston rod

~bonlrI Le tnrned in pulling it through the front 8tnffin~ box

o l>1"{'venthe threads on the front end of the rod cutting thepacking.



6

(d) By the use of cotton waste and kerosene oil thoroughly

clean the interior of the cylinder, piston rod, springs, andstuffin~ box.

(e) The pat:ts should be wiped dry with cotton waste, and

then reassembled as described in the instructions for mounting,

using. and caring fot"the carriage.

15-POUNDER B~HBETTE CARIUAGE, :MODEL OF 1902.

(a) Depress the gounabout 5 degrees and remove the oil from

the h)'draulic cylinder through the drain hole.(b) Elevate the gun until the recoil cylinder can be removed

through the lower part of the port hole in the shield. Open'

the breech block, and pass a strong rope through the bore and

securely tie the end to a stout bar which should be placed

across the face of ttte muzzle. Draw the rope taut from the

rear and take Eleveral hitches around. the pedestal below the

traversing worm wheel, taking care. that the rope does notbear on any part liable to be bent or damaged.

(e) Remove the two nuts ou the rear eud of the piston rod,

unSl'rew the cylinder from the cradle with the spanner wrench'

and remove the cylinder forward through the port hole in

shield. -' .

(d) Remove the followe~ and gland from the Rtuffing box,

seat the Elpring compre~sor on the rear end of the cylinder,1screw the nut of the compressor on the piston rod and com.j

press slightly the springs to remove all pressure on the front

cylinder head; remove the latter from the cylinder. By means"

of the spring compre~sor gradually release the tension of the.

springs, then detach the compressor from the piston rod and

remove the latter und the Rprings from the cylinder. ,

• (e). By the use of cotton waste and kerosene oil thorough11.clean the interior of the cylinder, piston rod, Elprings,and stuff"

ing box. .

(1) Rl'assemble the parts in reveree order.

4.72.IXCH BA.RBETTE CARHlAGE, ARMSTRONG.

. (a) EleYate the guu about 5 degrees and remove the oil.

from the recoil cylinder and reserve tank through the draill.

hole in the bottom of the cylinder. ,(ll) Place blocking under tho rear end of the cradle 80 the

latter will rest on it with the gun at zero elevation, and ele.

vate the guu until the cradle rests thereon. Remove th)

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the



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spring rods and by pressure on the muzzle move the gun to

the rear as far as the piston head will permit.

(c) Open the breech and place a wooden handspike in thebore of the gun, make a rope fast around the projecting end

of the handspike and carry it forward over the top of the gun

and take a turn around a hand~pike placed across the opening

in the shield. With a 8panner wrench unscrew tbe gland and

c)'linaer head, then "bde the gun to the rear until the rear

face of the recoil Land is aLout 19 inches in rear of the cradle,

releasing the rope little by little so as to have the gun alwaysunder control.

(d) Remove the cleaning hole plug from the reservoir oil

tank and clean the tank by flushing it with kerosene oil by

lUeans of the hand pump. Clean the recoil cJlinder in the

same manner, wiping both dr'y with cotton waste. Clean also

the piston head, piston rod, and cylinder head.

(e) Slide the gun forward gently by pushing on the breech,

care being taken that tbe slot in the piston head is in line

'With tbe throttling bar in the cylinder. When the piston rod

has entered far enough, screw the cylinder head home with

the spanner wrench, then slide the gun forward as far as pos-

sible and assemble the spring rods. .

(f) Filll'eserve oil tank and cylinder. To do tbis, depress

the gun, take out the filling and air plugs on the right side of

the carriage, fill through the filling hole in tbe reserve oil

tank until tbe oil overflows through tbe air bole, replace the

air plug and fill until the oil overflows at the filling hole, then

replace the filling plug.

6-INCJI BARBETTE CARRIAGE, ARMSTRONG.

The method of dismounting and cleaning the cylinders is

the same as for the 4.72 inch barbette carriage, Armstrong,except as follows, viz:

The gun should be moved rearward (c) until the rear face

of the recoil band is about 26 inches in rear of the cradle.

After cleaning the cylinder and reservoirs the counter-

reCoil buffer should be cleaned as follows, viz:

Note carefully the position of tbe adjusting plug' of the

cOunter-recoil buffer at the outside of the front end of cylin-der. Remove this plug. and by means of the band pump

thoroughly clean the interior of the counter. recoil buffer •



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Replace the plug in the front end of the counter-recoil buffer,

taking care that its adjustment is the'same as before.

5-INCH BARBETTE CARRIAGE, MODEL OF 1903, AND 6.INCII BAR.

BETTE CARRIAGE, MODEL OF 1900.

(a) Elevate the gun about 10 de~rees and remove the oil in

the recoil cylinder through the drain hole.

(b) Place the gun at 5 degrees depression, remove the right

shoulder guard and accurately measure the distance from the

front face of the piston rod lug on the band to the rear end ofthe recoil cylinder for use in correctly assembling the gun in

its balanced position: then unscrew the rear cylinder head

from the cylinder. Knot a stout cable tightly around the

breech of the gun, immediately in rear of the band, passing

the end along the top of the gun and through the eyebolt on

top of the cradle, and lash it to one of the shield supports,

leaving as little slack in the cable as possible. Slowly unscrewthe rear nut on each spring rod until the front nut hears against

the spring cylinder head, then remove the rear nuts. Removo

the rear nut on the recoil piston rod and the sprin~ yoke. Place

wooden blockin~ under the rear end of the recoil cylinder upon

which the latter can rest when gun is at 5 degrees elevation,

and elevate gun until cylind'er rests on the blocking; release

the end of the cable from the shield support by a small amount,and by pushing on the muzzle move the gun rearward: repeat

this operation until the distance from the front face of the

piston-rod lug to the rear end of the piston rod is just sufficient

to permit the front nut to be removed and remove the latter.

Move the piston rod rearward through its hole in the recoil

lug until the piston and rear cylinder head are against the lug.

(e) Thoroughly clean the cylinder with kerosene oil forced

into its rear end with a hand force pump, then wipe the inte-

rior dry with clean cotton waste. The piston rod, piston, and

rear cylintler head should then be cleaned. The counter-

'recoil buffer will not be removed.

(d) The piston rod and cylinder head shou1cl'be moved for-

ward into l,lace and the front nut assembled on the piston

rod, By using a jack under the recoil band and following

up with the elevating hand wheel place the gun at 5 degrees

depression and by pushing on the breech move the gun slowly

and gently forward into its firing position.



9

Force the piston rod forward until the piston is against the-

front end of the cylind~r.

Screw the rear cylinder head into its seat, taking care thatit is firmly seated, and tighten the follower. Adjust the

front piMon rod nut so the distance from the front face of the

piston.rod lug to the rear end of the cylinder will be the same

as before dismounting. The spring yoke and rear nuts should

be replaced on the three piston rods and the nuts on the spring

rods tightened until the front nuts, which have not been

moved on their rods, bear firmly against the yoke.5-INCli BARBETTE CARRIAGE, MODEL OF 1896, BALANCED PILLAR

l\lOUNTING.

(a) Elevate the gun about 5 degrees and remove the oil

from the h~'draulic cylinder through tbe drain hole. Al~o

relnove the traversing handwheel. The rear end of the cradle

should rest on blocking.

(b) Pass a clove hitch in a stout cable around the breech ofthe gun immediately in rear of the recoil band and draw it

tight. Carry both ends along and near the top of the gun

and pass them around the underside of the cradle in front of

t~le rim bases with a half hi tch to permi t slacking away. As

lIttle slack as possible should be left in both branches of thecable.

SlOWlyunscrew the nuts on the spring rods until the front

n1.1tsrest on the spring cylinder heads and remove the rear

n1.1ts,then remove both recoil piston rod nuts. Slack away_

the cable a small amount and by pressure on the muzzle move-

the gun rearward; repeat these operations until the gun has

been moved 33 inches, or just sufficient to enable the piston

rod and stuffing box to be removed from the carriage, and

firmly secure the ends of the cable. Unscrew the stuffing box

from its seat in the cylinder and remove it and the piston rod

from the carriage.

. (c) Thoroughly clean the cylinder with kero!iene oil forced

Into its rear end with a hand pump; then wipe the interior

. <try with clean cotton waste. The counter-recoil buffer and

throttling bars need not be removed as they can be cleaned

through the rear end of the cylinder. The piston rod, piston,

and stuffing box should also be cleaned.(d) The piston rod and stuffing box should be inserted in

and the latter firmly screwed into its seat in the cylinder.

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With a screw jack and following up with elevating gear

place the gun at '5 degrees depression, and by pressure on the

breech slowly and gradually move the gun forward until in

its firing position. Replace the piston and spring-rod nuts,

taking care that each is firmly seated against the recdil band.

The front spring-rod nuts should not be moved on the spring

rods in order that the proper compression of the springs will

not be changed. The follower of the stuffing box should be

tightened and the cable removed.

8, 10, AND 12 INCH BARBETTE CA.RRIAGES.

(a) Remove oil from cylinders and equalizing pipes.

(b) Retract the gun until the pistons are in the middle of

1he cylinders, place hard-wood planks one inch thick between

the front ends of the cylinders and the counter. recoil stops so

as to positively retain the top carriage in this position. Care

should be tak~n that both planks are of equal length, I

(e) Remove the cylinder heads and both piston-rod nuts

.and carefully withdraw the piston rods out of the cylinders.

Each part dismounted should be tagged to insure its being

.al;sembled in its correct place.

(d) Thoroughly clean the cylinders with kerosene oil forced

fr9m a hand pump into both ends of each cylinder. The plug in

the emptying coupling should be removed -and both branches ofthe equalizing pipe flushed out from their cylinder ends.

"Then wipe the interior of the cylinders dry with clean cotton

waste and clean the piston rods and cylinder heads.

le) Rt'p]ace the emptying coupling plug, assemble the piston

rods, nuts, and cylinder heads, exercising great care that none

of the parts are burred or otherwise damaged. The cylinder

beads should be firmly screwed into place, care being taken

that the packing ring is in good condition and properly placed.

Screw the followers tight against the packing in the stuffingboxes. .

<I) All parts dismounted should be carefully inspected to

ascertain that they have been properly assembled. Retract

the top carriage until both planks can be removed, then by

means of the retracting gear allow the gun to return slowly

into the firing position. After the cylinders hM'e been filled

with oil the gun should be retracted and allowed to run into'

battery several times to insure that all parts are in good

working order.



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12-INcn GUN' LIFT AND ALTERED GUN LIFT CARRIAGES.

(a) Retract the gun about 2 feet by means of the pump.This will give working room between the front ends of the

cylinders and the front buffers. Place hard. wood plank8 one

inch thick of equal lengths between the front ends of the

cylinders and the counter recoil stops so as to positively retain

the top carriage in this position.

It may be found desirable to first remove the front covers

of the roller boxes.(b) Remove all oil from the hydraulic recoil system as

follows, yiz:

Remove the filling plugs near the rear end of each top cj'lin-

del', place a receptacle under the drain plug hole in the valve

box, remove this pIng and allow all oil above the pipe openings

in the top cylinders to run out by opening and retaining open

the starting valve. Remove the vent plug in the rear end of

the third cylinder and allow all oil above the valve .box opening

to escape throngh the starting valve.

The drain plug in the front end of each cylinder should be

removed and the oil remaining in each allowed to run out.

Remove tbe drain pIng in the underside of each pump.check

valve and by operating the pump temove the oil in the reser-

voir, pipes, pump, etc.

(c) Disconnect and remove all pipes. Remove the nuts onthe rear ends of the top piston rods and slide the latter forward

until the pistons are in the middle of the c)'Hnders to support

the throttling ba.rs when the front cylinder heads are removed.

Support the rear ends of the rods on blocking. Remove the

front cylinder heads. Remove the stud nuts from the r('ar

CYlinder heads and slide the latter, with the throttling bars

attached, along the piston rods until sufficient space is obtainedfor cleaning the cylinder, taking care that the throttling Lars

are always supported in the piston heads. Remove tbe front

cylinder head, valve box and viston rod from the middle cylin.

der and the top from the reservoir. •

Cd) Thoroughly clean the cylinders, piston rods, and throt-

tling bars with kerosene oil forced from a hand pump, WOl k-

ing from each end of each cylinder. All pipes, valves, valve

.seats, etc., and the hole in the left piston rod should be thor-

ougly cleaned in a similar manner.

After cleaning all surfaces and l)arts with kerosene they



12

should be cleaned and dried with cotton waste. The parts

should be reassembled, each valve being replaced in its proper

seat and all drain plugs inserted. .(e) Fill the pump reservoir. With vent plug in middle

cylinder removed, fill the top cylinders until oil overflows at

this vent, then close it. Complete the filling of the top cylin-

ders, which will require time on account of the small areas of

orifices through which the oil must pass to their front ends.

Insert aU plugs, close the starting valve anrl retract the piece

with the pump. The gun should then be allowed to run intoits firing position; it should be retracterl and run into ba.ttery

several times to insure that all parts are in proper workingorder.

DISAPPEARIXG CARRIAGES.

(a) Run the gun into battery, open throttling- valve, andremove oil from hydmulic recoil system. .

(b) Retract the glln until the top carriag-e is moved from8 to 10 inches to the rear, but only 8uffieient to permit the

equalizing pipe to be readily removed; slack away until the

pawls are properly engaged in the ratchet teeth. and a~ an ad-

ditivnal precaution place wooden timbers of correct length

between the stops and front erida of the cylinders.

(c) Remove the nuts from the front ends of the piston rods

and the rear cylinder heads f~om the cylinders. Slide eachpiston rod and rear cylinder head to the rear as far as the

piston and piston rod bracket will permit, supporting the

piston rod on WOOdenblocks placed on the roller path aboutone"foot in rear of the top carriage. ..

(d) Thoroughly clean each cylinder from both ends with

kerosene oil forced in with a hand pump, then wipe dry with

clean cotton waste. Clean the piston rods and stuffing boxes.

The equalizing and connecting pipes should be dismounted

and thoroughly cleaned by forcing kerosene oil into them withthe pump.

(e) Assemble the ellUalizing and connecting pipes, leaving

the throttling valve open. Slide the piston rods forward into

posit.ion, being careful that they are not bent or damaged in

any way. and that the pistons do not bind in or burr the walls

of the cylinder. Assemble the two nuts on the front end of each

rl)d. I::)lidethe rear c~'linder heads forward into position and

firmly secure them to the cylinder. Properly tighten the four



I

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followers of the stuffing boxes and fill the recoil cylinders

with hydrolene oil. This will require some time, as the oil

can enter the parts of the cylinders in rear of the pistons only

through the equalizing pipes and the throttling bar orifices:When apparently filled, insert the filling plug-s, cl08e the

throttling valve, and retract the gun to the loading position.

Complete the filling of the cylinders and close the throttling

valve to its proper setting.

Carefully inspect all parts dismount~d and note that they

have been properly assembled. Then trip the pawls and let

the gun rise into battery.The piston-rod nuts should then be loosened to allow each

piston rod to centrally locate itself in the cylinder and the

nuts finally tightened.

The gun should be retracted and tripped several times to

insure that all parts are in proper working order.

12.INCH MORTAR CARRIAGES.

(a) Remove the oil from the cylinders through the drain

hOle in the emptying coupling. - -

(b) Remove all throttling and filling plugs from each recoil

cylinder and the plugs in both ends of the by-pass c)'linders

and the equalizing pipe. .

(c) Place a receptacle containing about .three gallons of

kerosene oil under the lower end of a by-pass cylinder. In~ert

the suction hose in the receptacle and forcibly inject the oilinto the by-pass cylinder until it is thoroughly cleaned Re

move all sediment, dirt, etc., from the recoil cylinder by forci-

bly injecting the oil into the filling hole and then into each

throttling-plug hole in turn from the top downward. The

rubber tube should be inserted into the cylinder through each

hole. Clean both cylinders on the other side in a similar

tnanner. Allow the kerosene oil to drain out of the system.'l'he equalizing pipe should also be clean~ with the forcePUtnp.

(d) Assemble the equalizing pipe snd replace all plugs,

taking care that each throttling plug is inserted in its correct

hole in order that the recoil will be properly controlled.



ARTILLERY} WAR DEPARTMENT,

MEMORANDUM, No.2. WASHINGTON, October 8, 1904.

. The following Syllabus of Examination for Gunners, pub-

lIshed as an Appendix to General Orders, No. 141, War De-

partment, August 27, 1904, is republished for the information

and guidance of the Coast Artillery:

APPENDIX.

SYLLABUS OF EXAMINATION FOR GUNNERS.

The following syllabus gives the outline of the scope of the

examination of candidates for gunners. It is not intended

that the theoretical instruction in any subject shall be limited

to What is indicated in this syllabus, but the examination of

candidates for gunners will be closely confined thereto.

SECOND.CLASS GUNNERS.

(a) Duties of the cannoneer as laid down in D. R. C. A.Nomenclature as in D. R. C. A., and in the authorized pam-

phlets of the Ordnance Department, describing the pieces to

Which organization is assigned. ,

Breechblocks, recoil cylinders, etc.-Explain briefly how abreechblock of a heavy gun or mortar is dismantled; having

a breechblock completely dismantled (not dismounted), ex-

plain briefly how it is assembled and adjusted for firing.

Explain how old packing is removed from recoil cylinders and'

how they are repacked. Object, care, and use of throttling

valve; care and preservation of gun carriages; parts and sur-

faces to be oiled; how much oil to use, and how it is done.

Explain the adjustment of grease cups.

(b) For the purpose of examination there should be on hand

samples of such service powders as are used at the post; high-

reSistance, 10w.reRistance, and combination fuses; friction,

electric, obturating friction, obturating electric, percussion

~nd combinatioll primers, and drill primers, with kit for reload-

Ing. Examination: Point out and name the kind of powder

ll~edin the pieces of battery to which organization is assigned;gIVethe weights of service charges and corresponding muzzle



2

velocities of these pieces; also the lowest and highest muzzle

velocities of the steel and cast-iron mortar, if assigned to

mortar battery. Name the projectiles used in the pieces anagive their weights~ Tell how to distinguish from the painting'

of projectiles used, its kind, armor. piercing quality, and nature'

of bursting charge. Name the principal features of a

tile. In what kinds are bursting charges and fuses used j

kind of fuse; why are projectiles capped? Point out and'

name each kind of fuse used in the battery: tell how it is

inserted to make a tight joint, and how, in detail, each kind'

operates. Identify the different kinds of primers used in the

battery and explain how each operates. Show how to reload

a drill primer. , .

(c) Cordage.-Define yarn, strands, jaws of rope, short-1

~awe~ r?pe, long-~awe~ r?pe, guys, spun yarn, marlin, stand-IlDg rlgglDg, runnlDg rlggmg.

Explain the difference between hawser-laid rope and cable-

laid rope. How are these two kinds of rope coiled? .

How is the size of rope denoted?

How do you worm a rope; parcel it; serve it; whip it? And

give the reasons for thus treating rope.

Knots and hitches.-Make a square knot; a bowline; a sin-

gle sheet bend or weaver's knot: rolling hitch; blackwall hitch;

round turn and two half hitches; clove hitch, cat's-paw; sheep-

shank; a marlin'Rpike hitch. Explain the use of each of theforegoing.

What is a strap or sling, and what i(its use?

Splices.-Make an eye-splice; a ahort splice; a long splice.

Lashing.-Make a shear lashing; a square lashing.

Rigging tackles and definitions.-Name the different parts

of blocks (shell, sheave, pin, strap) and describe the different

kinds (single, double, treble, snatch, and tail blocks). What.is a tackle? Point out the running part; the standing part;the fall.

Rig the following: Whip, Whip upon whip, gun tackle, gun

tackle on gun tackle, luff on luff, single burton. Power gained

in the foregoing. Mouse a hook and explain its purpose.

Gins.-Name the different parts of a garrison gin. How

much can be safely lifted with it? Explain briefly how it isassembled and raised. How can the upper block be placed in

p<?sition after the gin has been raised? At what distance

projec-

'

-



3

should the foot of the pry pole be placed from the foot of eachleg?

Shears._What do shears consist of, how are they riggedand raised, and what are they used for? How and when is

the tackle made fast? How are shears held in position after

being raised'l How can a change in the direction of the fall

of the tackle be made to lead it to a capstan, or so that a large

number of men can apply themselves to it?

HYdraUlic jacks.-For what is the hydraulic jack used?

What liquids are used in the jack? How is the jack cared

for when not in use? Show how to use a jack in raising a

heavy weight; in lowering a heavy weight; use of a claw in

Connection with the jack.

FIRST-CLASS GUNNERS.

(a) Azimuth instrument (pattern in use by the company).-

The candidates will be questioned under the following heads:

Angles.-Definition of, especially of azimuth an~les, howmeasured; horizontal and vertical angles; angles measured by

this instrument. Graduation of the instrument; vernier if

the instrument be provided with one, and for what purposeused.

Practical use of the instrument.-Leveling and orientation

~f the instrument; focusing the telescope. The candidate will

e required to set up the instrument over a given point and~rie~t it from sufficient data; ~ith the ins~rument ~rient?d,

o dIrect the telescope successIvely on a serIes of pomts With

~Ccuracy every twenty seconds of time. The examiner will

t len change the direction of the telescope every twenty seconds

of time and require the candidate to read the azimuth accu-

rately after each change.

(b) Plotting board, etc.-Scales of plotting boards and their

~eaning. Point out and name all the features appearing on

t~e plotting board used in the company (position-finding sta-

ilOn,directing gun, azimuth arc for position finder, for direct-

ng gun, other lines that may appear).

Given the scale (of the plotting board), layoff a distance of

So tnany yards on the board; conversely tell the distance in

3'ards between two given points on the board.

The azimuth and range of a fixed target (from the position

Uder) being Kiven, locate the corresponding point on the

'

~



4

board; then give its azimuth and range, corrected for the

directing gun or directing point.

A pencil-point dot being put on the board by the examiningofficer to indicate where a supposed shot fired at the target

struck (point of fall), determine the longitudinal and lateral

deviation. The longitudinal deviation should be determined

in ~'ards and the lateral deviation as indicated by the azimuthcircle.

Making use of a plotting board as used by the company,

with base line and e.tation indicated thereon, plot a point atgiven azimuth angles from the base ends; conversely, a point'

being located on the board, determine its range and azimuth

from the directing gun or point.

Indicate how the course of a vessel is plotted. Making

practical use of the wind component ana other correction'

devices, show how the range and deflection correction are

determined according to the system of fire.direction in nse by '.the company. What data are sent to the guns'? ,

(c) Aiming and laying guns, including sights, f\tc.

Rapid-jire guns.-Set and read the sight for given eleva-

tions and deflections, aim the gun at some object, show how.

elevating and traversing handwheels are used, explain the

~sS~~~et. deflection scale for, right and left deflection. \Vhat

Mortars.-Use of the gunner's quadrant, setting and read-.

ing the instrument, where' and how placed when used with

mortars. With the data received from the plotting room lay jthe piece. What is Case III?

lIeavy guns*.-Name the principal parts of the telescopic

sight; show how it is used j where placed and how used in

Cases I, II, III. Its reading for elevation and deflection, least 1.

count of its scales. Practical use of the sight: Place it on thebracket, level it; set it for given elevation and deflectIon and

for correction for deviation. Explain how to use this sight

as a quadrant. Difference between sight elevation and quad-rant elevation.

What is Case I, Case II, Case III?

With the data received from the plotting room lay the gun.

Use of difference chart .....;.Anexample like the following will

"Heavy guns refer to 8-inch, lO-inch. and 12-inch rifles and other guns

which are provIded wI th a system of vertical or horizontal p08I tionllnucrs.

' '

~~ I.



5

be given: Range 4,500yards, azimuth 210. Put down the cor.

rected range and azimuth.

. Use of gun-commander' s range scale (if in nse) .-An exam pIe

hke the following will be given: Range 8,750 yards. Pick out

the corresponding elevation.

Examination in the foregoing subject (c) to be confined to

the authorized systems in use by the company during the

Year, and to the complete equipment of the battery to which

the company is assigned.

. (d) Elementary gunnery.-The extent of this subject is here

Indicated:Axis of the bore; line of fire: line of sight; drift: muzzle

velocity; quadrant elevation; sight elevation j angle of de.

parture; angle of fall; jump; trajectory; time of flight.

(e) General features of warships.-Questions will be asked

llnder the following head: General features of battle ships,

?road beam compared to length, low freeb0ard, general mass.

Ive appearance, large turrets fore and aft, heavy guns, heavyarmor, generally low speed.

Cruisers, high freeboard, n:l.1'rowbeam compared to length,

llledium armor, medium turrets, medium guns, high speed.

Protected cruisers, fine lines, moderate size, no armor,

luedium guns, usually with shields, protective deck.

. Torpedo.boat destroyers, high bow generally, great speed,

lIght guns, no armor.

Torpedo boats, small size, high speed, no armor.

The object of this eXflmination is to determine the candi.

date's fsl.miliarity with the different classes of ships. All de.

tails of the subject shall not be entered into.

The following head will take the place of subject (b) in the'

e~atnination of candidates for first-class gunners of organiza-

tIons assigned exclusively to rapid. fire guns:

(b) Firing with the subcaliber device.-The gun used will be

the 6-pounder or 15-pounder rapid-fire gun with subcaliber

attachment. The target used will be Target B, the mid-range

target, page 20, Firing Regulations for Small Arms, 1904;

range not under 500 yards and not over 550 yards; method of

Scoring as prescribed for small.arms practice.

During the test one member of the board will be at the

'. target and will per80nally snperintend the marking.Preliminary shots will be fired under the direction of the



OFFICIAL:

6

examining board until three hits have been obtained with the

same elevation and deflection. The center of impact of these

three shots will be referred to the horizontal and vertical axis

through the center of the target and carefully measured by a

member of the board. This center of impact will not be

within the 4 circle and may be changed by the board as often

as they may deem necessary during the trial. These measure-

ments, with the elevation and deflection used, will be given

the candidate, who will be required to make corrections cor-

responding to the distance of the center of impact from the

center of the figure. Each candidate will fire five shots, the

piece being thrown off the target between the shots. Each

shot will be marked as fired, the candidate making such .

changes in elevation and deflection as he may deem necessary

before firing his next shot. The ratio of the candidate's score

to the maximum score possible will determine the candidate's

credits, the maximum credit being 15.

After this test, the candidate to fire at the same target be.tween the same limits of range, but without knowing the ex-

act distance, five rounds under service conditions in the time

allowed therefor, one minute and thirty seconds. Three sight-

ing shots will Le allowed each candidate preceding the latter

test. The ratio of the candidate's score to the maximum

score possible will determine the candidate's credit, the maxi-

mum credit being 20.

By ORDEH. OF THE ACTING SECRETARY. OF WAIt:

ADN A R. CHAFFEE,

Lieutenan t General, Chief of Staff.

F. C. AINSWORTH,

The Military Secretary.



OFFICIAL:

F. C. AINSWORTH,


ARTILLERY t WAR DEPARTMENT,

~h:MORANDUM, No.3. f WASHINGTON, October 15, 190J,..

The following is published for the information and guidance

of the coast artillery and of the staff departments having

charge of installations at coast fortifications:

The position-finder stations used in connection with the.serVice of a mine field shall hereafter be known and designatedas fOllows:

The primary station ........••. Mine command (M')

The secondary station .•.•..••. Mine command (M")

The supplementary station ...• Mine command (M"')

i The abbreviations given in each case are authorized for use

n official correspondence and on charts and maps.

By ORDER OF THE AOTING SECRETARY OF WAR:

ADNA R. CHAFFEE,

Lieutenant General. Chief of staff.

:..; ., ~,.

(t , • II ,.

• 1 '-. to,

,.. . . .. .. .~, It'

: .". 1.

,.

~ .. ~ ~ t

~ ; , ... ~ t ~

.. .. .....



ARTILLERY t WAR DEPARTMENT,MEMORANDUM, No.4. f WASHINGTON, December 20,190;".

The following instructions relative to the records to be kept

of powders in storage at posts, the methods of keeping them

a?d their periodical inspection is published for the informa-

tIon and guidance of all concerned:

I.-The ordnance officer at every seacoast fort will keep a

POWderbook, furnished by the Ordnance Department uponrequest. In this book a complete record of all powders re-

ceived at the post will be kept from the date of receipt until

fired. When stored in service magazines and when turned

over to the commanding officers of companies, the company

commanders responsible therefor will keep such records and

furnish the ordnance officer such information, in accordance

With the provisions of this order, as will enable the latter tocOmplete his records.

This record will be entered in the powder book under proper

headings, and will include the following:

1. Date of receipt, weight of charges, all information com-

municated with the invoice of the powder, and all marks,

kind, lot, year, etc. Circumstances incident to the receipt of

~oWder, atmospheric temperature, exposure in transporting

It to the magazine, length of time it may be exposed to the

~irect rays of the sun, temperature of magazine when powder

Is placed in it.

2. Subsequent history:

(a) Daily record of the condition of the magazine in which

POWderis stored, to include readings of the maximum an~

minimum thermometer and of the dry and wet bulb ther-

mometer. If magazine is ventilated give humidity and tem-Perature when powder is exposed. (See Artillery Notes No.

16, Ventilation of Magazines.) Particular mention will be

Inade of the extremes in temperature and humidity, with the

lengths of time to which the powder may be subjected to such

extremes.

(b) Expenditure of the powder for practice:

How long stored in service magazines before firing, withaverage temperature of magazine during such period.



ADNA R. CHAFFEE,

Lieutenant General, Chief of Staff.

2

How long out of service magazine before firing; how long

cases opened before firing; atmospheric temperature date offiring and temperature of magazine date of firing. Condition

of the igniting charges, whether caked or not.

The powder book will consist of a loose-leaf ledger, size 8 by

11 inches. It will be inspected by the artillery district com-

mander at each quarterly inspection. He will make report

of same and of the manner in which it is kept, in his report of

• quarterly inspection.H.-As smokeless powders are issued in hermetically sealed

cases, no inspection of the powder itself will be made until

opened for practice, except by special authority of the Ord- •

nance Department. The regulations of the Ordnance Depart-

ment require samples of all lots of powders to be kept at the

depots and inspected semiweekly. This will insure thedetec-

tion of any that might be deteriorating. Up to the present

there has been no sign of any such deterioration. .

By ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF YV'AR:

OFFICIAL:

F. C. AINSWORTH,

The :MiUtary Secretary.



INDEX.

-inch rifle, Du Pont smokeless, lot 5, 1904, pages 5,9, 12.

•-inch lnortar, kind, pages 5, 13.

lSamplo pago.]

(3)



MAIN :M:AGAZINE.

ednesday, May 8, 1904, received the following:

20 charges 12-inch rifle.Weights,

Rind, Du Pont smokeless, lot 5, 1904,M. V.,

Details from invoice,

10 charges to-inch rifle.

Weights,

Rind, etc.,

Other details,

100charges 12-inch mortar.

( Weights,

Rind, etc.,

Other details,

(5)

oWderarrived S a. m. Remained on dock thirty minutes.

bueconsumed in transportation, one hour and thirty min-

~,sl" Bright sunshine, temperature 75°. Cases covered byl! In .l' s 1n transportation. .

letnperature of magazine 10 a. m., 77°. Doors opened two1'6.

[Sample page.]

(5)

~



.MAIN MAGAZINE.

May 15, 1904.

Magazine ventilated two hours.

Reading of dry bulb, ; of wet bulb,

of magazine, ; humidity,

(9)

; temperature

Magazine opened; 10 charges 12-inch rifle, Du Pont smoke-

less, lot 5,1904, taken out and transferred to service magazine,

Battery (See page 12.)

[Sample page.]

(7)



I,

'

POWDER CHARGES, 12-INCH RIFLE. (12)

[0 received May 8, 1904; kind, (See page 5.)

lO transferred to service magazine, Battery

June 10, 1904.'Stored in main magazine thirty-three days; for temperature

variations see temperature sheet :May 8-June 10.

It 'er";ce magazine nntil June 20, 1904. Service practice at

•• 10 a. m. Average temperature of magazine, ; maxi-

lllUlll, • minimum .''l' ,

aken out of service magazine minutes before firing;c~ses opened before firing, • Temperature of maga-

ZIneWhen powder taken out, ; temperature of day,

. Condition igniting charges,

[Sample page.]

(9)

~ f,

~

'



POWDER CHARGES, 12-INCH MORTAR. (13)

[Sample page]

(11)





ARTILLERY} WAR DEPARTMENT,:hIEMORANDUM, No.!. ;WASHINGTON, February f7, _1905.

The following instructions to govern subcaliber practice at

~ortar batteries, in addition to those contained in General

f rders, No. 101,War Department, June 14,1904, are published

or the information and guidance of all concerned:

1. The practice will be held in each quarter designated for

service practice and at such time previous to service practice

8Stnay be ordered by the artillery district commander.

2. All 8ubcaliber practice by each company will be had, if

~raCticable, at the mortar pit to which the company firing has

e:n assigned for service practice.

t '. The annual allowance of subcaliber ammunition for mor-

ars for the current fiscal year is given in paragraph IV, Gen-~;al Orders, No. 146, War Department, September 7, 1904, as

~o rounds per company. Fifty rounds per company is the

: ]owance for each of the three quarters in which practice is

t~ be beld. If any quarter passes without practice being held

e allowance for that quarter lapses. .

4. The .practice will consist of-

Company practice at moving targets;

/) Fire-command practice at moving targets .

. At least one-half of each quarterly allowance will be re-8el'vedf .t or fire-command practice. The remainder of the qnar-

8~rly allowance will be expended in l?relimi~ar~ firing (trial;

ot? at fixed targets) and in company practIce 1D such pro-

llorbon as may be ordered by the artillery district commander.

t 6. For company practice all four of the mortars in the pit

o:hich the company practicing is assigned will be fitted with

BU Caliber tubes. The order of fire will be by individual piece .

~d no~ by simulated pit salvo. For fire-command practice

tb e a~allable subcaliber tubes will be equally distributed among

e PIts to be manned. Each mortar pit in the fire-command

~acticing to which a company is assigned will be equipped

T~th Sllbcaliber tubes and manned on each occasion of practice.

7e order of fire will be .by single piece in anyone pit.

II . The fire commander will personally supervise all the

:.actice. He will conduct the practice from his station. He.

III designate the pit to fire a.nd will allow a reasonable time



2

OFFICIAL:

F. C. AINSWORTH,


between rounds to allow of identification of the splash for the

determination of hits. The company commander will

nate the piece in the pit which is to fire, distributing the fire

as equally as practicable amongst the detachments. The COIIl'"

pany commander will conduct the company practice and

preliminary firing.,

8. The target for estimation of hits is that prescribed

paragraph 8, General Orders, No. 101,War Department, June

14,1904: A circular hypothetical target 100 yards in diameter,~

with the material target at the center.

9. The maximum and minimum limits of range betweeJ1

which targets shall be towed for subcaliber practice with mor.;

tars are 4,500 yards and 2,500 yards, respectively.

10. Range tables for mortar subcaIiber practice have

prepared, and if not on hand may be obtained by applicatio'n

to the Chief of Ordnance. ,

11. Forms 831and 832, published in General Orders, No.War Department, June 14, 1904, will until further orders

used in reporting this practice. Each round expended in pre'

liminary firing will be reported on Form 832, the heading

.. Gunner" being changed to .. Round;" the heading .. Fixed'

Target" being changed to C C Preliminary Firing," and the head' ;

ings .. No. of Scores" and" Per cent. of Hits" being erased for.

this purpose.In company practice DO time limit will be required. In fire',

command practice time limit may be fixed by the fire COIIl'..,

mander. .

12. The method of determining the location of target and of

shot splashes will be the same as that prescribed in General

Orders, No. 141, War Department, 1904, for service practice,.

with guns;

13. The value of bits is prescribed in paragraph 13, General

Orders, No. 101, War Department, June 14, 1904.

[977158, M. S. 0.]

By ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR:

ADN A R. CHAFFEE,Lieutenant General, Chief oj Stat!.

desig.

the

iJ

beeJ

101,be

I



. ARTILLERY } WAR DEPARTMENT,

~IEMORANDtm, No. S. WASHINGTON, July ~8, 1905.

The following syllabus of examination for gunners in torpedo

~~tnpanies is republished for the information and guidance of

e Coast Artillery:

SYLLABUS OF EXAMINATION FOR GUNNERS IN TORPEDO

COMPANIES.

The following syllabus gives the outline of the scope of the

~Xatnination of candidates for gunner in torpedo companies ..t Is Dot intended that the theoretical instruction in any sub-

~~ct shall be limited to what is indicated in this syllabus, but

fi e examination of candidates for gunners will be closely con-ned thereto.

SECOND-CLASS GUNNERS.

i (a) Ammunition, nomenclature, and service of guns as.

S gned to the company of which the candidate is a member.

Duties of the cannoneer and nomenclature of the piece to

which assigned. (Note: If not assigned to a piece, or if the

~OlIlpanyis assigned to pieces of different calibers, the candi-

bate will be examined upon the piece of the caliber selected

y the company commander.) .

f Describe the ammunition and name all the projectiles used

or the piece upon which examined.

t i(b) Material of and duties in the loading room (except elec-

real principles involved).

What apparatus is used in making a Turk's head? A tele-

graph joint? A joint to be used under water? Name all the .

~~rts of an assembled mine. Name all the parts of a compound

:E Ug and explain how to load one. What is a cut-out plug? .

r xPlain how to prepare a cut-out plug and box. What appa-

n~tus is Used in preparing a compound plug? How are mines.

tb lIlbered? How are mooring ropes prepared, and what are

. rUles for lengths of mine cables and of mooring ropes?

c) Material for and duties on the water:

IIWhat apparatus is taken out in the grand junction box boat?

i Owand in what way are the cores of cable numbered? How

p~a ~ine together with its attachments arranged on a boat for

a anbng? . Name the apparatus on the boat used in planting

bnd raising mines. What are the duties in the triple junction

10: boat in planting and in raising mines, and what precaution

.:;, aken so that cables may be distinguished when box is raised?. oIJJxpl •. (aln how soundings for a triple group are made.

d) Knots.

~



OFFICIA.L:

F. C. AINSWORTH,The Military Secretary.,

. 2

Name the important knots used in mine work and explain

how to make four of them. The mooring rope of a

weight can not pass over the winch, but lifting must be

,With the fall; explain the method of proceeding.,

FIRST-CLASS GUNNERS. .

(a) Care and preservation of mine material:

Name the supplies necessary for cleaning mine material.

Name those used in preserving it, stating for what each i/

used, and how certain ones (to be selected by the examined

are applied. .

. (b) Handling high explosives:

What high explosives are used in mines? What are the iIll'

portant precautions to be taken in loading mines? How

frozen dynamite thawed? Where is the main supply of explo-

sive kept, and how much is taken out at one time to the

sive house near the loading room? , •

(c) Knowledge and use of azimuth instruments and plottin

board: .Names of important parts. ,Set up the instrument witb

given data. Read angles from instrument. Act as observer,"

Act as reader. .

Describe a plotting board. Exp~ain the method of comput.

ing the time from any plotted point to a mine. Act as plotter,

(d) Batteries, generators, and searchlights assigned to tbe

company of which the candidate is a member.Name the batteries used in mine work. Describe the case'

mate battery. What precautions are necessary in keeping it

in order? What is used as the signal battery in mine work?

Describe a searchlight. Describe parts of generators and

portant points to be observed in caring for them.'

(e) Apparatus and operation of casemate switchboard, ano

care and use of telephone.Name the apparatus of the switchboard. Explain how to.

fire a mine by judgment, and how to start the motor generator,

Explain how to test mines and cable ends. How are boat tele.:

phones operated? Name the parts of fire-control telephoneS

used in mine-commander stations, and give the princip91

points to be observed in operating them.[1037665, M. S. 0.]

By ORDER OF THE ACTING SECRETARY OF WAR:

ADNA R. CHAFFEE,u,eutenant General, Ch~ef of Staff.

heavY

done

I.

iS

eXPI

'

iIll'



i

[A. :M. 1.]


}.b~MORANDUM,o. 1. WASHIXGTON,anuary 10, 19M.

a The following regulations relative ~. Fort Record Books

re PUblished for the guidance of all concerned:

T. FORT RECORDBOOKPROPER.

fi The cOmmanding officer of each coast artillery fort, as de-

tJn~din paragraph 99, Drill Regulations for Coast Artillery,

1 .,k Army, Provisional, shall keep a Fort Record Book. This

:,o~ shall constitute a permanent record and in it shall be

t~lered all information of value to commanding officers rela-

alve to the fortifications, their object, history, and armament,

I

s Well as all details c(.mnected with their organization inI(~l{'e 1A' an, war according to the scheme and plans of defense.

offi S one of the principal objects of the book is to enable an

v l(;er UllOllfirst assuming command to find quickly ami con-

'hemelltly illfonllation relative to the fortifications, the Fort"'\,eco 1n 'Th 1'( ook shall btl thoroughly inuexed.

(ro e Fort Recoru Book shall be kept by the commandingI'll(x'r t .o s l'1ctly confi<lential.

(. n the first page shall be HllOwnthe name of the fort and a

t'~)lIYof this Artillerv l\Iemorandum The record of infonna-lOll sh. 11 be. . . dof a kept nndf>r the following hea<ls, and 111 the or erH(lql1eneendicated:

tr 1. GENERALHISTORY.-Dates of acquisition of the Heveral

L."'t~ltliof land in the reservation' laws of cession of land by':)ate 'in to the United States, defining-jurisdiction; date of com-

IllPllC(-'lllentof construction of fortifications; date of establish-

th:llt of garrison; order naming the fort; a brief reference to

batt 1*,:1'80n for whom the fort is named; orders naming the

4l . enes; brief references to the persons for whom the hat-11es arh" e named; accounts of all engagements the fort may<'Ve Pa t ..2 r Ielpated in.

fl1} < GENERALDATA.-The latitude ana longitutle of a point

h.~,Or n(~arthe reservation of which the latitude and longitude

t Va bnell aecurately determined' aecurate aescri!ltions of all".all' .,

OIl;. KUlatlOnRtations, bench marks, etc., at the po.-t or located

tal~'~hel'e and pertaining to the fort, giving azimuthS, dis-

frOlces, a~ld references; aeeurate description of a heuch mark

, 11 "'Inch can he eonveniently detenllined the plane of mean

~



[A. 1\f: 1.]

2

low tide for use in establishing' ti<1egauges; the meteorolog-iellpeculiarities of the vicinity, as for instanef), relative to

snow, rain, highest temperatures, lowest temperatures, mea~

temperatures for the different soasons or months, prevailinl

winds, highest known velocity of wina, etc.; specific fact

relative to channel or to local 'hyarography in g'eneral

may be of value. .

3. FORTIFICATIONH.-A general summary of the severllworks, including their armament; object of the fortifications~

their relation to a.djacent forts; organization in fire

mine commands, and battle command:;;.

4. MOVABLEARMAMENT.-'I'able showing the numbers an.

calibers required by the scheme of defense; tabla showing th

numbers and calibers on hand, giving' for each piece its model,

serial number, manufacturer, elate of receipt at post, place ostorage, and pmdtion or use contemplateel in scheme or plall!

of defense.

5. BATTLECOMMANDEHS'ND FIRE UOl\lMANDERS'

(shown separately).-Date of construction; limiting

of fields of view from stations; azimuths and lengths of fire,

commanders' base lines; azimuth:;; and ranges from

to established datum points or other objects suitable fot,

orientation and adjustment of instruments; azimuths anOI

ranges' from stations to salvo points; azimuths and range!.

from stations to principal points of harbor; azimuths and

tances to subordinate stations of the battle command or firtlcommand; heights above mean low water of tops of concrettj

or other fixed pedestals for position-finding instrument~J

heights of axes of telescopes of position-finding

above top.s of concrete or other fixe<}pedestals; heights abo."

mean low water of axes of telescopes of position-finding ill

struments; lists of articles of equipment of position-findo

stations and plotting room, the models and serial numbers o~

instruments being indicated.

6. DISTRICT,BATTLECOMMAND,NDFIRE UOMMAND

"ICATIONs.-Dale of installation of the ,yslem; dale of ""'.

modification of the orig-inal installation; authority for eacJ

modification; location of each instrument of the system, i '.

serial number being given.

7. BATTERIES(shown separately): .

(a) Posit-ion-finding systcm.-Dates of construction of poa!

fog'

whiC

commandSJ

8TATIO'

aZimuthS

stationS

diS

in8trumeJ1t1

COMM



[A. M. 1.]

3

;ion~finder stationsj dates of receipt by artillery from engi-le:1'Rjazimuths and lengths of horizontal baRelinesj limiting

~Zlnlllths of fields of view from stations; heights above mean

t~IWWater of tops of concrete or other fixed pedestals for posi-

1IO~-~nding instruments; heights of axes of telescopes of

~OEntIoll-findingnstruments above tops of concrete or other

Xedllel1estals; heights above mean low water of axes of tele-

:e01le8

of position-finding instruments; models and serial1'lUlllbersof position-finding instruments, plotting boards,

allrre b d .z: oar s, and deflectIOn hoards.

't ( ) Buttery comrnander's staUon.-Locationj date of ('on-10; rll('ti. . 1 .

, on, ( ate of receIpt by artIllery from engmeers.

1 (c) C!umrn/(nicatiml,~.-Date of installation of the system;

atfl of each modification of the oribrinal inRtallation; authorityur (laeh l11odification.

1 (~1)Empl(Jce/llent.~ (shown separately in lllullericalor alpha-lotI('al 1 1u ( 01'( er).-Date of construction; whether constructe<

1';I~l:-rontract or notj name of constructing engineerj date of

u~(:lvt hy.artillery from enf.,rineers,bri\-ing Ilame of receh-ing

(I- tcerj calIber of gun; lUo<Jels,serial numbers, places and

".u.es of fahrication (with names of ch-ilian manufacturers) of""Ill and . d . d"

h ,. . carnage; ates of mountmg of gun an carnage, gIV-, Ig nall1es of supervising officers' limits of elevation of guns

ti ,nlOllntedand emplaced; limiti~g azimuths of fields of firejl' .

1. .~a love mean low water of axes of gun trunmonsj ca-

lacit' .zi les of shot and shell roomSj capacities of set\-ice maga-

~esj .condition of magazines with regard to moisture.

C • l\fAIN OR STORAGEMAGAZI~E.-Date of constructionj>U!la 't

of ,CI Y; allotment of space to the several batteries; numbersfl ,lOll11dsof reserve ammunition of the several batteries re-'lllll'pu b9 -. Y oruers or regulations to be kept on hand.

<1, t' POWERPLANT8.-Dates of construction of buildingsj

1'~t~s of installation of equipment; equipment, gh-ing types,

e(:~.,rIHtryumbers, names of manufacturers, etc.; date of ac-

te~~tunceof plant, giving names of the officers who inspect,

e o!o\ and acceptj dates of all thorough inspections and tests of~alllV:rnentfor efficiency and safety, giving condition reportedj

1'(' 11~1I11l;tnentefects, pecnliarites, etc., of the plants which

(1 , q1llre special care or unmmalmode of operation; permanent<tnl/trre • I 1 . fi . -.

-L'1' ,., ,s, WIt I ( ates and actIOn taken toward xmg resl'<lwn-llty. .

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[A. M. 1.]

4

10. SEARCHLIGHTs.--Tahleshowing the numhers awl siz(tliameters of mirror) requiretl hy the Hchemo of defen

tahle Hhowing the numhers and Hizes(diameters of minor)

hand, f,riving'for each its manufacturer, Herialnumher, date

manufacture, date of receipt at pm;t, plaee of storag-e,

or use contemplated in Hchemeor planH of defense, kind

control (hand or eleetric), kind of monnt (pedestal,

railroad truck, or automohile), aUtIare of illumination.11. SUB)IARINEDEFENSE:

(a) l'osition Ji ,"Ii" U HU,f em. natos of construction of po

tion finder Htations; dates of reeeipt by artillery from ell~

neers; azimuths and lengths of horizontal hase lines;

azimuths of fieWs of view from Htations; azinn~ths and

from position finder Htations to estahliHhed datum points.

other objects suitable for orientation aUtIatljustment of instJment; azimuths and nmgfls. from pOHition fiUtler Htations

principal pointH of the harhor; azimuth aUtl tliRtallCe

mine primary station to the bat tIt) ('.olllluallder's

heights above mean low water of tops of concrete or

fixed pedestals for position findillg illHtrumelltH; heights

axes of telescopes of position fin(lillg instruments above to

of concrete or other fixed IHl(leHtals;lwights above meanwater ofaxeR of telescopes of position firltling

listR of articles of equipment of position finder Htatiolls fl,Ploth.'ng room, the motle]s all/I serial numbers of

being indicatetl.' .

(b) CO'Ul.ml/lI':(,lItiol/.~.-Date of im;tallatioll of the syste1

date of each mOdifiCatiOl.lof the original installation;

ity for each mOllification.

(c) Cable ta/lk.-Date of construction; date of receipt

artillery from engineers; capaeity; water supply; means f

getting cable in awl out.

(d) Storel/OI/sc.-Date of construction; date of receipt

artillery; dimensions; means for handling heavy woights ...

(:) Lo(/(l~/I[J 1'o?In.-Date of construetion; date of receipt

artIllery; dunenslOlls. ,

(/) Cascmate.-Date of construction; date of receipt

artillery; dimensions; list of equipment, giving 1I10<1e11t1

seI'ial numbers of instruments.

(g) Plantin[J II'hatj.-Location; date of construction;

of water at hea<1of wharf; dimensions; safe loa<1.

-

pOHit

wag()

lil11iti

rang

fro

statioI

oth

Iillstrumel1t

instrnmel)J

authO

~

(lrll



[A. M. 1.]

5

(h) 1

1

ramU'oy and cars.-Date of eonstruetion of tramway;111U~1herf cars, giving capacities.

(t) },Iine material.-Numl>er of gram1 b'TOUPS for which

~very article (except explosive) necessary for planting is on

l~11d;tugs, lighters, and small boats on hand available for

1l~1lle1l1anting, and names of vessels and lighters, with names

o owners, in vicinity which are suitable for mine planting'

all'1.Which couhll>e hired or requisitioned in an emergency.1 ~J) Jonrnal.- Whenever a grand group of mines is ,laid a

11'1efecord of the fact will be made with notation of all diffi-

CUltiesencountered and defects discovered.

f 12. METEOIWLOGICAL'TATION.-Date of constrnction; date

o receillt by artillery from engineers; list of articles of equip-llle11t ".1 ' b'1Vmgmodels and serial numbers.

3. TIDE RTATION.-Date of construction; date of receipt byal'tiller • f . . f t .,rom engIneers; hst of artIcles 0 eqmpmen, gIvmg

lllolleis and serial numbers.

of14. SCHEMEOF DEFENSE,-Thi:-lscheme shall inchHle stllllics

tl ~ll the problems involved in the defense that require for

f 101; solution armament or equipl~ent that is not on hand;

lor Instance, such problems as the llrol)er numher, sizes, andocat'

lOW'! of searchlights', the l)rol)er number, calibers, and 10-cat' .1011101f pIeces of movable armament; the number, eahbers,

and locations of pieces of fixed armament projected but not

elll}llace<l;the personnel recluired to man l)rojected armamentor t ., 1~ooperate needed equipment, etc.

1 .). PLANKOF DEFENSE.-These planlo1shall at all times be

lased on the existing equipment, and shall be complete in all

respects save that of submarine defense. They shall include

a statement of tho numbers of officers and men of the several.

grades required to man each Imttle command, fire eOlnmand,

and hattery, the assignment pursuant to existing orders and

;egulations being indicated; an estimate of the necessary in-

<lall~rysupports; a plan for quartering the artillery garrison

llrlUg hostilities; if the usual water supply is not sufficient forlll'ohal)l d"" 1 ". th

e war eon ltIons, a p an for obtammg e necessaryI\lll~Ply;an estimate of the hospital force required; a plan ofneb, . .

.On In case of surprise under war conditions; a plan of

/l,~bol1in case of failure of the position-finding service; a 1)1<1.11

actioll in case of failure of the searchlight senice; a l)lan

or the IllOHtefficient UHeof the lienee garriAon under the as-

" " ~

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[A. M. 1.]

6

sumption that the fort is engaged before being augmf\nted f01

war conditionR.16. A list of all blueprints, tracings, recor<ls, etc., kept in

Fort Record Book files, provided for in paragraph II of

memorandum, the file numher of each heing shown.

17. Lists of the names of commanding officers of the

artillery fort and of the desib"Ilations of organizations thll

have been aHsiglled to the armament, giving dates of

II. FORT RI<:cOlw BOOK FILES.

In connection ~vith the Fort Reeord Book shall be kept file

of all hlueprints, tracings, retained copies of reportR, record~:

etc., that are of value to the eommanding offieer of the

artillery fort (I'eo paragraph \)\),Drill Regulations for

Artillery, U. S. Army, Provisional).

Each print, report, etc., filed shall he given a file number,

which shall he e.n tered in the Fort Reeor<lBook, togethf\r withdescription of the print, report, etc.

The files shall inelude:

1. Blueprints or tracings showing the azimuths and lengthS

of all base lines pertaining to the coast artillery fort, tilt'

azimuths and ranges of all datum points provided for the fort

from the stations to which they pertain, and the azimuthS

and ranges of the princip~l points of the harbor from the sttl'

tions of the fort. .

2. Blueprints or tracings Hhowing the azimuths and

tances between all stations, direeting guns, and .other impor'

tant I)oints in the coast artillery fort. ,

3. Blueprints or tracings showing the communication wir',

ing of the battle command, fire command, and mine command

stations; sketches, tracings, or prints showing cable connee't

tions, surface lines, and locations of instruments in all

of communication in the coast artillery fort; plans of all fire't

• command plotting rooms, showing locations of all eommuni',

cation instruments used in them.

4. Blueprints or tracings of plans of all batteries, stations't

storage magazines, submarine mine casemates, power houseS,

aml other artillery buildings in the coast artillery fort, the tdesig1lation and uses of room8 or other compartments heiJ~ Iindicated, and the loeation of all air passages, drains, e]edl'lC

wiling, etc., heing' shown.

th

thi

coa~

R(~rvi

coaR

Coa~

diS'

SysteIllg



[A. l\I. 1.]

7

1 0. Blueprints or tracings showing accurately the relativeO('at"lOllof the batteries with their sectors of fire.

1 I. The appropriate harbor chart furnished by the en:"rilleer

( (1)artUlent, corrected to date and showing fields of fire.

j. Copies of all Coast and Geodetic Survey charts and topo-

~l'~Phical maps of the Geological Survey pertaining to the

lel~hhOring water and country.

1~. Topographical chart or sketch indicating proposed land(e elll'le,including camps and positions to be occupied.

1 n. Chart or sketch showing the locations proposed for the

llOYalJlearmament and the searchlights. .

10. Records of tests of power plants for efficiency and safety.

tIll. Copies of all range tables pertaining to the armament of

Ie coast artillery fort.

at~2. Copies of all circulars, pamphlets, etc., of instructions reI-n. lYeto the mounting, care, preservation, and use of the arma-

lent, sights, position-finding instruments, and accessories.

[lOR:li'iH4,M. S. 0.]


ADNA R. CHAFFEE,

Ol<'FICIAL: Lieutenant General, Chief of staff.

P. C. AINSWORTH

The :!JIilitary Secr~tar1J.

~



[A. :M. 2.J

ARTILLERY t WAR DEPARTl\IENT.

MEMORA.NDUM,o.2. ! WASHI~GTO~,January 11, 19M.

a The following reb'll1ations relative to emplacement books

re PUblished for the guidance of all concerned:

1. EMPLACEME~TOOKPROPER.

t T?e Commanding officer of each gun battery awl of each

aacheal mortar battery at a seacoast fortification shall keep

111 elnplacement book. This book shall constitute a perma-

tle~t record, and in it shall be entered all information relative

he battery which is of practfcal value to the battery com--

~nder in the care and the service of the battery.

te 11 the first page Hhallbe shmvn the designation of the bat-

n ry 'With the authority therefor and a copy of this artillery

tt'llnoran<lum. The record of information shall be kept under

1; follOwing heads and in the order of sequence indicated:1). : POi"ITlONFINDINGSYSTE~r.-Dates of con.stnlction ofOf'nt'b IOn fin<ler stations; azimuths and lengths of horizontal

1\a~e liIles; limiting azimuths of fields of view from stations;

liz~rnuths and ranges from position fin<ler stations to estab-

R !oj led datum points or other objects suitable for orientationn( a<l' t f

110 JUs ment of instruments; azimuths and ranges rom

f1'SltIoll finder stations to salvo points; azimuths and ranges

<li~ln Position finder stations to principal points of the harbor;

a ~Placement of the <lirecting gun or point and corresponding

t:lrnuth; distance and azimuth from the battery primary sta-

nlonto the primary station of the fire command: heights above

foean 1,0:V water of tops of concrete or other fixed pedestals

,,411' POSItIonfinding instruments; heights of axes of t.e.lescopes"I. llo 't 'fi Sl Ion finding instruments above tops of concrete Ql'other

~c~ed Pedestals; heights above mean low water of axes of tele-

e(o~es of position-finding instruments; lists of articles of

tnlU~pmentof position finder stations and plotting room, the

~(els and serial numbers of instruments being indicated.

FIt "". BA.TTERYCOMMANDER'STATIO~.-Location; date of con-'1'Uction . t . tl(\V' ; aZImuths and ranges to salvo pom s; aZlmu 18

'lIS l~h ranges) to datum points or other objects suitable for

sele, In orientation; list of articles of equipment, models, and

'lal numbers of instruments being indicated.

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[A. :M. 2.]'

3. COM;\IL~ICATIONs.-Dateof im;tallation of the systeIl1;date of eaeh llH}(lificationof the original installatiolJ; author'

ity for each modification; location of eaeh instrument of th

system, its Herialnumher being given.

4. KMPLACEl\IENTSshown separately in numerical or alpha-uetical onler):

(a) Date of construction; references of baRe ring, crest, etc,

(b) GI/Il.-Caliber; model; Rerialnumber; place and date o

fahrication (with llame of civilian manufacturer); date of

111Ounting;under whose Rupervision mounted; adoptfJd muZ'

zle velocity; weight of projectile; approximate weight of

ice charge of powder; limits of elevation of gun as mounteJ

Imd emplact.'<l.

(c) Cal'J'iage.-l\Jodel; serial 11111111'01'; place awl date of

fabrication (with name of civilian manufacturer); date

11lounting; under whose su!,ervision mounted; dates of ~11

accurate tests for level awl orientation, giving names of ofli'

('ers llllder whose snpervh;ion tests were made; amount o.

counterweight on hand; data for regulating cOllllterweight;.

data for regulating amount of oil in recoil system; <lata for

setting throttling val ve.

(d) Siglds.-nfodels; serial llUlIlbers; dates of all

tests of adjustment; under whose supervision tested. f(e) Azimutlls, distances, etc.-Height above mean low water,

of axis of gun trunnions in firing position; limiting

of field of fire; azimuths and ranges to ~alvo points; azimuthS,

and distances to the other guns of the battery awl to the b~t.

tery primary station; azimuths (with ranges) to establiShed,

datum points or other objeets suitable for m;e in

and, in the case of mortars, a e:treful and accurate des('riptioll;of the location of all Htations awl marks used in orilmtatiolll

azimuths and ranges to the principal points in the harbor. I(j) A.nwwnitionsl/ppl!l.-Capaeities of "hot and shell

capacity of service maga,z.ine; number of charges for gUl l fvt.!;which storage room is provi<1edin the main or storage magI)'

zine; llUUlber of rOUllllsof reserve amlllunition required ~rl

orders or regulations to be kept. on hand; minimum time JIllwhich four rounds have been served; condition of magazipe

with regard to moisture.

(g) ]\.-eys.-Explanation of system; number issuecl;

tion made of them.

ser""

.

ol

a<~curat

azimutl1S

orientatiol11

roon1S

clispOi!





[A. )I. 2.]

4

The files shall include-

1. Blueprints or tracings showing the <.1zimuthK

of all base lines pertaining to the fire conmw,Jl<I,the azimuthS

and ranges of all datum points provicled for the fire command

from the stations to wldeh they pertain, and the azimuths and

r~Ulg-esof the principal points of the harbor from the stationS'of the fire command.

2. Blueprints or tracings showing the comll1unicati(1llwiring'

of the stations pertaining to the battery; a sketch, tradng, or'

print, showing communication cable connections, surfacelines,l

:md locat~ons 0. f instruments.; a I!lan.of the plotting r.oo~n~hOW'mg locatIOns of all commumcatIOn lllstruments used In It.

3. Blueprints or tracingK of the 1l:1tteryshowillg locationS.

of all drains, eledric light wiring, eleetric light switches, fis'

tures, etc. Copies of these prints procured especially for the

IJlu1losewill he framed and hung up in the gallery of each gun.4. A lllueprint, tracing, or sketch, showing the wiring of

emplacements for electric firing.

5. A description, with sketch, giving data necc'ssary for dis'

tinguishing communication wiring, electric light wiriug, and

eleetric firing 'wiring, wherever the lines are parallel.

Ii. Copies of all range tables, range scales, etc., required for

use in connection with the battery.7. Copies of records furnished ordnance officers pursuant to

paragraph I, Artillery Memorandum, No.4, December 20, 1904.

8. Hetained copies of rep~)rts of target practice.

9. Copies of all circulars, pamphlets, etc'., of instructions rela'

tive to the mounting, care, preservation, and use of the arUll1'

ment, sights, position-fiwling instrumentR, ancl aeeessories.[In.sa;.'3:J, .l\f. S. 0.]

By OJU>ER OF THE SECRETARY Of!' 'V~"R:

ADN A R. CHAFFEE,

Lieutenant Generol, Clrifj of Staff.OFFICLiL:

F. C. AINSWORTH,

The ][ilitar1J Secretar1J.

<.1wllength

.

.



[A. M. 3.1

ARTILLERY I \VAR DEPARTl\IENT,

lIIEl\{ORANDCl\I No.3. f \V.A.SHINGTOX. January 12, 1.'Ior;.

fThe following' is published for the information and guidanceo eoast artillery:

IIEADQUAHTERS ATLANTIC DIVISION,IN:--;PECTOJ~GENERAL'S Ol'FICE.

Mn., .' Governors Island, .N. r., Decem,ber 7, ID05.,IrARY SECRETARY,

A tlan !£c Dh.:is£on. GOl'crnors I~laJ1d, ",Y. r.8 (Through InRpector General, Atlantic Division.)

E;}l~~R.: In my recent inspection of Fort Hamilton, while in-l'h :C~lllg'Battery Gillmore, the mechanics in charge of theth~ostat-Taylor-Raymond eha,in ammunition hoist-stoppedw(~.lllotor hy opening the main switch. It developed that such811 Ie the instructions which have been issued in Twentiethof li~Iel~lentto l\fimeograph No. 4G, issued from office of ChiefIn t"'llgl1l(~(~rH.ovember Ill, 1904, page 3, lUHler •. To stopotB :01'." Copies of these iUHtrudiolls are. not furnished thisTie,an(1 I had not seen these instructions. .

110 {; officers at Fort Hamilton stated that they had reeelved

fr/. (l.lgrauH; showing the wiring of the rheostat. However,vlllth~ ... t t' ~th 1 I 1 't I" tl"t'l t. C Ins TUC lOllS . ere lllUst be an une er oa< SWI(' lln Ie'\vi~rIng box whieh is suppoRed to rplease the rheostat arm,Ien the currellt is turned off by opening the main switch.

thp oper!1ted all of tlwse hoiRtRfollowing the inRtructions inflY'l~ll,l,'1.11eer\Iinwograph and in nOcase did the rheostat armftll<ltlCk to the off position when the main switch was openIt Ie motor had stopp<~<1.

ch.t .has been my experience that the average enlisted man in

th~1ge of these motor and Rtarting boxes .will not appreciatel"llaiall1~geR which may be done to the motor if he closes thisthe n SWItchwhen the rheostat arm is at the on position andA lll.otorat rest.

'\illS In ?1l the rheostats which I have seen the rheostat ar!llFlWitt ~l~nesfail to fly back to the off posit.ion when the.mam8tal'~' 1 Is opened. and as the average enlIsted man W'lll, totion the lUoto~.,.cl()sehe main switch, without paying atten-th.tt to tl~epOfntlOllof the :!:heostatarm, I stronglv recommend

a, '1'ihelllstructions contained in l\Iimeograph No. 4G on pageTh 0 stop motor" be changed.

lllot e rheostats are of the type used on street carS. If the-thf.\~)rsare started and stopped bv turning the rheostat arm,Gl)~l~lotor can not be harmed. Ii the motors are stopped by'.off' lln~.the main switch and the rheostat arm does not fly tolll.l°:-Hh.on.the motor may be injured by the man closing the,• ]1 SWItchbefore the arm is put to the off position.

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[A. 1\1. 3.]

2

I have rellpatellly given im;tructionH to the men at the rhea'

stats to stop a motor~and then start it. When they had beelinstructed to Htopthe motor by opening- the main switch,lllOHtinvariahly they would have started the motor bythe main switch, and as a rule the rheostat was on the 011

position, for the underload switch will not always work. Thleast harm done wonld be to blow the fuses and there is always a chance to injure the motor. I can see no reason eS('qlt in case of emergency to give such instructions to melwho are not electricians, when a perfectly Hafemethod can li

followell by instructing them to start and stop the motor 1,)'always llsing the rh(~ostat arm.I also ref!Uestthat copies of all eirculars concerning artillerY

matters issue(l from the officeof the Chief of EIJ.!-,'ineel'se fur'nished this office for the instruction of the officers who areentrusted with the inspection of artillery posts.

Very respectfully,

E. HT.• T. GUEIlLE.

J.lla,jot', Artillery Om'jNJ,

Acting In.'1pector Oeu(J,ml.

4th Indm':-;enwnt.

\VAH DEPAHTMENT,OFFICg 01<'THE CHIEF OF Alt1'ILLEJ{Y,

lVashin{)ton, December 1.'), 1!J05.

Respectfully transmitted t'J the Inspector General, U. S.Army, recommending' that all circulars concerningmatters, as well as all Engineer Mimeogi'3,phs,he furnished asrecommended in 1st iIlllorsement. As regaras the instrnc'tions prescribed in 20th Supplement to EUf,>ineerMinwograp~No. 46, it is thought that if properly followed out tlwy woul(insure the proper operation of the Taylor-Raymontl hoist.However, paragraph 2of instructions ,; To Stop l\fotor," whiellnow reads,

"2. See that rheostat arm flies back to the 'off' positioJIby the time the motor has fully stopped,"might with advantage be made to read as follows:

"2. \Vhen motor has fully stopped, turn handle of rhea',stat h:tek to 'off' position."

The reasons for reeommending this cI1augeare as follows:. 1. The rheostat arm.1'Snot visible, and consequently no Wlttl ican 1le sure that it is in the "off" position. r

2. The rheostat handle is visible, and when it is brought IJac~to the" off" pmlition the rheostat arm is also in the" off" pO'

sition. t

The stopping of the motor by means of the rheostat is 110.

recommended, as this leads to sparking and consequent dc'struction of the apparatus. .

aIclosin

artille1'



AD~ A' R. CHAFFEE,

Dieutel/Old Oeneral, C1Iir1 of Stoff.

[A. M. 3.]

3

O/lf the rec(;mmendation regarding the change in the wording

tl lar<~g~'aph2, under" To Stop the Motor" is approved byto11~ll1ef of Engineers, this officewill take the necessary steps11 01'111 the artillery officers concerned.

\Vl\I. P. DUVALL,

AcUng Cldef of Artillery.

6th Indorsement.\VAR DEPARTMENT,

OFFICE 01<"'THE CHIEF OF EXGIXEERS,

TVaslzington, December 23, 1905.

th~'C~~)s~)ectfullYe turned to the Inspector General, through') lIef of Artillery.

a"~}laccordance with a verbal request of ~Iajor Greble, all""01l~ t1 lIe back numbers of Engineer Mimeographs have been

hOel 0 the office of the Inspector General, and that office has'I'he1 Il1ace(1 on the regular mailing list for all future issues.Pac.~ameWill be done for the inRpectors general, Atlantic,

:3 1 C, SouthweRtern, and Philippines Divisions.4th' ?he modification. of the instructions as suggest.e(~ in t.hestI'll 1l.<10I'sementcarnes out the purpose of the onglllal lll-Chie~tIolH';m~Jl'edefinitely, and is entirely satisfactory to the

of Ellg~neers.A. MACKEXZIE,

Bdgadier General, Chief of Enghwers, U. S. Army.[J01HfiG9, M. S. 0.]

l3y OJ.'J.)E"jl• '. OI!' THE SECRETARY OF \VAR:

Ol"l"ICI •AI..

F. C. AINSWORTHThe :Military Secr~tary.



[A. M. 4.]


}"fEMOR.A.NDUMo.4. WASHINGTON,November 21, 1906.

G The fonowing Syllabus of Examination for Candidat~s for

J)~nners except those in Torpedo Companies and Torpedo

p e aClllnents, published in General Orders, No. 155, War De-ttrt:ment, September 13, 1906, is republished for the informa-on and guidance of the coast artillery:

SY~'LAnuS OF EXHHNATTON FOR CANDIDATES FOR GUX-

;EERS EXCEP'r TJIOSE IN TORPEDO CO)fPANIES AND TOR-

DO DETACIUIEXTS. .

e:x:he: following syllabus gives the outline of the scope of the

Coa:mln~tion of candidates for gunners except those in torpedo

at :mP~nles and torpedo detachments. While the indoor in-

ca~Uct~Ol1~ any subject need not be limited to what is indi-

ne ed In thIS syllabus, the examination of candidates for gun-rs shall be confin'ed thereto. .

\ SECOND-CLASSGUNNERS.

(a) Service of the piece. .thQU:stions on the service of the piece and nomenclature of

are PIece to which organization is assigned. Examining boardse Ca l'

cl t U loned not to attach too much importance to nomen-

'Usaure, where a candidate shows a knowledge of the practical

~b~f the part under examination. .:m Guns and carriages.

is d~Plain briefly how a breechblock of a heavy gun or mortar(n til~antled; having a breechblock completely dismantled

ho0dIs:mounted), how is it assembled and adjusted for firing;

th: old packing is removed from recoil cylinders and how

. car~ are repacked; how recoil cylinders are filled. Object,

tOr ,and use of throttling valve for guns and by-pass valve

oil ~ortars. Parts and surfaces of guns and carriages to be

of e , how much oil to use, and how it is used. Adjustmentlid ~rease cups. In the case of rapid-fire guns explain how to

eo~~st firing mechanism, percussion, and electric (if so, .. IPPed).

~) P?wders, projectiles, primers, fuses.

~llllnation: Name the kind of powder used in the pieces



[A. M. 4.]

2

of battery to which organization is assigned; give the weightof service charges and corresponding muzzle velocities

these pieces; also the lowest and highest muzzle velocities

the steel and cast-iron mortar, if assigned to a mortar batted

Name the projectiles used ill the pieces and give their weights

Tell how to distinguish from the painting of projectiles

its kind, armor-piercing quality, and nature of

charg-e. Point out the cap, the ogive, the bourre]et, the

the base, the rotating band, the fuse hole of a projectile.

Name each kind of fuse used in the battery (ring reHistanc

centrifugal, combination, detonating, see Ordnance Depart

ment pamphlet No. 1727); tell how it is inserted to make

tight joint. Name the different kinds of primers llsed in

ba ttery- friction, electric, combina tion (electric-

percussion, igniting. Reload a drill primer. (Ordnance De-

partment pamphlet No. 1881.) .(d) Cordage.

How is the size of rope denoted? How do you serve a rope

Make a square knot; a bowline; rolling hitch; blackwall hitc1

round turn and two half hitches; clove hitch. What is a

or sling and what is its use? Make a shear lashing. Mouse 9,'hook and explain for what purpose used. .

Point out the shell, sheave, pin, strap of a block, and de',

scribe the different kinds (single, double, treble, snatch,

tail blocks). Point out the running pa!t; the standing pa,rtthe fall of a tackle. .

Rig the following: Whip, gun tackle, luff, single burton.

Gins. Name the different parts of a garrison gin.

briefly how it is assembled and raised (the drill is hot required}' .

How can the upper block be placed in position after the gJ~lhas been raised? r

Shears. What do shears consist of, how are they rigg~jl

and raised, and what are they used for? How and when iSl

the tackle made fast? How are shears held in position a,ftet

being raised? 9

Hydraulic jacks. For what is the hydraulic jack use~

. What liquids are used in the jack? How is it :filled a,Jlemptied? How is the jack cared for when not in use? ShO?

how to use a jack in raising a heavy weight; in lowering 9

heavy weight; use of a claw in connection with the jack. 0

(e) U. S. magazine rifle. Nomenclature of the piece, kill

use

burstiJl

bod

tb

friction),

strll

a,Jl

EXPllli



[A.-M.4.]

3

~nd.weight of powder used, description and weight of pro-fi ctI~e,muzzle -velocity. Setting of sight for range and de-ectIon.


f (~) Azimuth instrument (pattern i~ use by the company

Co~Instruction). definition of angles. horizontal angles, verti-

t~ .~ngle, angle measured by this instrument. Graduation of4! e Instrument. Leveling and orientation of the instrument;.&.ocu'p . SIng the telescope. Set up the instrument over a given

aOInt and orient it from sufficient data; direct the telescope

auccessivelyon a series of points and read their azimuths withCCuracy.

i~) The. plotting room ,(for guns). . .

a Plottmg board. Pomt out the followmg: Pnmary andt:condary stations, directing gun, displacement, gun arm,

ti avel scale, azimuth correction scale, tally dials, range correc-on ScaleL .

tell aY~ff.a distance of so many yards on the board; conversely

b the dIstance in yards between two given points on theoard. .

The a .

at t" Zllnuth and range of a fixed target (from the pnmaryb a IOn) being given, locate the corresponding point on the

o~~~d.a~d give its azimuth and range, from the directing gun

T~rectIng point.

0nd e azimuth of a fixed target from the primary and sec-

On ary stations being given, locate the corresponding point

direth~board and determine its range and azimuth from the

ctIng gun or point.

f02. Range board. Show how to make the range corrections

th: atmosphere, wind, tide, muzzle velocity, travel, and how

~srange correction is applied to the range correction scale.

ti . Deflection board. Show how to make deflection correc-

coonfor Wind, drift, and travel. Show how to make azimuth

correction in Case III for wind, drift, travel, and how this

;ection is applied to azimuth correction scale.Ill? hat data are sent to the guns in Case I, Case II, and Case

;he plotting room (for mortars).

Sa • Plotting board. Point out the following: Primary andcOndar t t' d" . .y s a IOns, uectmg pomt, gun arm, gun-arm aZl-

'

'



[A. M. 4.]

4

muth circle, displacement, powder zones, elevations, times 0

flight. ."

Layoff a distance of so many yards on the board; conversely

tell the distance between two given points on the boaru.

The range and azimuth of a fixed;point (from primary sta'

tion) being given, locate the corresponding point on the board.

Tell the zone, elevation for firing at this point, and its

from the directing point. The azimuth of a fixed target fro1Jl

.,

the primary and secondary stations being given, locate the

corresponding poin t on the board and determine its' range and

azimuth from the directing point.. .

2. Show how a target is trackeu, how to get travel, how tbe

time of flight is used, how to get predicted point, how to get

set-forward point. What is the predicted point useu for?,

What is the set-forward point used for? What data are sent

to the pit and what to the B. C. station? Show how rangecorrections are made. ,

3. Drift device (or deflection board if issued).. Show ho"'"

to make arbitrary and drift corrections.

(c) Aiming and laying guns or mortars. .

1. For rapid-fire guns. Set and read the sight for given ele'

vations and deflections; aim the gun at some object; show ho"'"televating and traversing handwheels are used; explain the ufleot the deflection scale for firing right and firing left. Whatis Case I?

2. For mortars. Use of the gunner's quadrant, setting and

reading the instrument, where and how placed when used

with mortars. With the data received from the plotting roo1Jllay the piece. What is Case III?

3. For heavy guns.* Name the principal parts of the tele'scopic sight (one used for instruction purposes); show how it

is used. Its reading for elevation and deflection, least count

of its scales. Place it on the Hagood tripod mount, level itiset it for given elevation and deflection.

4. Use of difference chart. An example like the following

will be given: Range 4,500yards, azimuth 210. Put down tbe

corrected range and azimuth. .Examination in the foregoing sUbject (c) to be confined to

--------------------------• Heavy guns refer to 8-lnch. lO-!nch,and 12-lnchrifles nnd other gullS

which are provided with a system of vertical and horizontal positlOllfinders.

"

azimutb-



[A. )f. 4.]

5

the authorized systems in use by the company during the year,and to the complete equipment of the battery to which theCOmpanyis assigned ..

t (d) Elementary gunnery. Axis of the bore; line of depar-

~re; line of sight; drift; muzzle velocity; quadrant elevation;

SIght elevation; angle of fall; jump; trajectory; time of flight.

b (e) General features of war ships. General features of

gattle ships (broad beam compared to length, low freeboard.

general rnassive appearance, large turrets fore and aft, heavyUns h.A' eavy armor, generally moderate speed).

1> rrnored cruisers. (High freeboard, narrow beam, cqm-gared to length, medium armor, medium turrets, mediumuns, high speed.) .

111;otected cruisers. (Fine lines, moderate size, no armor,

; lUrn guns, usually with shields, protective deck.)

Ii horpedo-boat destroyers. (High bow, generally gre~t speed,\, t guns, no armor.)

'l'orpedo boats. (Small size, high speed, no armor.)

e h~ following head will take the place of subject (b) in the

t~aml11ation of candidates for first-class gunners of. organiza-IOnsa . .

b SSlgnedexclusively to rapid-fire guns: .

at£ ) SUbcaliber firing. The 15-pounder gun and. subcaliber

hI achment will he used. The target will be Target X, minia-

par~ target, page 25, Small-Arms Firing Regulations, 1906,

er:b~d Ona screen of sufficient size to c~tch all the shots, pref-

05 f Ythe screen used for small-arms Target A; range about

at t;et where six minutes on the scale is equal. to two inches

PI'- target; method of scoring as prescribed for small-arms

actIce.Du .get rIng ~he test. one memher of the board will be at the tar-

'l'~nd wl~l ~ersonally superintend the marki~g. .

eJe e prelImmary shots will be fired under dIrectIOn of the

sa~mining board until three hits have been obtained with the

th e elevation and deflection. The center of impact of these

aJeree

shots will be referred to the horizontal and vertical

ca:s/hrough the hull's-eye of the target and its coordinates

J:nie.ully measured. This center of impact will not be on the

thenlature target and may he changed by the board as often as

J:ney deem necessary during the examination. These measure-

th nts, with the elevation and deflection used. will be given to. e candidate, who will be required to make corrections cor-

~



THOMAS H. nARRY,

Brigadier General, Acting Chief of Staff.

[A. M. 4.]

6

responding to the distance of the center of impact from the

bull's-eye. Each candidate will fire five shots, the piece being

thrown off the target bet ween shots. Each shot will be marked

as fired, the candidate making such changes in elevation and

deflection as he may deem necessary before firing the nej:t

shot. The ratio of the candidate's score to the maximuIIl

score possible will determine the credit, the maximum creditbeing 15.

After this test the candidate will fire at the fixed subcalibertarget anchored at about IJOO yards, without knowing the ej:"

act distance, five rounds under service conditions in one min"

ute and thirty seconds. Three sighting shots will be allowed

each candidate preceding the latter test. Each hit on the

material target counts 4.

[1182\JOO, M. s. 0.]

ny ORDER OF THE SECRETA.RY OF WA.R:

OFFICIAL:

HENRY P. McCAIN,

~Military Secretary.



[A. M. 5.]

ARTILLERY I WAR DEPARTMENT,MIl:~ !

.ORANDUMNo.5. f WASHINGTON,November 21, 1906.

GThe fono~ing Syllabus of Examination for Candidates for

1ubn~lersin Torpedo Companies and Torpello Detachments,

)ll hsh d . St . e IIIGeneral Orders, No. 155, \Var Department, ep-

ael11ber13, 190G, is republished for the information and guid-nee f

o the coast artillery:

SYI,TJAnUs OF EXUIINATION FOR CANDIDATES FOR GUNNERS

IN 1'0 RPEDO COMPANIES AND 1'ORPEDO DETACIOIENTS.

e)(Th~ folloWing syllabus gives the outline of the scope of the

an~nl1nation of candidates for gunner in torpedo companies

:ret. tor~edo detachments. It is not intended that the theo-

ind~calInstruction in any subject shall be limited to what is

ff lcated in this syllabus, but the examination of candidates

'1' Runners will be closely confined thereto.

SECOND-CLASSUNNERS.

kiia) Alnmunition, nomenclature, and service of guns as-

Dn;:~to the company of which the candidate is a m~mber.\Vh' hes of the cannoneer and nomenclature of the pIece to

co~ch ass~gne(~. (Note: .If not assigned to a. piece, or if th.e

dat pa~y IS aSSIgned to pIeces of different calIbers, the candI-

by ~h\Vlnbe examined upon the piece 'of the caliber selected

D e Company commander.)

fo ()Scribethe ammunition and name all the projectiles used:r the .(b pIece upon which examined.

ele.) .Material of and duties in the loading room (except:n cal principles involved).

go1' ~a.t ~pparatus is used in making a Turk's head? A tele-

. !la~is1JOlnt~ A joint to be used under water? Name all the

!lOt of an assembled mine. Name all the parts of a com-

lllu1nd

plug and explain how to load one. What is a cut-out

alllg? Explain how to prepare a cut-out plug and box. Whattni Jaratus is used in preparing a compound plug? How are

\Vl~~s numbered? How are mooring ropes prepared, ~nd

l'Oll are the rules for lengths of mine cables and of moonngt,es?

(c) Material for and duties on the water.



[A. ltL 5.]

2

What apparatus is taken out in the grand junction bO

boat? How and in what way are the cores of cable numbereJr

How is a mine together with its attachments arranged

boat for planting? Name the apparatus on the boat used

planting and raising mines. What are the duties in the tripl

junction box boat in planting and in raising mines, and

precaution is taken so that cables may be distinguished whe0

box is raised? Explain how soundings for a triple groupmade.

(d) Cordage. . .

Name the important knots used in mine work and explaill

how to make four of them. The mooring rope of a hea'V1:weight can not pass over the winch, but lifting must bewith the fall; explain the method of.proceeding. .


(a) Care and preservation of mine material.

Name the supplies necessary for cleaning mine material.,

Name those used in preserving it, stating for what each ie,

used, and how certain ones (to be selected by the examiner)are applied.

(b) Handling high explosives.

What high explosives are used in mines? What are tIle

important precautions to be taken in loading mines? HoW ie

frozen dynamite thawed? vVhere is the main supply of explo-

sive kept, and how much is taken out at one time to the 13$'

plosive house near the loading room? .

(c) Knowledge and use of azimuth instruments and plottiP~board.

Names of important parts. Set up the instrument witbgiven data. Read angles from instrument. Act as observer.Act as reader.

Describe a plotting board. Explain the method of comput'

ing the time from any plotted point toamine. Act as plotter.

(d) Batteries, generators, and searchlights assigned to tbe

company of which the candidate is a member.

. Name the batteries used in mine work. Describe the ca.Sll'

mate battery. What precautions are necessary in keeping'i:

in order? What is used as the signal battery in mine wor~'

Describe a searchlight. Describe parts of generators and iJJJ'portant points to be observed in caring for them.

on.

i1I

whll

a~

dop



[A. l\I. 5.J

3

OF'F'IClA.L:

lIENRY P. McCAIN,Military Secretary.

(e) Apparatus and operation of casemate switchboard, andcare dan use of telephone.

11NalUe the apparatus of the switchboard. Explain how tore a .t lUine by judgment, and how to start the motor gener.

Or. Explain how to test mines and cable ends. How are

~at telephones operated? Name the parts of fire-control tele-

ll.lones used in mine-commander stations, and give the prin-

cIpal points to be observed in operating them.[1]82000, M. S. 0.]


THOMAS H. BARRY,

Brigadier General, Acting Chief of Staff.

~



[A. M. 1.]

ARTILLEH.Y} \VAR DEP AB.TMENT,th~

MORAN DUM No. 1. WASHINGTON, May 13, 1907.

d 1." To facilitate a compliance with pa~agraph 4, General Or-

o:~S,No.109, War Department, June 30,1904, artillery district

Co .llance officers, except ordnance officers of artillery districts8c~~aining only one post, will hereafter, in addition to the pre-

Oded reports and returns, keep a Record of Ordnance and

frrllance Stores at Posts" on blanks (Form No. 21) issued

, ~nl the office of the Chief of Ordnance.

he""The lUethod of keeping the record mentioned above willas follows:

di (:~ One sheet will be used for each article carried on thenl~ net ordnance return and the name of the article, with

en:nber of the page of the return on which it appears, will be .

(~red on the sheets in the spaces provided.

a]~ )bThe names of the posts or subposts in the district will

a e enter d' th k d "F t) e 1ll e spaces mar e or .

entC To COmmence the record the "Total in Dist." will be

On~:edon the first line of each sheet f~om the line" Remainingcap nd to be accounted for on next return" of the retained

tra Y of the last District Ordnance Return and subsequent

't>.. nSactions affectinO' "Total in Dist entered and ., Total inU1st t I:> •

col' 0 date determined. Each post will be charged in the"

theUl1ln

he~ded "Bal." (Balance), and opposite that date with

"'l' {ua~tIty or number of articles actually ou hand, the

eh~~al In. Dist." being equal to the sum of the numbers""tll'ed'«(1 In the balance columns for all the posts. .

0) SUbsequent transactions will be entered as follows:

\\'ilt~e I .. Property received on regular in~oice.-The invoices

hlack gIVen a voucher number and this number entered in

'I lnk on both copies of the invoice and iu the column

8ep~' Vou." on the record. The voucher numbers will be in

'l'h~r~te series for each accounting period (each six mouths) ..Oftl ~te of receipt of the property as entered on both copies

On t~ lnYoices and receipts must appear in the proper column

lllal'ke record sheet. Opposite the date and in the column

been ed" pr." for the post or posts at which the property has

arti lrecelved will be eutered the number or quantity of the

c es received, and the new number or quantity on hand at

"

"

" "

~ ~

"



'

[A. M. 1.]

2

the post entered in -the" Bal." column. Entries will be mad

in the same manner for each article on the invoice. In

none of the articles invoiced are on hand in the district

articles will be classified, a new sheet or sheets of the

made out and inserted in the file under the proper class and

alphabetical order in that class.

Case II. ]Jroperty received on 'rnemol'a'lulu1n invoieeoutside the district.-The procedure in this case will he si!ni

lar to that in the preceding case except that the entire entry

,,,ill be made in red ink and the alJbreviation "Memo." writ'

ten in the column "No. Vou." awl no number given tOI

the invoice. The figures entered in black on the line

will be carried down and the red ink figures entered ahove th

IJlack figures. In case the line above, for the post inbas black fignres with red above, the proper addition of the

red figures will be made before entering on the new line.

Case III. P1'ol)Crty transferred on mernorand,un invoice of,

1'l'Ceiptfrom one post to another in the .<;on/,Cisti'ict.-All ell',

tries on record will be in black ink. The'

•.Memo." or .. :Memo.R." will be entered in the No. VOll."

column opposite the date of the transaction. The pos~con~~ernedwill be ?harged and credited in the columns" Dr.',and .• Cr." respectIvely and the balance on hand carried do"'o

in each case. The total in district will not change but the

.. total will be carried down to the same line on which theappears. .

Case IV. Property tmnsferred out of the district on r('a]/l~f J

invoices.-All entries except voucher number will he made 10

black ink. Voucher numbers will be entered in red iIll',

The receipts will be given a voucher number as in CaHeI, tbe

date of transfer (date of invoice) will be entered in the propet

column and the post concerned credited with the article ot

articles transferred, a new balanee struck, and a Ilew total ill

district carried down to the same line as date of tranHactioll'

Case V. Propertyexpended.-All entries will be made il l

black ink.' The abbreviation "Exp." will be entered il;

"No. Vou." column, the date in proper column, the po~,

concerned credited with the amount expended, in tho" Cr.I

column, a new balance for the post entered, and the new totll

in the district carriell down to the date line.

All other cases.-All other cases, as property droppod vet

ca~

th

recor

il

/1'01

aboV

questioll

abbreviatio1l

dllte

"



[A. l\I. 1.]

3

report of . ffi' d . . td surveyIng 0 cer, Inventory an InSpectIOn repor ,

t ropped or taken up on certificate, etc., will be similarly en-

.ered. Any transaction involving a change of property ac-COuntab'l't . dill yon the District Ordnance Return wIll be entere

t black ink. Temporary changes to or from outside the dis-

net Which do not involve a change of property accountability

:~taper will be entered in red ink above the black figures andnI.Ibe disregarded in making out the semiannual return. In

nllS Way the last entries in black ink on the" Record" before

ole end of the accounting period will agree with the entries

;~he semiannual ordnance return.

a henever a semiannual return is rendered or a change of

aCCOuntableofficers is made, a double red ink line will be ruled

hcross the record just below the line 8howing the last total onand in the district.

tl The colored sheets with index tabs will be inserted between

W~classes and all sheets bound together in a loose leaf binder.

1) t:11 a sheet is filled, it will be taken out of the binder and

Ull In a dead file for future reference and a new sheet with

bi1e}ast eutry brought forward, 'inserted in its place in thenl..l.er.

[lIrlll'5>l, l\L S. 0.)

Ill' ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR:

WILLIAM P. DUVALL,

OFFICIAL: Brigadier General, .Acting Chief of Staff. •

HENRY P. McCAIN,

Ad,futant General.

'



[AUTY. ~IE)IO. No.2.]

AftTILLERY I 'WAR DEPARTMENT,hIe"Me

'. )l{ANDUl\I No.2. \VA.SHlXGTON, August 7, 1907.

".. gUn pointer of a gun mounted on a disappearing carriage

s \ not be permitted to follow the target continuously during

hU)~aliber practice. The conditions of service practice will

t1~SImUlated as nearly as possible. A gun pointer will cease

r aVersing his piece as soon as each shot is fired and will beeqUired t .in . 0 watch the breech until the cartrIdge has been

opSerted and No. 1 has started to close the breech, as this

h eration marks the time when in service practice the truck

1.:8been withdrawn from the breech and traversing may be

ge:umed. The gun pointer will then resume traversing and

n}. on the target as soon as practicable, to the end that he

cl.tybe ready to fire at the expiration of the time required to

II ~'l~ the breech plus the tripping interval. The commandrIp" w'll b' . . . h th

Co 1 e glVen as 1ll servlCe practIce, w en e gun

'Wi~1l1ander,or some other capable man especially detailed,

the start a stop watch. At the end of the tripping interval

1'>0' command" Ready" will be given, before which the gun

firInter will not be permitted to fire, and after which he must

e[as Soon as his piece is properly laid.12li70!l2,A. G. 0.]

Boy OnDER OF THE ACTING SECRETARY OF W A.R:

\VILLIAM P. DUVALL,

OF'" Brigadier General, Acting Chief of Staff ..,ICI.AL:

HENRY P. McCAIN,

Adjutant General.

f'



[A. M. 1.]

ARTILLERY.) WAR DEPARTMENT,~b~M !

OR.A.NDUMo. 1. f WASHINGTON,Zl1arch 81, 1908.

1'1The following instructions relative to the testing of subma-ne m'

Ine cable are published:

SUBMARINE :MINE CABLE. TESTING.

b The Provisional Manual for Submarine Mining, 1906, should

a: carefully read before testing cable. The following notes

l'i e sUpplemental thereto. They are based on practical expe-

l'aence

, and while the details may be varied, it is particularly

tl cOlllmended that beginners confine themselves strictly to1e oPe t. 'd dIf th' .ra Ions stated, following the exact order lal own.

ISIS carefully done no trouble should be encountered.

. . I.-PREPARING CABLEFOR TESTING.

la~. Personally examine each conductor end. Look particu-

If Y for torn, pinched, or unusually hard or brittle insulation.

ca~ny of the ends are not in perfect condition, cut off enough

tha e to secure good ends, (CAUTION.-Do not cut off more

it :: enOugh tp secure good ends, for after three or four tests

of t~Y .be necessary to unreel th(3whole cable to secure enough2 e In.ner end above water.)

end VerIfy tagging. Remember that the "shore end" is the

oth from outer coils on reel and is numbered clockwise. The

3ar end is numbered counter clockwise.

of b The "ground" should be made by taking several turns

Soldar~ copper wire around the armor of cable to be tested and

sum e~'lngthem in position. One such ground in each tank is'spo~clent. Whenever" ground" or "earth" is subsequently

tio en of, this ground in the tank is meant, and not a connec-

4nto grOund at some point outside the tank.

sho' ;he leads PX and BY (see figure, page 71, of Manual)

Inu d be of loading or other heavily insulated wire. They

alldsbe carefully insulated from each other, from ground,

knobf~OlUthe walls or other parts of buildings. Porcelainthr Insulators and porcelain tubes (the latter for going

lenO~h walls or partitions) are ordinarily sufficient. The

disf of the leads is immaterial. If loading wire is used, the

as t~~ce ?etween supports should be short (not over 50 feet),

. ISWIre stretches consid'.'lrably from its own weight, pull-

'

~



[A. l\I. 1.]

2

ing out the insulation and giving a very thin wall, particularlY

at points of support. Extreme care should be taken to tighteJl

up on the knob insulators just enough to hold the wire with'out pinching the insulation.

5. Using a double connector, join lead BY to the ground

wire on cable above surface of water. Puta connector on end

of other lead so that it can be readily attached in turn to eacbconductor.

6. With a clean dry knife, prepare each conductor of cable

to be tested by cutting the insulation away, in COIleshape, for

one-half inch from each end. In damp weather dip each con'

ductor at one end of cable into melted paraffin. Secure thiS

end so that it is well separated from surrounding objects and

separate the conductors so that no ends are touching.

7. Take one strand of a loading wire about four feet long

and wrap it two or three times around the projecting copper

end of each conductor at other end of cable, then connect it

to ear~h. See that conductors at this end are dry, Lea"e

lead PX disconnected and suspended in the air.

H.-SETTING UP TESTING APPARATUS.

1. Select a light dry room as near the cable tank as practi'

cable.2. Use dry cells for battery, Voltage of battery should be

such as to give a full scale deflection of gal vanometer througb

resistance employed for taking constant (with shunt at rJrfiJ)'

Large galvanometer throws are essential" for reliable results'

3. Set up cells on shelves in a small closed closet or bot,

with narrow strips of wood or heavy carqboard laid betweetl

each row of cells, lengthwise and crosswise. The height oteach strip should be about half the height of a cell, so that the,

two layers of strips will come nearly to the tops of the cells,

and keep them well separated. Wire cells up in series and

bring terminals out to a double pole single throw switcb,

which should be on a heavy porcelain or slate base and rated

for at least 250 volts. Install two 16-candlepower lamps otl

the local lighting circuit in battery closet. These when lightedwill keep battery dry, They should be kept burning contintl

ously during' tests and frequently at other times. A batterY

once properly installed should last for years.

4. Set up galvanometer on a pier or OIl a window sill if the

building is of masonry. Place a table or low shelf conveJl'

'



[A. M. 1.]

3

~elltly to on6 side and place shunt, testing keY'1tT)

megohmox, and voltmeter on it. Cut holes under each instrumentand'Ii h Insta~l an incandescent lamp under each. These when

bg. ted 'WIllkeep everything dry. The galvanometer should

8~11nsulatedby placing its feet on a slate slab, or in glass in-

(T~tors. Fasten shunt and key securely to table or shelf.

toe Use of paraffin paper for insulating instruments is a

t ~eshift at best. It soon gets soiled and creased, then it hasa e replaced.) .

1 5. Wire up as described in :l\Ianual, page 71, except that

;ads from testing key should be carried to battery through the

a~Ublepole single throw switch above referred to (see section 3

b o\'e). All leads used in connecting up instruments should

8~ of heavy copper, and stiff enough to permanently hold any

p ~pe to which they are bent. They should be supported at,~~~~~sof connection only, and should not lie on the table or

In an inch of each other.

II I.-TESTING INSULATION OF APPARATUS AND DETERMINING

CONSTANT.

te It "Voltmeter test of battery insulation.-This is a rough

tos , but should be included. A serious ground can be muchn are qUickly located with a voltmeter than with the galva-Ollleter.

lelt~) Disconnect battery leads at battery switch; connect +Iry of battery to + post of voltmeter; connect B end of lead

the :? - post of voltmeter; lead of battery should be in

. (b 11'. Close voltmeter switch and read.

) Disconnect voltmeter. Connect lead of battery tol;Ol~ostof voltmeter. Connect B end of lead BY to + post of

tn tll1eter. + lead of battery should be in the air. Close volt-eel's 't h. I 'WIC and read.

hs f any deflection is obtained in either case, the battery or

(8 Connections are grounded. Locate and remove ground.

;.e Foster or some other practical ~andbook.)

tec Connect voltmeter across battery terminals. Read andelidaI'dvoltage. Connect battery leads to battery switch; B

abl of ~eadBY into post B. (If there is no voltmeter avail-

of whIch will read as high as the battery voltage, take voltage

the att?ry in sections and add, or make a multiplier of one of

resIstance coils in your itr megohm box. Example: Sup-

-

~

-

~



[A. :M. 1.J

4

pose the voltmeter has a scale of 150 and it is desired to

about 250 volts. Place the voltmeter across enough cells togive nearly a full scale deflection-say 145volts. Place 10,000

1ohm coil of -l1J megohm box in series with voltmeter terminals

at same points as before and note deflection-say 95 volts.

The multiplier then is 111V-=1.526. That is, with 10,0000h:rnS

in series with voltmeter, the value of one division is 1.526

volts instead of one volt, and the combination will indicate as

high as 150X1.526=228.9 volts. If this is not. enough, trY20,000ohm coil in series and get multiplier.)

3. With a camel's hair brush go over all instruments and

carefully remove dust. See that incandescent lamps are burn-

ing and that instruments and connections are dry.

4. Take galvanometer constant as follows: Open batterY

switch. (Battery switch should be opened whenever anY

connections are made or alteredo)

\Vith a short piece of wire connect hinge post of testing key

marked" cable" to either" earth" post of key, leads to cable

tank being disconnected "at E, B, and P. Put shunt bar at O.

Examine 1'IJ megohm box and see that all resistance coils are

in circuit. Close battery switch and testing key. "Turn shunt

bar to ro'lJ7f post. Watch swing of galvanometer and when it

has come to rest read and record. Turn shunt bar to O. Gal-

vanometer should return exactly to O. If it does not, readjustand repeat until it does. The galvanometer constant is Ill!-

merically equal to the total throw in smallest divisions of thescale multiplied by 100.

(Galvanometer scales are usually graduated in equal divi-

sions corresponding to one millimeter on the circumference

of a circle whose radius is one meter. Each tenth division is

usually marked with a number. This number is sometimes 1

instead of 10, 2 instead of 20, and so on. The number of

divisions to read and record is the number of smallest (milli-

meter) divisions. Do not try to read closer than t of onedivision. The larger tbe throw the less the personal error.

No very accurate conclusion can be drawn from a very swall

throw.)

• (In adjusting a galvanometer, first se.t it up approximatelY

level. Remove cover. 1tfaneuYf~rsuspension so that face of

coil is parallel with face of instrument, and that the air gll.P

between coil and armature is symmetrical. Then adjust le~el

read



[A. M. 1.]

5

~o~hat upper suspension hangs in the center of supporting

;:. e. Replace cover. Put on scale and telescope. Turn

e lrro1' so that it reflects the 0 of scale approximately, getting

i:~ct adjustment by moving scale. Be careful (particularly

'Wh'ry Weather) not to touch glass of cover or to do anything

51Ch

Wi~lproduce a static charge on glass.)

n . Testl,ng battery and connections for grounds with galva-

ll~~e~er.-Open battery switch. Remove short circuiting wire

'By In section 4 above from testing key. Connect earth lead

ab to key at "cable" post (Y is grounded. See par. I, section 5

ba~;e). Both battery leads are left connected to key. Close

'11 el'y sWitch. Close testin!!' kev to right (Fig. 13, page 71,.(~anu 1) *

"a a. Turn on shunt gradually to unity post. GaI-

n n01l1eter deflection should be zero. "Turn shunt to zero.

al~"erse testing key. Turn shunt to unity post. Deflection

inO~ldhe zero. If any deflection is obtained there is a ground

llnt'~ttery or connections. Test of cable should not proceed

r 1 no deflection is obtained in either position of key.

on reporting vol tage + to earth. and to earth as "zero"

gal or1l1,it will be understood that this means zero using the

6vano1l1eter, as herein described.

SW't tlsulation of leads.-Turn shunt to zero. Open battery

PO;t~' Connect earth leads BY and EY to their proper

the . Connect cable lead, PX, to "cable" post. See that

\" cable tank ends of both leads are disconnected at X and

k~yand suspended in the air. Close battery switch. Close

El1.l:l.' ~nd turn shunt bar to unity post. peflections should be as

!Ol'Q, as Possible and in any case must be steady and uniform

di~ ;everal trials. Turn shunt to O. Reverse key, stopping at

g~IC tQl'gel)osition. Turn shunt to unity post and wait until

'ru;ano1l1eter rests at 0, indicating that leads are discharged.

llnitnShunt to O. Close key all the way down. Turn shunt to

not Post. Deflection should not differ materially from that.

alldeI abOve. If it does and the battery is free from grounds,

tost' ea~s were thoroughly discharged, the trouble is in the

fUllIng Ins~rumen ts or their connections. Go over these, care-

the Y e:x:a.IUlningor dust and moisture and noting particularly

lie nPrO

:X:llhityf all wkes of opposite potential which cross orear each other.

I. If . .qUe t ~n any of the foregoing operations, or at any subse-

n tI1l1eduring test, the galvanometer adjustment is dis-

{ ~

~ -

~

~



[A. M. 1.]

6

tnrbed, that is, if it does not return accurately to zero whell

shunt bar is at 0, the constant should be redetermined. Using

proper care, there are very few days when perfect insulatioP ,

of instruments can not be secured. The lead leakage with well

insulated wire properly put up will rarely be noticeable. The

principal source of trouble from moisture is at, the cable tank.

There are weather conditions of frequent occurrence on the

coast where it is impossible to keep cable ends and connector

joints dry. Sometimes dipping brass connector joint ill

melted paraffin each time will insulate this joint sufficientlY,

Artificial heating is of no use in a cable tank. .

, IV.-TESTING THE CABLE.

1. See that testing key is open and shunt at zero. Connect

earth lead to ground on cable armor and connect cable lead toNo.1 conductor. (In using paraffin to insulate joints or ends,

bring it just above melting point. It should not be boiling'.

The paraffin coating should be at least as thick as the rubber

insulation and ex'tend back over the rubber for an inch ormore.). ,

2.' Close testing, key to left (+ to earth), stopping at d'is'

charge position and turn shunt bar to unity post. Thereshould be no deflection. If there is, it is due either to a charge

on cable which will disappear after a moment, or to eartb

currents. (It is assumed that testing apparatus has beeJl

thoroughly tested for insulation). ,If due to earth currents thO

conductor is probably a poor one. Earth currents are readil1

recognizable by their fluctuating character. Before assumipg

that trouble can not be remoyed, the joints between leads andconductors should again be examined. Moisture on cable end

will give a path for earth currents. No'te value and directioJl

of throw of galvanometer and record.

3. Turn shunt to zero. Close testing key all the way do~Jl

"(+ to earth), starting stop watch at same time. (CAUTION.......

Before starting the test, the error of stop watch must be de'

termined and removed or allowed for in subsequent oper~'tions. The insulation resistance at end of one minute's e1eO'

trification is the resistance to be reported. ,An error in reading'"

exceeding one second of time, is not in general permissible.)

4. When 35 seconds have elapsed, turn shunt to nl0"11 post

and watch galvanometer throw; if small, move shunt bar suo'



[A. l\f. 1.]

"e

at~Slvely to Th post, to T1spost, and to unitr post. This oper-, Ion lU

titn ust be completed before 45 seconds have elapsed fromal e key 'Was closed. With good cable the unity post will

off.ways

be reached, without danger of throwing galvanometer

ten ~?ale. Remember that each successive post should give

I) lInes the throw of the preceding post. .

leak .At the end" of one minute read deflection, correct for

foll ag~ of leads and earth currents, and record. (See example

OWIng.)l'e6. .At the end of two minutes read deflection, correct and

5 ~~rd it. It should be less than deflection observed in section7 Ovefor good cable.

Ilos:t:urn shunt to 0, and reverse key, ~topping at discharge

and 10~. Turn on shunt gradually until unity post is reached

Condwaltuntil galvanometer reaches Oof scale, indicating that

not ;ctor is discharged. If earth currents are present, 0 willfore ; rea?hed or will be passed. In this case proceed as ~e-

1011 ~SCl'1bed. A submarine mine cable conductor a mIle

8g ;111 discharge in about 3 minutes, ordinarily.

tilh' Urn shunt to O. Stop and start stop watch, at same"'Ie cl9. .AOSlngkey all the way down, of battery to earth.. .

8econd~~er35 seconds start turning in shunt, ceasing at 45

10It 81 .Atend of one minute read deflection, correct and record.

in se~~ld be substantially the same as the deflection observed

11 ~on 5 above for good cable.

IlosI't', Urn shunt to 0, and reverse key, stopping at dischargeIon

12 ]):~o. 2 ISconnect No.1 conductor from'lead and connect up

fol'~' Connect No.1 to ground. It is not ~cessary to wait13 1 to be completely discharged before disconnecting it.

fOr epeat operations (par. IV, sections 1 to 12 inclusive)

11 2, ~nd so on.

ltllllt' 1h~ Insulation resistance of any conductor is found by

earth; Ylng ~hecorrected deflection at end of one minute (+to

ingth by the denominator of the shunt used, and then divid-

Ofth e ~alvanometer constant by this product. The resistanceance l()" lUegohm box is neglected unless the insulation resist-

100.0o;terlUined is very low, say under one megohm, when the

15 'rOhlUsshould be subtracted from the above quotient.

, 0 determine the insulation resistance per mile at 60°

'

' -

"

~ ~

~

~



[A. M. 1.]

8

F. multiply the actual insulation resistance found by the lengt

of cable in miles, and this result by the multiplier furnisheby the torpedo depot for the particular make of cable, corret

ponding to the temperature of the water in tank

during test.

EXAMPLE:Leakage of leads found to be t division.Earth currents found to give 1t divisions in

negative direction from 0 of scale..

Galvanometer throw end of one minute+~earth, 15 divisions. .

The corrected deflection is, 15:""t+1t=16

sions.

Galvanometer constant (450 divisions through T\r

shunt at rollr~)' 45,000 megohms. That is, the battery

. give 11ll"of 450 divisions=45 through 1 megohm, shunt at yJril

or, what is the same thing, one division through 45shunt at rolll"~; therefore with shunt at unity the battery

give one division through 45X1000=45,OOOmegohms.' Insulll

. . 4,1'5.0002813 hIe'tlOn resIstance =w-=, mego ms. f the cable is thre

fourths mile long the insulation resistance in megohms per wileis 2,813X!=2,110 megohms.

:Manufacturer, Safety Insulated Wire & Cable Company.Temperature of water in tank 80° F.

l\Iultiplier 1.7056; 2,110X1.705G=3,599 megohms

resistance per mile at 60° F. This result is recorded on

V.-COPPER RESISTANCE.

1. The drop of potential method is both quicker and wore

accurate than the bridge method under the usualpracticable, and should be used if appara,tus is available.

Apparatus required: ,

(a) Source of power (110 volts D. C. lighting circuit pre!'

erable. Casemate battery or generator may be used).

(b) A double pole single throw switch to which power le~dare attached.

(c) A bank of ten 110 volt lamps in parallel.(d) AD. C. ammeter of not more than 0-25 scale.

(e) AD. C. voltmeter, 0-150 scale. , . S

. Place lamp bank and ammeter in one side of power hIler

from switch to conductor and other end of conductor to otlJe

side of power line. Connect voltmeter across ends of cable SO

'

observe

.

diV

megohJ}

-wi

megohJJls-wi

insulatiOJ

forJ1

conditioJ1



[A. :M. 1.]

9

as to InCo d easure the drop of potential between the ends of the

1'e~.Uctor being tested. Close switch and take simultaneous

pea Ings on voltmeter and ammeter. Volts divided by am-

dur~sgive ohms resistance. With apparatus described a con-

a dCOrone mile long will receive about 2t amperes and show

tho~opof about 50 volts. The lamps are inserted to make sure

cuctcurrent will not be excessive. In no case should the

h,trrent through conductor exceed 6 amperes. If the cable

d~lStlready been tested for insulation resistance and all con-

PI' c ?rs Show high insulation, the lamps are not necessary,oVlded b . .2 ca Ie IS at least a mIle long.

1'es: To reduce copper resistance found to 600 F.-Let R

tll Istance at 600 F. r=resistance measured, and t = tempera-

le:eof 'Water in the tank, in degrees Fahrenheit, and L

gth of cable in miles;

:m Then n. 1 +-.0021~ (t (0) X i:X:.A.l\iPLE: r = 42.4; t = 400 F; L 2 miles.

It:::: -____42.4.. 1 42.4 1• ." 1+ .00215 -(40-= 60T X2 =.957 X -2 22.1;) ohms .

.a.he ob' .sist JectlOns to use of a bridge for measuring copper re-

Nuance are the difficulty of eliminating the resistance of the

1'ec,.gtcontactsand the time required to secure balance. The."IS aoIl! nce of the plug contacts may often be as high as 20

I~S' particularly if used at the tank.

too the bridge is used at all it should be placed in testing

ShOl~ and the same leads employed for testing insulation

det~~d ~e used. The resistance of these leads should first be

and t~lned .by connecting them toget~er at cable tank ends

ber hiS reSIstance subtracted from each resistance measured

ore applying reduction formula.

GENERAL.

de~~ key to success in cable testing is great care in every

1l()~1. The cable now being furnished is all tested with galva-

It h eters having constants from 200,000 to 250,000 megohms.as 11

are th a . b:en accepted after most careful test. The chanceshee at It IS good when it arrives at the post, unless it has

tai n lnechanically injured in transit, which should be ascer-

110~edby careful inspection when delivered at the post. Do

accept a single measurement if it shows low resistance,

= =

= _ =

_ =



J. FRANKLIN BELL,

llIa}or Gene'ral, Chief of Staff.

[A. :M. 1.]

but repeat uutil certaiu of ~:SUlts. and report number

trials and time and result of each. The time betweenon same conductor should be as great as practicable. Fot

example: :Measurements showing low resistance made in tb

morning should be repeated in the afternoon; those made i

the afternoon should be repeated the next day; the conducto

being connected to earth during interval between tests.

[1348363, A. G. 0.]


OFFICIAL:

HENRY P. McCAIN,

Adjutant General.

:

trial



[:\.. M. 2.]

11 ARTILLERY} \YAlt DEPART.MENT,E~ORANDUM No.2. WASHINGTON, No'vembcr 25, 1908.

tio~he following directions for the use of cameras for the observa-

!ish ~f OVersand shorts at coast artillery service pmctice are pub-

l,eE.for the information and guidance of aU concerned:

gUn ,tch Coast artillery district in which service pmctice with

carnsof 6-inch and larger caliber is held will be provided with two

ohse~s,. which will be used at service target practice for the

film atlon of overs and shorts. These cameras and the necessary

artiI~' deve:oping tank, and developing powder will be issued to

cam ery dIstrict ordnance officers without requisition. The

llho;raswill be numbered and a careful record will be kept of the

the ograph of each splash, giving the number of the camera and

Carn llUrnber of the exposure. On removal of the film from thelera tho

sflond' ISrecord will be consulted and each film numbered corre-

2. ~~gly before being developed.

has h e camera requires no focusing or change of diaphragm, and

othe ut two speeds for the shutter, one marked "Dull" and the

dUllrdll1arked "Bright," the one marked" Dull" to be used on a

day. ;r an~ the one marked" Bright" to be used on a bright

are f ~ledirections for loading and manipulating the film packs

lS'<itisrurnlshedwith the material. In developing the film packs

Pliedactory results should be obtained by using the material sup-

a. ;nd f?llowing the directions accompanying the tan k developer.

line l~ USIngthe camera it must be held level, so that the horizon

calne~lll be photographed in the center of the picture. The

ahoUldashOUld be pointed in the direction of the target, but time

Iille b' not be lost in endeavoring to place the target on the verticalISe l'

cOlunr c lng the film. The exponre should be ma~e when the

height of water thrown up by the shot has reached its maximum

ofthe All measurements on the film are made from the center

Rraph arget and the edge of the splash nearest the battery. Photo-

l'eflor~~f the splashes will be forwarded with the te'lrget practice

filmst] In each case, but the measurements are taken from the4 ]; Iernselves, as follows:

\1re;1!,stablish the scale of the camera by placing stakes at meas-

on a pntervals of 50 yards and photographing them from a position

fr0lll t~rpendicular to the line of stakes and at 200 yards distance

(latahl'he center stake. After the 50-yard intervals have been

C~OIf:l ed subdivide these so as to obtain a scale reading 10 yards.

cente/'ll:.-The center line of the film must coincide with the

('alnera~~ke in the photograph taken to establish the scale of the

"

~



fA. M. 2.J

2

When once established, this scale is good for all distances, andis applicable to any length of towline, namely, any other distanCefrom the center stake.

Having established th~ scale of the photograph, draw a fine li~e,

across each developed film perpendicular to the horizon at Its,.middle point.

On a sheet of drawing paper represent 1'1, the intersection of the

horizon and the line drawn on the film. Layoff MO equal to 200yards on the scale of the camera.

On a line through 1'1 perpendicular to 1'10 layoff MT and MSequal, respectively, to the distance of the center of the target and

the distance of the edge of the splash nearest the battery from the

line on the film. This distance is measured on the film parallel

to the horizon line of the picture, or, if the horizon is invisible, 0;a line joining the water lines of the target and splash. Draw Oaand prolong it. Similarly OS. Layoff Ot equal to the length

the towline used. From t draw a line perpendicular to OT intet.

secting OS at D. Measure tD Oil the establiHhed seak. Then tV

will be the range deviation required in General OrJers, No. 106,

War Department, June 2G, 1908, i. e., perpendicular to the trac~of the target.

cThe F!olution of a sample problem is given below.

Distance used in establishing scale of the camera=200 yardR.Measured length of towline=500 yards.

Distance measured by photograph scale from the line drawn on the

film to the edge of the splash nearest the battery=120 yarde(right or over).

Similar distance from same line to center of target=lO yards (left).

I



J. FRANKLIN BELL,

Major General, Chief of Staff.

[A. M. 2.]

3

SOLUTION.

Lequar off MC equal to 200 yards from the scale, and similarly MT

On ~Tto 10 yards and MS equal to 120 yards. Draw CT and CS.

to Ct. prolonged layoff 500 yards, Ct. At t erect a perpendicular

l>hotIntersecting CS prolonged at D. Measure tD by means of the

Perpogra,Ph scale, and the result is the required range deviation,

Yardend1cular to the track of the target; in this case equal to 348s OVer

(1442152 A G.. 0.]

t

C2S0200 /50/00 50 0 SO /00/50200250

1 ! 1",,11,"1 I I 1 1

Scale oT Photograph

lltonDEll. OF THE SECRETARY OF \VAR:

()IIl/ICIAI'

llI~NRY P. McCAIN,

Adjutant General.

'

~



[c.A. ~1. 1.]

SECRETARY OF WAR:

J. FRANKLIN BELL,

Jfajor General, CMef of Staff.",P'ICIAL:

IIENRY P. McCAIN •

.Adjutant General.

(}lJ518-Q9 1

(~OAST ARTILI'ERY} WAR DEPARTMENT

ME~ORANDUM 1. WASHINGTON, February 17, 1909.

l'he fall' I' . hof Owmg regu atlOns and blank forms, relatmg to t e serviceCOast g . d hs Gto 13 ,uns, mortars and mmes, are substitute for paragrap

No ;, Inclusive, and pages 46 to 62, inclusive, of General Orders,

the' 0,6,War Department, June 26, 1908, and are published for

:p gUidance of the Coast Artillery Corps.

corn.°stcommanders will require all Coast Artillery officers of their

tna.t:uallds to study this memorandum and recite on its subject-cetr;r .. They will conduct personally the recitations and willtal'!.l y to The Adjutant General of the Army, before the first annual

tna~~ practice is held, that all Coast Artillery officers of their com-

rand s are proficient in the instructions contained in this memo-urn..

[1468912 Ally- • . G. 0.]

ORDER OF THE

__

' '

~ "



[C.A. M.l.l

INSTRUCTION OF COAST ARTILLERY.

SERVICE OF COAST GUNS AND MORTARS.

1. Coast Artillery instruction ordrill ~hall take place daily except

Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays, and except that during tbe

outdoor period artillery instruction and drill may be omitted 011

inclement days. Except as provided in paragraph 6, the lengtb

of an artillery drill proper shall not exceed one hour. The work ofcaring for Coast Artillery material and keeping batteries and their

environments properly policed shall take place daily, Saturdaya,

Sundays, and holidays excepted, according to such general instrUC-

tions as may be prescribed in each Coast Artillery district by tbecommander thereof.

2. Artillery district commanders shall designate the days for

battle command, fire command, mine command, night, and bllttery drills, provided that the first two months of the outdoor period

shall be devoted exclusively to battery drill and instruction of tbe

battle and fire command personnel.

3. Artillery district commanders and inspectors in making th~ir

prescribed inspections are enjoined to test Coast Artillery troopS III

the service of coast defense material under both normal and eI1let

gency conditions.4. All fire and mine commanders and superior commandipg

officers shall attend all artillery drills and practice, and any of thelJl

present at a post on the occasion of an inspection shall be called 011

by the inspector to conduct personally a battle, fire, or wille

command drill.

5. The post commander is responsible that the care of the arJIlo.;

ment and its efficient use are given precedence over all other pO~1duties. lie will be held responsible that a~l~rtille~y officers and ~eenlisted men who are for duty attend all artl1lery drIlls, except thO

(2)

-

-

I



[C. A.l\I.l.]

3

specified b 1art'll e ow, who may be excused upon the approval of the

I ery d' '.( . lstnct commander: ..a) Officer of the day.

Co (b) Artillery district staff officers, unassigned (except battle

~mand drill), and sergeants major.

(d The guard, not including the old guard.

COI ) Post bakers, company cooks, one assistant cook for eachnpany.(e) 0 .(j) ne man 1ll charge of each barrack.

(g) ~ne m~n in charge of fire apparatus.

(h. he Pollee sergeant.

(i{ ihedriver of the market wagon. .

(j) he man in charge of the quartermaster's stable.

(k) 1ien ?u quartermaster's boat. .

(l) 0 en In charge of wa.ter supply or ice plant.

( ) ne m~il orderly.

fire: :Man In charge of heating apparatus in each barrack, when

(n.)arenecessary. .

(0) ~ne clerk in the adjutant's office, not a sergeant major.

lllent fen excused specifically by authority of the War Depart-

6 ;pon request of artillery district commanders.

llos~ Pon the request of the battery commander concerned, the

<hillcO~mander may authorize the prolongation of the artillery

I!peciP~~lodor a battery beyond one hour for the purpose of giving

C()lll~ Instruction or of perfecting the drill. The artillery district

\\'hen a?der may direct that the period be prolonged for a battery

strUe{'In his opinion, the personnel thereof needs additional in-

7."lon or is not sufficiently smart in executing the drill.

<lUty t the conclusion of the daily artillery drill extra and special

I!aryflUenand fatigue details may be dismissed. Wllere it is neces-

1l08t or the efficient conduct of the work in the staff departments,

eJttra~:manders are authorized to extend the time of labor of

lltill ty men one hour to compensate for the time devoted to8 ery drill.. .

tar~e~U~tableboats being available and weather permitting, a

\\1Jlen S all be towed at battery drill at least one day each week ..

respect ta~get is towed, the same rules shall be observed withl!all1e to Signals during drill as govern during practice, and the

. 9, Scareshall be exercised in applying them.

~eb>UlrlUUch of the service of the piece prescribed in the Drill

. a Ions for Coast Artillery (Provisional) as includes precau-

~



[c. A. :\1. 1.]

tions for safety 'hall be strictly a~hered to at all times; but batt.

commanders may be authorized by the district commander

make changes in the service of the piece, when, due to the peedlarities of the carriage, or of the emplacement, or of the accessori

to the gun and carriage, such changes may lead to increased

plicity or greater rapidity of fire.

10. On account of its importance, special attention shall be give

to night drill, which shall be prescribed for at least one night e~c

week during the outdoor period. All other artillery drills maY'b

omitted on the day on which night drill is held or on the .d~following.

11. The entire artillery personnel, except as provided in pp,l'9'

graphs 5 and 12, shall attend night drill.

12. At battle, fire, and mine command night drill the gun se c

tions, excepting the gun pointers and the traversing details, maY'pIexcused from attendance.

13. Searchlights shall not be thrown on any vessels except th t

provided by the Govemment for artillery purposes. If by

a searchlight beam is thrown on a private vesAel, it must be remove

as soon as the mistake is discovered.

14. Coast Artillery troops shall be exercised for two weekS eJyear under the conditions approximating as closely as possible

those that would obtain in war. These coast-defense exercises sb9

be planned and conducted by artillery district commanderS~'

.dependently in each artillery district. They shall he held

such suitable season as may be select~d by artillery district eo~

manders, except. that when militia organizations are ordered.~

Coast Artillery districts for a period of instruction at the battetl r

the encampment and the exercises prescribed herein for the

forces shall be held in conjunction with those of the militia or~1

zations. During the period of these exercises the companies .J !be encamped in the immedi~te vicinity of the batteries to

they are assigned. The encampments shall be simultaneous for

companies in the same artillery district. The sites for

camps shall be selected in advance and assigned permanentJ1 idcompanies, each of which shall be held responsible at all timeS blthe police and sanitary condition of its camp ground. During t

period of these exercises companies shall mess in camp. '~

15. All Coast Artillery officers on duty with troops in a

shall participate in these exercises and shall live in camp dtJ1l

.the period covered by them ..

'

'

~

~

siti

accidell

du~ll

regtll~

'Wbl

cOJnpjlJ

dist~1l



[c.A.~I.l.]5

\\i~rbDuring the period of coast defense exercises battery drill

\\ithe held at the regular drill hour when this does not conflict

.APrilthe

requirements of General Orders, No. 64, War Department,el28, 1908. All officers and all enlisted men, except those

tn:Used by paragraph 5, shall attend. Extra and special duty

1~maY.be excused from other exercises held during the day.

boat~Art~llery district commanders shall utilize all available

of dunng coast-defense exercises and shall prepare a programme

in ~lmUlated naval attack, which shall include as great a variety

giv

orms

of attack as may be possible. Special attention shall betheen to fire, mine, and battle command subcaliber practice during

Se e'V •1 ....rclses.

arti~i On ~he completion of the coast-defense exercises in each

'I'he1ry. dIstrict, the district commander shall submit a report to

of all dJutant General of the Army setting forth a complete history

With eVents of the exercises and the plans for attack.and defense,

am. Comments, conclusions, and suggestions. All subordinateco~ers shall submit to the district commander reports embodying

dist~ents and recommendations concerning the exercises. The.rIct

tnent commander shall abstract from these reports any com-

thems a,nd recommendations which he deems of value and forward

19 With his report.

lleee' ~1though target practice away from home stations may

!bentntate the encampment of the visiting troops, such encamp-the shall not be considered as beinO' in lieu of that prescribed in

preceding paragraphs, but in addition thereto.

COAST ARTILLERY PRACTICE.

(a) SUBCALIBER PRACTICE.

20, SUbc l'b' .' fa I er practIce at gun battenes conSIsts 0 :

Battery practice-(a) Preliminary, at fixed targets.

(b) Record, normal conditions, at moving targets.

(c) Record, emergency conditions, at moving target~.

Fire or mine command practice at moving targets.

Battle command practice at moving targets.

SUbcaliber practice at mortar batteries for 1909 will be.

the same as indicated above for gun batteries exceptthat (c), under battery practice, will not be held at

mortars.

'



[C. A. 1\1. 1.J

6

21. The preliminary practice is for the purpoHe of adjusting th

subcaliber gun and determining the muzzle velocity, and for

paring or verifying subcaliber range scales for rapid-fire

Such portion of the allowance of ammunition as is necessary Wllt.

lbe used for these purposes. Overs and shorts, except for .30-incb

Bubcaliber ammunition, shall be observed from an observer's

boat moored near the target; the results in mils shall beafter each shot.

22. The battery commander shall conduct all battery practice,

The fire (or mine) commander shall conduct the fire (or mine)

command practice from his station; the battle commander the

battle command practice from his station. The officer conductivg

the practice shall be responsible for the safety of the field of fire.

23. The annual allowance of ammunition for each battery shllJlbe divided as shown in the following table:

nattery practice. I Fire. Imine, and TotCali her. battle ann

prellml-I Emer- com- aHanary and mand anCrecord. gency.

practice.

----15-pounder .............................. 1,500 1,000 500 34-inch, 4.7-inch, 5-inch, and 6-inch ••••.. liOO 100 2008-inch, lO-inch, and 12-inch ............. :150 50 200Mortars, 1 company ..................... 75

75Mortars, 2 companies .........•.•.•..... 100 I:::::::::: 100

(JOO

'9~6~1.;0

2ltJ

---he artillery district commander shall determine what proportio~

of the allowance for fire, mine, and battle command practice shlll

be used for each. In addition to the above allowance 1,000 roundS

of .30-caliber subcaliber ammunition may be expended in the jv'

struction and examination or candidates for gunner by each coJJl'

pany of Coast Artillery assigned exclusively to rapid-fire batterieS.

24. The emergency allow~n:e of subcalib.er ammunition f-ihaI11J:fired under emergency condItIOns. The finng shall commence nO

earlier than five minutes after the tracking of the target has stopped,

The battery commander shall have no communication with thO

primary or secondary station; he begins firing at an unknown range

and estimates ranges with no ar,sistance from anyinstrllrne~t,except such as may be provided at the battery, thus simulatlll~

the last stage of an action. The fire shall be conducted in a manlle

~

pre'

gUIl

Aignale



[C. A.l\I.l.J

7'

and atb t a rate of fire appropriate to the caliber of the guns of thea tery.

a

:5. If practicable, part of the annual allowance of subcaliber'lJ!llu ..'1'h' llltIon shall be expended each month of the outdoor period.

art~;lalllount may vary with the progress made by the personnel in

fo1 cry 'Work. Not more than one-eighth of the annual allowance

of\~he battery practice of gun batteries, nor more than one-third

tlh ne annual allowance for the battery practice for mortar batteries

ana be fired on anyone day. Not more than one-third of the

&unUal allowance for fire, mine, and battle command practice of

and :mortar batteries shall be fired on anyone day.

Ser : Whenever conditions of safety permit, a company having

praY1(;epractice :lway from its home station shall have subcaliber

2ctIce at the home station.

ea 7. The allowance of subcaliber ammunition for a company that

ha~ not have subcaliber praetice at its home station shall be one-

of tl ~f the annual allowance indicated in the table in paragraph 23

Se ~lS order, and shall be expended preceding the first series of,rY1ce . .28 practIce away from the home statIOn.

light On.account of the effect of the wind on the target and on the

cableproJectile, subcaliber practice shall be held asiar as practi-

on clear calm days29 .

hr- '. The :methods of fire control prescribed for drill and serviceL' actIce . h h . d . bcarb WIt t e calIber of gun used shall be employe III au

31er practice.

tar O. In Bubcaliber practice with gun batteries hits on the materialget 0 1 hoy n y s. all be counted. No attempt shall be made to observe

lIi~rs and shorts from the tug, except in preliminary practice.

llre~~~all be counted and holes marked at the conclusion of each

lIra .. lnary, record, emergency, fire, mine, and battle commandctIce

al:l:'l. F~r practice at mortar batteries to which two companies are

diH~g?ed,he total number of shots allowed the battery shall be

h'r r~buted equally between the pits. The order of fire shall be"BIngle" .32 pIece III each pIt.

the fl Where only one mortar battery is in service in a fire command

and Ire command Bubcaliber practice for such battery t::hallpass,

tio ,~he ammunition allowed for the same shall be used in addi-

na battery practice. .

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[C. A. M.l.l

8

33. In mortar subcaliber practice deflections flhall be observed

from the shore with telescopic sight and overs and shorts from the

tug with range rakes as in service practice. lIits for range and

hits for direction shall be counted separately, each as one-half hit.

A shot which strikes so that the line from the gun through the

splash pas."es within 25 yards of the target shall be counted a half

hit, and a shot which strikes so that a line from the tug through

the splash passes within 50 yards of the target shall be counted j)

half hit. .

34. For all subcaliber practice the percentage of hits is the HeOre.

SUDCALIBER TARGETS.

35. For all subcaliber practice. with' guns a material vertical

target, 10 feet by 24 feet, shall be used, the middle third to be

painted black. \Vhen used as a fixed. target it shall be moored

fore and aft, as nearly broadside to the battery firing as pOiolsible

For all subcaliber practice with mortars the standard pyramid:t1

target without canvas covering but with flagstaff and flag shall be

used. For battle, fire, and mine command practice two or more

Bubcaliber targets Bhall be uBed on the same towline, Heparated bYabout 100 yards.

(b) SERVICE PRACTICE.

36. \Vhen the exercises cOllnected with Bervice practice coJll'

mence, all other instruction for the companies engaged Bhall be.suspended. Coast Artillery 8ervice practice is divided into:

(a) Battery practice ..

(b) Fire command practice; mine command practi(~e.

(c) Battle command practice.

37. All officers and enli8ted men, exc1uBive of the cooks and the

nOI'commissioned officer in charge of quarters, 8hall attend tbe

service practice of their companies, except when in the jUdgmeptof the post commander the necessities of the s(~rvice pnlc1ude.

Every effort to have the greatest possible percentage of the complloY

present at the battery shall he made. This percentage shall be

reported on the proper form.

38. An artillery district commander shall not direct a ('ompap~

to hold service target practice until he shall have satisfied hiII1~e~

through personal inspcction that the company is w('ll inHtrueteand proficient in all the dctails of the service of the batterY llt

which the company will hold practice.



[C. A.l'1. 1.]

9

39. Service practice shall be held at such times as may be desig-

~ated by artillery district commanders, except that the first prac-

ICe~hall not take place within two months of the beginning of the \v

~~t?oor period, and the interval between practices for troops at

:lr home stations shall not be less than one month.

a 0, In those artillery districts in which "the climatic conditions

are Buehthat target practice may be held with advantage during

l1~Ymonth of the outdoor period the interval between the begin-

w1,ngof the outdoor period and the date of the first service practice

b

Ith mortars and guns above 4 inches in caliber and the interval

etwe h Ia

en t e first and second service practices should each be equaPprth OX.1mately to one-half the leno'1h of the outdoor period. In

Obos~artillery districts in which s~ch climatic conditions do nottaln d' t . ., hISnet commanders should hold serVlCepractice m t ose

.....nths th b4 at are most favorable, subject to paragraph 39 a ove.

\V 1. Ex.cept as provided in paragraph 2, General Orders, No. 83,

'Prar ~epartment, April 10, 1907, information as to the time of

in. a.ctlceshall not be communicated to anyone who is to take part

th It Inore than one week prior to the time set for the beginningereof.

hi42, Before artillery practice the battery commander shall satisfy

SpIllS~1f that all the material for the practice is ready for service.

l~l~1 attention should be paid to the following:

C

JUstment of observinO'instruments.

ond't' b

Ad' 1 Ion of communications.

Ad~ustment of the plotting board.

Ad~ustment of the sights and standards at gun batteries.

Ad~ustment of the azimuth indices at mortar batteries.

In Justment of the range scales of guns and the quadrants ofortars .C USlllgc1mometer.

Cond~t~onof the recoil system and setting of the throttling valve.

A~~dltl0n of the elevating and traversing mechanism.

CJustment of the obturatinc' device:ond' . b

\V Ihon of shot trucks.

43eIght and condition of projectiles.

the Battery commanders shall blend all the powder issued to

cac: for practice, reweigh the powder, and remake each seeton of

blendcharge, . except that only powder of the same lot shall bebe t ~d together. In remaking the sections of charges care should

a en that the powder is never exposed to the direct rays of

' ' '"

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11

46. After being stored in a magazine for two weeks, the tem-peratu f .re 0 the magazIne may be taken as the temperature of the

P;Wder without material error. The temperature of a magazine

ould be taken immediately upon opening the doors. It shall

pe taken at the beginning of each practice and reported on theroper form.

g47. Defore record practice, pressure plugs shall be inserted in'uns .d . U~'llngixed pressure plugs; they shall be left undisturbed

ourIng the firing of the record shots, after which they shall be taken

'Put and the compression of the copper cylinders measured, the

pressures corresponding to which shall be taken as the maximum

ressures for the record shots.

j ~8. 'Whenever a junior commander is ordered to fire, and in his

t11figment,based on observations made from his location, it is unsafe

t~ Ire, he shall hold the fire and immediately report his action to .

t ~' nex.t higher commander, with a statement of his reasons fora Ing 8uch action

w~? :Noman shail be detailed to a position at the practice for

i leh he has not been instructed at a reasonable number of drills

~mediately preceding the practice.

anua. ~uring target practice no flag or signal shall be displayed at

w~(~olnt on shore, exc:pt at the firing point or at some ot?er poi~t of

5 .h the range observmg party on the tug has had prevIOus notICe.

bat1. For battery practice the fire commander takes station at the

1<' tery firing and is responsible for the safety of the field of fire.

toor?raetice at moving targets he authorizes the battery commander

an~lve the command "commence firing" when the range is clear

be' the target is on a course that probably will permit of the series

ti lUg fired without interruption. He is responsible that regula-

p~~~an~ .orders covering the conduct of sery,ice practice are com-

th . With. TIe indicates the commencement and end of all au-

p orlzed interruptions and assures himself that the positions of the

Ilaersonneland the condition of the material of the battery are the

corneWhen firing is begun after an interruption as they were at the

ne~and ((cease firing," in order that the interruption shall be

II It fr an advantage nor a disadvantage to the company firing.

Coe eX.aminesthe reports of deflection and range errors, decides any

ba~:roversy concerning their correctness, and transmits them to the

keery commander concerned. TIe receives the report of the time-

eper and calculates the figure of merit. Aside from the foregoing

~

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[C. A. 1\1. 1.]

12

his duties are advisory only. The fullest latitude shall be given

the battery commander in conducting the practice. ,At posts where

no field officer is stationed the district commander exercises the

functions of fire commander. In case a battery comma.nder is also

fire or mine commander, a senior officer shall be detailed to act as

:fireor mine commander for battery service practice. .

52. If the deflection error of a mortar shot is greater than 1.500

the fire commander commands" cease firing" and investigates the

cause of such error, indorsing the results. of his investigation on the

report of the practice.

53. The timekeeper shall be an officer not belonging to the coW'

pany firing. He shall be assisted by o~e or more officers or non'

commi"sioned officers.

54. The time to fire a series at a gun battery is the sum of the

. times each gun of the battery is in action, and begins at the coI1l'

mand "commence firing" of the battery commander and expires

for each gun at the discharge of the last shot fired from it. ,The tiwe

to fire a series at a mortar battery begins at the command "coW'

mence firing" of the battery commander and expires at the last shot

of the series. Tracking should begin prior to the command "coW'

mence firing."

Deduction of time during the firing of a series shall be allowed fat

obscuration of target from the gun or either observing station, inter'

ference of vessels, interruption of communications, failure of s.primer, the determination of the source of the error described ill

paragraph 52, and delay due to breaking of or defects in material.

, Deductions made on account of defects in material shall be eJ"

plained in a report to accompany Form 819, and will be subject to

the final approval of the Chief of Coast Artillery.

55. At all mortar battery practice an officer not belonging to the

company :firingshalf be detailed as deflection observer. lIe slu1U

be equipped with a telescopic sight on Hagood tripod mount or

with an azimuth instrument and shall be stationed as near the bat'

tery firing as practicable. He determines and records the angulDJ'

deflection of each shot and submits a record on the proper forDlto

the :firecommander at the conclusion of the practice. ,

If practice with guns is at the target described in paragrapb

67, a deflection observer equipped as above shall be detailed. Henotes whether or not a shot strikes between the tar/?ets or on line

with the center of either; if so, he records the shot as a hit. for

.



[C.A. M.l.]

13

direct" .d 1011. If a shot falls outsIde the center of the targets, he

rn~~rrnines .and records the angular deflection from the point

f 1 way between them. If one of the targets is shot away, prac-

Ice is continued at the other, and thereafter the observer notes

atndrecords the angular deflection of each shot from the remainingarget.

1> 56. An experienced officer not belonging to the company firing,

dre~erably a district staff officer, shall be in charge of the tug

rnunng service practice. He shall be provided with an instru-

d

ent for determining range errors in mils (range rake) and shall

ete .1> rrOlne the overs and shorts for all shots except the record

bractice of guns below 4.7 inches in caliber. lIe shall be assisted

Yan officer or a noncommissioned ofricer equipped with a camera

~r; range rake. For trial shots both observers obtain the overs

n shorts in mils. For record shots of mortar batteries and of

~n b~tteries above 4-inch the assistant observer uses the camera,

U ~vallable; otherwise the range rake. \Vhen both observers are

nSIngrange rakes, the results of the observations on the tug shall

at be called or spoken aloud, but shall be recorded withoutcorn8' hment by the observer as soon as made. The observer shall

o~gt on the edge of the splash nearest the gun. The average

Us' the deviations determined by the observers when both are

thIng. range rakes shall be recorded as the deviation normal to

'V'\hne joining the tug and target. When record is obtained

a I~ the camera the range-rake observation shall be discarded

r~' under direction of the fire commander, the camera record

, uced to yards. The records are submitted to the fire com-

b ander (Form' 823), who may discard the deviations reported

1•Y any observer upon satisfactory representation by the officern eh1> barge of the range party on the tug that the observation was

t~O ably erroneous. The points of attachment of the towline to

b e targets and the point of the towline at the position occupied

t{ the o~servers on the tug shall be marked by tying cloth around

pre t?\Vhne or by other suitable means. Immediately after the

thacbce and while still wet the towline shall be detached frome tuth ? and targets, stretched, and measured accurately between

ofe POIntsmarked, under the supervision of the officer in charge

o the tug, and the result of this measurement shall be entered

bll Form 823 as the length of the towline. No allowance shall

e made for sag.

~



IC. A. :\1. 1.]

14

The observatious of the record shots for guns when firing at

material targets are for information as to the ranging of the gunS

and not for scoring.

For all shots the greatest care shall be exercised to insure an

accurate determination of the splashes. For trial shots the overS

and shorts shall be observed from the tug anchored oppOl'dte the

target and as nearly as possible at right angles to the line joining

the gun and target. These overs and shorts in mils shall be sig-

naled to the battery commander. The splash of each trial shot

and the position of both tug and target immediately before or

after each trial shot shall be observed and plotted by the range

section of the battery firing. ,

57. As many guns of each gun battery shall be used in practice

as can be manned with men who have attended drills one month

preceding the practice.

58. In practice with gun batteries all projectiles and one powder

charge for each gun may be on the loading platform before the

command" commence firing." No powder charge shall be car-

ried to the loading or gun platform or anywhere in the imnIe-

diate vicinity of the gun prior to the discharge of the preceding

shot from that gun. The charges 8hall be brought up by hand.

Breechblocks of both guns and mortars shall remain closed coW-

pletely until the command "commence firing." There is nO

restriction as to the rate of fire, except that a charge of powder

shall not be carried to the loading or gun platform while the piece

thereon is loaded, nor into the mortar pit while a piece therein

is loaded. At the command" commence firing" each gun should

be loaded, and thereafter the operations of loading and firing

should be carried on at each gun independently.

59. In both gun and mortar batteries, where the magazines are

located so that the ammunition service is delayed, or where the

personnel is not sufficient to furnish complete ammunition detach-

ments, the powder may be placed just prior to the practice o.t

some convenient point in the galleries or in tear of the emplace'

ments of pits, the place selected to be approved by the :fire

commander.

60. On each occasion of battery practice with mortars one pit

for each company assigned to the battery shall be manned; tberecord shots shall be fired alter 1,tely from the pits and distributed

among as many mortars in each pit as can be manned by men whO







[C.A. M.l.]

17

effort shall be made to determine the individual firing error of

eaeh gun and its mount. and all facts bearing thereon shall beenter d . ,e In the emplacement book.

TARGETS.

6" .1)1" <>. For trid shots an a~chored standard pyramidal target su~

led by the Ordnance Department shall be used for both guns and'.uortarI:\h s, unless permanent targets have been located. All record

!lta~~shall be fired at moving targets. For guns above 4-inch theif ' ard material target, 30 feet high by 60 feet long, shall be used,

IJY~h~s been supplied. For record shots at mortar batteries a

a . nlldal target on a 500-yard towline shall represent the c.enter of

fihC;;cularhypothetical target 100 yards in diameter. The towline

he~ be buoyed at 250 yards from the tug. For rapid-fire guns

hi ,~~ 4.7-inch caliber a material target shall be used, size 10 feet

1 y 24 feet long, the middle third to be painted black.diRn ca~ea portion of a material target is shot away practice shall be

CO~hnueduntil the target is repaired.

DETERMINATION OF JIlTS.

CO~' For both material targets (60 by 30; 24 by 10) the fire or mine

appr:~der shall determine the hits by inspection and plot them

can Imately on Form 822. Any shot passing through the net or

llhal~~' or striking the end masts or the rafts between the end masts,

67 e recorded as a hit.

he . If the GO by 30 material target has not been supplied it shall

centr.presented by two standard pyramidal targets, 60 feet from~t . .

from h 0 center towed on one towline, the first target 200 yards

targ : e tug. A line shall be stretched between the two pyramidal

l>en~s and. a red streamer weighted at the bottom shall be sus-

ohjo ~d at Its center, in order that the gun pointer may have an

f.:ttg ('t between the targets to aid him in aiming. The hypothetical

fIlet thus represented is a vertical rectangle 30 feet high and 60

A.ny ~~g,extending from center to center of the pyramidal targets ..

rnine~~t which must have passed through this rectangle as deter-

68 '1' y the methods described in the following paragraph is a hit ..

rtlanderhe. battery commander furnishes the fire or mine com-

Onth' WIththe track of the target as plotted on the plotting board.

IS plot is drawn by the battery commander the lines of direc-

69518-09_2 ..

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[c. A. 1\1. 1.]18

tion from the gun to the target for the time of each splash. The fire

or mine commander then determines the hits as follows: Using B

piece of 10-to-the-inch cross-section paper, scale 20 yards 1 inch

(Form 820), plot the target at the intenmction of two heavy lineS.

Considering one of these lines the track of the target, layoff the

length of the towline and plot tho tug. Through the target draw

the line from the gun to the target for each shot, transferring the

angles from the battery commander's plot by means of a protractor,

or scale of tangents, or a pair of dividers. On these lines, from the

gun through center of target, layoff the danger space beyond the

target and one-half that distance short of the target. Layoff oIl

the heavy line of the cross-section paper, passing through the

center of the target at right angles to its track, the deviation in yardS

for each shot as computed from the observation reported by the

observers on the tug. Mark the points thus located finlt 6hot,

second shot, etc. Draw lines from the plotted position of the tug

through these points, intersecting the corresponding lines from thOgun through the center of the target, for each shot. If for any Ehot

a line thus drawn intersects the corresponding line of directioIl

from the gun to the target between the limits previously laid offoIl

it (the danger space beyond the target and one-haH the daw

ger space short), that shot shall be considered a hit for range.

Observed deflections, when one target has been destroyed, shall bO

reduced by the fire or mine commander to deflections in yards; •deflection of less than 10 yards is a hit for direction. Shots whicb

are hits both for direction and range shall be reported as hits by tb/l

fire or mine commander, who shall certify to the correctness of thO

calculations and plotting.

The danger space is computed as follows: Let D be the dangc~

space in yards, e the angular height of the gun, 0iJ the angle of fill

as given in the range table for the corrected range, then for thOhypothetical target,

D=lO Cot (0iJ + e).

This formula is approximate, but sufficiently accurate for thO

purpose within the ranges prescribed for practice. .

69. The hypothetical target for mortars is a circle 100 yards 111

diameter, as described in paragraph 65. Any shot, the abscltJt~deviation of which is 50 yards or less, is a hit. The battery coJJl

tmander shall furnish the fire commander with the track of the tll,I"J

c

=



[c.A. M.l.]19

P~otted on the plotting board. On this plot shall be drawn by

to~h attery commander lines from the deflection observer on shoreThe target for the time of each splash. '_

Cr e fire commander determines hits as follows: Using a piece ofoss-secti If' h I h fea h on paper at a sea eo 50 yards=1 mc ,p ot t e target or

asC shot at the intersection of two heavy lines and with the target.

Bida ~enter describe a circle of 50 yards radius (Form 820). Con-

lenerlng one of the heavy lines the track of the target, layoff the

targth of the towline and plot the position of the tug. Through the

8h get draw a line representing the direction from the observer on

of~re to the target at the time of the splash, using a protractor, scale

putngents, or dividers. From the report of the range observer com-

tu e the deviation of each shot with reference to the line joining the

Be;t~nd the target, and lay this off on the heavy line of the cross-

r>os.~?npaper through the target normal to the track; mark this

Yar~Ion first shot, second shot, etc. Compute the deflection in

and IS from the angular deflection reported by the observer on shore

centay

off this distance in the proper direction on a line through the

..den er?f the target at right angles to the corresponding line from the

•BecoectlonObserver on shore to the target; mark this point first shot,

froll1d shot, etc. Through this point draw a line parallel to the line

line fthe Observer to the target and extend it until it intersects the

the t rom the tug through the mark for the shot on the line normal to

repr rack of the target. If this intersection occurs within the circle

iBa eB~nting the hypothetical target the shot is a hit, otherwise itllliss.

SCORING.

70. For th' f d . . .• IIof c e purpose 0 etermmmg the comparative exce enceGgU~tnpaniesin service practice, each company shall be given a

Or1l1?of merit to be reported on Form 819 and computed by the fireli'olneCommander as follows:r guns:

M:::::2!!

In 'Which~

M:::::Figure of merit. .

C:::::Factor based on the relative times of loading for the.various calibers of guns and types of mounts.

\.....J

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lC.A. M.l.]20

H=Hits per gun per minute, which is obtained by dividiIl~

the total number of hits by the sum of the correctC

times for each gun. (See paragraph 54.)For 12-inch guns, disappearing mount, 0=36.

For 12-inch guns, barbette mount, 0=120.

For lO-inch guns, disappearing mount, 0=30.

For lO-inch guns" barbette mount, 0=60.

For 8-inch guns, 0=24.

For 6-inch guns on disappearing mount, 0=1l.

For 6-inch guns on pedestal mount, 0=8.For 5-inch and 4.7-inch guns, 0=7.

For 4-inch guns, 0=6.

For 3-inch guns, 0==5.6.

~P";'The-pro?a:bility of.~li.t_~~~t> The values of P will b;found III the followmg table, using the mean eorrectCI

r; • range of the target for the record :-;hotsas an argUI!lC

'I and taking the nearest value of r correspondiI1~thereto:

---'ards. P. Yards. P. Yards. 1'. Yar<ls. P. I Yards. 1

1,000 1.00 2,900 0.74 4,800 0.50 6,700 0.32 8,600 O.I1,100 .98 3,000 .72 4,900 .4\l G,800 .31 8,700 .11,200 .9G 3,100 .71 5,000 .48 6,900 .30 8,800 .11,300 .95 3,200 .G9 5,100 .47 7,000 .29 8,900 • I1,400 .94 3,300 .G8 5,200 .4(j 7,100 .28 9,O(){) .11,500 .92 3,400 .m 5,300 .45 7,200 .28 9, 1110 • I1,(,,00 .91 3,500 .li(j 5,400 .44 7,300 .27 9,200 • I1,700 .89 3,mO .li5 5,500 .4:i 7,400 .26 9,300 • I1,800 .88 3,700 .li4 5,(;00 .42 7,fJOO .25 9,400 .11,900 .86 3,800 .62 5,700 .41 7,(.()O .24 !l,mO .12,000 .85 3,900 .61 5,800 .40 7,700 .24 9,mO .12,100 .84 4,000 .no 5,900 .39 7,800 .2:l 9.700 .12,200 .83 4,100 .59 (j,OOO .38 7,!JOO .22 9,800 .12,300 .81 4,200 .58 li,l00 .37 8,000 .21 9,900 .12,400 .80 4,300 .56 6,200 .3fi 8•.100 .20 10,000 .1

2,500 078 4,400 .55 6,300 .35 8,200 .202,600 .77 4,500 .54 6,400

0"18,300 .19

2,700 .76 4,600•53

1

(\,500 .34 8,400 .182,800 .75 4,700 .52 ,G,liOO .33 8,50q, .18

I

71. For mortars:

M=OU

In which:

M=Figure of merit.For carriages model 1891, C= 120.

For carriages model 1896, 0 100.

ll==The number of hits per minute.

I

--- -- --- -- --- -- --- -- ---

1

= '



[e .A. M.l.]

21

72. For th f .• . .' •8hall b e purpose 0 companson m serVIce practIce, compalllesth e classified for each practice and for the year according toese figures of merit as follows: •.

Companies serving at 12-inch mortars, carriage model 1891.() Companies serving at 12-inch mortars, carriage model 1896.(~ Companies serving at 12-inch guns, barbette mount.'( » Companies serving at 12-inch guns, disappearing mount ..... e Companies serving at lO-inch guns, barbette mo.unt.n Companies serving at 10-inch guns, disappearing mount.

(~ Companies serving at 8-inch guns, barbette mount.d Companies serving at 8-inch guns, disappearing mount.o Companies serving at 6-inch guns, barbette mount.(k; Companies serving at 6-inch guns, disappearing mount.

(l Companies serving at 5-inch guns.

(1I't~ Companies serving at 4.7-inch guns.(n Companies serving at 4-inch guns.

o ~ COmpanies serving at 3-inch guns.l)rae~'ers Publishing the relative rating of companies in serviceCoIce \V~llbe issued by the War Department.

tieo :u.panles not qualifying for advancement to long range prac-tive l~~aCcordance with paragraph 63 will be rated in their respec-\\'hiehasses according to figure of merit next after the companies

are advanced.

73 RECORDS AND REPORTS.On f' For all practices battery commanders shall submit reports

is ll~~~s of the specified types, These forms, except 820 (which

<listr' ISSued), shall be procured by battery commanders from

Chie~ct ordnance officers, to whom they will be issued by the

74 °1£Ordnance without requisition., fa 1] • •as to . Ire, mme, or battery commander has any suggestIOns

tegUI ~odlfications in artillery material, methods of drill, or thetOr t:tlons governing artillery practice that he desires to submit

the....? consideration of the War Department, he should submit'11 In .1'ir a report to be attached to the face of Form 819.

8Ubor~'lUine, and battery commanders should call upon theirbOdy .lnate officers for reports of this character and should em- .

dillat In their reports such extracts from the reports of subor-

lballdes as may be deemed of value. Artillery district com- .thia ~s, in forwarding copies of Form 819 to which reports of

()n a~d~~cter have been attached" should add their commentst10nal sheets attached similarly to the face of Form 819.

..

~~~



[C.A.M.l.]

22

PRACTICE AWAY FROM HOME STATION.

(See also paragraph I, General Orders, No. 180, War Department, August 29, 19()1,

and paragraphs 19 and 26, this memorandum.)

75. All Coast Artillery troops shall have service practice whe ll

ever possible at their home stations. Whenever it will be danger;

ous to shipping or to persons on adjacent shores to have practice 11

home stations, arrangements shall be made by department coll1

manders to have the practice at those posts where, by reason.0

equipment and freedom from interference of shipping, the practtC;

may be held with greatest instructional advantages to officers fill,

men. The companies which will have practice away from tb.e~

home stations and the places and times at which such practiCe

will take place shall be designated annually by department coll1

manders at as early a date as practicable. 'r

76. Coast Artillery troops ordered for practice away from thel,

home stations shall be accompanied by the artillery district co~

mander of the artillery district in which their home station II

located, and this artillery district commander shall supervise lie

matters pertaining to the practice of his troops the same !LS br

would were the practice to take place in his own district. ~br

commanding officer of the artillery district in which the practlC~

of visiting companies takes place shall render to the visiting oflice,

and men every assistance possible and not interfere with the co~

duct of the practice. In all matters pertaining to discipline ll~r

post administration the visiting officers and men shall occup)' t tl1

military status of being casually at the post and shall conforIJI

the routine and orders prescribed for the permanent garrilwn. 1

77. In so far as practicable, companies ordered for practice a~1

from their home stations shall be assigned for practice to piecee e

the same type as those to which they were assigned at their boll1stations. No distinction shall be made, however, in making stJ:ot

assignments, between different types of disappearing carriageS I'

th~ same caliber of guns. C.ompanies a~signed to ~apid-fi~e l)~e,

tenes, ordered away from thelr home statiOns, shall, If practlcllPJIl

be assigned to guns of the same caliber and carriages of the ell>

type and model as those used at home stations. lY

78. \Vnere a post at which practice can not be held with Bllf

e

is one garrisoned by two or more companies, the department c~oC

mander shall arrange the schedule of visits to the practice stlltlJ1l

90 as not to require the absence from the home station of all CO

'

""

,



[e.A. M.l.]

23

~anies at anyone time. In the case of a post of this size, a com-

any ordered away from its own station for practice shall be accom-

~a~ied. to the practice station by all the officers and enlisted men

Pe.Onging thereto, except one noncommissioned officer and one

c~IVate, Who shall be allowed to remain at the home station in

p arge of the company barrack. During the absence of the com-

B'~~Y from its home station the post ordnance officer shall be respon-

alfe and shall care for the battery to which the company is assigned

B or material out of service.

is 7:. :"nere a post at which practice can not be held with safetya g rflsoned by only one company, when such company is ordered

~ay from its home station for practice the number of men left at

d a .home station as guards, caretakers, and for the administrative

dut~~sshall be the minimum required for the performance of suchutIes.

sh8~. Companies having practice away from their home stations

tha Ibe permitted to use the regular installation and equipment at

~tostto which they are sent for practice.

ta . All fatigue, including the construction and manipulation of

ti rgets, the handling of ammunition, etc., pertaining to the prac-

ca~l away from home stations shall be performed, as far as practi-

rn a,. by the troops of the visiting companies. All necessary

ra~.teflal requiring the labor of officers or enlisted men for its prepa.-

Colon, s.uch as charts, range"scales, etc., shall be left by the visiting

te ~panies in the condition in which they were found or shall bep aced by them.

tr 82. The visiting artillery district commander shall require the

b~o.PSof his command to be drilled carefully before the practice

!lU gIns ~t the pieces with which it is to be held. He shall order and

ti Pervise sub caliber practice with each piece before service prac-

b ceo takes place. lIe shall assure himself before the practice

i:g~ns that each gun and range section is instructed sufficiently

b t e Use of the equipment furnished to derive the fullest possiblee~efit from the practice. .•

of v: ~t least twenty-four hours shall intervene between practICesL.'HtIngcompanies.

po8~.. Companies assigned to batteries not provided with a separa~e

Onsltlon-finding system shall be required to spend not less than

in e "Weekat the practice station making preparations for and ~old-

g target practice. Companies assigned to batteries provided

"

"



[c. A. M. 1.]24

with a separate position-finding system shall be required to spend

not leos than two weeks at the practice station making preparation8

for and holding target practice. The prescribed reports for each

practice shall be completed and mailed before troops leave the

practice station.

SERVICE OF MINES.

85. At posts provided with a mine equipment instruction ill

mining shall be given to the companies ~ssigned to the mine

defense by their respective commanding officers. Where a detach.

ment is detailed for this work the instruction shall be given by thepost artillery engineer.

86. At every post where no company is assigned to mine defense

and which is provided with mining equipment, a permanent detail

ofnot less than 3 noncommissioned officersand 12privates, speciallY

selected, shall be made to assist the artillery engineer in its care

and preservation. This detail shall be excused from all other artil.

lery drill, and during the daily artillery drill period shall be giveninstruction in mining.

87. One month before the visit of the mine planter this detail

shall be increased to 2,1 men (2 sergeants, 4 corporals, and 18 pd.

vates). Preparation shall be made so that full advantage may be

taken of the vi~it of the mine planter. During the stay of the mine

planter at a post, mine companies and detachments shall be

excused, when practicable, from guard and police duty.88. Where districts are supplied with boats fitted with mine

planting gear proper provision shall be made for practice in mine

planting. A definite length of time for this duty can not Le laid

down for all of the artillery districts, but the time allowed for

mine work must be sufficient to insure, with the instruction to be

obtained by the visits of the regular mine planters, that all of thO

mine companies and detachments are thoroughly instructed in thOpractical work of mine planting.

89. The instruction in mining shall be attended by the entiro

personnel of the companies and detachments assigned to that war];:,

with the exceptions noted in paragraph 5. of this memorandu1Jl'

It shall be conducted during such hours as may be prescribed bY

artillery district commanders. .

90. All mining casemates at garrisoned posts shall be kept il l

service. No departure from this rule shall be allowed, except bY

a.uthority of the War Department.



[C• ..1.1\1. 1.]

25

Co 91. The character of drills and instruction shall be such. as to

an~e: al! the elements of the mine defense that the installation

92 qUlpment at the post permit.lUa • Companies and detachments assigned to mine defense shall

lUa~ and operate during night drill the mine-range stations, case-

"'h es, rapid-fire guns, and searchlights for defense of mine fields,

th en necessary alternating in this work in such a way as to secureorourrh it' . h d' . d93 t> .ns ructlOn III t e utleS mentlOne .

are . DUrIng both day and night drills the tug should pass over an

by ~sSumed to be mined. Observation firing shall be practicedmat nng fuses or small charges of explosive on shore from the case-

tio e When the position finder shows the tug near the plotted posi-

9nof a mine.

pIa4. The following shall govern the instruction work of mine

\Vhnters at the posts visited by them, except at Fort Monroe, Va.,

of t~e the Coast Artillery School authorities shall regulate the use

( e planters in mine work:ins:) T?e commanding officer of the mine planter shall give such

as ~UCtIon to companies or detachments assigned to mine defense

(b ay be necessary for planting mines.

the )l~e. shall superviqe the preparation of all mine material for

for tt ntIng of as many groups of 7 mines each as may be necessary( ) orough instruction.

thee lIe shall plant the groups and make such repairs as will insure(lroper working of the mines.

dov\.IIe shall give practical instruction in maintenance and tests,

as ",0 I;ng SUfficient time to this after planting the mines to cover,

(e) I as Possible, the conditions that might be expected in service.

ofSub Ie shall assist the mine commander in making observations

ing f mergence of mines under different conditions, and in prepar-

l)lan~r the post records a statement showing the positions of minesas "".ed and such information relative to the submergence of mines'<lIO'ht b(f) ir e desirable for future reference.

reque shall raiIlc the groups, with the exception of the 3 mines

and Ired to be kept planted for the purpose of observation and test,

read~~~rn the mino material so that it can be cleaned and stored

\V~~) ne shall assist the local authorities in every way possible'PIanntservice practice with mines is held during the visit of the

It' b .• lB to, e understood that this does not place the responsl-

~

~ '

~



(e.A. M .l.]

26

bility for this service practice upon the commanding officer of themine planter.

(it) lIe shall make an inspection of all submarine mine materilll

on hand at the post, in company with the commanding officer

the officers responsible for the mine material, in order to point olll

the results of the critical inspection required by Regulations fo

Mine Planters,

95. An annual service mine target practice shall be held at posts

which have a submarine mine equipment and which have beeP

supplied with the necessary explosive, at such time as may be des'ignated by the district commander, preferably during the auntllll

visit of the mine planter.

96. No unloaded mines shall be planted in the group with

to be fired, and the mines shall be buoyed so that their positions w l1

be marked definitely.

97. Mines to be used at mine practice shall be assembled, loadedJ

tested, and planted under the personal supervision of experienceofficers.

98. A pyramidal target shall be towed, using a towline at lell8t

300 yards long. The towing vessel shall avoid passing over

mine, but shall alter her course around the mines in such a manIlef

as will bring the target as nearly as can be over the end mine of the

~oup. ,

99. No flagshall be displayed by the tug until it has passed safel)beyond the mines to be fired.

100. When the tug has passed a safe distance beyond the mineY

100 yards-the officer aboard shall raise a red streamer, a sirnilll!

flag ashore being hoisted as an acknowledging signal. t

101. Should the target not pass within the distance of a mine II

which the mine commander desires to fire, he shall order the aIte:!

nating current power shut off at the casemate, haul down his rCstreamer, and signal the tug to retrace the course.

102. Tracking of the target may begin at any time, but the co!Jl;mand "ready" shall not be given to the casemate until the rC

fltreamer is hoisted upon the tug as indicated above. 10

103. Mines shall be fired only with the tug crossing the mine ficin a prearranged direction. e

104. Should the range become unsafe at any time through thoapproach of any vessel, the red flag on the tug shall be lowered llJJ

the whistle blown until the red streamer is lowered ashore.

1tIl

thO~

lJ,Il



[C.A.M.l.1

27

b 105. To give additional assurance of safety, an officer designated

y the mine commander shall be stationed where he has an unob-

Btructed view of the mine field and can communicate with the case-

Inate. This safety officer shall keep the casemate informed con-

Btantly as to the movements of the tug and target.

I lOG. Power shall be turned off promptly after any mine is fir~d.

Bhall be turned off instantly upon receipt of information from

ellther the mine commander or safety officer that the field is notC ear.

107. Under no circumstances shall the casemate electrician turn

()~the alternating current power until he has word from the safety

o lcer that the course is safe and command c: ready" from the minecommander.

f 108. The relative positions of the target and mine at the in~nt

o explosion shall be determined by observations made by the

range rake or camera from the tuCJ'and from a launch moored 30()Yards from the mines in prolongati~n of the line.

f 10? If explosion occurs when the target is inside of a circle 20

~et In radius with the mine as a center it shall be a hit; if the explo-

Bl?n is not within the circle but is within a 100 by 40 foot rectangle

'W~ththe center at the mine (the lono-er sides parallel to the line of

Inlnes) the score shall be one-half hit.o

f 11.0. Figures of merit (M:)=lOO II/N. In which II is the number~'lhlts, N the number of loaded mines planted. Mine companies

ll.be rated in War Department orders according to the figures oflllellt f' . •or mme practice.

In!l1. Upon its completion, report of the practice shall be sub-

a ltte~ by the mine commander; such report to be accompanied by

~raclng showing the track of the target and its distance from eacli

In1neat the instant of explosion.

~



[C.A.M.l.]

FORMS AND REPORTS REQUIRED.

~~l~~y whom pre-Z,g IZ g pared.

To whom forwarded. Remarks.

Submitted each week dur-Ing period of outdoorinstruction. See para-graphs 509 and 510, DrillHegulations for CoastArtillery (Provisional).

Separate copy for eacbscries made out and for-warded at conclusion ofpractico.

Submitted within 5 daYS

after completion of 511~

c Ii I I b e r fire-eommanpractice for quarter.

Separato c0:Py for eacb

kind of plCce used iIJ

~~b~l~IA~J:, ~nar~ce6days aCler completion ofpractice for quarter.

1 through fire command-er to artillery districtcommander; 1 posted

on company buJletinboard.

Through fire commanderto artillery district como'mander, who forwards 1copy to Chief of Ord-nancp,1 toChiefofCoastArtillery, 1 to adjutantgeneral of department,retains 1, furnishe3 1

copy to ordnance om-cer at post at whichpractice was hf'id, andreturns 2 to batterycommander-l for filesof emplacement bookof battery at which

fr~g~ic~e~~s hgldc~~~

pany holding the prac-tice.

To battery commander

for file.

Through distriet com-mander, 1 to Chief ofCoast Artillery, 1 to de-partment headquarters,1 retained.

Through district com-mander, 1 to Chid ofCoast Artillery, 1 to de-

Partment headquarters.retained.

Fire com-

mander.

:Filed with copy of Form

819 filed with emplace-ment book, for 1 y!![\r

• after close of practlCOyear. .

Range officer. 'I (Contain data pertainingObserver for' i to 1 battery only. II'Hcddeflections. To fire commander for with copy of Form 819o ill e e r i n I use in determination of filed with emplacemente h a r g e of hits. book, for 1 year after

;e~~e~:' 0 b- I close of practice year.

Met e <Jrolog- To battery commander Need 110tbe preserved.ical observ- through fire command-er and tide er.observers.

Fire com.mander.

2 Battery com-mander.

7 Battery com-mander.

3

817

819

821822

82.3

824

831

832

(28)

f

,i

I'



[C. A. 1\1.1.]

29

Remarks.

To uattpry pommandpr ....a ttery of-ficer.

Submitted immediatelyafter practice ceases forthe day. Filed withcoPy of Form 819 filedwith emplacementbook, for 1 year afterclose of practice year.

On conclusion of practicefiled with copy of Form819 filed with emplace-

836 ment book.2 Po S tor d- Through district com- Submitted within 5 davs

n a n ceo f- mander 1 to Chief of after completion of prac-ficer. • Ordnance, 1 retained. tice for Quarter.

~------~----------'-----------

Forms and reports required-Continued.

~I""~ I f0-0 ~.~ Dy whom pre- To wllom forwarded. I;.:;~z 0 pared.

I

833 1 Timekeeper... To fLrecommander .

~ - ~





I

le.A.M.l.]

...,t.,)0 I:l

c:e

1:l

:0-ell",~

Q)

...<:>..,

.s:lal :::.

i'0 t;l

'B-<

I:c:e'0 <:>!:l

oS <:>..,tl

I>. c...

~.gA>"'0all-<

p:<AAc:e

0 t'

I-<

a a: I

......0<:>

:::....,

... '300

;;. I-<

S I: ....J.I -.:: 0c0 ...,

tl Rl I-<<:> 0

A't:l

dc 1>.0

J;;~~C.lp.E....

oS

(32)

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~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~

'" ~'" ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~

~ '" ~ ~

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'"



33 [C.A.)!. 1.]

Form 819 .A. (Guns) .

"'ill"y District oJ.•..••••••.•.•....•. , Fort. •.•.•..•.•..••.••.. , Battery••••••••••••• ; ••••.• : Caliber and Model oj gun,. .•••...•.••...••...... ;Kind and .Jfodelojcarriage, ;Co

1flPany C.A. C..•.. Date , 190•••

co~. i.Xititi;;.y 'C;)~PS,Commanding Battery •••••.•.•••.••

bJl

.j] ..:=::

3t' 8- .;

ai as 'O~....

'8't5 01105 o~ le~->~ .e:::P,d

"$s BE BO~0

~'~$ --:::I e~ l:l~A.a

Q)'"

'S 'E$'00 a s:l

::lQiIl

A CIl00

Eo< Eo<---_. -_ _,- ----_.-

. company officers present, • per centum enlisted men presen t. A verage percen turn of enlisted men attending daily artll lery dri ll and instruction since last ta rget practi ce .....A. Correct report: .

'C~~~tA~tili;;'y .C~rps,Commanding the Artillery District of .

'0 :g Correction from~... as Projectile struck, observationQ 'is. Q) yards. record shots,

S . lr~ ~@ any. w 'e'c :::I bJl .... is. eigh t of

II ::'is. ...E 'l:1 +' Ii ..; Q)~ S'rJl PoWder charge. '0 !D

0 2..d , ...; . .... ~"':;:; $ ;:: a~.:3 g+-> ~:S~ 1: i1:£ 2 ;;~

1) r~ q:; ,g .~ 'l2'~ >. a;> 't'J ,CIl

'--~-~-- -~---I~ -~-_....~-~--~I~--p.,-. I .J . I .JL~~OU, I LM. .. '. . .

,I ., I I I II II ,r.V.,,~::~d.:~,.:~: F.S.

g I' I. .~.~~~t~!~~~~~r~~.~~~~~~.~~~~.~ ~~::~

a I I I I ' i;emperature:' 'or' .air:::::::.~~~ectlBI~15 I I I rometer .•........ inches.IU I I I, i Tide ft. Velocityofwind ..

Ii mi .pcrhr. Azimuthofwind o.

Specd of target mi. per hr.... ..----.---- .. ~----------_.!.-----'----- Angular hcight of gun for mean range of

o d '0 d 'O~~ target ...... o •••••• '.

:3 :3 ... A S Total time allowed for interruptions duo,0 <II q:> :::I to defeots in materials ., .S I=:: 05 .~ ,o"O;c: 1=::2 Powder. (See Form 833.)

g @ .3 a ;t' ,0 ale+-> "a 0 Manufacturer (initials).... Corrected time of the series m s.

~'o. :: :.~ :: g<.:l.s Lot ... .ye~"'t'p~~~d ..• :::: .::::.-.-.-::::::::::::.-.-:.-:::.-::::::::: :::::::::: iiumber of hits .... d" ii'i'.' :d'::;; tl <:.l .g gj 05 c ~ate ofrec~f~~ase .-.- , 190... ean range 0 recor s 0 s ) s.

M :g..d'~:8 3 I\..indofstodu~ed,lllll1y.:::.................................................. ; Fl{J'ureofmerit->l:: CIl CIl 0 Amount re (VIce lIIa ......___;:..~ p.,00 Eo< No. of days in se ypurpogazine .

I ----1---- ---~----I Time open for ~no f t arge io t .

a Complete roun / of st.'l\>1 practice ammunition on handa Complete roun S Co ammunition on handC I

:::-----J--L I I ____'Il hell

lrlct( as Prescrihed in War Department orders. . 'ei.his hr~~.d!lal lee ofli cer has not ified the armament officer of the defect s in mate ri al de\

t' '.d\('e.

~ 1 '

••••••••• 0 •••••••••

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~~ ~ ~ ~ ~

---- --- .. -------

0 • •• •

••••••• 0 • • •• • •• 0 ••

~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ _

~ ~ ~ _

~ ~ ~ f •

~ '" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

'" ~ ~ ~ ~

__ _

i ~

~ ----- ----

I' ~ ~ ~ ~

~ '" '"~ ~~ 0 0

~ ~

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---- o : '"

" " 0



[C. A.l\I. 1.]

..s

@a.

-d 'C'

<:;Co>

SS0

-;; u

:::t;;

'0

.s:l .~.::.~

t:::.

0

....il,

"11

,

I!I:..;

I0 :.;

-r. u ;,.-:t .... ...: 0

'"':::::i f-'

"'~Q~-<

0....p..

;.-... ..:;:, 0

u:: !-'

E !-'; -<;: PoS;

0 • ;A

(34)

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~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ '" ~ ~ ~

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35, [c. A. I'Ll.]

ForlU 819 .H (~.Iortar8).

7'heAr ti llery D is tr ic t o f ,o Fort .................• (;,o Battery ; Kind an d model o f piece ,o .Model (~f mrriflge ,o

...... ornpany, C. A. C ,oDate , 190 .

Rfcord shots onl !l .

CorreeUon for first record shot as n'sult of trial shots yds.Speed of targf't miles ppr hour Az.Total t ime out a llowed for interTl lp tions due to df' ff 'e ts in mater ia l.

(See Form 833,)

Corrected time of series .~nml)(' r ofhi ts v ..•..•..•.....••....••••

Figure of merit

--~-----_.---------- ..----.- . ..---------0

1'01l1dfr.

Manufaeturer (initials) ..............................•....... .Lot ; ypar ;. kind ........•.....................Dat e o f r ec ei pt a t pos t. 190..Kind ofs torage easeAmount redueed. if any .

!j:il:~~b;;e~~~~sn~~~~~~:~'~~~g.~~i.~(:::::::::::::::::::::::':::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::Complete rounds or target pra.etiee ammunition on hand .Complete ronnds of sprviee ammunition on hand ...................................................•

.......... eompany ollieers present: per centum enlisted men present. A\"emge pnr centum of enlisted nwna tt,e nd ing d ail y a rtil lNy d r ill an d in stru cti on sil lee las t t arg et pr act ice .. ; .

A correct report: .• Coast Artillery Corps,

Command;ru; Baffery .....•.........

!

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-- -- -- . -- -- --- -- --- -- -- --- -- --- r- -- --,- - .- -- -- -.-.'0 '0 8 p . t"le struck, ! Cor rec tion , f rom ~,~,~ '0 -; ~. ... ...... ... ...8 Corr ect ed dat a fo r eac h sho t. rO Je c I o bse rva tIO n of: <'<l .s .1:1 C) ai

<li AO - yards. fire,ifany. .c~ '0£ ~8,~ -;;;:;g~ S. -c ~ g ~.------c---___,---- ---,-----1 '0 8 A t.l ;:lA ';':: 'z...... ;:l<li O'(3t.lJ:.:; I ~ Weightofpow-/ ,g:;:;,..: <+:: ec~'O <li~'O

c ?j A ,-.. ...."".. ~~. ;:::l' .c:~O der charge . g c::: 0 ... Eo<... 'A.Q"" t.; (3.c: '..-. -;c ." ! 8'0 ...0....:~~'gd ..., +.c ~,~ ,-. : ;; 0..2;

.~ ~;6~~ ,~". o~ ,~~... ; ,8 '03 i 1i'O'O .@ ~~'8. ~:~..., .. ---. ... ...; ---. v. ~ ,...:l ---=-- ~ ~ I , r:::, ~: ,.,..111--------1-.---1

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'rhl\(ltlee h Ie dlstri~td as prescribed in War Department orders. . ial dl1\'el

ord nan ce oll icer h as no tifi ed the a rmame nt o ffi cer o f t he def ects in m ate r . oP ed a t thi s pra etic e.

. . ~~~.~~il~~~i~iA~iili~ry.Corps,CommandmD lstrict of ...•.........•

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FORM 820 (FOR MORTARS).

[C. A. 1\1.1.1

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FORM 820 (FOR GUNS).



39

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Reeor<! for netleetion.

n(!ltcry L Company }C' l' , n

.. , Yalc .... ..• "l Compan1:cs ,oust j rttlury IJorps.

Nlllll1ll\r Detlection, hUll-I.. I I REMARKS.--or Shot dredths o.f 1 ,Observer Def lect ion , yards.OtVOlley degree. to target. 1'he instrument used

. 1 . will be, preferably,

~. Right. I Range. I Left. Right. a telescopic sight.

1 ---,------

2a4567

8.91011

12la14151Ii17Ii'!1920

~-____ IGild OdeOect. . -.---------.'I'~QrfJell\t Ilo~ls ohserved are those to the right and left of the line joining obserl'eT

la, COI!q1Ilts aut of splash.all~~lllOhtllln:J?e deflection In yards, multiply the ranl-:e in yards from ob serv er to

ell!l\'lit delle' rorn the plotting board of the hattery firing) by the tangent of theol;8e;nlelltlyCl,ioll Ol.lserved. The range from ohserver to target,can be detennined

'let's pos'? IISlllg a puper spanner constructed for the dIsplacement of the1 lOl l f rol ll that of the primary stat ion.

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43.[c.A. :\I. 1.]

]<'orm S']:l,

Record of Range Oh~ervers.

B ii D f •••••••• ,HIO {Company, }o lA 'll 0airy , ae •....... Companies, oas r~1 O'y (Ups.

REMARKS.

Time.No. of:>hot.

-_._._. ._._---- -------._-----_._._----- .

I. Mils ohsprved with range J)P'"i::ttion in yards with referpnce to line

I rake by each o!JsernJr. ,\ veralte joiniIig tug and targ~Jt.•of J\1ils .,-- [ Officer in charge of

No. of I observed ranl;e o!Jsl'rvprs

shot or Beyond. Short. b.Y ob- I Range rake. Camera. will note Ms judg.-,- 1vollPy. servers.\. .I .,--____ ~rnet~~ re~\~:,i~~~~I I n I I tion at time of re-

~_I_. _I~ ___.___._ ,_1. 1-'--:-'- !~ ,"0". Beyond. 8ho". _c_o_r_d_il_lg_i_t_. -.-;

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I NOTE.~To compute the deviation in yards with reference to line joining tUg and target multiply the average of the mils obsen'ed by thoo )servers by nl'r,iI of the length of the towline in yards. ;) Bnd 1 .t b Exam]J le ....:..Suppose the observers to have reported the splash 100, 1~.~"30 !nlls. respectively, beyond the target, and suppose the towlineo e 290 yards long. The average of the observations is 105m ils. 105Xfi'&ched"h Yards.

Photographs of splashes, bearing the number of each shot, shall be B Ised In ereto.dl Whenever deviations are obtained from can1f'fa records they shall be I the determination of hit s, and ranl ;e rake o!>s<>rvations shall besre~ardcd.

Photographs will accompany Form 810 for C. of C. A.

Approved:

OBSERVERS.

. ,OfJicer in Charge of Range Ob.~ert'er,~.

....................................... ,.............. Coast Artillery Corps, Fire Commander.

1.......................................... Co. .

2. ......................................... Co .

3. • Co.

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:

. [C. A.l\I. 1.]54

AMMUNITION.

Give complete markings.

I

I Subcaliber tubes used.

Total number of rounds

Caliber.fired to date. (This

Serial number. 0.30-1.457-information will be

2.95.furnished by the Ar-tillery District Ord-

I

nance OJIicer.) .

.-

I

I

I

I To be made out

under direction of

post commander.

IThis report is in-

tended to cover all

subcaliber firing at

post during quarter

covered by it.

TVIO copies shall

be made out, one to1

I

be retained and one

forwarded through

district commander

j'within ten daYs

after completion of

firing directly to tM

Chief of Ordnance.

I



[c. A. M. 2.]

COA.S' Ar RTILLERY t WAR DEPARTMENT,E:MOR ,-

A.NnuM:, No.2. , WASHINGTON, 1t1arch 2, lY09.

Wi~h The following methods to be used in the subcaliber practice. coast' 'b dIn G

eguns and mortars in substitution for those prescn €

neral 0 d' 1°07are Pub!" r ers, No. 237, \Var Department, November 23, <i ,

lshed for the guidance of the Coast Artillery Corps: .

I{ GUN BATTERIES.

anges hSYstem s all be sent to the guns in yards, and the horizontal base

7'/ Used generally.d ie ran b . d .I'awn t .fle oard.-The chart on the reverse side of the boar IS

1'lte dO a sc.ale of yards.'l"SllU ejiectwn board.-A special leaf and scale arm for the

1'heare, gr.aduated in yards, is provided.retaineglotitng boa/rd.-The scale of the plotting board shall be

ranges t as 300 yards to the inch. To provide for reading shorter

ll!oYed_han are shown on the gun arm two methods may be em-

U) C(ll the any back the graduations on the gun arm to the inner end

the inc~~~ by using a paper scale pasted on the side (300 yards to

(2) Tarmand ake the normal of the range correction scale of the gun

(300 Yar~he ruler of the range board as 2,400; and paste a paper scale

to 3,500 s to the inch) on the gun arm, showing ranges from .1,400

Yondth Y~rds. Where the index reading of the range board IS be-

rUlesa e lImits of the correction scale on the gun arm the following

from ~~y: ~or a reading between 2,500 and 3,500, substract 1,000

the ra readmg, set the arm accordingly and add 1,000 yards to

to the n~e; for a reading over 3,500 substract 2,000, and add 2,000

!lUbstrrange; to a reading between 500 and 1,500, add 1,000, and

2,000 act 1,000 from the range. to readings less than 500, add, and

gUnarm sUbstract 2,000 from the rfrl1ge. No.4 on setting the

addOr calls to the plotter the number of yards the latter must2'h

eSl1bstract.

!lca!eielevation scale on the gun carriage.-Construct a sub-caliber

ta~hit Yards (corrected for height of site and curvature) and at-OVer the service scale of the carriage.

~

'



[c. A. M. 2]

2

To permit the use of the present range chart (M. V. 2,100 f. S;l

on the basis of yards, the numbers representing the ranges in f~should be covered by a strip of paper showing the

ranges in yards. The horizontal scale of this chart is 100 yardS

the inch and not 100 feet to the inch. .

MORTAR BOARDS.

At mortar batteries the scale of the plotting board maY

increased to 150 yards to the inch, where local conditionsUntil such time as subcaliber scales of 150 and 300 yards to the Jl1~!

are supplied, elevation scales for attachment to the mortar g.!

should be constructed at posts.[13()():!S3A-A. G. 0.]


J. FRANKLIN BELL,

Major General, Chief 0/ Bfa'

OFFICIAL:

HENRY P. McCAIN,

Adjutant Ge.neral.

~

'correspoI1dl

per~~

1



[C. A. M. 3.]

COAST ARTILLERY} WAR DEPARTMENT,

!tll:?r.IORANDUM No.3. WASHINGTON, March 9,1909 •

. 'rb k

St e eeping of the "Record of Ordnance and Ordnance8C~i~sa~ Posts" (Form No. 21, Ordnance Department), de-

!t ed In Artillery Memorandum No.1, War Department,

Ol'~y 13, 1907, will hereafter be optional with artillery district

nance officers. [14956j8, A. G. 0.]

Ih ORDRR OF THE SECRETARYOF WAR:

W. W. WOTHERSPOON,

OF'" Brigadier General, Acting Chief of staff ..,ICIAL:

llENRY P. McCAIN,Adjutant General.



[C. A. M. 4.]

\. COAST ARTILI,ERY } WAR DEPARTMENT,J.IlEAI

ORANDU:M No.4. WASHINGTON, April 29, 1909,

1'he "R . d S D" .res eVlse ystem of Fire Control and uectlOn, 190<>, IS1'yclnded and superseded by the following: "Fire Control System,

pe Installation, 1909."

tio~~~general plan which has been followed in fire control installa-

p' hroughout the country is as follows:lUel~st: The installation of a provisional system for all the arma-

S11to which personnel is assiO'ned.tric~cond: The installation of the standard system, district by dis-

Utili' ,for the entire completed armament, as funds were available,

and ~lng such material of the provisional systems as was suitable,

teste~corporating new appliances which in the meantime had been

tJ and shown to be of advantaO'e.instPato t~e present time the standard system has been or is being

Souaded In the districts of Portland, Boston, New York, Puget

ll.rd ,San Francisco, and tbe Columbia River. Until the stand-

eJtis~~stallations are completed in the remaining districts changes in

in\TOllngstandard installations will not be made except such as

1'hve small expense.lute te general features of the fire control system as embodied in the-

s stand d' .by th ar InstallatlOn may be regarded as permanently adopted

aUbj e coast artillery. Fire control material, however, will be-

r:llet~ct to. constant change and improvement; so also will tbe-

of u .o~of Installing the material and to a limited extent the method

condS~~gt. Moreover,. each installation is dependent upon locallhons f I . hofin 0 suc 1 vaned character as to modIfy not only the sc eme-

lotiostallation but also the methods of its use. A particular instal-

assu~.can not, therefore, be well adapted as a permanent type; buttions

lUgcertain general conditions as to the site and location of sta-

\\rhichh:re may be formulated from time to time a type installation

theS I WIll show the approved material and the general features ofc Ieme f' I' . dcOnd't' 0 Illsta latlOn believed to be best adapted to the assume

8hoUI~I~ns. Such a type installation is that given below, and it

that it e understood that the general objects of its publication are.

. Fir t ~ay be used-III th s: As a guide in the development of proviRional 8ystems anI!

e Installation of subsequent standard systems. .

80G84.--09

~ " '

~

'



LC. A. M:. 4.]2

Second: As a basis for estimates.

Third: As a means of acquainting the coast artillery service witb

the progress made in this subject.

It may be regarded as demonstrated by past experience that the

following three general principles should be observed in the 10cll'

tion of fire control stations:

(1) The battery commander's station should be located so as to

command a view of the field of fire. Where local conditions 9J'e

such as to render it impossible to select a position where the entire

field shall be visible, the position selected should be such that the

principal field of fire is visible from his station. .

(2) The plotting room ~hould be located adjacent to the battcrY

commander's station-that i8, in such position that the battery coJll

mander can communicate with any person in the plotting rooJJl

without the aid of telephone or speaking tube.

(3) Where the field of fire is visible from the battery, the batterY

commander's station should be at the battery.

For the type installation, HIOJ, the battery commander's statiOD

is assumed to be at the battery, and the plotting room adjacent to

the battery commander's station. Each battery of the priIlli\rY

armament is assumed to be provided with two observing 8tatioO~'

which may be used together in the horizontal base syRteIll ot

individually in the vertical base system. While local conditiOO;

frequently prohibit or render unnecessary such an nrrangeIll~Jlb

or use of stations, the general methods of fire control to Whl~

the above arrangement particularly lends itself can be folloWI

to a greater or less extent in existing standard and provisiOJlll

installations.

In the type installation, 1909, provision is made for direct CO~

munication from fire commander to battery commander, and frot

battery commander to observers, for an emergency system for bit:

teries of the primary armament, and for separate range-finding BY:terns for batteries of the intermediate and secondary armaIllCJliThese features are the most important improvements in the preseJl

installation. B

NoTE.-The term" primary armament" is used to designate gt1~.

of 8-inch caliber and upward and 12-inch mortars, the term" inted

mediate armament" is used to designate the 6-inch, 5-inch. ~o

4.7-inch guns, and the term "secondary armament" is useddesignate 4-inch and 3-inch guns.

'



3

[c. A.. M. 4.]



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COAST ARTILLERY}' WAR DEPARTMENT,1b:

1ll:0RANDUl\1 No, 4, WASHINGTON, April 29, 1909.

'rhe "R . d S d D' . 190~ .res . eVlse ystem of Fire Control an IrectlOn, i) , IS'ryelnded and superseded by the following: "Fire Control System,

i; Installation, 1909."tio e general plan which has been followed in fire control installa ...oathr h .p' oug out the country IS as follows:

tne ll'at: The installation of a provisional system for all the arma-

sot to which personnel is assigned.

trie:eond: The installation of the standard system, district by dis-

Uti}".for the entire completed armament, as funds were available,

aUd'~lngsuch material of the provisional systems as was suitable,

teste~corporating new appliances which in the meantime had been

lJ and shown to be of advantage.iUst~lto t~e present time the standard system has been or is being

Souaded In the districts of Portland, Boston, New York, Puget

ard , San Francisco, and the Columbia River. Until the stand-

eJcis~~stallationsare completed in the remaining districts changes in

invol~g standard installations will not be made except such as

'rh e small expense.

late tegeneral features of the fire control system as embodied in the.'

by ~hstandard installation may be regarded as permanently adopted

SlIbj e Coast artillery. Fire control material, however, will be'

tnet~et to Constant change and improvement; so also will the'

OfU .odof installing the material and to a limited extent the methodSinO' 't

cond .'" 1. Moreover, each installation is dependent upon local

Ofinltlons of such varied character as to modify not only t~e scheme

lati

o

stallation but also the methods of its use. A particular instal-o Can b8llsUn not, therefore, be well adapted as a permanent type; ut

tiOnaIng certain general conditions as to the site and location of sta-

\l,rhiehh~re may be formulated from time to time a type installation

theSchWill show the approved material and the general features of

COndit'Ine of installation believed to be best adapted to the assumedshoUldlons. Such a type installation is that given below, and it

that it be understood that the general objects of its publication are.

l?l' :may be used-. rst. AIQ th: s a guide in the development of provisional systems and.

e Int:;t II .a atlOn of sub:;;oquent standard systems.80G 84----0 9 •

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[C. A. 1'1. 4.]

2

Second: As a basis for estimates.Third: As a means of acquainting the coast artillery service witb

the progress made in this subject.Itmay be regarded as demonstrated by past experience that the

following three general principles should be observed in the loCO:

tion of fire control stations:(1) The battery commander's station should be located sOas to

command a view of the field of fire. Where local conditions lI1e

such as to render it impossible to select a position where the entire

field shall be visible, the position selected should be such that theprincipal field of fire is viRible from his station. .

(2) The plotting room should be located adjacent to the batter1

commander's station-that is, in such position that the battery co!Jl'

mander can communicate :with any person in the plotting roolll

without the aid of telephone or speaking tube.(3) Where the field of fire is \Visible from the battery, the batterY

commander's station should be at the battery.For the type installation, 1909, the battery commander's statiOIl

is assumed to be at the battery, and the plotting room adjacent to

the battery commander's station. Each battery of the priIJlfil'Y

armament is assumed to be provided with two observing station~;

which may be used together in the horizontal base syste.~individually in the vertical base system. While local condItIO t

frequently prohibit or render unnecessary such an ~.rrangeIJl?:b

or use of stations, the general methods of fire control to whid

the above arrangement particularly lends itself can be fol1?Wc:v

to a greater or less extent ill existing standard and proviSIon

installations.In the type installation, 1909, provision is made for direct CO~

munication from fire commander to battery commander, and fr:t.

battery commander to observers, for an emergency system for b S'

teries of the primary armament, and for separate range-finding sYt.terns for batteries of the intermediate and secondary arll1aIJle

nt

These features are the most important improvements in the prescJ1

installation. . fIB

., NOTE.-The term "primary armament" is used to designate gtl f'

of 8-inch caliber and upward and 12-inch mo.rtars, the term" jutc

dmediate armament" is used to designate the 6-inch, 5-inch,:to

4.7-inch guns, and the term "secondary armament" is use

designate 4-inch and 3-inch guns.

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[C. A. 11:.5.]

WAR DEPART:\IE~T,

OI"I<'ICIAL:

RENRY P. McCAIN,

Adjutant General.

88GD4-oD-l

COA~'r AHTILLEHY}

~rJ<;At1'1ORAN'DUM No. 5. 'VAsmXGTO~, JUlie f?D, 1909.

of t~efollowing questions asked in recent examinations of offiCNS

grad Ie Coast Artillery Corps for promotion to the next higher

I153~~republished for the information of all concerned.

By 1 A. G. 0.]ORDER OF 'I'llI' SECRETARY OF 'VAU:

W. W. W'OTTIERSPOON,

Brigadier General, Acting ChieJ oj Staff.

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[C. A. :\1. 5.]

FOR pnO~IOTION FROM SECOND IJIEUTENANT TO

FIRST LIEUTENANT.

ADJ\UNISTRATION (ORAL).

1. When an officer is ordered, without troops, from one post of dll~

to another, by what route does he go, and what reports does

make on arrival? ,2. What constitutes the post and Coast Artillery Corps nonconlIl11S-

sioned staff'? Can they be reduced to the ranks?

3. What are descriptive lists for, and how transmitted?4. \Vhat is the commanding olIicer of a company required to do ",hell

he receives notice that a deserter from his company has beell

confined at some other post? . J1l

5. How can an enlisted man be discharged before expiration of t~,rS

of service? 13ywhom is the discharge ordered in the var10tl

cases, and what blanks are used in each case?

G. What is meant by" extra" and" special" duty? Whilt COD1pllI1Y •

duties are men on "extra" duty required to perform'?

7. For what is a post commander responsible? s

8. Give the rules governing the care and preservation of the lJ,r111

and equipments of a company.

9. What'is an artillery district, and by whom commanded? 's

10. Unserviceable property, with reference to its disposition, ;?

divided into what classes, and how is each class disposed ()jWhat classes of property can be destroyed on the approve

recommendation of a surveying officer? ,r

11. When a deserter is ddivered or surrenders at a post, not his propt

station, what duties devolve on the post commancler? . te

12. On the death of a soldier, what duty devolves on his imll1cd111

commander?

13. Give the general rule governing military correspondence.14. Given a morning report, make out a company ration return.

(2)



l.

[C. A. ~I. 5.]

MILIT.AHY LAW (ORAL).

1. Define '1' .n ltary law and state how military laws are classIfied

2 "according to their form.. \ ho ma I' . I . . ?3. \VI . Y convene t Ie vanous courts-marha m our serVIce.

1at IS the jurisdiction of a court? State the jurisdiction of the

4.W~ari?us courts-martial as to time, place, persons, and offenses.1at Is.the specification, and what essential allegations should it

5 ContaIn?

. DYwh .m may charges be preferred? 'Vhen should they be pre-

6' ferred, and why?. State the procedure of a general court-martial from assembly up

7. 0 to, but not including, the introduction of witnesses.V~r what form of contempt of court have courts-martial juris-

8. \V~lct~On? Discuss the procedure of witnesses.

9. St lat IS the object of a court of inquiry?

10. \V ate the constitution and composition of a court of inquiry.hen may the procecdinO's of a court of inquiry be admitted as

e 'dVI ence by a court-martial?

Mn~ITARY TOPOGRAPHY AND SKETCIIIKG (ORAL).

1. Construct a scale of 1 inch to 400 feet to read yards. ""hat is the

2. 1Irepresentative fraction of this scale?Owdo you find the least count of a vernier? What kinds ot

Verniers are generally recognizeu? Given a scale of 7! inch to

3 Da foot, construct a vernier to read inches.. efine . .contours. State what they represent 111 vanous cases.

\VI t . .1 ., dla ISmeant by "horizontal equivalent," anu how ISIt use

'1 practically?. Describe how you would determine contour lines on the ground.

5. \Vilo~ are they plotted practically on the map?l.at ISmap reading, and what are the principal points to be con-

G. \V~dered in reading maps?7. D) at .are the usual modes of reducing or enlarging maps?

(sronbe practically the method, of making a "field sketch,"

• ~Slng the engineer field note book with sufficient entries to

8. M~!ustrate methods.1 ltary reconnaissance: Its object. How divided, anu what

should be known in case of villages?

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[C.A.l\I. 5.]

4

9. In topographical sketching, describe methods of measuring dis-

tances, directions, and slopes.

10. Given a contoured map, mark the following: Ridge, spur, ":Jjley, saddle, canon, or gorge. What is the contour interval [Ln.

how determined? The distance from Dodson' to River Hill1S

3% miles; determine scale of the map.

MILITARY TOPOGRAPHY AND SKETCHING (PRACTICAL)'

1. Given a contoured map, construct a section on line A

n. .f

2. Make a military reconnaissance and submit sketch and report 0

road from hospital at Fort Monroe to and beyond railroad cross'

ing near station in Phoebus.

MILITAHY HYGIENE (OnAL).

1. What can you say of the general physique of men desintble.~~

recruits? In general, what things should be noted in exan1111

ing recruits? Compare town-bred and country-bred mell

Compare deaths from disease and from violence in war.

2. What are the essential objects of clothing? The secondaxy ob'

jects of military clothing? . ?

3. What can you say of the essentials of good shoes for marchIng

Care of the feet and of blistered feet? . ?

4. How often are soldiers supplied with fresh meat? Salt mc:1t

•Explain boiling, baking, frying, and stewing meat. SOtl~

making. \Vhat is bacon? Corned beef? When it becolllCe

necessary to eat diseased meat, what precautions should b.

taken? Wnen imperfectly cooked, beef and pork, if thOJ1'I

selves diseased, may communicate what?5. In a general way explain bread making. The dough test.6. Of what does the United States emergency ration consist? 11

0

is it prepared for eating? When isit to be used? Ie

7. "~llat are the constituents of air? What can you say as to t~f

floor space and ventilation necessary jn squad rooms? .

the cubic space per man? \Vhat are four sources of coIl

tamination of the air in squad rooms? . \f

8. In camp where should siriks be located? How dug? I1~e

covered in? How disinfected? Where should urinalS 's

placed? Name some good disinfectants. What dispoHition1

to be made of kitchen slops?

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[C. A. M. 5.]

5

9, What is hard water and how is its hardness removed? lIow cann:uddy water be clarified? What can you say of water as a

dIsease bearer? How can water be purified? lIow can organic

10. Wmatter in water be detected?h~t causes the spread of malaria? Of yellow fever? Of plague?

\vhat diseases may the ordinary fly carry, and how does he

carry them? What is meant by asepsis as applied to wounds?

What is meant by antiseptic? .1 FIELD SERVICE REGULATIO~S (ORAL).

2' ~efine a military order.3' 'YThat should be stated at the head of an order?, vvhat .S the effect of a conjecture, expectations, and reasons

4. nWhen inserted in an order? . .YWhom are verbal and important wntten orders earned III the

.~eld? \Vhen may enlisted men be employed in carryingS. \V Imp~rtant dispatches?

hat IS the first requisite in reconnaissance, and what subse-

quent action is most important? lIow should the forces be

arranged for this purpose? How does the commanding officer

de~ermine the number and strength of patrols? 'Vhat cardinal

6. W~nnciples govern the sending out of patrols?7. WIth what should the leader be provided for patrol duty?

8, I).hat action should a patrol leader take before starting?Iscuss the combat, scattering and reassembling and returning

9, W~f patrols.10, Of at are the o?jects of an ad vance guard?

What arms IS an advance guard composed, and what would

11. W~ause a variation in its composition?at regulates the distance of variouR fractions of the advance

~uard from each other, and the distance of the advance guard12 , lIoro~ the main body.

W IS the flank of a column protected? How do flank guards

13. \V~arch? And in ...hat ways may they be sent out?lat portion of the outpost troops forms supports? ''"hat detach-

ments are made by the supports? How will the number of

14 J) Supports vary, and how are they usually placed?, eD

IS . \Yhine cossack posts, and state the advantage.16. \Yhat are some special orders to be given sentinels?

at words sum up the duties of outposts?



[C. A.l\L 5.]

MILITAHY FIELD ENGINEERING (ORAL).

1. Classify temporary or field fortifLcations. d

2. 'Vhat is a defensive position? What conditions should a goO

defensive position fulfill? . 11

3. What conditions should" battle" or hastv intrenchments fuin

• Jl

as regards thickness of earth embankment and depth for Pl~ 1

in different positions? What classes of troops and mateOll

are provided with hasty intrenchments?4. lIake a sketch showing a cross section, with approximate diJ11e

Jl

sions, of three classes of shelter trenches recognized in our

service. 1

5. On what two considerations do the locations of trenches depepd.

6. IIo"v may loopholes be provided? ,7. \\11at is meant by "clearing the ground"? Why is clearing the

ground necessary, and what considerations govern as to theextent of ground cleared?

8. 'Yhat is the object of military obstacles, and upon what JlrineiplC~

are they placed? Name the principal obstacles used, lli1

describe the wire entanglements.9. 'Yhat are "field works"? 'Vhat consideration, in addition to

those necessary for a defensive pOHition, should they fulfill?

10. What is meant by the trace of a field work? Its profile? 1:',command? Draw (not a scale) the profile of a simple tiel

work, and name the principal lines of the same.11. "11at is meant by the defilade of a fieldwork? Sketch a lunette,

and show how it is practically defilated from one neighborii1g

height which commands it.12. Explain how working parties are best organized.

13. 'Vhat is a revetment? What are the principal revetting Jll~'terials? Explain how a gab ion revetment is made. . .

14. What is meant by a line of works? How is artillery best d'S

posed of in connection with a line of works? Give reasons.

15.' 'Mention several types of spar bridges llsed for military purposeS'

and describe briefly the ~onstruction of one.

EXPLOSIVES (ORAL).

1. Under principles of chemistry define molecule, radical, acid,

base, salt, mixture, compound.2. Give the law of fixed proportions and the law of multiples.

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[c. A. M. 5.]7

3 \Vh

4: St, at are the principal conditions affecting affinity?a~e generally what chemical action occurs in the process of

~lItrating ~n making a high explosive. "11at is the nature of

5. C he, resultmg molecule?la~slfy explosives. Discuss the classes or "orders" of explosives,

dlHt' t'6 G' ,me Ive phenomena, etc., IVethe essential steps in the manufacture of smokeless powder;

'l. \V~bje.ct of each step; properties of the resulting product. .

at IScolloidization, its object, and what classes of colloids are8 recognized?. J)e~ne and describe dynamite; how prepared; classes of; proper.

9 ties; uses, What r .. . I \'-1 d. egul/Sltes should a good shell filler fulfil? . lat are use'

In United States service at present, and what precautions in

10, J)?l1ing shells and projectiles?

IScusSdemolitions in the different cases arising in practice,howca . d11. a. rfIe out, precautions, etc.Ive the essential part:; of a fuze. Describe in detail the ring

12 , J) :esi~tance fuze.escrlbe in detail the United States combination primer.

ORDNANCE (ORAL).1 C.. IVefrom drawing a detailed description of constructive features,

~odes of operation, etc" of the gun and carriage at which you

2 ast drilled., Show .3, J) generally how to mount the above gun and carnage.

\~w,a diagram of and explain the principles involved ~n the,hH,tler plotting board. Show how to graduate the aZimuth

A Circle"t, p. .

r?Jectiles: Kinds and use. Describe system of painting, pil-

llig, marking. Draw a longitudinal section of a type projectileand5. J). name the parts.:scribe generally the various paints, oils, and materials used

In preserving', operatinO' lubricatinO' and clean in!! modernd

0' 0' ,~

6. 11or nance. .Jreechbl . f 1f ocks: DescrIbe general features and classes 0 t lOSe

t~r large-caliber guns. Point out essential differences between

,ose and the R. F. breechblocks generally, and reasons fordifferences.

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re. A. M. 5.]8

d. ~t.

7. Describe the I-pounder subcaliber gun, and method of a JU 'ment and use.

8. Describe how to obtain pressure of powder in bore.

GUNNERY (ORAL).

1. \Vhat is meant by ignition, ini1ammation, and combustioll,

applied to a charge of gunpowder? Explain how velocities llIl t

pressures are affected by (1) the material of which the powd:e

is made; (2) the granulation; (3) the physical condition oft

grains. .

2. What is meant by the density of grains of powder? TIy grll"I'

metric density? TIydensity ofloading? Explain what e!fcc:;in general, the last named exercises upon the pressure III t

bore and the velocity imparted to the projectile. . It

3. Illustrate by sketch and define the following: Trajectory, Blgl;elevation, quadrant elevation, angle of departure, angle of ~11 t'

jump, drift, danger space, directing point, predicted pOlll,

set-forward point.

4. Explain the principle of "rigidity of the trajectory." . b

5. \Vhat is the ballistic coefficient? Give the formula from r-;hlcb

it is derived, and define and explain thA significance of eae

factor entering the formula. 1.6. Discuss the effect of an unlevel gun platform in firing by ?as~doCase II, and Case III, respectively, of a material change III t1\Jo

during the practice; of an error in range transmitted froll1t

position finder; of refraction. to'

7. Explain how the gun pointer of a rapid-fire battery, being' Pdc

vided with an abridged range table, adjusts his sight for his

i1ection in firing at a moving target; also how he correct~ f' IIsight for longitudinal and lateral errors, from the observed ,l

of his shots. f II

8. Give practical approximate rule (1) for converting the tmvel,O(Z)

target, estimated in miles per hour, into yards per second, d~• l1f

for converting the lateral deviation of a shot, estimated IU Y $'

into units of circular me'asure. Ilhlstrate by numcric!11 e

amplcs. .'oJl9. \Yhat is meant by center of impact? Given the plotted pOSit!l'

of a series of shots fired at a fixed target under identiC!11CO

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[C.A. M. 5.]

10

2. Given 12-inch n. L. M., cast iron, steel hooped:W . ht f . t'l 1,0...." I)Ound5.Ig 0 prO]GCI e........................ tV

Muzzle velocity 910 f. 5.

Angle of elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .iT;).

Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7,2,'52yards.

Find-

Time of flight.

Angle of fall.

Terminal velocity.

Maximum ordinate.

Drift. .Range change due to 10 per cent increase in C. '.Range change due to 5 per cent increase in muzzle velOC1t).

3. Given- d

Range ; 8.000 ylll' 5.

Height of sight 150 feet.

Angle of departure 6° 27.4',

~-Quadrant elevation corrected for height of sight and C

vature,

DRILL REG ULATIONS (OUAL),

to1. Give the divisions of an artillery company. Describe ho~ ..

form the company, man the battery, and dismiss the COO1pll!l~'

either gun or mortar company.

2. Under the current coast artillery memorandum, discuss: de '(a) Subcaliber practice; fire control, division into parts,

termination of hits, targets. . 't

(b) Service practice; how divided, trial shots, blending pO

dff. f

(c) Battery service practice; general provIsIons, obsel'

tions on tug and on shore. f3. Infantry drill, extended order: Describe the normal attack 0

company acting alone.

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[C. ~-\~\1. 5.]

11

DRILL REGULATIO~S (PRACTICAL).

;. ~O~duct drill practically at piece to which last assigned.

, nIl an infantry company:(a) Close order to turn form line in various ways from

column ~f squad;, Form line from column of pla-

toons in several ways laid down.(b ) Extended order, being in column of squads form line of

squads. Deploy as skirmishers. Drill as skirmishers.

Assemble.

SEACOAST ENGIKEERIKG (ORAL).

1. State tl1 'd" d . I . f h' t I bconSl eratlOns Involve m se ectlOn 0 onzon a ase

2. !)fine for coast artillery position-finding service.scuss briefly the effect of error in observation at one base end

(1) where base line is essentially parallel to line of fire; (2)

where base line is essentially perpendicular to line of fire.

Make a diagram and explain relative advantages and dis-

3 . advantages .. De 'bCfl e a method of locating a pintle center (1) after the base

nng, but before the racer and the gun are mounted; (2) after

-1 S the g.un is mounted., 'upp hI'b .ose t e stakes of a horizontal base line to be set; exp am

!j "r nefly the method of makinO' the actual measurements .. h t' 0 •a Is meant by the true azimuth of a line? By back aZImuth?

Explain in general terms how the true azimuth of a line i~

(i, \V~ete~mined by observation on celestial objects.~t IS meant by orientation of a gun? Explain a method of

7. E;ne~ltation of guns with which you are familiar.

S, \Vhr:lalll a method for orientation of mortars. .'at are the principal leveling problems in connectiOn WIth

coast artillery work? "Vhat are the permanent marks called

from which observations are begun? \Vhat instruments are

required?

~~



[c. A~)1. 5.J12

9. In the continuous method of taking ang'1es, what is accomplish~J

by the direct and retrograde readings? By tumbling the tescope? By shifting the horizontal limb at the beginning of

each set? By reading two verniers? By multiplicity °pointing?

10. Explain the construction of a bubble tube. What is meant bYthe bubble axis?

POSITION-FINDING SERVICE (ORAL).

1. Give the equipment and personnel prescribed for a battrry pri.

mary station, and personnel in each case.

2. Show how to indicate and identify a target.

3. Give the rules for operating position finders.

4. Give the principles involved in tracking a target. IlluAtrate bYsketch, naming the different points.

5. Define the following:Relocation of target.

Reference numbers and use.

Set-forward point.

Travel of target. Different uses of word "travel."

Refraction and effects in range finding. Sketch. . 1.Observation interval and its relation to predicting inWrV!1

How are stations represented on maps and plans? r6. Give principal daflses of war vessels; their respective v,11tlC °t

use in a fleet; how to distinguish as targets. What arrange~J1eJ1?

of guns or volume of fire is sought in modern battle-ship drs1gJ1s.

POSITIO~-FINDING SERVICE (PRACTICAL).

1. Show how to Hf>tup ancI make the various adjustments of tbe

Swa.".eyr~ng~ finder. . tbO:!. Explam pnncipies of, show how to set up, anent and opcr,tf,C

plotting board.

3. Same for the rang(l hoard.

~



[C. A. :\1. 5.]

FOR PHO~~OTION FHO'I FIHST LIEUTEX,\XT TO.CAPTAIN.

1 ADMINISTRATION (OHAL).

'GiVet}2, Om. le precedence of troops on occasions of ceremony.eers of the Hegular Arm" Marine Corps and volunteers whell

Inu t. '.J' •

8 ered mto the United States service take prec('dence 1ll

3 What order?, When ill . d. an 0 lcer takes leave of absence what reports are requIreOnlea' d" G' f. Wh : Vlng,unng contmuance, and on return? lve orm.at Is the duty of a captain w~hena soldier des('rts? Of the post

5, \~~Inmander when a deserter is delivered at a post?d,at rules govern transfers of officers and men in an artillery

6 I Istriet?

, nfWhatways can a soldier be discharcred before expiration of termOs' /:)"I, D erVlce? \Vho orders discharcre in various cases?

eserib h' . h't e vanous forms of dlscharcre papers and when eac 15

U~d /:)Q 0 ., n death of a soldier, what duties devolve on his immediate com-

9, \ Inander?~d.at is an artillery district and what are the functions of the

lIst'0, G' net commander?

hiVerUles for boarding a man-of-war; for entering and leaving a

11 Oat. ., G' ,courteSIes extended to a man-of-war.

12, \\~=tregUlations governing salutes to foreign ships of war.functions does the post council perform? Of whom com-

1' ) POsed? .\l , G'11, O~veregulations for care of arms and equipment in barracks.

tuWhat occasions is the post flag displayed at half staff and what

le8 govern?(13)

l.

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,

" ~



[C. A. ~I. 5.]

14

15.

t6.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Discuss accountability and responsibility. How incurred?

How relieved from? What are the responsibilities of the postcommander as to public property?

\Yhat are the functions of a surveying officer, and what actioIl Clll!

be taken in various cases that arise?

Give general rule as to military correspondence: channels, forJ1ls,

matter intended for bureaus of War Department, etc.

Orders; classes, forms. Circulars; how tmnsmitted, etc.?

Given a muster roll, show how to make it out.Same for requisitions for forage, etc.

l1ILITARY LAW (ORAL).

1. What persons can order a general court-martial?

2. \\no can convene the different inferior courts-martial'?

3. State briefly the jurisdiction of courts-martial, as to (1) plllCc,

(2) time. t

4. "That con,,,titute the" charge" and" specifications," and ""bll•

essential conditions must be complied with in their prep9J'll

tion?

;5 . Give the procedure of a general court-martial.

fL State the constitution and composition of courts of inquiry. 111

7. Define and explain martial law and military government. to

what manner is martial law imposed upon a territory, and

what extent does it apply? C'

S. State the constitution of military commissions; give the proc

dure and discuss the sentences. f

9. Explain the employment of military force to execute the lll\'\'S

the Union.

10. Discuss the posse corm:tatu8.

FIELD SERVICE ItEGULATIONS (OUAL).hjCb

1. Xame the principal kinds of marches and the occasions on W

they are made.

2. What are the objects and advantages of practice marches? jl1

3. What special precautions are necessary in ~heTropics to D1111ntl1jS'

efficiency, and what are the duties ofofficers and non-coJ1lll1

sioned officers in this respect'? ld4. Of what are columns on the march composed? Why sboll

cavalry be excluded from a column of foot troops?





[c. A.M. 5.]16

25. How may animals be unloaded and landed by swimming? pe-

scribe the means and methods of such unloading and landingwhen a gang plank is used.

26. What are convoys, and into what two general classes are theY

divided?

27. How should a convoy be organized, and what extra teamsters,

wagons, teams, and spare parts should be available?

28. \\tnat fact places a territory under military government of 0.0

enemy? How far does Buch government extend? \Vhat proc-lamation is necessary to establish it? f

29. Does military government cease during hostile occupation? 1

so, under what circumstances? . ?

30. In what does military government in a hostile country consIst

31. How is military government distinguished from martial law?

32. How should military government vary in severity? .

33. What does military government chiefly affect in occupied tern;tory? 'What are the principal objects of military government

34. \\That acts are not permitted by military necessity?

35. What is the effect of using the enemy's national flag for purpose

of deception?

36. To whom do all captures belong?

37. What is a prisoner of war?

38. How may prisoners of war be released from captivity? What is •the usual method?

EXPLOSIVES (ORAL).

. • III1. Under chemical principles define atom, molecule cheIJlIC

, • IlS

affinity, valency, radical. State the law of fixed proportlO

and law of multiples; conditions affecting affinity.

2. Name the principal classes of high explosives; generally bO\fprepared, from what materials, and function of such matel'ill,!s,

Give the general theory of high explosives.

3. Discuss classes of explosives and order of explosion.

4. Name the essential steps in the manufacture of gun cotton; gi"'~

its properties, uses, evidences of decomposition. How store

and how exploded? . f

5. Describe the prep~ration of dynamite, properties, uses, classes 0 •



l.

[C. A. :\1. 5.]

17

6. Und er storage of explosives, discuss-

(a) Magazines: construction, arrangement, ventilation, light-ing.

(b) Grouping of explosives in magazines.(c) Examination and tests of explosives in magazines.(d) Methods of handling explosives and p'recautions against

7. Ser . accident. . ..' .~Ice tests of explosIves: pnnclples mvolved, kmds of tests.

GIVe in detail the United States ordnance tests for smokeless

8 powder .. Shell filler: conditions to be fulfilled. Fillers used at present.

9 G.Precautions and methods used in filling shells and torpedoes.. lYe ~he essential parts of a fuze; advantages and disadvantages

10. Dof d~ffe~ent cla~ses. Describe in detail ~he ~ing-re.sistance fuze.escnbe III detaIl the United States combmatIOn pnmer and how

used.

ORDNANCE (ORAL).

1. Give, from drawing, a detailed description of one model each of

lllortar and carriage, one large-caliber gun and carriage, and one

2. D:f secon~ary armament. .aw a dIagram of and explain the principles involved m the

\~istler plotting board. Show how to graduate the azimuth

cIrcle.3. Swase fi . . I fy range nder. Show how to set up; pnnclp es 0 con-

4. p struction.rojectiles: kinds and uses. Describe system of painting, piling,

lllarking. Draw longitudinal section of a type projectile and

5. D:.a~e the parts, uses, etc. .'scnbe generally the various paints, oils, and materials used m

preserving, operating, lubricating, and cleaning modern ord-

6 nance .. Br h fec blocks. Describe general features and classes of those or

large-caliber guns. Point out essential differences between

t~ose and the R. F. breech blocks generally, and reasons for

'7 dtfferences .. De 'b f d'cn e the I-pounder subcaliber gun, and method 0 a Just-

11lentand use.



[C. A. ~I. 5.]

18

8. Describe how to obtain pressure of powder in the bore.

9. Explain by diagram the recoil and counter-recoil systems inmodern disappearing guns. What are, in the main, the varia"

tions in case of mortars and R. F. guns?

10.. What qualities are most desirable in metal for guns? Give gen"

eral theory of the "built-up gun."

GUNNERY (ORAL).

1. 'Vhat is meant by density of a grain of powder? By gravimetric

density? By density of loading? .

2. What fractional part of the total energy of a powder charge 18

expended within the bore of the gun? Besides imparting

motion to the projectile, what other factors contribute to

absorb the energy of the powder gases within the bore?

3. A charge of gunpowder in a shell failed to rupture the shell but

gave a pressure of 40,000 pounds per square inch. Assuming

the temperature of explosion to have been 2,500° C., what

would be the pressure per square inch in the shell when it has

cooled to 20° C.?

4. Through error an 850-pound projectile was fired from the 12-iDcb

B. L. 11. instead ora projectile weighing 1,046 pounds. WIJat

muzzle velocity was imparted to the 850-pound projectile,

assuming that the correct muzzle velocity for the 1,000-pound

projectile (with the same charge) was 700 f. s.?

5. vvnat is the ballistic coefficient? Give the formula from whicb

it is derived, and explain briefly the significance of each factor

entering it. .

6. Illustrate by sketch and name the following: trajectory, sight

elevation, 'quadrant elevation, angle of departure, angle of fall,

jump, danger space.

i. A 12-inch B. L. R. was fired with a projectile weighing 1,000

p0unds, a charge of 270 pounds of nitro-cellulose powder,

giving a muzzle velocity of 2,250 f. s. it being desired to

bring the muzzle velocity up to 2,300 f. s., how much powder

was it necessary to add to the charge? f

8. Discuss briefly the relative advantages and disadvantages 0

Case I, Case II, Case I II.



l.

[C. A. M. 5.]

10

!J. Gi.' . .e a practical rule for convertllJg the speed of a target, estI-

mated in miles per hour, into yards per second; also a practical:ule for determining the lateral deviation of a shot, estimated

10 WIn y~rds, into corresponding units of circular measure.. hat IS meant by the" quadratic law of resistance" as applied

to the motion of a projectile exterior to the bore of a gun? For.

11. A wh~t ki.nd ?f velocities is this law assumed to apply? . .projectIle IS fired from a 12-inch B. L. M. If the prOjectile

w.eighs 1,000 pounds and leaves the bore with a muzzle velocityot 500 f. s., with what velocity does the mortar begin to recoil,

12. A:ssuming.that it and i~s.attachment~ weigh. 30,000 pounds?".sume the plotted pOSitiOn of a senes of SIXshots fired under

Identical conditions at a fixed target; assume a scale; determine

the mean lateral and loncritudinal deviations of the practice,

the mean lateral and mea; loncritudinal errors of the gun; locate

the center of impact, and det~rmine the dimensions of the 25

13. per cent rectancrleState the princip~l'~recautions to be taken in the care of tele.

1,1. scopic sights.Describe h~)\vto test the 1898 model telescopic sight to determine

Whether the axis of the cross level is perpendicular to the ele-

vation arc and to the axis of revolution of the sight. What,

practically, would be the error, if any, in using the sight if this

adjustment were not made in Case I? Case II? Case III?

GUNNEH,Y (PRACTICAL).

1. Given a 3-inch telescopic sight, explain its use, method of attach-

.) ment to carriagoe, advantao-es and adJ'ustments.G' 03' TlVen a quadrant, explain its use and adjustment.

. he targE.t is moving to the left parallel to the front of the battery

at a uniform speed of 16 miles per hour ata range of 8,000 yards;~he time of flight is 13.3 seconds; the deviation due to the wind

-1 . Is 24 yards to the left. Set the sight for deflection .. Assume the shot in last question struck 20 yards astern of target

i)

and correct the sicrht for the 11ext shot.'. Assume b

~Iean of longitudinal errors 20 yards.

~Iean of lateral errors 8 yards.

~

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= =



[c.A. M. 5.]20

Find-

The probable errors in these directions.The dimensions of the 25 per cent rectangle.

The dimensions of the total rectangle.

BALLISTICS (WRITTEN).

1. Given 12-inch D. L. R.:

Weight of projectile .. . ... .... _. 1,046 pounds.

Muzzle velocity . . .. _. .. 2,250 f. s.

Angle of departure .. . . _. _. GO 44.7/.

Range .. .. .. . .• 8,000 yards.

Find-

Time of flight.

Angle of fall.

Striking velocity.

Maximum ordinate.

Deviation for a wind component of 10 miles per hour.

Perforation of Krupp armor, capped projectile.

Drift.

Range change due to 10 per cent increase in C.

Range change due to 10-mile head wind.

Range change due to 100 f. s. loss in muzzle velocity.

2. Given 12-inch D. L. M., cast iron, steel hooped:

Weight of projectile _. 1,046pounds, capped.

Muzzle velocity 570 f. s.

Angle of elevation . 550.

Range . . _. 3,746 yards.

Find-

Time of flight.

Angle of fall.

Terminal velocity.Maximum ordinate.

Drift.

Range change due to an increase of 10 per cent in C.

Range change due to an increase of 5 per cent in muzzle

velocity. .

3. Given range 8,000 yards. Height of sight, 150 feet.

Angle of departure, 6° 27.4/.

Find quadrant elevation corrected for height of sight andcurvature.

- - _ __ _ _ __ - - _ __ _ _ _'"

__ _ __ __ '" - - __ __ _ _ _

_ _ _ " - - - _ _ _ _



l.

[C. A. 1\1. 5.]

21

ARTILLERY DRILL REGULATIONS (ORAL).

1. Give tactical chain of command in an artillerv district. Define

2. D each unit and give duties of its commander:efine the following: danger space, azimuth, displacement,

3 'predicted point, relocation, set forward point .. Grve general directions for conducting drill; rules for sponging;

4 .orders of fire; missfires; preparation of projectiles for firing .

.5' ~Ive ~he various "cases" recognized and how drilled practically.

. escnbe the divisions of a O"uncompanv' how to form thc. coni-G. E pan?, an~ post at the batt~ry. .:.. . .7 xplam how to test gunners for accuracy m "ilghtmg and aImmg.

S' ~:arc~lights: kinds, designation, rule for operating.[J: ~hat IS included in the monthly artillery ~nspection? .

nder thc current coast artillery instructIOn memorandum dls-

~U8S:battery service practice; duties of battery commander

In advance of; trial shots in detail; targets; blending powder;

10. details of 10adiuO"Same as above. E~plain method of determination of hits, and

figure of merit.

ARTILLERY DRILL REGULATIONS (PRACTICAL).

1. Give in detail the Hervice and drill of the guu or mortar to which

you were last assigned.

SEACOAST ENGINEERING (ORAL).

1. State the considerations involved in the selection of horizontal

2. .base lines for coast artillery position-finding service.DIscUss briefly the effect of error in observation at one base end

(1) where base line is essentially parallel to line of fire; (2) where

base line is essentially perpendicular to line of fire. Make dia-

:3 . gram; explain relative advantages and dii'advantages. .Describe method used in determinincr lenoth of standard base line

which can not be directly measured, b; the use of an auxiliary

base line. Illustrate by sketch the most suitable length and

.1 position for the auxiliary base .. What is meant by the true azimuth of a line? By back azimuth?

Explain how the true azimuth may be determined accurately

by ohservation on celestial objects:



10. A. 1'1. 5.]

22

5. Describe a method of locating a pintle center (1) after the basering but before the racer and gun are mounted; (2) after the

gun is mounted.

G. \Vhat is meant by orientation of a gun? Explain the methods oforientation of guns with which you are familiar. Explain the,methods used for the orientation of mortars.

7 . Name the adjustments necessary in the engineer's transit, l1nd

explain in detail how to adjust the axis of the tele;;cope

bubble parallel to the line of sight by direct methods. for

what kind of work is this adjustment most important?

POWER (ORAL).

1. Define force, work, energy, power, and units of each. State

the principles of the conservation of energy. d

2. \vnat is a line shaft? A countershaft? . Where is the last HaOlC

used and for what purpose? What can you say as to the rela

tive speed of shafts w~ed for metal working, wood turning,and spinning machinery, respectively? With a given powe:Q

to be transmitted a considerable distance by a line tihaft, l-

it generally more economical to deliver the power at a rela

tively high or low speed? Why?

3. What is a earn? Mention some practical applications of a caJ1l'

\\nat is the general efficiency of a cam as a de"ice for the

transmission of power?

4. What is a toggle joint? To what class of work is it eSl)(~cial1Y

applicable? Mention some practical applications of this de-

vice. .

5. What is a differential windla'lti? A differential pulley? ,-Exp~!tll~

the principles on which they operate. .Mention some practICll

applications of the differential pulley, and explain hoW yoll

would practically determine its gain in power. HoW are

differential pulleys usually rated?

G. What is link work? Give some practical applications and ilW:trations of link work. 'What are dead points? How are thc)

practically overcome? What is a universal joint? State 9-

practical application of this device.

7. Into what classes are steam boilera generally divided? Mention

a type of each, with advantage3 and disadvantages.

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l.

[C.A. U. 5.]

23

8. \Vha~ is meant by priming'? \Yhat are the known causes of

pnming? How may it be detected? What may be done to9 stop priming?. "\That action is necessary in case water in boilers gets too high?

. 10 Too low? .. What causes incrustation on boilers? Give some means of pre-

ll. venting it. .What is meant by the indicated horsepower of an engine? The

12. D~raF:e horsepower? How is each determined? .ISCUSSas engines; general theory, construction, regulations.

POWER (PRACTICAL).

1. Des'b . .' dn e bnefly the various bOIler accessones, an explain

their uses. Explain the principle upon which the injector

2. operates.Describe and show how to operate practically a steam boiler (to

be selected by officer from thoRe available) under followingheads:

(a) Firing.

(b) Raising steam.

(c) Care and maintenance.

3. De (~)bTesting. .scn e and explain how to operate practically a steam englll€

(to be selected by officer) under the following heads:(a) Starting.

(b) Governing.


4. De (~)bTesting. . . (1, bscn e and show how to operate practically an 011 engmeo e

selected by officer) under the following heads:(a) Starting (including oiling and oil and water supply).

(b) Governing.


ELECTRICITY AND MINES (ORAL).

~. Name and define the practical ~nits of electricity in common me.

3: ~::t~.ohm's law, and illustrate its use by an example. f '1'.nlOn a number of primary cells with which you are amllar,

and explain the ClaRSof work to which they are respectivelybest adapted. .



L C. A. 1\1. 5.J

24

4. \Vhat is meant by polarization of a cell? State methods used to

counteract polarization.

5. State the law of "divided circuits," and give an example.

Ii. Explain briefly the construction of a telephone receiver, llJ1d

give the electric principles involved.

7. Explain the construction of an induction coil, and give the

electric principles involved. .

8. Explain the construction of a telephone tram;mitter, and gIVe

the electric principles involved. d

9. Classify direct-current dynamos with respect to their fields, !tll

explain the class of-service to which each type is best suited.

10. State the principles governing the location of a mine field.

11. Name and explain briefly the elements constituting a mille

defense. d

12. Describe the kinds of cable used in submarine mine work, !tod

explain how the cores of multiple cable are identified !to

numbered.

13. Describe how a mine field is marked out preparatory to running

cable and planting mines.

14. Classify and describe the mine cases in use in the United StateS

service, and givethe principles governing their seloction forB

particular channel or water area. d

1.5. Describe a compound plug and explain how the sallie is Jaade •

and assembled.

IG. Describe how mines are taken up, and whOatprecautions !tre

necessary in unloading them.

17. What constitutes a mine command'?

18. Explain how mines are fired by observation or judgment.

UJ. Describe how to make a cable joint or splice.

~O. Make a sketch of circuits of Wheatstone bridge and explain the

electrical principles involved.

ELECTRICITY AND MINES (PRACTICAL).

I. ~[ea"ure an unknown resistance with a Wheatstone bridge; with

voltmeter. d

2. Select a motor; give the names of the vanous parts; start gIld

stop it; explain how to care for it; explain the operation gO

principles of the starting box.



l.

[C. A. 1\1. 5.1

25

3. Select a lamp; determine the power necessary to light ten such

la~ps arranged in multiple; same when the lamps are in

4 Benes.. At mining casemate, name and briefly explain use of each piece

5. Nof apparat~s on power board.. ..ame and bnefly explain use of each pIece of apparatus on mme

6 board .. Show bow to set switches and apparatus for signal circuit in

7 mining casemate. .

8' ~~at will happen if a mine is struck?. vhth signal circuit on arranO'e switches so a mine struck willfi

9 W re automatically.10: M:hen mine is fired, what takes place on signal panel?

ake changes on mine block necessitated by above.

POSITION-FINDING SERVICE (ORAL).1. De 'b . d tsen e the system of fire control and range findmg use a

present, including methods of getting and applying range cor-

2 rections .. Compare the horizontal and vertical base systems; advantages

3 a.and disadvantages of each. .. lYe the equipment and personnel prescribed for a battery pn-

4. ~lmary station, and duties of personnel.5 D lOW how to indicate and identify a target.

G: a:scribe the rules for the use of position finders. .l.ve the principles involved in tracking a target; observmg

7 I lnterval; predicting interval; Cases I and II .

. low would you obtain ranges-(a) IIorizontal base, primary instrument out of action.

(b ) Secondary instrument out of action.8 \ (c) Both primary and secondary out of action .. Vl1at are the different "reference numbers" used? \\nyare

9. Dparticular numbers selected? Object?

efine the followinO"

(a) Relocation ~f target.(b ) Set-forward point.

(c) Predicted point.

(d) Travel of target.

' ~



[C. A.l\I. 5.]

26

9. Define the following-Continued.

(e ) Refraction and effect.(f) Time interval and its relation to predicted interval.

(g) IIow are stations designated on maps and plans?

10. Give the principal classes of war vessels; their respective use o~

value in a fleet; how distinguished as targets; arrangement 0

armor on battle ships. What, as regards arrangement of gunS

or volume of fire, is sought to be attained in the design of the

modern battle ship?

POSITION-FINDING SERVICE (PRACTICAL).

1. Set up and adjust the Warner and Swasey azimuth instrument.

Azimuth to designated point being given as 231.74, find the

angle between a point and designated point.

2. The members of the board acting as various numbers, drill 8-Ud

instruct the range section.

3. Use, and explain the adjustment of, the deflection board. t

4. Conduct an inspection of a battery primary station and repOT

on the condition and efficiency of the equipment.

5. Give instructions to the range section (members of the bOllrd)

in indication and identification of targets. . f

6. Orient the 'Vhistler-liearn plotting board. Find the :1zimuth 0base line as it is now set.

7. Adjust and use the Warner and Swasey D. P. F.



l.

[C. A. U. G.]

Fon PROMOTION FROM CAPTAIN TO MAJOll.

ADMINISTRATION (ORAL).

1. Dcfi!w al ,t'll d' . d d?, G~ 1ar I cry lstnct. By whom comman e :~ve powers, duties, responsibilities, of the district commander

as to staff, drills, artillerv personn.el and materiel, inspections,arCH •cry practice, relation to troops of other arms, land defense,traw"l- t t' f h d' . t. 0 ,. lor a lOn, unctions when absent from t e Jstnc,

. 11 occasions of ceremony, how are troops arranged in column, etc.,

4. \V~l1dhow on other occasions?len a deserter is received at a post, what duties devolve on the

5 pOst commander?. lIow 11 • b flay an enllsted man he discharrred from the serVIce e are

6. 117Ie.:xpiration of service, and what bla~ks are provided'?1\ Jat I t' .( U les devolve on the post commander in case of desertIOn

7 . fOrn his POf-lt?. \Vh.. . ,

8, \Vhat pfoperty responsihility has a post commander?at are the functions of a surveying officer and of the post com-

l11ander in the various cases which arL'le? Discuss the various

9.cases,, \, hat h '. f .are t e duties of the post commander in relatIOn to orelg

n

10 ~len-of-war?. Dlscu b f 1la 81 5 n,effy the employment of troops in enforcement? t l~

WR, When may they be employed? general provllHons,

special cases, Can a post commander ever use troopS in

11. G~d vance of orders to enforce the law?lYe the general provisions as to contracts or purchases on behalf

12, \V~:h: Unite.d States. .t lIlspectlOns and reports are required when quarters arc

ace13, 'VI uplCd, allotted, or vacated?lere would you go to ascertain any question of jurisdiction

OVera reservation under your control?(27)

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[C. A. l\I. 5.J

.28

14. What records are required at post headquarters?

15. Give the general regulations governing military correspondenCe.

16. Give rules governing correspondence at a post, with staff, etc.

COAST ARTILLERY DRILL REGULATIONS (ORAL).

1. Explain in detail the duties of a fire commander at a fire coJl1

mand drill. .

2. Explain in detail the duties of a fire commander at service prac

tice and the preparation of reports in connection therewith.

COAST AHTILLERY DHILL REGULATIONS (PRAOTICAL)'

Conduct in detail and explain the complete inspection of a fire

command.

FIELD SERVICE REGULATIONS (OnAL).

1. Being about to engage in a battle, what general object would

guide you in the distribution of your troops?

2. Before making an attack on a position, what, in detail, should

commander do?

3. Describe the preparatory stage of an attack. b'

4. After choosing a position for defense, how would it be strengt

ened? be5. What kind of a unit is a division? What matters are under t

orders of a division commander?

6. Give the organization of a division.

7. W1Iat staff belongs to a division?

INTEnNA.TIONAL LAW (ORAL).

1. Discuss navigable rivers between States, as boundaries, and tl,lerules of navigation as illustrated by the Danube and the MisSIS

sippi. . ?

2. Is a State entitled to immunity from marauding expe~iti~n:r

Illustrate by case of "Capture of St. Marks," Florlda,

"Caroline." ?

3. IIow is naturalization effected? What ate the consequences

IIow is citizenship lost?4. Discuss the privileges and immunities of ambassadors.

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[C. A. 1\1. 5.]

29

5. \Vh6. \Vh at are the duties of consuls? The privileges?

7.

n~t conditions are essential to the validity of treaties?

eSldes peaceful methods to obtain redress from another nation

8. ~hat forceful methods are sometimes resorted to?at are the most important rules recognized by prize courts

9, ~o d~termine the nationality of ships and goods?,;t IS the Declaration of Paris, and what the Consulato del

10 D,"Ylare?. Iscuss dispatches and the mails with respect to contraband of'

'\Var,and the case of the" Trent." .

1 \: EXPLOSIVES (ORAL).

2: ~~~at are the principal conditions a~ecting aili~ity?~e generally what chemical actIOn occurs III the process of

~ltrating, in making a high explosive. \Vhat is the nature of

3. Cl.h~ resulting molecu1e?. ~~SI~Yexplosives. Discuss the classes or orders of explosion,

4 IlShnctive phenomena etc

• 11 • •nItro-cellulose powders-(a) Upon what does the degree of nitration chiefly depend?

(b) Upon what the stability?(c) What is colloidization and its object? Give classes of

colloids and their properties.(d) What are the physical tests to which the powders are

subjected before acceptance?(e) liow would you detect incipient decomposition?

5 'h (J) What effect has heat moisture, and long storage?. uefi. ne and describe dynamite; how prepared; classes of; proper-

6 . bes and uses .. What are the requisites of a good shell filler? What is used at

present in the United States service, and how is the filling per-

7 !ofmed? .. DIscuss demolition in the different cases arising in practice; howca .

8. D' rned out; precautions, etc.ISCUSStorage of explosives under the following heads:(a) MagazineE1: construction; arran~ement, ventilation,

lightinO' .

(b) Grou;ing of explosives in magazines.

(c) Examination of same in magazines.

(d) Methods of handling and precautions against accident.

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[C. A. ~I. 5.1

31

ELECTRICITY AND :MINES (ORAL).

1, Expl aln the construction and the necessity for a starting box for

2 or" a motor. How is the speed of a motor varied? •, .c.xpl .RIn what is meant by the back E. :M. F. of a motor and how

a to obtain it .. Explt aln the theory of a storage battery.

ame and give a brief description of the necessary apparatus ofa .5 sWItchboard panel to control and operate a storage battery •

. .ues 'b .Dcn e a telephone receiver and a telephone transmItter.6 or" raw a diagram., .c.xpl .7. E a~nhow the arc of a searchlight is struck and maintained.xp.laln the tactical considerations involved in the location of

8 lrlInes .. tram . '9. G' e the elements of a mine system.. I~e a brief description of a 19-conductor cable, and explain

10, D ow to make a joint to be put under water.raw a rough diabcrramof a mine transformer and explain itsa l'

1~, \Vb~ lon; ~lso h~w to test it. '. .t consIderatIOns govern in selectinO' a mIlle case for a partIc-

ul I . b

12, \Vb ar, ocalIty? What is meant by a No. 32 case?at IS the explosive used in a mine? W'bat is used as a deto-

~ating charge? Does the material of the fuze can cut any

13 1) 19ure?

14' l.~ escribe how a mine is arrancred for planting., .I.~am . b

lfi . . D e e, the tests for the mine and apparatus.scnbe how a mine field is marked out and planted.

POSITION-FINDING SERVICE (ORAL).

1 G' .'iVe . .'D ~qU1pment and personnel of a fire commander s statIOn.

2. D' utles of the personnel.

lScuss the relative advantacres and disadvantages of the hori-a, D,zontal and vertical base sy:tems, .Iscuss the various methods of indication and identification of

A a tarO'et'l , \\ih

a,0

S. D t IS the system of "reference" .numbers?escribe the various classes of war vessels, battle ships especially;

~se or value of the various classes in a fleet. What is the

endency in modern battIe-ship design as regards arrangement

of guns, calibers, volume of fire?

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1

{e.A. M. 5.]

32

. POSITION-FINDING SERVICE (PRACTICAL).

Conduct a :fire-command drill practically.

PltINCIPLES GOVERNING THE LOCATION OF BATTERIES,

ETC. (ORAL).

Give considerations involved in location of:(a) Guns.(b) Mortars.(c )

Mines.(d) Obstructions.

TACTICAL PROBLEM (WRITTEN).

. • FortAt p o'clock a. m., October 15, 1908, Colonel II., commanding

Monroe, Virginia, receives a report informing him th~tbthostile detachment of. two regiments of marines, with elf dnaval guns on :field mounts, 3-inch caliber, has asscJXlb

near Fox Hill al\d is marching toward Fort Monroe. 'ratThe artillery supports of Fort Monroe consist of the ~l 'II

. . Regiment Virginia Infantry; Battery A, Second VirgJr~Field Artillery; Company 13,Maryland (Engineers), fl,0

machine-gun detachment of six guns. .

Required: . tb6Colonel II.'s orders for his troops, and indicate pOflition00

map for such action as is demanded.

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lC . A. M. 6.]

Co.'\.ST ARTILI,ERY I \VAR DEPARTMEKT,

~J!:h!OR.'\.NDUM No.6. \YASHIXGTON, August 5,1909.

The foll " . . fand owmg mstructIOns with reference to the preparatIOn or

.the .Conduct of seacoast artillery target practice are published for

Inform t' d'p a Ion an gmdance of all concerned.Oflicostcommanders will be held responsible that all coast artillery

this ers of their commands are proficient in the subject-matter of

[l53~emorand um.iJ 23-A. G. 0.]

131' ORDER OF: THE SECRET~RY OF WAR:' --.

W. W. \VOTHERSPOOK,

Op Br.igadier General, Acting Chief of Staff.PICIAL:

HENRY P. McCAIN,

Adjutant General.

90038-09-1



[C. A. M. 6.]

PREPAltATION FOR AND CONDUCT OF SEACOAS11

, ARTILLERY TARGET PRACTICE.

The value of a seacoast battery in action is measured by tbe .accuracy and rapidity of its fire. We must be able to hit t~e

enemy more rapidly than he can hit us, and we should disllbe

his ships or put them out of action in the shortest possible tiI1le,

In a run-by, for example, ships moving at the rate of 17 knots. nt,

hour would be under the fire of our guns only fifteen or twe r

minutes. The necessity of changing from one target to anotb:o

reduces the time of actual firing, so that it is highly important 'Ihit quickly to begin with, and to continue hitti~g rapidly un

tl

the action is decided. Hits per gun per minute may, therefo~;

be considered the unit of measure of battery efficiency, and t d

factors which determine hits per gun per minute are accuraCY 8Jl

speed.' .Accuracy and speed being the requisites for battery efficieIlC~'

we must set about to attain them in proper order-first accurllC,

then speed. . rllCo.ast artillery development has been so r~pid since n:odeto

guns and carriages have been in use that we have not had tlI1l~ts'

take up the problem of gun fire with the care which it Illeflof

speed has in a great many cases preceded accuracy. MaIlY"e

the numerous details which require attention in practice bll"e

been overlooked.' Recently, however, individual officers bllldbeen going into the problem more and the next few years sb

Oll

see great improvement in gunnery. . ofIt is believed that target practice isa problem capabletbe

definite. solution, within the limits of accuracy allowed by bell

gun and the ammunition; but the solution is arrived at only W'rie-Iall the variants or sources of error, viz, ununiformity in mate .

and methods; are eliminated.' hit.,The final objective of target practice is to develop ability to rV

To hit, or to throw the projectile accurately in practice or in se

(2)

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[C. A. M. 6.]

3

icefactowe must have, for successive shots, uniformity in the several

rs that t . .(1) G en er mto the problem of gun fire, VlZ:

(2) p u~ and carriage (action of).(3) rOJectile.

(4) Po,:~er,(5) ~osltlOn finding service (operation of). .

l'h ersonnel (work of).of he target practice problem. then reduces itself to an elimination

e" . . ,anants affecting these factors.

1. GUN AND CARRIAGE.

Caref 1 .U Inspection and adjustment will be made of the followin~:

(a) BASE RINGS TO BE TESTED FOR LEVEL,

:Place I'the a c mometer on its rest in the bore of the gun. Traverse

,the ~un t~lfough the field of fire, recording variations in level of

by 5:se rIng as indicated by the clinometer for azimuths varyingllhoUld Calculate, for mid-range, the range corrections which

corre t' be applied for variations in level, and combine these

figUr~s Ion~ with the corrections for gun displacement; modify ~he

~latf paInted on the base ring or on the steps of the loadmg

disPlorrnso that they will represent ,the total correction due to gunacernent d ,. .In' an vanatIOns m level.

be thUslng the clinometer and its rest the bore of the gun should

llhoul~roughly cleaned and any burrs on the ends of the lands

'rhead ~e removed to facilitate the insertion of the adaptors. .'

RiVin

Justment of, the clinometer itself should be tested. In'

llhoUI~he gun elevation the last movement of the elevating wheel

~il'ectioalways,be in ~he same direction. It will be found that t~eII I th of thIS motIon should be against preponderance-that lB,

e dIre t' fIon 0 depression. '.

:P (b) SIGHT STANDARDS.

. lace b . .' . . .Its llt ore SIghts m the gun, and with the teleScopIC SIght on

eightandard, point the gun so that t:q.e line of collimation of the

"'en_dand the line. through the axis of the bore intersect at some

alld12~~ned object at or beyond mid-range. For 8-inch, 10-inch,

abOUt Inch guns this adjustment should be made on an object at

adjust 6,000 yards from the gun. The sight itself, should be indeflec~ent and the vertical wire should be in the center of t~e

Ion scale. ) .

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[C. A. M. 6.]4

(c ) QUADRANT ELEVATION SCALES TO BE TESTED FOR ADJUSTMENT

BY THE CLINO::'fETER AT 0, 5, AND 10 DEGREES.

'1 -The elevating pinion shaft projecting through the chassis rllJ

carries one or two disks, depending upon the model of the carriage:

There are two scales on the disk (or disks), one the quadrant ele~:11

tion scale, the other the range scale. The quadrant elevlttl1ts

scale should be tested by the clinometer and the res~ g

compared with the calibration record of the battery, bell!Id.~n mind that the index ~or t?is sc.ale may hav~ b~enlthe

Justed as a result of the calIbratIOn firmg so as not to g1Ve tIeactual quadrant elevation. In the graduation of the range SC:he~llowance has been made for the curvature of the earth and

height of the gun trunnions. The relation between the. ~ltdtJ::

tions of the range scale and the quadrant elevation scale 18 : r'

alterable. This should be checked by the battery commltU e

and he should also verify the computations upon which tb:.

graduations are based and the accuracy of graduations thems~h' g.t

Wear of the elevating gearing will result in inaccuracIes Id

certain parts of the quadrant elevation scale. The index s~otJ$j

•be adjusted so as to be correct for mid-range or for the upproJIl

mate range at which trial and record shots will be fired. 1

making this adjustment, as in the case of testing for base-ring.1e~~;

the last movement of the elevating wheel should always be Ill' ted

same direction, viz, in the direction of depression. It is to be nO'cb •that this corresponds to a target coming toward the battery, of

will be the condition to be expected in the important P the

any actual engagement. With the target going away fro~ ill

battery it will be found impracticable to have the last motIO: pB

laying the gun to be that of depression, because the gun mUst'llg

laid continuously. If all adjustments involving the elev~'~Il'

mechanism are made with the last motion that of depresslgetthe carriage will be in the best adjustment f~r firing at a. tlt:ce'approaching the battery. It is well, therefore, at target p:lt~tlthe

to arrange that the target shall approach -the battery durInc>

firing of the record shots.

(rT\ ELEVATING MECHANISM •.... ill'

Examine the hand wheel shaft and bearings, all racks aud!ilions, elevating rack slide and its bearing; clean thoroughlr {t~otJld

all bearing parts. Oil that has accumulated, sand and gnt. s IOpd

be removed. The elevating mechanism should work easIly

smoothly for both elevation and depression.. -r

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[C. A. M. G.]

5

(e) FnICTI •ON DEVICE OF ELEVATIXG ::IIECHAXIS::II (IF THIS DEVICE IS

l-;OT IN PROPER ADJUSTMENT IT SHOULD BE REMOVED BY AN

onDNANCE MACHINIST AND EXAMIXED).

E .. Jramine add' h ., . hIt is fi n a Just t e fnctIOn clutch. The gun Jumps w en

corre ~~d. It may be said that correction for jump is included in\\ill IOnmade as a result of trial shots; this correction, however,

of th o~~P~ly unless the jump is uniform. The proper adjustment

'IJ.:nij'oe nctIon clutch will tend to make the amount of the jump

he n n~ for successive shots. If the O'unwere in a vise there wouldoJ 0tight . UInp. We can conceive that if the friction device were so

gUni ~o allow no movement in the elevating device when thebe nos. ed, and if this device as a whole were rigid, there would

depr

J~mp. The rigidity of the mount in respect to elevation and

feRSloni th f . h f' .aces s, ere ore, dependent to a degree on t e nctIOn sur-

crease~f t.he. elevating gearing. Jump should decrease with in-

r fnctIon. .{'. n lllakinO' th d' h'fictio b e a Justment, care must be taken not to cause t e

dun",n surfaces to bear too right

otherwise the gearing will be en-eered (S' .consid' ee Ordnallce Department pamphlet for carnages

oith' ~red.) The main object is to secure uniformity in the actionanAIS evice. The bearinO's of elevatinO' shaft should be kept clean~p~ O. b

clean perly lubricated. The friction surfaces should be kept

oii smooth, and dry. They should not under any circumstances

turn t~~ ~r~quently at drill elevate or depress to the limit andnanc D fnctIOn surfaces on each other. According to the Ord-

In.od epartment pamphlet the elevating arm for 12-inch carriages,lJreve 1896, should be held by friction surfaces only so tight ns will

cnt th I' ..e evatmg arm shdmg dou'n.

ef) TRAVERSING. ,MECHANIS::II.

EJram.~IeanthIne the crank shaft and the bearings, all racks and pinions;Ism coroughly and oil all bearinO' parts of the tr.aversing mechan-

. Ie 0 •

SUtfac an traversing rollers and their paths, and oil all beanngShoUI;~asoften as necessary. Different sections of the dust guards

(e removed each month of the outdoor season.

11) nl<;coIL CYLINDERS (TO BE CLEANED AND FILLED, PERIODICALLY,

..\13REQUIRED BY ORDNANCE DEPARnIENT PAMPHLET FOR THE

C..\ .RRIAGE CONSIDERED)

1" .he foIl h ., .

So 100 ower s ould not be so tiO'ht as to cause undue fnctlOn, norf01'inseas to allow leakaO'e. (See Ordnance Department pamphlets

stru t' 0 , . )c Ions for packing stuffing boxes and adjusting followers.

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[C. A. M. 6.]6

The adjustment of glands and followers must be uniform for the t~~

cylinders. Examine the cylinders just before firing to see thlt

they are full.'

(h) RECOIL AND COUNTER RECOIL SYSTEM.

Clean cross-heads and guides, recoil rollers, upper and lo""et

roller paths, and lubricate all bearings. For firing, rollers, plJ,t~e,

and piston rods should be bright and slightly lubricated with t~lI)

oil. Keep grease cups full and 'so adjusted that they.functIO~

properly at all times. The gun should be tripped frequentlY, llJl t

time of going into battery recorded with a view to observing whethet .or not the action of the carriage is uniform. Equalizing pipes IJ1Il

S

be clean and free from" eettlings" or solid matter, so as to aIlo""g.

free circulation of oil. Throttling valves should be properly set b{

reference to records as to action of the carriage with settings:eprevious times, or as judgment and experience may dictate. 't fsetting of the valve depends principally upon the temperature Of

the oil in the cylinders at the time of firing. The records:e'previous firings, therefore, should show the setting of the valve, the

amount of recoil, temperature of the oil in the cylinders, and t d

time elapsing between successive shots. It should be note

tewhether or not with the same setting the recoil increases with sh

o

fired at short intervals.

(i) BREECH BLOCKS AND OB'fURATORS.

Once a month breech blocks should be dismantled and all P~

carefully cleaned. Cable and breech contacts will be freed of ltg._

grease and dirt. Dummy pressure plugs will be unscrewed .oceto

sionally and threads of pressure-plug recesses examined. PrIor II

practice cylinders for pressure plugs will be measured, and gild

commanders will be instructed in the preparation of the plUgs lltl

their use during practice. tl1

Adjust the obturator so that a slight effort will be required to tU

thp- mushroom head. See that the gas-check pad is serviceable,

(j) FIRING ATTACHMENTS.

Examine firing attachment.. Take it apart occasionally and cle.~

it; oil its bearing parts so that it functions easlIy. Men should b~)at

structed to insert the primer by pushing on the body of the PoIJl11and not on the button wire. The slide must be lowered completeetdown. If a primer fails, its button ",ire should be bent back O"bethe booy of the primer, so that the primer will not, by mistake,



[C. A. M. 6.]

7

inserted .should agam during the firing. In bending the wire back care

"rire' be taken to put as little strain as possible on the button

poss'~~ .the direction of the axis of the primer body to avoid the

S I lhty of igniting friction composition in the primer.ande; that the safety lanyard is in working order, if this is used;

est all lanyards to see that they are strong and serviceable.

(k) AZIMUTH SUBSCALES (MORTARS).

Ch"etii eck up the data upon which orientation of mortars is based ~nd

lery the setting of azimuth subscales before practice. (See A;rtil-

the .ote No. 11, for method of orienting.) Having once venfiedche~lentation data, setting of azimuth subscales can be readily

,tne: ed by a transit on the parapet or in rear of the pit. By

at.i ns of bore sights direct the vertical wire of the transit on the

ind~ of the bore and, if necessary move the subscale so that itlcate thowIS. e correct azimuth reading. The subscale should be

8hou~;d In position when correctly set .. Station for the transit

tars b~ ~ocated at a point near the battery from which all mor-

Orie~e .'VIslble and correct data for this point determined. Thetnus~ atlon of. the B. C. instrument and instruments in P. F. system

be Usagree WIth that of the mortars. An azimuth instrument may

ed for this adjustment if a transit is not available.

'1 ' (l) QUADRANTS (MORTARS).

to sest and adjust all quadrants. Expansion and contraction due

ltlen~~ and shade make it difficult to ke~p quadrants in adj~st-befo T.hey should be tested with the clInometer as short a tIme

and firIng as possible. As the clinometer does not read to 45°ltlay be quadrant does not read below 45°, an old style quadrant

its z e placed on the surfaces prepared for it at the breech and

qUadero determined by the clinometer. Having adjusted this

ele" r~nt the attached quadrant should be compared with it at

atIons differing by 50 between 45° and 70°.(m) SIGHTS.

Adjust . hl'dn Slg ts to remove parallax and for clear definition. (See

ance Departmellt pamphlets.) .

(n) SHOT TRUCKS.

On .!learinaXles.. Have trays clean and 'smooth. Trucks for disap-heightg carnages should be adjusted approximately for proper

of breech in loading position just before practice. Tray

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[c. A. M. G.]

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elevating and depressing mechanism must be lubricated and .

should be frequently operated.

IN GENERAL.

The bore and chamber, breech block, and all parts of th~

<:arriage, such as traversing rollers and their paths, and crosshea

guides, will be carefully freed of grease and dirt; only bearing

.surfaces should be lubricated. . d

Uniformity in the action of the gun and carriage will be att91ne

by lubrication of bearing surfaces and by adjustment of the

working parts of the gun and carriage to insure smooth operl1tio~-of the whole as a machine. Guns should be tripped and retracte

frequently. Just before target practice this should be done

several times a day. The action of guns and carriages in firin~

should be observed, and a careful inspection should be made Of

them before and immediately after firing, notation being made,ol

any change in adjustment as. well as of any defects in mateI1lt

that the firing has caused.

2,PROJECTILES.

The weights of all projectiles to be used in a practice will be

adjusted as nearly as possible to standard range table weig~t~

This may be done by filling the cavities of. the projectiles wit

sand. A difference in weight of less than 2 pounds may be

neglected, but anything greater than this should be taken intoaccount.

Remove all loose paint from projectiles, making their surfaceS

smooth,. polish the bourrelets. 't

The rotating bands will be carefully cleaned and all oil and gr1

removed from the grooves. Burrs on rotating bands or bourrelets

will be removed. t

Rotating bands of projectiles ,vill be calipered and the projeC diles classified in groups so that all projectiles for trial shots an

all for record shots will, if possible, have rotating bands of t~~

same diameter. In order that this work may have any vulue 1

must be done most carefully.V . t' . d' t f t t' b d varl'ations illro:l~IOns In lame .ers 0 1'9 m~ an s cause . to

velocIties. The groupmg of proJectIles, therefore, accor~lng'l s

diameters of rotating bands will permit of uniform proJect!being used for trial and for record shots, and differences in veloc~

ties between the projectiles used for trial and those used for recor

shots, due to un uniform rotating bunds, can be allowed for.

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[c. A. M. 6.]

9

ti~t has been determined by careful experiment that the varia-

6-i: ~f +~.02,? of an inch in the diameter of a rotating band of aOrdC prOjectIle has given an increase of 30 f. s. in velocity. The

an i~~nc.e D~partment specifications allow a variation of ;:!:0.003 ofA h In dlame:er of rotating bands.

rot :. all practices keep records as to differences in diameters ofrana Ing bands of projectiles for trial shots and corre:<ponding

thege .variations. If all other variants have been eliminated in

Will~Ial shot.s, the information to be obtained from these records

for e of assistance to battery commanders in making allowances

l'~elocity due to differences in rotating bands. .Pro' e ?rdnance Department last year conducted experiments with

hade~tIles with narrow rotating bands at a battery the guns of which

ver een.fired 200 times. The projectiles with narrow bands fell

ga/ erratIcally. Projectiles with similar bands fired from new guns

l\r .en~rmal results. The Ordnance Department will issue this yeart' 0Jectlle . h b .vh s Wit road rotatinO' bands for use at some of the battenesOsegu k "', (h.au h b ns are -nown to be considerably worn. T e guns 01 two

It atteries have been fired 200 times, and the third 118 times.)ae IS hoped that these broad-banded projectiles will increase the.curacy f .:NOT 0 ~~ns t~at have been fired a gre~t number of tImes:ha b E.-FIrIng With broad-banded projectIles of t.he new deSIgn

sat~ f een recently conducted. The results of this .firingwere most

an~s.actory; the dispersion of shots in calibration fring was small, .

In the record firing 100 per centum of hits was made.

3. POWDER.

Wiit0;der for heavy guns (except those using fixed ammunition)

tio e blended as prescribed by the current coast artillery instruc-

he n. lUemorandum. After blending, the sections of charges willas Care!ully made up. Each section should be as stiff and rigid

he POSSible, and of uniform cross section and length. This can

roll~ttained by care in relacing and by a process of kneading or

by lng after lacing. Weights of powder charges 'will be verified

8i"e~n officer. The following illustration indicates very condu-

L y the advantage of careful blending:inchast.year sev~ral prac~ices we.re. held at Battery Stricker (~2-

lnte nfl~s on dlsappearmg carnages), Fort Howard, Md., ~nth

hIrn.atlOnal Lot No 9 1907 powder This powder was carefully

end .,,' .. .all ed at Fort Howard and behaved with great umforDuty at

pr t' •On. th.ac Ices. The powder appeared to be weak, however, andIS account the Ordnance Department sent four charges <:>fhe

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re. A. M. 6.]10

same lot to Sandy Hook from the Picatinny Arsenal to be tested

for initial velocity. Two charges slightly under normal weight

gave the following results:

First shot 1. V. 2,153 f. s.Second shot 1. V. 2,206 f. S.'~ariation 53 f. s.

T,vo charges slightly over normal weight gave-

First shot 1. V. 2,369 f. s.Second shot... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I. V. 2,320f. S.\~ariation . . . .• 49 f. s.

These charges were tested as shipped from the arsenal and were

not blended.

Five charges of the same lot of powder were blended at Fort

Howard, Md., and shipped to Sandy Hook for test. These charges

were blended with 16 other charges which were used in practice.

The results obtained with the five blended charges shipped toSandy Hook from Fort Howard, Md., were as follows:

First shot .•...............•••....•.............. I. V. 2,198f. s.

Second shot 1. V. 2,202 f. s.Third shot .......•............ .;. . • . . . . • . . . . . . . •• I. V. 2,212f. s.Fourth shot 1. V. 2,203 f. s.Fifth shot ..•••...•...•. ;,. . . . . . .. . .. .. 1. V. 2,215f. s.Maximum variation............................. 17f. s.

The Ordnance Department specifications for powder allow g,

variation of 1 per centum either way from normal velocity. For

powder with normal muzzle velocity of 2,250, it will be seell thlt

the total allowable variation is 45 f. s.

4. POSITION FINDING SERVICE.

Communications will be inspected and all instruments in the

position finding service will be put in a condition of miniIJlU~

error. Check a.ll d~ta upon whi~h the position finding sys.teIlll~

b3.8ed by. exammatIOn of all avaIlable records and calculatIOnS 0

involved triangulations, if necessary.

(a) DEPRESSION POSITION FINDER.

Test position finder for adjustment and orientation. InstruC:

observer in the proper use of instrument to avoid errors due to lO:d

motion. Where targets entering the harbor move across the fie

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[C. A. :M. 6.]

11

of fire in the d" d' h .' . h'ead'" same uect10n unng t elf en tHe course, aZlmut. '\Virlng Instruments should be adjusted by bringing the vertical

dir e ~n the orientation point always in the same direction, which

'VhectIon should be that of the target in entering the harbor.8hoe~~ lost motion exists which can not be eliminated, its effect

espu. be carefully ascertained and corrected for by the reader,

be,eclally when the direction of motion of the target which is

On~ fol~owed ,is opposite to that used in adjusting the instrument0h Ie onentat1On point. It is very important that the observer" ou db' .he b e Instr~cted to stop the instrument on the last ~troke.ofe:lr elI, and In order to do this he must keep the vertIcal wue

or~~~Yon the designated point of the target during the last twoin ~ee seconds of the interval. Similarly the horizontal wire,

On:lllg the instrument for detArmining ranges, must be stopped

8h Ie water line on exactly the last stroke of the bell. Observers

oro~ d be ~rained to give particular'attention to either the verti~al

int e honzontal wire during the last seconds of each observmg

th erval, depending upon whether the azimuth or the range of

e target' h' . f . h' h .S C angmg most rapId l"\!. I the aZlmut IS c angmg4I10re I' 'd .lbe d apl ly than the range, the last two or three seconds should

l'aevoted exclusively to the settinO' of the vertical wire. If the

nge"h IS changmg more rapidly than the azimuth, the last two or

three seconds of each interval should be devoted exclusively to

e setting of the horizontal wire.

(b) PLOTTING BOARD.

Check . t . . . f h dh . onen at10n of base hne and numbenng 0 t e egrees on

th e aZImuth circle. Verify the setting of the gun center. See

ava~the locks and all mechanical devices are in adjustment. To

thOld errors due to lost motion in settinO' arms, arm setters ande eh' f "'.r Ie plotter should be instructed to cause the last motIon of

thInS to be always in the same direction. The proper operation ofese arm . k' .' . f .

and s reqUIres s III and care. A determmat10n 0 maxlm~mar lllmmum errors that result from various methods of settlllg

faIns, at different positions on the board, will impress upon thearnge detachment the importance of uniformity in the setting of

ofIns. The calcul3,ted and plotted. ranO'es(the latter by the methodsett" 'ffIng arms selected as being most accurate) should not dl er

ioYInore than 10yards at mid-ranO'e. When the course of the targetplott d . I:> •

f

elt should show uniform intervals either equal or Ulll.

orInl' ., inter Ylncreasmg or decreasing, depending upon its speed. If theval suddenly changes the plotter reports the fact to th~ range

'" '"

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[c. A. :M. 6.]12

officer. The latter immediately looks for the trouble and takes

steps to eliminate it.



[C. A. M.6.]

13

Ex' . .l amme ltme-tnterval clock, interrupter, and bell, and all tele-

P 10ncs and switches, to see that they are in good working order and

roperly adjusted. See that all screws are tight .

.5. PERSONNEL.

f T~e battery commander should strive for accuracy and for uni-ornllty' th . b . d. m e work of the personnel. This can only be 0 tame

a:d dnll, and by searching inspection of the work of individuals

th detachments. A system of checks should be employed in order

at errors may be located.

o dSUbstitutes should be trained for all the important positions inr~fut 11'el ,a unexpected vacancies may be filled. A men operatmgo ephones or other instruments will be put through the proper

eperators' tests, and drilled with a view to eliminating personalrrors T . . h' dta.Z' 00 great attention can not be gwen to t e mtnutest e-

o t ,~. Each day the d~ill should be conducted as in target practice,

: as if the boat for drill represented the enemy. At least once a

'l':ek a simulated target practice should be conducted at each post.t~llle-out will be given occasionally as in practice. Any errors

g at are brought out in these simulated practices will be investi-

o~ted and eliminated. Such records should be kept as will permit

th careful checking of the work of each individual of the personnel

P

roughout the system. The traininO' of the personnel should berogr .h eSSlVej from the individual to the detachment, and then to

l' e battery. Thework of the battery as a unit requires coordina-

i1011 of the work of the various detachments. The individual train-

ll~ of gun pointers should be given attention.tn' he range officer is responsible for the accuracy of the data trans-

Ch1:ted from the plottinO' room to the O'uns. He in turn holds thelef 1 0 0a h p otter responsible for errors that pass him undetected. As

t C eck against errors in deflection the gun pointer should be taught

to associate the value of deflections sent to him with the angular

ar~\7~1of the target, which is uniform, or increasing or decreasing. att .lliform rate. It is thought that a gun pointer can be readily

uramed to detect errors in deflections when the fact is impressed

POllhim that their values should be uniform or increasing or de-

crea'Dsmg at a uniform rate.\\' ummy projectiles should be rammed with the same energy as

d o~ld be employed in practice. Ramming a very few projectiles

t.unng the drill will be of more value than going through the mo-ilOllBany number of times. Uniform ramming is of the greatest

Illportance. If the projectile is not well rammed the powder gas

'"



[c. A. M. 6.J14

will escape around the rotating band, and there will bea loss in

velocity. Projectiles should be rammed with all force possible.

It has been determined by test that the variation of a few tenthSof an inch in the seating of a projectile will give a variation of 70 f. s.

in muzzle velocity, due to the fact, apparently, that powder gases

escape around the rotating band. The velocity in the case of the

projectile not being home is less than when the projectile is rammedwell home.

The following, bearing on the training of the personnel, is takeIl

from a report of an officer of the Coast Artillery Corps, who has Be,',

cured uniformly good results in practice:

The adjustment of the gun and carriage and the preparation Ifthe ammunition, etc., is done before firing, when there is amp etime for verification, but the accuracy of the work of the personnelis practically beyond the control of the battery commander afterfiring once begins. This must be provided for by thorough training.In this training the methods of work used ,by each member of the

range detachment including the range keeper and gun poin.te~should be definitely prescribed * * *. The sequence in whlCeach member of the detachment performs the details of his workshould be prescribed, also as far as possible the mental process b:uses. The drill should then be continued until the work of eaCmember becomes mechanical and thus, by force of habit, reduceto a minimum the errors that may occur when working under con'ditions of excitement or fatigue.In developing the work of the range detachment, I worke~ .at

each position in the detachment until I was thoroughly faml~1l1rwith the details of the work at each position. I noted the routlnein which each step of the work could best be done, and where errorswere likely to occur. I also noted where irregularities, such as theloss of one or more observations, an error in reading the range o[azimuth, etc., were likely to occur and prescribed exactly whitshould be done in each case, and by whom the correction of an erroJshould be made. I then prescribed in detail the methods to be useat each position and required that they be strictly followed.

If observations are lost, the chief plotter should so inform the gUl:~In case of errors in the observations or in the setting of the arms'edshould report "lost" to the guns, unless it can be at once correct ..In both cases the range keeper, having noted the rate of change l?range from previous data, should be able to set the disk at appro,cl'mately the correct range and continue to do so for several observll;tions. In transmitting the deflection to the guns the chief plot.tc

dshould not attempt to detect errors therein, as he is fully OCCUPlCwith his other work. .The correctness of the work of the range detachment should b:continually verified at all drills. If errors occur, they should ~e

traced to the members of the detachment making them and t.cause for same determined and corrected. The rate of change 1?t1e corrected range at which the range disk will be set will be un1

"

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f

I

II

I!

l

I

[c. A. M. 6.]

15

~~~~seorgJadually increasing or decreasing, dependinrC7upon the

the ra an ~peed. of .the. targ~t. A record of the actua settings of"'ork ~g~ dIsk wIll mdlCate m a general way the accuracy of the

The f e ~ange detachment as a whole.ber of thllowmg met~od is useful in verifying the work ofeach mem-Pre e range sectIOn except the observers and readers:

chanla.re data corresponding to the track of a tar~et having bothcover e 10 range and angular travel. This should oe sufficient toran e about one-half hour of tracking. With the plotting board,tab~la~oard, e~c., deter~ine the following for each observation and

:Nu e same m convement form:If vmb~r of observation.

the ta ertH~albase is used: Azimuth of the target from B/; range of

If hrg~t from B/. . . .lnuth °rzontal base IS used: Azimuth of the target from E

/; aZ1-

co the tarO'et from B"orr t d t> •An ec e range sent to the guns.

. '1' gular travel. .otal ran . .. . 1Defi . ge correctlOn as apphed on range correctlOn sca e.

C ectIOn.. . the br~~ted range (corrected for gun displacement) for each gun of

'1'ha e~y except the directing gun.ran ee aZimuth of the target from B' and E" or the azimuth andIlho~ldfrom B/, if a vertical base is used, as given in above data,ting r be transmitted from the proper observing station to the plot-Ilectiooomat the usual observinO' intervals. The work of the rangeA recn dnd gun detachment sh~uld proceed in the usual manner.Ilpond?r of the work of each member of the detachment, corre-

. the a~ng to th3;t noted above, should be made and should includeIlettin tual settmgs of the range disk of each gun and the actual. Jlaredg ?f ea~h sight for deflection. A comparison with the pre-

detect~ata WIll show all errors. To test the chief plotter as to theOr ra Ion of errors in observations reading, etc., incorrect azimuthsroomng

Tshould occasionally be' transmitted from the observing

the. he chief plotter should detect these and call "lost" toIlho

uYdbs. Occasionally the data for one or more observations

range e regarded as lost and not sent to the plotting room. Theran e keeper should have kept the range disk set at the properof t~e from data J?reviously sent, as above explained. The recordsthis h acbtual settmg of the range disk will show with what accurac)'

O as een donecc .. .the Plasl?nally an incorrect range or deflection should be sent fromkeep. ottmg room to the guns for the purpose of testing the range

'1'h:rs and gun pointers.tarO'ets~bove method can be used to advantage when there are no

o In the field of fire or it is foggy."

VARIATIONS IN MUZZLE VELOCITY.

The batt .. . I

Vel .ery commander should know what vanatlOll III muzz eOClty can be attributed to certain conditions which may exist

_

'



[C. A. M. 6.]16

in a practice. Variation in range due to a given variation i~ muzzle

velocity and atmospheric conditions can be taken from the range

board. Variations in muzzle ,elocity due to variations in weightsof charges, diameters of rotatin:s bands, length of travel of a pro'

jectile in the bore, and to improper seating of projectiles in the

gun can not be taken from range tables; and variations in range

due to variations in weights of projectiles can not be taken directlY

from these tables. The following formulre are reasona1ly accurate

for small variations in weights of projectiles and powder chargeS

and variation of travel of shot in the bore:Variation in velocity due to variation in weight of projectile:

L:::..v=-16 .~ V, in this formula w=weight of projectile.

Yariation in velocity due to variation in weight of charge:

L:::..V=~ ~tJ V, in which w=weight of charge.

Yariation in muzzle velocity due to variation in travel of shot

while in bore:

L:::..V=~ -:u V, in which u=travel of shot.

In these formulre weights of projectiles and powJer charges ar~

to be taken in pounds and length of travel in inches. The effec

of the length of travel alone can usually be neglected, though soJ!le

battery commanders may be interested in accounting for it.

To illustrate the effect of only two variables, let us take the

following simple example: . f

The 12-inch rifle, model 1888, fires three trial shots at a ran~e °t

6,000 yards at a fixed target. The normal velocity is 2'.250. Welg~

of projectile, normal, 1,046 pounds. Weight of charge, nor]JlaB

275 pounds. The projectile for the first trial shot weighs 1,05

pounds. The projectile for the second shot weighs the same. The

third projectile has normal weight (1,046 pounds).

The charge for the first shot weighs 275 pounds. The charge for

the second shot weighs 275 pounds. The weight of the charge for

the third shot is 276 pounds.'. . dAssuming that there are no. other variations in projectiIe3 llJl

powder, in the work of the personnel, or in .1h'eoperation of the glltland carriage, what would be the difference in range between the

1st and 3d trial shots?

By the formulre above, we find that the variation in veloeit~

due to + 12 pounds difference in weight of projectiles is _11.2

.



LC.A.~I.6.]

17

£.8 d'\ an that the variation in velocity due to variation of + 1eound in . hTl weIg t of powder charge is + 9.8 f. s.

lerefore, we have-

---- ---_._---- _._---:No. of shot. Weight of Weight of l.variatior I Range va- ! Range at-

projectil,. ,b'"". '~:l~ri~.'I ,iotion. ',In,d.

1 1-------- .. ---1-------f..... I Pounds. Founds:.. I f. s. Y~~.us.8 rards.

~::::::::.-:.:.:.::::,i 1~':Og~~ ~751' =g:~g I -50.8 ~:~1~:~tv 27ti + 9.81 I +4.5.1 6,045.1

The cliff . ---'---. -----.-. --, ----h~-

fore crence III range between first and thud tnalshots, t ere-

T :would be 95.9 yards.faethls shows the effect of the combination of only two varying

saidors. A systematic elimination of all variables which may be

the to be in the hands of the battery commander is necessary if

in rProblem is to be solved with any certainty. It is possible that

)tactic heen es were good results have been obtained there havedue t compensating variations. Success in thefle cases has been

aVer 0 good luck, not good manaaement. Good practice on theUo-e '11 ,.,at all"" WI result only from methodical and painfltakin~ workbm~. !

fACCURACY OF FIRE AND PRACTICE.

13atteryire f commanders should distinguish between accuracy of

is d °t a gun and accuracv of practice of a aun. Accuracy of firee Or . .• ,., .

Oftl nuned by the £!'roupinO'of shots around the center of ImpactIe r _0'" •

Of th g oup. Accuracy of practice is determined by the dIstance

to hae center of impact from the center of the target. In orderve

cOrn a measure of accuracy of fire and of practice, batterymandatt. ers should know the probable errors of the guns of their

~rouenes with the ammunition used in practice. All shots of the

be l of shots from which the probable error is determined shouldIred at th' .' .' l' .hearl . e same elevatIOn and under IdentIcal con( ItlOIls as

IY as possiblen .

their order to have available information as to probable errors of

from.guns, data will be collected from trial and calibration shotsthe gl f . l' . tllland IllS 0 each battery. For thIS purpose, (Istnc com-

ers 'II'YPebel WI ISS:r~a number of blank prob~ble err?r ca.rds.of theow, sufhcrent for carrying out the mstructloIlS llldIcated.

90038-0fJ--2

" '

-~ ----------- - - . - ---------

I _____________ I I

---1

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[C. A. M. 6.]18

Probab7e error card.

Battery .

Company .

District'.

Post . . . . . . . . Date .

Remarks.

--------_._--_._--_._--------~GUN. CARRIAGE.

aliber, Model. Reg. No. 'l'a.et. No. Kind. Model. \~eg

I .-

c

N f

I

Serial I D'ff0,0 No. from Range. 1 erence

round. piece. from mean,

~Iil~~\i \\iii\\ii\i ((:\1\\ i:i\\ii\\iiii\\\iiii:i. ~;:;:. : :i::::::::::i:::::: ::: :i::::::::::: :1::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::3

(Mean ,error X O.845=probable error.) ." 't8

Probable error .•..••.. yards. Expectation .... per centum of hi .. out

Each battery commander, and ordnance officers of batteries or

of commission, will determine and record on the probable errof

card the probable error and expectation of hits from, each groUPte

shots from each gun fired at the same elevation, viz: Trial sho

fired just before target practice, and calibration shots, cb

Battery commanders will enter on probable error cards e9-ds

group of trial and calibration shots, going as far back as the rec~ ts

of practice of their batteries show groups of three or :more soc'

fired with the same elevation. The cards will be subject to ins~~r'

tion by coast defense officers or other officers who may be aut

ized to call for them. rEach probable error card will be prepared'in triplicate, one CO~t

being retained with the battery records and one each being e~j1'

directly, without letter of transmittal, to the Chief of Coast .Mlery and to the coast defense officer at department headquarters,

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[C. A. :M. 6.J

19

. .Il~Rist. lcer takmg command of a battery should be matenallyRUns ed b~ these cards, which will indicate the accuracy of fire of the

YeartOfhIs battery as mounted and with ammunition used from

result°year. lie can also, by a proper combination of the several

ftol1l~" draw conclusions as to the mean results to be expected

It. ISbattery by the foIlowinO'process:IS d .

at '''h' eSlrable, of course to find the probable error at each..rangevy lch fi .etro nng takes place and thus acquire data for a curve of

to ,,1'8

1as a function of the ranO'e. It is thouO'ht best, to begin with,

"e ect 4 .the . ,000, 6,000, and 8 000 yards as the points to determme

CUrve d' f II '.Su . an to reduce probable errors to these ranges as a ows.o<!<lefImpose the centers of impacts of all groups of shots fired ata 1"1 ,lmes and at different ranO'esbetween 3,000 and 5,000 yards atpOlnt h' . <:>

5,000 aVlllg a mId-range of 4,000 yards; all groups between

l'atd. Yards and 7,000 yards at 6000 vards; all groups from 7,000st090 J

1'h' ,00 yards at 8,000 yards .. Sa IS can be done in the followinO'manner:, Y fo . <:> d

7,000I

a r Instance, we have six groups of shots between 5'0.00 anthe c Y rds, each group fired at a different range. Supenmpose

[! and enters of impacts of all groups at a mid-range of 6,000 yards,

i the cor~ect the dispersion o{ each shot of each group by finding

hI t:QUlvalent of the actual dispersion in yards, in velocity, and

tiol}:-n determine the dispersion at G000 yards which this varia-In vel 't h\\'illb OCI y would cause. In this way each shot of eac group

In othe reduced to the dispersion it should have at 6,000 yards.

at a er words, the errors from center of impact of a group of 8hotsduee~Yrange between 5,000 yards and 7,000 yards will be re-

ing t to what they would be at 6,000 yards through 'velocity. IIav-

"'ill {:ated all groups in this manner, then the probable error

5,000 determined from the total number of shots fired between

thisptnd 7,000 yards as if they all belonged to one group. In

ofer an we assume that velocity variation is the principal source1'01' Th' . . . f

l1lnte. . IS contemplates careful adjustments and preparatIOn 0l\. rlal. .

a!l:ln~o":i~gwhat is the best that his guns, as mounted and with

then~nltIon used in practice, will do, the battery commander will

collip

e able to correct for observed errors with intelligence, and can

aCeUrre the accuracy of practice which he has obtained with the

ofan acy of fire obtainable from his guns. Now, the probable error

. that,'i INn which is obtained as indicated above is defined as such

Or le;ust half the shots fired will in the long run have an error equal tos than this probable error. The mean error multiplied by 0.845

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[C. A. M. 6.]20

h• ,11

is the probable error. The total width of the 50per cent zone, W Ie,

is compared to the target zone to determine expectation of hits..1e

twice the probable error or 1.69 times the mean error. Dallisf,lCe

fPart I, by Captain Alston IIamilton, will. indicate method 0

determining expectation of hits.

It is desired in practice to place the center of impact of a gr~u~

of shots in the center of the target zone. Therefore, in cornpar1l1

the 50 per cent zone with the target zone to determine expectll:

tion of hits, it should be considered that the point aimed at is OO;e

fourth the width of the danger space beyond the water line of t f'

target. This is necessary because with the present target the t;e'get zone is made up of the danger space beyond the target and 0

half the danger space short of the target.

CALIBRATION.

Calibration has been conducted fr?m various batteries fro:

time to time. It is the intention to continue this firing as full J\will allow, the batteries in service being calibrated first. f

U

Il1advantage should be taken of the information obtained frO hcalibration firing. The purpose of this firing is to enable

adjustment of the range scales of the guns of a battery that lle,

guns when set at the same range reading will attain the sarne rallgll•

Where mean errors. from calibration firing have been COJ1lpll~e

tively small and calibration data reliable, elevation scaleS of illguns of a battery should be adjusted to correct for differences •

ranging of the guns. , &'

In adjusting the scales of guns as a result of calibration fir~g~J\

gun of the battery should be. taken as the standard gun, all as 9-

guns should be adjusted to this one. The gun first selected It is

standard will always be the standard gun of the battery.. ulo

desirable, in the first adjustment, that the standard gun ah

o

ll:ltbe the one whose center of impact is nearest the target, and,\gits range scale be not shifted. The range scales of the reJJlalll~ct

guns of a battery should be adjusted so that these guns whellt,.'1iJl

with the same range scale reading as the standard gun will at

the same range as that gun. d'Uet.

Complete record of data obtained in calibration firing and a Jell1

ments made as a result of this firing will be kept in batterYbllVSplacement books, in order that the battery commander wayd the

information as to differences in the shooting of guns all e of

setting of indices to secure uniformity in ranging of the gUll

the battery.

BUeJ

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[C. A. M. 6.]

21

The m thsider . e od outlined above appears to be the best from a con-

of ca~~~on.of the information at present available. If as a result

uPon1 ratIon firing in the future a better method is determined13att~ proper instructions will be furnished to all concerned.

the lrlrycommanders having suggestions to make with reference to

cisef ethod of calibrating guns should submit them in brief, con-

ofCorm, with reports of calibration firing intended for the Chief

.Arst Artillery.irnpater the calibration adjustment is made, then the center of

th" ct of a group of shots from the battery mal.' be adjusted .to, "Cent .I

shots froer of the target zone, for any practice, by means of trial

"'h m any gun of the batterl.'... ere' . .I '

"'hich IS gIven below extract from the proceedings of the board

lJ:o

Conducted calibration firinO' at Battery Stricker, Fortvvard' 1 . 0 , •

though' In 908. ThIs firing was very carefully conducted. It ISotlice

t the report will be of interest to the service and useful to

"'as t~eWho have not had experience in calibra~ion firin~. Th.is

1908. most complete report of calibration firmg submItted III

[JJ:lttraet from Proceedings of a Board of Officers on Cailbration Firing, .Artillery

'1' District of Baltimore, June, 1908.)

~rin:e arrangements for and details followed in the conduct of the

were as follows:

'1'h THE STATION.

t?us:iugh the kindness of Commander Lloyd U. S. Navy, light-f 19ht.hnspector, permission was obtained to u~eSeven Foot KnollrOlllth oubseas an observing station. This light-house is 5,950 yards.I\. w e attery.

~"'er ~o~en platform was constructed on the lower braces of thet lted inn ~h.e ran~e rakes mounted on the rail and securelyhe tar pOSItIOnWIth the middle point. reference number 50, ontn.ounte~et. The azimuth instruments and the camera we~e~!atforlrl on the lower platform of the liO'ht-house; thus a solIdlq not d~as obtained, so that movements ~round the instruments

frLocal cIStu~~ their adjustment.rOlll the ond~tI0D:smade it necessary to locate the target 4~0 yardsIons. statIOn Instead of 200 yards .as called for in the IllStruc-

l' THE TARGET.

tio he targ t . '.h n by fe, a standard pyramidal target, was anchored III POSI-~Oa~qth our 500-pound mine anchors. At the req~est of theQl'hll

ere One hundred and fortieth Company (MIlle), Co~t

llqerd~Corps, ~a.s charged with the duty of anchoring the targete superVlSlon of the board.

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[C. 'A. M. G.]

22

At the time the target was anchored it was found impractiCe.b;;to layoff the distance of 400 yards, owinS- to the fact that a str~1l8

wind was blowing with the tide commg in. The targe! tbanchored accurately for range as determined by aninstrument mounted on the station; the distance by computl1~etwas found to be 525 ~rards. Observations made daily on theshowed no material movement of the target in r:wge or directl°

UANGE RAKES.

, -ereThe range rakes on hand were unsatisfactory, so new ones W of

made. The points were placed one-half inch apart, the vlllu~ iteach point being 6 yards. The crosspiece was made so thl1ct.'could be adjusted for various distances from observer to tl1rgoidReference numbers stamped on the rakes were used to llVoll

confusion, the numbers increasing from 0 on the left to 100. the right.

These range rakes were devised by Captain Lincoln. 'ustThe cross-arms were adjusted by a member of the board Jitp

before the .firing and the range rakes bolted in position, ""bcS

the meridian line on the target. The rear sight was 43.75 In~6cr'from the cross-arm, making each point 6 yards. The range 0 or~vations were very satisfactory. The officers charged with thewere interested, and the results demonstrated that the rang~ utUis satisfactory when used in an intelligent manner. The aZl1Jl

instrument observations were used as a check on the range rbo~'and as such gave very satisfactory results. It is believed, tb8ever, that the longer time taken to turn an azimuth on to lJ,tct

splash gives the splash time to spread out, thus causing greaile

variations in separate readings. The value of having at lells\ot,.azimuth instrument was demonstrated, however, on the first \eS.which struck 546 yards short; that is, 246 yards off the range rll ,

This splash was caught by both azimuth mstruments.The board procured a Panorama Kodak No.1, Eastman. tbe

Company, from the War College for the purpose of obserVIngfall of the shots,An observer at Seven Foot Knoll caught every shot. 'lo~ct

A table about 4 feet high was lashed to the rail of the tbiSbalcony of the light-house and the camera was leveled 011d all

and the central position of the lens was accurately dirc?t'~l1011the target so that the latter would appear in the same P?Sltleach negative. The camera was then fixed in this positIOn. lltl~e'If there were any imperfections in the camera lens, this :r~l1dct

ment insured that the fall of the shots would be measure of tUe

identical positions of the lens, and the comparative values ,overs and shorts would not be affected.

The observation by range rakes, azimuth'instrument, and crlJ,tiV8are tabulated below, and columns 1, 2, and 3 give coIllpare~ults of the three independent methods.The differences are tabulated in columns 6 and 7. jj,rdS,It will be seen that the maximum difference is but 8.67 ~Illert'tColumn 5 gives the width' of splash, as shown by the C

the average .width being about 26 yards.

aZlIll~OJ

tl1~tlJl

~l1J;:

J;:

J{odl1]

o,IJlcr



[C. A. M. 6.]

~3 I

/

I DItTer- DI1I

'ence azi. er-. enee,A .zlmuth .Ca!llera Cam~ra Width of muth in- cameramstru- Inside of outside splash strwnent

l

andment. splash. ofsplash. . and range

~:~~ rake.

----------1--546.80 483.33 503.33 20. 00 .112.50 116.67 143.33 26.66 1. 50 2.67164.08 166.67 196.67 30.00 3.92 1.33167.16 176.67 200.00 22.33 0.84 8.67

290.56 290.00 320.00 30.00 1. 04 '1. 60171.84 173.00 196.67 23.67 3.84 5.00101.56 103.33 126.00 22.34 0.44 1.33111.00 106.67 143.33 36.60 3.00 7.3382.76 83.33 I 108.33 25.00 1.24 0.67

193.78 200.00 I 223.00 23.00 1.78 8.00148.36 146.67 176.67 30.00 1. 64 3.33128.08 121.67 150.00 28.33 2.08 4.33187.05 200.00 216.00 16.00 4.95 8.00128.08 133.33 156.67 23.34 1.52 3. 73220.28 220.00 I 256.67 36.67 5.32 Sa . 60159.36 163.33 190.67 27.34 3.36 7.33

71.56 76.67 100.00 23.33 6. 44 1.33140 56 150.00 I 173 33 23.33 3.44 6.00

tAlI measurements are reduced to yards.]

:N'o. Rangerakes.

----.. Off rk.

f:::::: ~~~:gg6.••..... 168.00

7' • • • • • .. i~~:g

1~1~.~.~~.: i~::g

192.0012 . • . . . 150.00

l}sf::::.: g~:g

129.6016....... 225.6017"...... 1.56.00

IS:...•.. 78.00•••.• . 144. 00

.--

th~l~}; agreement o,fthe ranO'e rakes and azimuth instrument withcarefulotographic record shgws excellent judgment and uniform, Pro ness on the part of the observers. .lts acf the. well-known construction of the panoramIc camera andl'elativIol' It,iS readily seen that these negatives give the exact

The e ocatIOns of target and splash.aVoid ral?-ge rakes and azimuth instrument observers can notlllake takmg varying parts of the ~uccessive splashes, and so mayTheerrors as great as 20 yards.

Often .camera record can be measured at leisure and checked as1'h as may be desired.e range-rake observations were taken as the official records.

POWDER.

to~~e fowder supplied for this firinO'was Nitro Cel. International,Owin 907, V. 2,250 f. s., P. 36,500~W. 257, Proj. 1046.

S,tlick g t9 the damp condition of the magazine of BatteryZlne er thIS powder had been stored in the powder-storage maga

1908 ~t I:or~ McHenry, Md., from the date of its receipt, April 15:Plac~d~tIl It was brought to Fort 'Howard, in June, 1908, anathe g- In the submarine mine storeroom where it was served to'1'hiuns as needed in the firinO'.

the p:otowder gave very satisf~ctory results as to uniformit.y, but

lllaxlIn able V. appears to have been only 2,150 f. s., whIle thelieved hmpressure recorded was only 32,377 pound~. It is be-

, owever, that the pressure was higher than thIS. .

I'

'

'"

~~~

~

-

"



[0. A. :M. 6.]24

PROJECTILES.

The projectiles supplied for this firing were those having ttbhe

old style cap, i. e., caps longer and of greater diameter than elater ones.Owing to age and frequent handling the rotating bands werc

more o~less deformed.

PRESSURE GAUGES.

Four pressure gauges were supplied by the ordnance officerlthese were handled by an ordnance machinist detailed for .thll

dpurpose and supervised by an officer, the results being exanllOcdand checked by a member of the board. Cvlinders compresse fto 32,000 pounds were used for the first shot, 'but as a pressure 00only 32,377 pounds was recorded, cylinders compressed to 28,00

0poundB were used for the remaining shots. Even with these 0compression was recorded on the seventh, ninth, and tenth shots~These records are not considered reliable; it is believed that thpressures were higher and more uniform ..

DENSITY OF LOADING.

The density of loadin~ varied somewhat. . bThe maximum variatIOn in seating the projectile was 0.228 lIltC

on No.1 gun and 0.3 inch on No.2 gun. This variation w~s ofgreat and was due to the use of untrained militia for the serv1ce0the piece.

RESULTS AND RECORDS.

Plotting of shots from range rakes and azimuth instrumeotobservations may be briefly tabuh\ted as follows: .

No.1 gun-range, 5,980 yards.

Pressure.hot.struc1'snort.

-----------------------I~Pounds. l'a~~'

First ;.... .•.•. 32,377 168Second •..........•..•..........................•... '.... .•. 31,925 291.6Third ~............ 28,092 102}<'ourth ...•.•.••••.•••••••••• : • • ( a) 84

Fifth ••.• : , • • . (a) 150

Sixth. ... .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. .. .. . . . .. .. 30,035 192Seventh. •....••.•............................. .•.....•..... 29,295.5 225.6Eighth ".................................... 29,046 78

Ninth •••...•...•.....•.......•..............•...•....•• :.. 28,092

--------------~---------_.-.--a Not recorded.

:Maximum variation in seating of projectile, 0.228 Inch.Maximum variation In distance to third section, 2.144 inches.

'

--------------------------------

' '



I:'

25 ,I

[C. A. ~L6,]

No.2 gun-Range 5,950 yards.

Yards.114168168114192

126129.6156

144

Struckshort.

pounds.32,356

28,09229,66529,572(a)

29,75731,33028,092

29,017. 5

Shot. pressure.______________-----.1----

First

~ ~!;;!;!!!;!!; ~!;!!;!~;!!;!~;:!!;;!;! ;!!!;;! ~ll!!;

--

M: a Not recorded.

h axilUum .. ..llLaXilUumvar~at~on ~n s~ating projectile 0.3 i.nch. • .variatIOn m distance to third sectIOn 1.856 mches.

COMMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS •

. Lateral d' . dIfted IsperslOn of fire is known to be small for all mo ernllecess~uns, as the deflections obtained in this practice show. Theand 80 ry c?rrection for such dispersion is so easily determinedreport readIly applied in practice that it may be omitted from this

d.A c~ref 1 .' .tio

nu s~udy of the results and due conSIderatiOn of the con-

fonow~ and CIrcumstances of the firinO' indicate to the board the

. 1. Thg conclusions: 0 • .

In the at whatever erosion or other imperfection may have eXIstedleast i guns them~elves, the effects of such imperfections were of'Witht~portance lll. producing inaccuracy of fire when compared

2 T mount. .tho ophat the chief source of inaccuracy was the mount; it being~'jUIn 1~lon of the board that with each of the carriages used ~heIn vaF of the gun was an important element, probably negatIve

3. Th and var.iable in amount. .. The 1 at blend~ng should be required at all tImes. ,1s not )o:;rd belIeves that the method of blending, whIle accu~te,theo t:Itable to service conditions. The board, how,ever, IS.of01' inp nI~n that all powder should be blended, whether In practIce'Winbervlce. Under war conditions powders from various sources~Pecifi.~f?und at every post, all manufactured unde! the. sameIIIVel ~tIons of the Ordnance Department but varylllg slightly

OCIty, rate of burning, etc..

VELOCITY FOR TRIAL SHOTS.

SUch vI' '11b .these e OClty should be assumed for the trial shots as WI nngfactth,hotB as near as possible to the target. On account of the

at a great many powders have fallen off in velocity a~d are

'



[C. A. )1. 6.]

26

considerably under the velocity tabulated in general orders! l\8

determined by tests of the Ordnance Department, it may be neces

Eary for battery' commanders to base their assumption as to tb.e

muzzle velocity of their powder for trial shots on previous expeJ1'

ence obtained with this powder either by themselves or others in the

service. For this reason there is given below a tabulation showing

the mean results obtained with the various lots of powder in use

throughout the service. These results have been tabulated fr~JJ1

the target practice records for the calendar year 1908. It is the JI

dention to revise this tabulation from year to year.

Itis hoP~that battery commanders by reference to this tabulation can obta1I1

data as to the powder they use which will enable them to assuwe

for their trial shots a muzzle velocity which will place the shOts

near enough to the target to permit the range observers to measurethe errors accurately.

----

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[C. A. M:. 6.J42

upon which any correction is based should be not less than three.

Therefore, if the battery commander by observation determines

the fact that three or more shots have fallen uniformly short or over,he should then make an arbitrary correction to cause the remaininj

shots to fall in the center of the danger space. COn'ection shaul

not be made when the fall of the shots are within the mean error lJ,S

determined by the trial shots. Observation of fire with heavy.gUJ1

batteries is the last step in the solution of the target-practice prob-

lem. In this problem we must start with the gun and eliminltt~

all source of error there first. Having done this, then if the shedoes not strike the target we know that the manipulation of the gu:

has been faulty; that is, errors have arisen in the range finding an

the proper application of the data determined by the position-fi~d-

ing system to the guns. We may say, therefore, that obser-vatl.OJ1

of fire is a means of correcting errors in the position-finding serV'ICe

or the manipulation of the gun; and to employ it intelligentlY

must assume that the errors we are correcting for are constant. fwill be appreciated that the most difficult step in observation

fire is the correct determination of the range errors. This is prltC~:

cally impossible excepting at very short ranges. On high sites 0 f

servation of fire is more feasible; even on these sites the errors

shots can be correctly estimated only at short ranges.vVhen err01t

can be determined by observation any correction made as a res~

thereof will be made by the battery commander and not by the gpointers. ",' h'eAt the Fort Caswell test with 3-inch guns, in Fe.bruary of t \

year, it developed that observation of fire was unreliable except Ito

very short ranges for the ordinary height of battery. ~an~

errors short of the target could be fairly well estimated, but It W te

practically impossible to estimate reliably, the errors of the s~~_

that fell beyond the target. As a resuit of this test at Fort . g

well, in which a great number of rounds were fired, the folloWl~_

conclusions on the proper method of Iilaking corrections froIJ1.0 ,

servation of fire with rapid-fire batteries were arrived at: bO

That range corrections based on observation of fire shOu1dj

made only by the battery commander. ,ado

That deflection corrections with rapid-fire guns should be III of

by gun pointers. The training of gun pointers is, therefore,

great importance. .' '. fireThat velocity corrections as a result of trial shots with r~pld. or I"

guns may be applied by shifting the range scale or the pOinter; rO .,

by correcting the ranges determined by the range finder, be °these ranges are posted.

~~ ~

~

•,,



[C. A. M. 6.)

43

Extracts from indorsements on target practice reports for 1908.I .n order that . . ., .Portant we may progress III target practIce, It ISvery 1m-

othe that each officer should benefit by the experiences of the

helor officers in the corps. With this in view, there are given

1908~ extracts from indorsements on target-practice reports for

All offi . .he cers III preparing reports of target practice should study

erroresults of the practice and submit careful explanations of any

errora .made, in order that steps may be taken to prevent such

errors In the future by other officers. A frank discussion of anyqmd' .oCcu a . e, and the reasons for poor practices that may have

gOod rred, IS as valuable in the development of target practice as

:p shooting.

ler/~tice of the Fifteenth and Twentieth companies, Coas~Artil-

PIa. Dorps, at Battery Worth (12-inch mortars), Fort PIckens,

"'h' ecember 12 1908'.I. C ,. .

N" e ,hief of Coast Artillery states:'l'heo~h18~ortar showed uniformity in both trial and record shots.lb.o

reo~ft~ng of :r,nortars Nos. 3, 21, and 38 in the recor~ firing "Yl3.S

l'~~pect' ess erratIc, the dispersion from each of these pIeces bemg,honis Ively, 262 yards, 187.5 yards, and 395.9 yards. Informa-

were vc~~~ued as to whether or not the elevations of the mortarsdetermi ~ficd before each shot. If the elevations were accuratelythe errafed and. correctly applied to the mortars, then the cause f?r

the pos't~Crangu:g of record shots must be sought elsewhere than IIIIlrrllnun~;.onfindmg service and in the laying of the mortars. Theral11Inin~on app~arl3 to have been properly prepared an?, if theapPear t was umform and the projectiles well seated, It wouldWere 1lhat. the action of the mortar carriages was not uniform.elevat~ adjustments carefully made? The friction devices in theand allng m~chanisms?f the carriages sho,!ld be insp,ected, cleaned,The ccarnages ~o adJ~lsted that they Will act unijorrnly.

shots ause of faIlure m adjustment of center of Impact of record

or~l. I~ the target in the .fifth zone is not apparent from the rec-J:lhed t the range correctIOn in the fifth zone was correctly ap.been'n hen the center of impact of the shots in this zone should have79 vardear the target. The nearest shot to the target, however, is

1'h' 13 short.shotsl~~eport i~dicates that the same correction as a result of ~ialfrol11 . s used m both zones for the record firing. The correctIOnll.'l cor:~al. shot.s should have been made in each zone separately,In the f~tIons m one zone will not apply directly to another zo~e.

})ersio urt~ zone had correction been made equal to the mean dlS-WOUId \of tnal shots in this zone it appears that two hits, for range,

1> aYe been made in this ~one. >

racti f .red ce 0 the One hundred and seventeenth and One hun-and thirtieth companies, Coast Artillery Corps, at Battery •

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[C. A. M. 6.]44

Varnum (12-inch B. L. R., barbette mount), Fort Wetherill, R. 1"

June 16, 1909:

The Chief of Coast Artillery states:

Respectfully returned to The Adjutant General, recommr~tiug return to the commanding officer, Battery Varnum, °ll'

Wetherill, for explanation as to his failure to comply wit.h pargraph 72, General Orders, No. 105, War Department, 1907. . teThis practice is unsatisfactory. The recorded trial shots ind1CI\d

that the powder was uniform and the dispersion of record shots 'W0derhave allowed 100 per centuDl of hit3. The battery commao td

should make every effort to determine the causes of the poor resul",obtained at this practice. The total cost of the ammunition eof .pended in this firing is about $2,200. It. is an expendit~re ,,'money which renders the Government no returns unless by lts e 1penditure target practice is perfected. It is a waste of mOIler_unless the defects from which the poor shooting resulted are. fesreted out in order to prevent their recurrence in future practlcee~

It is difficult from the evidence at hand to determine the Cl1Uihefor the poor ranging of record shots. Among them might be

following: USIncorrect observation of trial shots and consequently errolleo

assumption as to m~zzle velocity for record shota.Faulty range findmg. . . .tbUnuniform ramming due to the difficulties experienced WI

this type of carriage. . . . 'itl

It is of prime importance to determine the exact errors of trtbeshots in order that the correct velocity for the record shots ma~hlltdetermined. For this purpose care should be taken to see t1

range rakes are properly graduated and that the range p.a1forthoroughly understands the instructions for using them aoo . -signaling the results of trial shots to the shore. "elllIt is probable that true ranges are not furnished by the v~rt\u'

base position finder due to the improper adjustment of the lostment or personal error of the observer. . illToo great care can not be exercised in ramming project111

sin'order that density of loading may be uniform. Only carefu 'ngepection of the material and personnel and a complete check~he

of the work of various indiVIduals and details will preveot

occurrence of errors which will result in poor shooting. ofIn view of the remark of the battery commander on the facded

this report with reference to the lateral deviation, it is recommen forthat the officer who deternlined these deviations be called uponreport. . . .

The Chief of Coast Artillery further states in connection with tb~

practice of the One hundred and seventeenth and One huodre

and thirtieth companies, Coast Artillery Corps:. allThere is no new information in the fourth indorsement heretic

which will enable a determination of the causes for the err9-en,shooting at Battery Varnum on June 16, 1908. The causes 11J b)tioned III paragraph 2 of the fourth indorsement hereon (a ao



[C. A. M. 6.)

45

Were In fthis omen Joned as being possible causes in an indorsement fromfolIoWice

da~ed O.ctober 12, 1908 (5126/30-0. C. C. A.), under the

(a) lng eSIgnatlOns:OUa ass:corr~ct observation of trial shots and consequently errone-

(b ) F mrtIOn as to muzzle velocity for record shots.With au ty range finding-.

shots° Jference to the Improper corrections as a result of trialrange un~ 16, it appears that the range officer sent the report ofapPear rrors In yards and that he estimated these errors. It alsoJune l~ f!'.hm the fourteenth indorsement on the target re:r.ort ofPlot th t a.t .the battery commander, Battery Varnum, faIled toby par: posItIOn of the tug and the tar/?et at each shot, as required

batter graph 66, General Orders 192, War Department, 1907. rhereportYdcbmmander, instead of taking either hISown plotting or that~orrec~' y the tug for overs and shorts, compromised and made aIndore Ion between the two. It is noted that in the twenty-firstdistric~ment on O. C. C. A. 5126/30 (target report for June 16) theWouldh commander states, as his opinion, that "this target practiceChange h"ye been ~etter had the battery commander fe~tat liberty toOnly a IS elevatIOn after the first trial shot, but thIS course was1908 !proved when General Orders, No. 106, War Department,

in thi as. pu.blished." It would appear from this that the officers.Depar~distnct were not familiar with instructions from the Wargranh Inent (~24~/150-A, O. C. C. A., March 25, 1908), from para-ItTr.9lof whIch Instructions the follo"''lng is a quotation:

elevat~a shots with guns * * * will be fired with the samerange ~1n unless in th,e opinion of the battery comma?-der !hecase a h the first shot IS excessive, either over or short, III whIchthe re~ .a~ge of elevation should be made with a "'lew to causingThes aI.nmg shots to fall near the target."

shots e Instructions were not followed' consequently all of thecorrec~ere an excessive distance from' the target, which made~acts ob.servation from the tug practically Impossible. TheIllstrunlt~ntlOned in this paragraph establish ignorance not only ofllo unct Ions b.ut of target practice methods, and on acco~lDtof the~the failUe welg~t can be attributed to defective matenal alone III

Whil ure of !hIS battery to hit.Past eno hIts have been made at Battery Varnum during thebatte~ear, the dispersion of shots from the individual guns of the

tainel thould have allowed excellent results. had both guns at-the c e same ranges when set at the same elevations and badOnthenter of impact of the record shots been correctly .adjuste~capPed target ~one. It is appreciated that. this batte.r:¥' IS han.dI-sYsteIn'by haVIng a vertical instead of a honzontal posltIOn~findlDgUntil all but the failure to hit can not be attributed t? thIS alo!!elllany c other faults have been eliminated. The vertIcal base III

Creble ases has given excellent results. At Battery Hale, Fort31, 1908100per centum of hits was made at the practIce on August

1'he When a vertical base 84 feet high was used.. ..It app endeavor should be to determine all causes for faIlure to ~llt.1'0illakars that the po:vder and material will allow. good shootmg.':rheCh~ the battery hIt, therefore, is purely an artIlle~y prob~em.

. Ief of Coast Artillery believes that the solutIOn of such

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(C. A. M. 6.]46

problems is well within the capabilities of artillery officers and;.inot willing that they be turned over to ordnance officers un 1edefects in material are definitely established, and these defects llJ'

beyond the power of artillery officers to remedy.The first practice for the present year will be at short rangeB~

Companies that do not attain a certain standard at short rang~will not be advanced to long ranges. The commanding officeI:artillery district of Narragansett Bay, should give his pers~oaattention to the determination, in the coming short-range practiCe,<>fthe actual causes for the erratic shooting at Battery VarnuII1:If these investigations determine the fact that the battery has defects which can not be corrected with means in the district, thp~~ ')if necessary, the matter will be taken up with the Ordnancepartment.

. dPractice of the One hundred and seventeenth and One hundre

:and thirtieth companies, Coast Artillery Corps, at Battery VarnuIJl

{12-inch B. L. R., barbette carriage), Fort vVetherill, R. 1., NoveII1

bel' 17, 1908:The Chief of Coast Artillery states:

This firing was very uniform, the dispersion of both trial ll.~~

record shots of each gun being well within the error of the powd

allowed by Ordnance Department specifications. atSince the performance of each piece was uniform, it would aPJb

ea-

that the erratic results in battery firing were due to lackof cllli. rOBtion, exaggerated, perhaps, by failure to make proper correctl09-S_for gun differences. Approximately the correct velocity was ofsumed for the record'shots. The center of impact of the gro~f il l

£hots of each gun was so far away from the target as to resu a1misses for all shots. It is possible that each gun has an a~1l0frejump peculiar to itself. The record would indicate that If.t 111was any error made by the range setters this error was practlCIt

'Constant for all shots. . WThe friction device of these carriages should be carefullY tJ!-

spected by an ordnance machinist if necessary, the beari,ng ~utface made smooth and true, and the same amount of tenSIOn ups

. <>nthe device for each gun for future firing, in order that thela be

will act uniformly with each other. Gun differences shouverified. . theSpecific information is desired as to the manner of applYlntotB.

:arbitrary range correction of plus 550 yards for the record d wafApparently the range board was Il.,otused in the prescribe diafor the record firing, due to the fact that the velocity curv~s ltSenot cover the low velocity developed by this powder. In thld ctbe-curves in pencil should have ,been drawn on the chart, anboard should have been used in the prescribed way. ord-

In this connection attention is invited to the fact that thel testnance Department has been requested recently to issue the It"esrevised charts for range boards for heavy guns. The velocity cU~deron these charts run from 2,100 to 2,400. The battery ComOld.a.tted.flhould give careful study and attention to the points in IC .

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[C. A. M. 6.]

47

abovetery In border that the cause for the erratic shooting of this bat-ay e ferreted out, ,

The Ch' f .Ie of Coast Artillery states later:

It .twee~stSl:ggested that a tentative correction for the difference be-thin Sf e two guns b~ made based on the study of ,the reliab}ealIo; from these. gun~ III the past. It is hoped ,that, If fun4s 'WIllAtt' u~the~ calIbratIOn firing can be held at thIS battery thIS fall.

fOUrth~tIon IS again invited to the latter part of paragraph 4 of theshoUld l~dorsement hereon. Correction as a result of trial shotsrange b~:d.YS be applied by. means of the velocity curves on the

The Cl..' f)!ile of Ordnance states:From th ..noted th e seventeenth and eighteenth indorsements hereon It IS

Varnu

~t the ranges at the calibration firing of the guns at Batteryand n~ l~ June, 1908, were measured with an azimuth instrumentfore b WIth a range rake, The ranges as recorded should there-

.R fe a~curate. . .12-i~chnng to th~ discussion of the powd~r cham bers o! th.e two. COntai ~u~s of thIS battery' and of the seatmg of the projectiles as

. lllent ne In paragr~phs. 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the eilfhtee~t~ indorse-Concl:~reon, attentIOn IS invited to the fact that m amvmg at thethe fo Sl,onthat the differences in the diameters of these guns alongl>rojec~~ingcone would account for a difference in seating of thettict of1 es of 3 or 4 inches, the commanding officer, artillery ~is-band Narragansett Bay has apparently assumed that the rotatmgfront ~~~e projectile when rammed home comes to a bearing at its

. As an In the forcing cone.Jectile hatter of fact, however, the forward move~ent of the p,ro-

~and cW ~n rammed home is stopped by the rear lip of the rotatmgIn rear °T.lDg to a bearing aO'ainst the relatively abrupt cone surfacegUns b °t the forcing cone. 0 The record of star gauging of these twoshows e ~een sections 28 inches and 130 inches from the breechWhicha dIfference in diameter along the band seats of 0.011 in~h,ofonl correspon4s to a difference in the seating of the proiect~lesaffect~tabout O.,lIllch. This difference in seating of the prOjectIles\\'hich .he denSIty of loading by less than one-tenth of 1per centum,

InstrlS n~gligible,

~lllam~ctlO~s ~ave been given the armament offic~r, northernJectiles pt dIstnct, to investigate the difficulty of seatmg the P!O-a~d it .In the two 12-inch guns at Battery Varnum report~d herelp,tl'ict o/s recommended that the commanding: officer, art~llery dIS-lllay b Narra;gansett Bay, be directed to furmsh such asSIstance as. In r:f reqUIred in carrying out these investigations.1l.~wele ere~ce to the last paragraph 'Ofthe eighteenth indorseme.nt,\\'111 be vatlO,Dand range disks are now under manufacture whIch'rh", d applIed to these guns and carriaO'es as soon as completed ..., raw' f o. 1 .

and th Ings or remodeling the carriages are neanng comp etlOp,~his w~ll~anges will be incorporated as soon as funds will permIt ..1Slll,who ln~lu~e changes in the elevating and traversing Il?echa.n-

lch It IS e~pected will be satisfactory. An electnc 1).01i't

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[C. A. M. 6.]48

for raising ammunition to the breech of the gun is now being testedat the proving ground. No change is at the present time conte~:plated in the method of ramming. It is expected that after IIlo

4h:fication these carriages will give good serVIce, although they WI

of course not be the equal of the latest designs.

The Chie~ of Coast Artillery return~ to The Adju.tant G~ne~~recommendmg return to the commandmg officer, artillery dI~trlCf

of Narragansett Bay, for compliance with the request of the Chlef 0

Ordnance contained in paragraph 4 of the above indorsement herc

on. Attention is invited to the contents of the above indorsement,

In view of the unsatisfactory practice at Battery Varnum, ltn~the fact that data as a result of previous calibration have not beehconclusive, it is recommended that five rounds be fired from eltCisof the guns of Battery Varnum prior to the first target practice thofyear, with a view to obtaining data which will enable the gu~ d'that battery to be calibrated. This firing should be conduc ,ehwith great care and in accordance with previous instructions w:~ereference to calibration firing which h~ve been issued fromWar Department. • tFrom the latter part of paragraph 3, seventeenth indorseIl1en

hereon, it appears that the commanding officer, Battery Varn~Il1~does not appreciate the fact that a fixed arbitrary range correctl1as a result of trial shots applied as these corrections were apparent leapplied will not be the true correction when the record shots ltrcfired at a range different from that at which the trial shots ''';isfired. An examination of the range board will readily show t nt\Vith reference to. (b), paragraph 9, eighteenth mdorseIl1e c

hereon, it should be understood that the necessity for the Slt~camount of tension on the friction devices of these guns is to eMl •the two guns to act uniformly with each other.

Practice of the Fifty-third Company, Coast Artillery Corps, )t

Battery Butterfield (12-inch B. L, R., disappearing carriages,

.Fort H. G. Wright, N. Y., August 7,1908:


. (a) Were the errors of trial shots reliably determined and eoIJl

municated correctly to the battery commander?(b) 'Vas the ramming uniform? 'ng(c ) Were the elevations checked after the pieces were in the DO

posi tion? anThe dispersion of the trial shots from gun No. 30 was greater t~on

the dispersion of the record shots from this piece. The dispersderof the record shots from both pieces were within the limits of po"WThcvariation allowed by Ordnance Department specifications. 8 ofgreat difference between the cente.rs of impact ?f the grouPk of

record shots from the two guns. mIght be explamed by laccalibration. thCThe record firing was very uniform. Had the guns attai?ed ed,

same ranges, L e., had the guns of the battery been cahbrat rirand had the center of impact of record shots been adjusted prope

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49

[C. A. M. 6.]



•[C. A. M. 6.]

50

Practice of the Second Company, Coast Artillery Corps, at BatterY

Barlow (lO-inch B. L. R., disappearing carriages), Fort n. G.

Wright, N. Y., July 30, 1908:

The Chief of Coast Artillery asks:

For information as to whether or not the elevation for each sho~was verified after the piece was in the firing position, and for furtheninformation as to whether or not the ordnance defects have beereported to the armament officer.Information is also desired as to why correction for excessive. de;

fiections were not made after they had been repeated a sufficle~_number of times to indicate that the error for each gun was prll

tically constant. .Practice of the Ninety-eighth Company, Coast Artillery Corps,

at Battery Barlow (lO-inch B. L. R., disappearing carriages), Fort

H. G. Wright, N. Y., August 8, 1908:The Chief of Coast Artillery states:

'tVThe battery commander reports 2,200 f. s. as the muzzle veloc~ 'tassumed for the first trial shot. The record shows that this S °e

fell 370 yards over. For the second and third trial shots a Jlluzzlevelocity of 2,130 f. s. was assumed, which should have caused theit

shots to fall still farther beyond the target than the first shot. 11

therefore appears that either the first projectile must have fal~heshort instead of over, or that this shot was ignored entirely b.yf r-battery commander in his subsequent deductions. Further 111 0

mation on this point is desired. ..Paragraph 72, General Orders, Ko. 105, 'Var Department, 1991

requires that the weight of each section before and after blend~~~

be reported. The accompanying report of blending only givesaverage weight of a section before blending. ,. •

Calibration of guns at Battery Jasper (lO-inch B. L. R., disllp-pearing carriages), Fort Moultrie, S. C.:. f

The Chief of Coast Artillery states with reference to method 0

adjusting scales as result of calib~ation firing: .

. The object of this firing was to ohtain data whereby ail guns ~f ~~:battery when set with the same range scale reading would attaInsame ranges. of

It is thought, as has been done in this case, that a certain gunullthe battery should be taken as the standard gun, and that a gbehaving once been selected as the standard gun should always be tstandard gun. . . et

It is observed that in this firing all guns of the battery when bewith the same elevation attained ranges greater. or less t~an t 78standard gun, as follows: No.1, plus 60 yards; No.3, Jlll1lUSyards; No.4, minus 60 yards.. is. Following the scheme indicated in paragraph 3 above, as No. Zedthe standard gun, the range scale on No.2 gun would not be chiYg 1but the scales of the other guns would be changed so that oJ 4would attain 60 yards less range than at present, and Nos. 3 ~n

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[C."A. M.6.]

51

"'ould att .re,;/",ctiv:{i ranges 78 yard, and 60 yards greater than they do now,

fter all g. . b. h '. h

BaInesc I un~ ot a attery attaI~ the sa~e ranges w. en gIven t eadjusted e settmg, the center of Impact m record firmg should bel'he to the center of the tarcret zone by means of trial shots.

Biderat!llethod s~ggested above ~ppears to be the best from a con-a betteiOn of the mformation at present available. If in the futurefurnishr dethod is determined upon, the proper instructions will be

e to all concerned,PracrA.rtill Ice of the One hundred and fifteenth Company, Coast

ing er~ Corps, at Battery Wilkeson (lO-inch B. L. R., disappear.

"'hcarf13ges),Fort Rosecrans, Cal., November 17, 1908:..l e Ch' f .It. Ie of Coast Artillery states:

"'indiSbelieved that the discrepancy referred to within between thefigurec'!rves on the range board used at Battery Wilkeson and thetlie fas In Table D, Ballistics Part I Captain Hamilton, is due tothe la~t that tp.e chart of the ;ange bo~rd at Batt~ry W~lkeson ~snottnatione~t deSI$n. To enable this matter to be mvestlgated, mfor-other IS deSIred as to the date which this chart bears and any

tnineJemarks from which its date and place of issue can be deter-

l.~ The'y . . . ."0 3 anatIOns from true rancre readmO"son the ranO"edISk of gunh~d thih~'Yn by the inclosure, ~re great;r than s~ould hav~ existedVlo

ust s fiI~k been carefully adjusted by the clmometer Just pre-

ranges 0 rmg. Had the range disks been adjusted to read trueBhots had the correct muzzle velocity been assumed for record~orre~tind had no mistakes been made in determination of rangeIs not ons, at least four hits for range would have been made. It

as Inu understoo? why the battery comm:wder assumed 2,232.5 f. s.~hat y~~leyeloclty for record shots. The calibration shots indicateInstead OCIty assumed for record shots should have been ~reaterThe of le.ss than that assumed for trial shots.

~roup srootmg of each gun was very uniform, the dispersion of ~heIt app 0 shots from each piece being exceedin~ly small. In brIef,(a) Ears that no hits were made in this practIce d~e to-

Velocit rror of the batten" commander m assummg the wrong

(b ) -! for record sh.ots;. • .l>artlytaulty determmatIOn of the proper range correctiOns, due(c) I 0 wmd curves on the range board; and1'he naccurate adjustment of range scales.

error intwo lat~er errors were more or less compensating, b!lt thecause f assummg correct velocity for record shots was suffiCient top our shots, which should have been hits, to miss for range.

at ~actice of the Sixty-eighth Cofnpany, Coast Artillery Corp8,

l?Ott~t.ery Cranston (lO-inch B. L. R., disappearing carriages),

The ~n~eld Scott, Cal.? November 9, 1908: .i3 hlef of Coast Artillery states:

l>ersith trial and record shots in this practice show very small dis-(atr'h The cause for the excessive deflections is due either- to-

e work of the gun pointers;

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[C. A. M. 6.J52

(b) Improper adjustment of sight standards; . Il(c) Faulty work in determination of deflections by range sec~l?The cause should be determined in order to avoid its repetltlO

in the future.The report states that 2,190 f. s. :M. V. was assumed for trial sh~~

Only 40 yards difference in range between actual and correc eiSrange for first trial shot is reported. It does not appear from ttthat 2,190 f. s. could have been assumed for the first trial s °e~The difference in velocities assumed for trial and record shots dO~not correspond to the correction in yards for first record shotresult of trial shots.. urThe difference between actual and corrected ranges for first fke~

record shots varies so much that it would appear that mistamust have been made in range finding.

The Chief of Coast Artillery states later:

A flat correction applied on the range arm will not be the tr~correction when record shots are fired at different ranges froethose at which trial shots are fired, as an examination of the ~~geboard will show. For this reason, whenever velocity is beyon d belimits of the curves on range boards curves in pencil sho~l tbe

COll3tructed. It is not thought that this will be necessary l~ l1efuture, as the Ordnance Department has been requested to ISS 00the latest revised charts for range boards with curves from 2,1to 2,400 before the coming outdoor season.

Practice of the One hundred and fifty-eighth Company, OO.flS;

Artillery Corps, at Battery Cranston (lO-inch B. L. R., disappearlJl

carriages), Fort Winfield Scott, Ca1., December 1, 1908:

The Chief of Coast Artillery states: .

Muzzle velocity assumed for trial shots is given as 2,250 f. ~;~ •muzzle velocity assumed for record shots 2,170 f. s., while the Cds.rection for the first record shot as a resul t of trial shots is + 150yt forThere appears to be either an error in the correction in yare~tie8the first record shot as a result of trial shots or in the veloc~rifllassumed. The difference between the velocity assumed for Itand record shots as recorded corresponds to about 350 yar~s. tedappears that had the center of impact of record shots been adJ~~for

one-fourth of width of danger space beyond the target four hI ordrange should have been made. The center of impact of re\bshots should be adjusted in the center of the target zone, "d'hlgerwith the present target, is one-fourth of the width of the allspace beyond the target. .. t

Practice of the Sixty-second Company, Coast Artillery corp~ ~t

Battery Benson (lO-inch B. L. R., disappearing carriages), °Worden, Wash., October 2, 1908:

The Chief of Coast Artillery states: 1. ate 1-

The battery commander appears to have assumed approxlIll tutila correct velocity for record shots, but an inspection of the nC Ilgeand corrected ranges would indicate that the work of the ra

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[C. A. )1. 6.]

54

slightly too far beyond the target. The firing was very unifo1'~:except the last shot, the erratic ranging of which might be eplained by the ununiform projectiles used for this shot. Eve:~effort should be made to determine the exact cause of the e1'1'a8deflections for record shots. The adjustment of sight standa1'dshould be checked after each practice, and if any variation is foullthe cause for the change should be determined in order that it waYbe prevented in future firing. . d?\\ihy were deflections for first and third record shots not obtaille .

Practice of the Seventy-ninth Company, Coast Artillery corpe~

at Battery Swift (8-inch B. L. R., disappearing carriages), For

Caswell, N. C., Kovember 10, 1908:


The limits allowed for overs and shorts by the range rakes usetin this practice (covering 300mils) were too small. The respollldbility for this defect should be fixed and proper range rakes sh?U8be constructed for use in future practices. Under the instructlO~~the battery commander should have changed the elevation for

hirdsecond shot, but as the second shot caine on the rake the t d

shot should have been fired at the same elevation as the secc:fThe muzzle velocity assumed for the trial shots was reporte i8

2,170; that for the record shots 2,230. Evidently one of thesein error, since the correction in yards for the first record shot aeenresult of trial shots does not correspond to the difference betWe

these two velocities. '. detIn correcting from observation of fire, a batterv cornman 18

should assure himself by the observation of a number of shfot(not less than 3) that there is a constant error in the ranges

which the guns were set. .. 8t •In obtaining a value for "P" for the figure of merit, the n~a1'eot

value given in the table should be taken. Interpolation IS ncontemplated.

Practice of the Seventy-fourth Company, Coast Artillery corpet

Battery Brumby (8-inch B. L. R., disappearing carriages), For

Screven, Ga., December 12, 1908: ..'


The excessive deflections for record shots appear to be due if t~~fact that the range details were hurried in their' work. naofficer was in the plotting room he should be called on for explathl3tion as to the errors in deflection, especially .with reference to reorange section being hurried and his failure to discover the el1J'erThe erratic ranging of No. 11 in the record shots is no~ un ot8

stood, especially since the dispersion from this piece in t1'131 s~I1l8was good. Were the friction devices in the elevating mecb!ln1ked

carefully adjusted before the firing? Were the elevations chee. after the pieces were in the firing position?

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{C. A. M. 6.J

56

finding or transmitting ranges to the guns for the fifth and si~threcord shots, or that incorrect elevations were applied to the gund

The differences between actual and corrected ranges for reeor

shots should be substantially the same unless corrections from ob;servation of fire were made. The following are the differencebetween actual and corrected ranges for record shots:

1. 440 yards.2. 460 yards.3. 450 yards.4. 470 vards.5. 570 yards.

6. 620 yards. dThe last four shots are misses for deflection. It is not understoOorwhy the battery commander did not make correction for this C!r tin deflection after he had observed it to be repeated a sufficle~number of times to indicate that the error was practically const~ndIn future practices the battery commander should bear in mIllthe following: dsThe system of range finding should be inspected and metho of

carefully checked in all details to. insure accuracy in the work

the personnel. toGreat care should be exercised in ramming projectiles so asget a uniform density of loading for all shots. , dThe practice should be conducted at minimum ranges aUo"e

by orders until hits can be made. eYThe p'ractice should be conducted deliberately until accur9

is attained. . . 'ceCareful study should be made of guns and carnages 1ll practl

so as to determine their peculiarities.

The Chief of Coast Artillery states later:In further investigation as to the cause for this errati~ fi~ing, th~

friction clutch of the -elevating gearing should be inspected. 'pg-complete overhauling of the friction device in the elevating gC9~\tby an ordnance machinist, if this has not already been done, mlg1tlocate the cause for the faulty operation of this device in firing, rt)'is possible that in the firing the friction adjustment was not propcthemade. This adjustment is a very important one and unless uP

bearing surfaces are smooth and dry and the nuts are set 911sufficiently tight, there will be a greater tendency to jump thpt.there would be if the nuts were tightened the proper amou seAny dangerous strains to the elevating mechanism should, of caul' ,be avoided in making the adjustment.

The armament officer, southern armament district, states:

The undersigned was present at Battery' Slemmer,Fort 1v1cF.~:~Fla., during the firing for calibration and practice on DeceII1

9, 1908. . .' 'llch .Previous to the firing, examination was made of the two 8-1 ell'D. C., L. F., model of 1896, comprising this battery, special a~otl1tion being paid to the elevating gearing. It was found that on ell.carriages the friction device was tighter than it should have b~erYIt required, in addition to the weight of the elevating arm, It "V



[C. A. M. 6.]

57

hard effoance of t~ o~ ~W?men on the hand wheels to overcome the resist-car-riaO'e e nctIOn clutch. The friction devices on both these

tirely t:> r S were so dry that when the pressure of the nuts was en-reason ~mbve? the cones still held fast. There is, therefore, noClutche elIeve that there has been undue freedom of thesecauses s :t~he past, whether due to oiling of the clutches or othersUffl.ci~ ad the clutch entirely freed up and reclamped withhandwht rressur~ t? require a moderate effort of one man on t~egOodco ee .. to slII? It. The elevation gearing throughout w~s mof the fd1tI?n, WIth the exception that several kevs, especIally01' so i e evatmg pinions, were driven into their seats' only an inch

"'as sonstead of their fulllenCTth and that one supporting bracketlOst111~what loose. Neithe~ of'these defects could have increasedsuited Ion; they merely Bhowed lack of care and might have re-tiond,uk an accident if allowed to remain uncorrected. The eleva-

had thIS had about three minutes backlash due to loose key. I

As b~se.defects remedied before firing.this bat~nng ~p.on the subject of the ultimate accuracy of fire fromof firi ery, It IS worthv of note that prior to the commencement

. this bn~ on this date it ,vas found that the two telescopic sights for

Ulydt te~y had considerable parallax. This was corrected under. one o{~ctIOn, and in doing so it was found that the object glass ofOnly b he telescopes was completely unscrewed and was retained

I Partly y the sunshade. After the calibration firing had beenCUred cimpleted, I found that in spite of it having been completelybad c 0 dl?~rallax about an hour before one was aCTainn about asaltere~n htIOn .as it had been. Undoubtedly the ~an using- it had"'as ask t e adJustment. DurinCTthe firinO'the armament foremanlie foue~ to ~xamine the telescopic sight u~ed for observation of fire.

re1110v~l thIS to have a great deal of parallax which was easilyscreWedt ~he object glass of this telescope was found un-'

, POl''th rom. Its s?at an? held by the suns!lade. .resid e calIbration finnCTsthe gun was laId bv clmometer by thethe ~~t machinist a~d v:rified by an artillery offic~r det~iled forrecord Tose. I venfied the setting of the elevatIOn dIsk a?dre1l10v

: the same. * * *. These carriages had the lef~ dls.kbot Yetd for alteratIOn and application of a range scale, whIch ISIncIo completed; therefore ranCTereadinO's could not be taken.

shows'i,e 2 hereto also shows the ~ltimate (~hangein the alteration~red n y t~e disk after each round from that which the gun wasltis' It WIll be noted that this movement always occurs, and thatUlin~f these carriages al\\'ays a decrease of elevation of about ~hirtyOnCa e.s on the carriaCTeNo. 14 and sliCTht1yover forty mmutesI haJnage No. l5-faGly regula~. Befor~ the ~ring o~ea~h roundRetti an arrow chalked upon the elevation dIsk to mdlCate theUlYs~1'~nd by careful observation of the armament foreman and mytion

It was determined beyond doubt that this decrease of eleva-.

the ~~c~rs ~t such a period of recoil that it can have no effec~upon"'ith a oJectIle. Of course this could not be measure~ nsuallya fOotl? accur~cy, but the top carriage must have reCOIledaboutThe efore thIS decrease of elevation commenced. .

as Co ~dwas noted, however, an earlier movement,whlch ~o faru be seen, was practically coincident with the commence-

~

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'



[c. A. ~I. 6.]58

ment of recoil, that is, a quick increase of elevation. After fai1i~gin the first two rounds to obtain, by eye, a satiEJactory idea of t

be

extent of this movement, a registering device was improvised

hclamping a spring scribing point on the elevation pointer in s~cba manner as to press on the surface of the elevation disk, whlc

surface was smeared with grease. A very satisfactory record wasobtained, which probably was correct within about one minute~This movement, determined in this manner, is shown in inc1o~U~t2 herewith, and attention is invited to the fact that in the elgrounds measured, these movements, increasing elevation, alWjYSoccur, and that it was remarkably uniform in amount, name Y,from fourteen to nineteen minutes on tactical No.2, carriage No.1?,Presumably a similar phenomenon could always be observed il l

the firings wlth carriages of the same model, and, therefore, what-ever effect this increase in elevation may have would be incorpor-ated with its mean value in the range tabies. It is therefore reason;able to suppose that in these particular firings this slip should baccountable for a total variatlOn of not over about five minutes,which for the range used is equivalent to about 83 yards of rang~tassuming of course that this entire variation occurs prior to the eX!

of the projectile from the bore.0

As to the results of the calibration firings, it may be of interest t tnote that after the first round with each gun, which fell so far shOreof the target that it could not be directly measured with the rangrod or rake, the target was moved sufficiently nearer to compeD8at~'I did not obtain official figures as to the result, which the deparment will of course receive through official channels in due cour~~:and therefore can not make an analysis of value; but from the 1 fI,

formal records that I obtained, showing with the carriage No. 1\

total deviation in the second to fifth rounds, inclusive, of 140 yarftband with the carriage No. 15 a total deviation in the second to •rounds, inclusive, of 176yards, it was noted that, roughly speakln~:there seemed to be for the extreme variations of range a correspon fI,

ing increase of pressure. This is mentioned not as a fact but 8S

hint to the study of the complete official record. . r-The firings, calibration, and record occupied, on account of lnte

rUJ?tionsof ODekind or another, a considerable portion of the ddY;. bemg concluded about 3 o'clock in the afternoon. The po~ ~_

charges were therefore exposed to the air during a cons!dteable time of thiS day, the temperature being about 50° when t tbatteries were opened and gradually increasing slightly thrOUg~o~ethe day. I took it for granted that the powder charges woul ekept in their cases from the time of blending until they we~tbrough t up to the gun for loading, and therefore neglected to lnspe 11at the commencement of firing; but about midday I noted that allthe charges remaining to be fired at that time were laid out ~oboards on the floor of the magazine, the door 0f which was open e

the outside air. It is presumed that all the powder charges for tbday's firing were thus exposed throughout the day. eWith regard to the record shots for practice which followed tbd

c~libration firing, I was told by the battery commander that ~e h~tgIVen orders for the two shots from each gun to be fired wlthO

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[C. A. 11. 6.]

59

change' .icula ]ot elevatl?n, as the target was moving practically perpen-\till shr y to the lme of fire. The inclosure 2 to this indorsement

rOUndfW that these instructions were not carried out. The secondhad aft rom each gun was fired with the elevation which the gundevice ~r the first round; that is, as altered by the slip of the frictiontactica lD

J

the first round. The elevation of the second round fromfirst ~~o. 1 (carriage No. 14) was eighteen minutes less than the~o. i~ .e elevation of the second from tactical No.2 (carriagefirst r~~~ds twenty-seven and one-half minutes leE'Shan that of the

hThis sh . ld hvin ou ave resulted in the sec(l}ld round from each gun

\V'tg ashorter range than the first.ever~ h~~gard to the record of faU of shot, while fully realizing thatfeelth e ort and every care was taken to make the record corred, Iticabl at the methods of observation although probably the best prac-~re nue, are not alt.og:e~~erexact and beyond ,question. That there18, I b:s~r~us pOSSIllItles of error in cOJ?lputlI~gthe fall o~the shottold b le\e, beyond questIOn On thIS partIcular occasIOn I washe at Y~De o.fthe o~serving officers on the tug ~hat on one occU!i?n

. !his m~rst mIstook ncochet splash for the orlgmal splash .. \~hl1e

. Indic :~take was corrected and does not affect the record, It 18 anfavor:bl0n ?f the opportunity !or accidental error ~nder the mostPart of !e clr~umstances and WIth the greatest pOSSIblecare on the

A lDtellIgent obsep'eri'i-"loS th v ".ationt result of all my observations of the firing and of the oper-

actiono the mat~rial I can find nothing to indicate. any abn?rmalto be ofthe carnages or guns, and that, outside of the Jump, belIevedthe s no greater or more variable in these carriages than III others ofbe IO~kel model, the variation in obE'erved re~ults of firin~ sh?uld

to thi t for elsewhere than in the gun or carnage. I am lllchnedafter b r th~t the exposure of powder cha!ges t~ t~e ai~, duri~g ,a?d\'elocitlendmg, or other causes re~:ulted III varIatIOns In the IDltIal• y of the projectile, ,

The Ch' fI' Ie of Ordnance states:tic;~~it practicable to determine irom the records of battery J>rac-CUltya at~ery Slemmer, Fort )lcRee, Fla., how much of the diffi-Inate . t thIS battery is due to the personnel and how much to the

l:~Or~lal. The 8-inch guns of this battery have been fired less than. .Ass~nds ~ach, and should be in good condition. . .In ran ated III the twenty-first indorsement hereon, the dISpersIOnsfor th:~ of the tri!11shots for the practice of this batte~y for 1907 and\'ariat' rst.practIce for 1908 are within those that mIght be due to1'hese

l~~S III the muzzle velocities of accepted lots of powder.

In 1.hnal.shots were fired from gun No, 10.gUnNoe firlllgs by the Florida State Troops, October 131 19081 fr0!llrange . 10, Battery Slemmer there was a maximum dIsperSIOnIn

tioll fi;.f about 430 yards in a ~ange of 6,970 yards. In the calibra-\\'as a :::g C!fDecember 9,1908, at a range of about 5,600 yards, there1'hen1 a;xImum.dispe.rsion of range from gun No. ~O~f 400 yards.

1S.5 y a~Imum dIsperSIOn for aun ~o. 41 in the latter finng was only\'ariat~~ s, .which IS within the dispersion which might be d~e to

IDsIII the muzzle velocity for ac('(:'pted lots of powder. The

. .



[C. A. M. 6.]

60

calibration firing of December 9 was used to determine the rangecorrection in the second battery practice at Battery Slemmer, Fort

McRee, December 9, 1908. . .The results referred to in the preceding paragraph appear to IndI-cate an erratic ranging of gun No. 10for which the personnel are prob-ably not responsible. Investigations are now in progress to asc~;tain whether the accuracy of all of our seacoast cannon may no~improved by changing the form of the rotating band on the proJ~c'tiles, and it is expected that in the near future definite informatIOnon this point will be at hand. .

Practice of the One hundred and fifty-first Company, co.astArtillery Corps, at Battery Sanders (6-inch B. L. R., disappearIng

carriages), Fort Revere, Mass., October 23, 1908:


Figures of merit for all companies are determined by the methO~prescribed in General Orders, No. 106, War Department, 1908.Tb

sprobability factor, P, is taken from the table in General OrderNo. 106, using the mean range of the targ()t for the record shots llS ~targument and taking the nearest value of P corresponding to I .This method is applied to all companies.

o

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[C. A. 1\1. 1.]

WAR DEPARTMENT,

WASHINGTON, January 1,1910.

()1l' .

lI'ICIA.L:

1IENRY P. McCAIN

Adjutant Gen~ral.

CoASAtlt1l:l: l' ARTILLERY t

OR.A.NDUM No. 1. fCoast AF'ebr rtIIlery ]\{emorandum No.1, War Department,

ill li:ary 17, 1909, is rescinded and the following regulations

.a.rUlIUthereof are published for the guidance of the Coa~t

. ery Corps.. thei~at commanders will require all coast artillery officers of

tlubj commands to study this memorandum and recite on its

and ec.t-matter. They will conduct personally the recitations

the ;111 certify to The Adjutant General of the Army, before

atlicrat annual target practice is held, that all coast artilleryers of th .. t'Cant. elr commands are proficient in the lllstruc IOnsa1neu' h'[ 111 t IS memorandum, .1il9OO90,A. G. O.J

~\' ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR:

J. FRANKLIN BELL,Maior General, Chief of Staff.

'

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[c. A. 1\1. 1.]

INSTRUCTION OJ? COAST ARTlfjLERY.

SERVICE OF COAST GUNS AND MORTARS.

et~' Coast artillery instruction or drill shall take place daily,

dur?t Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays, and except that

he n~ the outdoor period artillery instruction and drill may

graO~ltted on inclement days, Except as provided in para.

cee~ 6. the length of an artillery drill proper shall not ex-

and ;ne ?our. The work of caring for coast artillery material

shall eeplllg batteries and their environments properly policed

C{lDttake place daily, Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays ex-

Dre ed.. according to such ~eneral instructions as may besenb d dh<> e III each coast artillery district by the comman er"reof

. 2for' bArtillery district commanders shall designate the days

and battle' command, :fire command, mine command, night,

0Utd attery drills, provided that the first two months of the

and ?or period shall be devoted exclusively to battery drill

a Instruction of the battle and fire command personnel.

tbef A.rtill.ery district commanders and inspectors in making

tro

o

r pr:sc!ibed inspections are enjoined to test coast artillery

1'J.o,.s In the service of coast-defense material under both-mal4. and emergency conditions.

ofll~A.ll fire and mine commanders and superior commanding

Ofthers shall attend all artillery drills and practice, and anybe ern present at a post on the occasion of an inspection 8hall

Call dfire e on by the inspector to conduct personally a battle,

5' Or mine command drill.

ar~ The post commander is responsible that the care of theOthe~tnent an~ its efficient use are given precedence over ~ll

lery o~ost dutIes. He will be held responsible that all arul-

al'liller cer~ and all enlisted men who are for duty attend all

cUsed Ydnlls, except those specified below, who may be ex-Q upon the approval of the artillery district commander:

I b' Officer of the day.

co~ Artillery district staff officers, unassigned (except battle.c, ~~nd drill), and. serge~nts major. . .d P e guard, not Illcludlllg the old guard.'

ant'eo Oat bakers, mess sergeants, company cooks~ one assist-

e, 0ok for each company. .ne man in charge of each barrack during drill.

(3)

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[C. A. 1\1. 1. J

4

f. One man in charge of fire apparatus.

fl. The lloliee sergeant.

h. The driver of the market wagon.i. The man in charge of the quartermaster's stable.

j. Men on quartermaster's boat.

k. :Men in charge of water supply or iee plant.

Z. One mail orderly.

m. Man in charge of heating apparatus in each barr80C~'

when fires are necessary.

n. One clerk in the adjutant's office, not a sergeant nl80jO~:o. Men excused specifically by authority of the War Deplt

r,

ment upon request of artillery distriet commanders. d

6. Upon the request of the battery commander concerlleb;

the post commander may authorize the prolongation of tbe

artillery drill period for a battery beyond one hour for~I1.purpose of giving special instruction or of perfecting the dr! d

The artillery district commander may direct that the perla1be prolonged for a battery when, in his opinion. the perSOlln;t

thereof needs additional instruction or is not sufficiently BIllll-

in executing the drill. d

7. At the conclusion of the daily artillery drill extra a~e

special duty men and fatigue details may be dismissed. Wbeif

it is nece9Sary for the efficient conduct of the work in the S:e

departments, post commanders are authorized to extell

J

fortime of labor of extra duty men one hour to compensate *

the time devoted to artillery drill. . &

8. Suitable boats being available and weather permittlllg'~l1

target shall be towed at battery drill at least one daY ell-b-

week. When a target is towed, the same rules shall be ~dserved with respect to signa18during drill as govern dU~Jl8'

practice, and the same care shall be exercised in applyl

fu~.

9. Night drill shall be prescribed for at least one nigbtde~J19

week during the outdoor period. All other artillery r0])

may be omitted on the day on which night drill is held or

the day following. '.' d ill10. The entire artillery. personnel, except as prOVIde

paragraph 5, shall attend battery night 'drill. d the

11. The gun sections, excepting the gun pointers all ndelevating aIld traversing details, may be excused from a

tte

ance at battle, fire, and mine command night drill. cept12. Searchlights shall not be thrown on any vessels et It

those provided by the Government for artillery purposes.

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[C. A. :M:. 1.]

5

byac 'ait lllt1c~ent a searchlight beam is thrown on any other vessel,

13 be removed as soon as the mistake is discovered.

each' oast artillery troops shall be exercised for two weeksPOssi~ear under the condition's approximating as clol5ely as

defe e to those that would obtain in war. These coastnse exiatt" t erCIses shall be planned and conducted by artillery

1'hey

IChcommanders independently in each artillery district.

select s all be held during such suitable season as may be

tuilir ed by artillery district commanders, except that when

for 1a organizations are ordered to coast artillery districtsape' d .and th rIo o.f Instruction at the batteries the encampment

be hel; .exerCl?eS prescribed herein for the regular forces shallbur' In conJunction with those of the militia organizations.

ene:ng th~ period of these exercises the companies shall be

theylllped In the immediate vicinity of the batteries to whichare .for all c assIg~ed.. The encampments shall be simu]~aneous

COtnp ompames In the same artillery district. The 81tes forPermany camps shall be selected in advance and assigned

l'E:'Spu:ntly to companies, each of which shall be held

Of i~ns1ble at all times for the police and sanitary condition

COtnp:~~mp ground. During the period of these exercises

14 les shall mess in camp.ttict' A

hn coast artillery officers on duty with troops in a dis-

d

S aU pa t" t . l' .ri r lClpa e In these exercises and shall lye III camp

15~~ th~ period covered by them.one n' urIng the exercises night phases shall extend throughou t

1 19-ht.6, D '. .'"'ill b urmg the perIOd of coast defense exerCIses battery drIll

fliet e,held at the regular drill bour wben tbis does not con-

bepa~Ith the requirements of Gene:ral Orders, No. 64, War

Elteepl't~ent, April 28, 1908. All officers and all enlisted men,

sDeeial bose excused by paragraph 5, shall attend. Extra anddUrin duty men may be excused from other exercises held

1'( g the day.boat' Artillery district com~anders sball utilize all available

au'l'atn rmg coast defense exercises and shall prepare a pro-

a"al" af simulated naval attack which shall include as greatlet ,tion h YIn forms of attack as may be possible. Special at ten-

1l1'ar,tS,Uhe given to fire mine and battle command subcaliber"ICe d . ,

18 urIng these exercises.attn') On the completion ~f the coast defense exerci8es in each

tery d' . .0'rh IstrlCt, the district commander shall submit a report

hiatal'eAdjutant General of the Army setting forth a completeYof all events of the exercises and the plans for attack

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[C. A. l\f. 1.]

6

and defense, with comments, conclusions, and suggestions;

All subordina te officers shall su bmi t to the district comIIlsnde

reports embodying comments and recommendations conceI'1l'

ing the exercises. The district commander shall abstrac~ fro:

these reports any comments and recommendations WhICh

deems of value and forward them with his report.

19. Although target practice away from home stations tll&~

necessitate the encampment of the visiting troops, sueh en,

campment shall not be considered as being in lieu of that pre

scribed in the preceding paragraphs, but in addition thereto.

COAST ARTILLERY PRACTICE,

PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFETY.

20, Precautions for safety, as laid down in drill regulation:;

shall be observed carefully by all officers connected with r

practice, and in addition the following shall be observed 0

night practice: . }l

a. The dates of the practice shall be published so as to reltC

without fail shipping and fishing interests. . 9

b. The field of fire shall be patrolled before dark 'WIthd

view of determining whether or not vessels are ancbore

therein and of warning off approaching vessels. et

c. Signal boats shall be located so as to observe any vess~,

approaching the range during the :tiring and to signal the b!t"

tery firing by rocket or other means. '. tug'

d. At least one searchlight shall be held on the toWIng

and one on the target during the firing. . «e. The day and hour of firing shall be selected with a .~eli'

to baving the practice at an hour when there is least 11e

hood of a vessel crossing the range. .' (oil

21. If in the opinion of the fire commander the defieC~be

error of any mortar shot is such as to imperil the safety?f teSfield of fire, he commands" Cease firing" and invesUg

ltall

the cause of error, indorsing resu~ts of his investigationS

the report of the practice.

SUBCALIBER PRACTICE.

22. Subcaliber practice at gun batteri~s consists of:

Battery practice-a.Preliminary, at fixed targets.

b. Record, normal conditions, at moving targetS. tc. Record, emergency conditions, at moving targe s.

Fire or mine command practice at moving targets.

Battle command practice at moving targets.

~



[C. A. M. 1.]

7

8a~Ubcaliber practice at mortar batteries for 1910 will be the.......as' d'att. III Ica1ed above for gun batteries except that c under

23ery practice will not be held at mortars.the The preliminary practice is for the purpose of adjusting

for sUbcaliber gun and determining the muzzle velocity, and

fire Preparing or verifying subcaliber range scales for rapid-

is nguns. Such portion of the allowance of ammunition as

8hor~cessary may be used for these purposes. Overs and

oha S, except for .30.inch subcaliber ammunition, shall be

the erved from an observer's boat moored near the target;result. 'I .S 1 s In mI s shall be signaled after each shot.

con~,):aliber practice under normal conditjons and emergency

nel Ihons is for the purpose of exercising fire control person-

Iltiltnd training gun pointers. Battery commanders should

the ~,the ammunition with this endin view rather than with

hits 0. Ject of making a high percentage of hits. No record of

C0tnIn battery practice is required to be forwarded. Fire

gi\Tenan~ers are enjoined to require battery commanders to

24 specIal attention to this feature of battery training.tice. The battery commander shall conduct all battery prac-

(or' .The fire (or mine) commander shall conduct the fire

ltJ.an~lne) command practice from his station; the battle com-

om er the battle command practice from his station. The

ob"Cer conducting the practice is respom:ible for the strict"erva25 nce of all safety precautions.

8hali;he, a,nnual allowance of ammunition for each battery

e dIVIded as shown in the followinO' table:~----T~-:tte;;~r~(~~c:---~:-,, - - -

Caliber. :---~ -----,' --------"

m~~tf:dl.;~~~l

i Prelimi- E com- "llow-nary and mer-! mand ance,""___ : record. I gency. i practice. !

. 15.po

, -1- -1--- --~_____-i----.'ill lundeI' : I r.oo i 4 000!line 1,4 7.in.h-:, ..- .. _., 2,500 • I,WO 2(XI I ':tit ('h.lO' C ,a-mch.and6.inch_.' 60(), l()()hi~ltars lr~ch, and 1~-inch._. . .' D;)() • 50 I 2()() ]flO

~ 2~~:~:~Ie~'::::::::::::::i6* 1::::::::::, 1;~ I :''00

~I

'l'he a t'llllort' r 1 ery district commander shall determine what pro-

llrac~~ of the allowance for: fire, mine, and battle commandallo

e shall be used for each. In addition to the above

lllay\V:nce 1,000 rounds of .30-caliber subcaliber ammunitione expended in the instruction and €'xamination of can-

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_ - _ _

_ _ ~~

__ __ ----- __ -- - ---

' _







[C. A. M. 1.]

10

general supervision which devolves upon a commanding offi'

cer present at an exercise of any portion of his command. ,

39. He shall not direct a company to hold service practICe

until he shall have satisfied himself through personal in~pe~i

tion that the company is well instructed and proficient 1nII

the details of the service of the battery at which the cornpanY

will hold practice.

40. The fire commander is responsible to the district c~~;mander for the efficiency of his batteries at practice. IS

active duties in connection with battery practice, excep~Ilsprovided in paragraph 47, are limited to the preparatlOIlf

necessary for the highest efficiency, and to the observance 0

safety precautions on the day of the practice. JJl'

At posts where no field officer is stationed the district CO Il

mander exercises the functions of fire commander. In caS? r

battery commander is also fire or mine commander a sentr

officer shall be detailed to act as fire or mine commander 0

battery service practice. rS

41. Service practice of guns above 3-inch and of wortarY

ahall be held at such times as may be designated by artilleot

district commanders, except that the first practice shall Il t,

take place within two months of the beginning of the OllpS

door period and the interval between practices for tro;be

at their home stations shall not be less than one montl~. 'oll"four service practices of guns below 4-inch shall be (hst~ret

ted uniformly throughout the outdoor period. The tb

practice of these guns should not be held within one woIl

of the beginning of the outdoor period. di'

42. In those artillery districts in which the climatic co; glltions are such that target practice may he held with adva

TlaeI!

during any month of the outdoor period the interval bet-W;retthe beginning of the outdo<?r period and the date of th

edtbe

service practice with mortars and guns above 3-inch all \lId

interval between the first and second service practices S~Otbe

each be equal approximately to one-half the length 0 1Cb

outdoor period. In those artillery districts in which stllId

climatie conditions do not obtain distrkt commanders shob1ll,

hold service practice in those months that are most fav

ora

subject to paragraph 41. 1"1'0,

43. Except as provided in paragraph 2, General OrderS'tiJlle

83, \VarDepartment, April 10, 1907,information as to the '13 to

of practice shall not be communicated to anyone whOIt{O r

take part in it more than one week prior to the tilDe se

the beginning thereof.



IC. A. M. 1.]

11

th:4. AU officers and enlisted men, exclusive of the cooks and

atte ~ess serge~nt, and the man in charge of quarters, shallin t::e .the serVIce practice for their companies except when

!lel" Judgment of the post commander the interests of the

Per\'1Cepreclude. Every effort to have the gre.atest possible

centa fent ge 0 the company present shall be made. The per-

4:.age shall be reported on the proper form.to t~ Battery commanders shall weigh all the powder issued

lllate~~ f~r practice and if the weights of any se~tions differfor ally from the markings on the tags the latter shall be

13at~arded to the War Department with a special report.

for :~y commanders shall blend all the powder issued to them

ate e practice, and remake each section of each charge,

tOgept that only powder of the same lot shall be blended

takether. In remaking the sections of charges care should be

theen that the powder is never exposed to the direct rays ofchasun. The dimensions of the corresponding sections of all

gu.nl'ges shall be as nearly as possible the same. In case of

the: the complete charge shall not be less than nine-tenths of

!lhou.~~gthof t~e powder chamber. The sections of the cha~ge

llleth be as stIff and rigid as possible. One of the followmg

a ods shall be used in blending:

'rak Select a suitable floor space and cover it with paulins.caSee aU the powder to be blended from the boxes or storage

CO'lesand place it in a single pile at the center of the space

let t red by the paulins. Improvise ten wooden shovels and

Pile en men shovel at the same time from the center pile to ten

the s arranged in a circle around the center pile. To prevent

on e~OWder from scattering off the paulins, boards supported

. Sh g~ by brackets may be placed around the edge.top ~vel with care from the bottom of the center pile to the

the o. the circumferential piles. After the powder is all in

.llo",~lrc~mferential piles the operation is reversed, i. e., theMe er IS shoveled from the bottom of the circumferential

8Cat~o the top of the center pile. Each shovelful should be

fl'otnerect as much as possible over the center pile. Shoveling

8gai the center pile. to the circumferential piles and back

thol'~ forms one cycle. About five cycles should give a very

l'e1ll.a~gh blend of the powder. Charges should then be

b.

. "\V'th0th t 1 any convenient measure, remake the new cbarg~s

Of th: e~c? section shall contain an equal volum~ from ~~chb3' 1ll. orIgmal sections. 1.'his is accomplished WIth facIllty

eans of the ordinary tin cups.

-

~



[C. A.'M. 1.]

12

c. Counting grains. d

When the new charges are made up they should be weig

be

carefully, the exact weights being verified by an officer. d

The provisions of this paragraph do not apply to fise

ammunition. t

46. Battery commanders may, if they desire, submit a 1'ep?rgto accompany Form 819 containing information conce1'Il1f1

the blending additional to that called for by the form. 11

47.a.Battery practice is solely a battery function and sblle

be conducted by the battery commander without assistaIl~e

other than from the officers servin~ with the battery. '1 ' tbattery commander shall select the approximate raIlg~ IlS

which the p!actice shall be held, subject to the limitatl~;e

imposed by paragraphs 48 and 57. He shall make a.11 ld

calculations for the trial and record shots and shall be be

strictly responsible for the observance of all regulatioIlS coJl'

cerning the practice. ts

b. When a battery commander desires to fire he reqUes11

authority from the fire commander to begin; the latter sll~,

give the authority if the range is safe and the battery COJl

mander gives the command "Commence firing" as SOOiS

thereafter as practicable. If an interruption of the ~re

necessary the fire commander commands ,. Cease firlf1g~r

Firing is resumed after an interruption in the sam.e wallJl •

as the original firing was begun. fie

If a battery commander desires, he may open fire with 0cegun, thespla~h of the first shot being the signal" Com

JIlellb'

firing" for the remaining pieces of batteries above 3.iIlCt1~

the splash of the first or second shot for the remaining g~f1

of batteries below 4-inch. The battery commander shall Jlot~s'

the umpire of his intentions on this point. and give the Jlec

sary command at the instant of the splash. 1 be

48. An umpire of coast artillery target practice shal Db'

present at each battery practice. It shall be his duty to of

serve the practice and report all observed transgressiOJl~lJes

the regulations by anyone connected with it. He prescrl ed. • US

the course of the target, and when the material target 1S 111'

he examines the target after the firing and decides the Jltltbebel' of hits. He shall decide any question raised dur~Ilg tbe

practice and not covered by these regulations. inc1ud~Jlg«illdecision in his report under paragraph 49. The umplret to

be detailed in War Department orders. Such assi8ta~ :rict

the umpire as may be necessary will be detailed by dlS

"





[C. A. 1\f. 1.]

14

abo7e shall be detailed. He records the deviation of each shot

from the center of the target.

52. An experienced officer not belonging to the coropan~

firing, preferably a oistrict staff officer, 8hall be in charge 0

the tug ouring service practice. He shall be provided with aU

instrument for determining range errors in mils (range rake~

and shall determine the overs and shorts for all shots excep

for the record practice of guns below 4-inch. He shall b~

assisted by an officer or a noncommissioned officer equippe

with a camera or a range rake. For trial shots both observer~obtain the oyers and shorts in mils. For record shots 0 .

mortar batteries and of gun batteries above3-inch the as'

sistant observer uses the camera, if available; otherwise tbe

range rake. When both observers are using range rakes, the

results of the observations on the tug shall not be called or

spoken alouo, but shall be recorded without comment by the

observer as soon as made. The observer shall flight on the edgeof the splash nearest the gun. The average of the deviationsd~i

termined by the observers when both are uFlingrange rakes sha

be recorded as the deviation normal to the line joining the tug

and target. The records are submitte(l'to the umpiro (ForJIl

823), who mayoiscard the deviations reported by any observer

upon satisfactory representation by the officer in charge of thl

e

range party on the tug that the obserYationwfls probab

Yerroneous. The points of attachment of the towline to ~h~ •

targets and the point of the towline at the position occupleb

by the observers on the tug shall be marked by tyin~ ,clo~

around the towline or by other suitable means. Immediate Y

after the practice and while still wet the towline sllall b~ ,

detached from the tug and targets, stretched, and measure

accurately between the points marked, under the sllpervisio,u

of the officer in charge of the tug', and the result of thl~

measurement shall be entered on Form 823 as the length 0

the towline. No allowance shall be made for sag'. k

When record is obtained with the camera the range ra

observation shall be discarded and the camera record reduce

to yards. . fThe observations of overs and shorts arid rights and lefts °e

the record shots of guns when firing at material targ~ts fl,~efor information as to the ranging of the guns and to assist t

umpire in verifying hits on the material target.. 'Il"

For all trial shots the greatest care shall be exercised to Its

sure an accurate determination of the splashes, For tri<t.lshod

the overs and shorts shall be observed from the tug anchore

~ '



[C. A. :M. 1.]

15

~hPePoI~itehe target and as nearly as possible at right ang.les to.lne . , .in tn ' JOInIng the gounand target. These overs and shorts

BpI lIs shall be signaled to the battery commander. Thehn~s: ~f each trial shot and the position of both tug and target

alld dlate]y before or after each trial shot shall be observed

de.plotted by the range section of the battery firing. The

Vlat'ie l' IOn at the target shall be carbfully observed by the de-

c Ion observer53 .

tic . As many guns of each gun battery shall be used in prac-

1lle as can be manned with men who have attended drills oneonth p d' .o rece lIlg the practice. .

1>it~' On each occasion of battery practice with mortars oneth or each company as~igned to the battery shall be manned;

di:t r~cord shots shall be fired alternately from the pits and1ll nbuted among as many mortars in each pit as can be

thallned by men who have attended regularly the drills for

. 1>i:c:onth preceding the practice. :Mortars shall be fired brbe I .' but all the pieces of the battery that are manned shall

fo aId for each shot. A separate prediction shall be made

r each shot.I3h~~iUntil the appr.oyed electrical device is installed mortarsfir be fired hy lanyard. Until further orders the rate of

: Shall not exceed one shot per minute.

tio 6. Rapid fire batteries not equipped with a separate posi-ta n finder shall be given the range from the guns to the

\\thr?et by the primary station of the fire or mine command tolch .ft assIgned before the command" Commence firing" and

, theer each authorized interruption. In order to determine

llhal:nean range to the targoet for the record shots, t~e target

line. be plotted by the plotting detail of some convement base

llh07. All service practice with guns and mortars, except trial

ta ots, shall be at moving targets. For battery practice the

h rgets should be towed at a rate of not less than 4 miles anOUr F h . t'llhan' or t e target practice year of 1910 serVICe prac Ice

\lid be by battery at short and 1, IDg ranges as follows; pro-

1>

r

ad: that no gun battery shall" be advanced to long-range

ran ctlce unless its figure of merit is 40 or more at the short- .du ~e practice. Batteries which qualified at short range

bo:~ng 1909 either in the first or second practice shall hold

fYin practices for 1910 at long range. Batteries not quali-

g for advancement to Ion'" ranc'es shall complete the...nu 1 pra~tice at short ranges. (For rapid. fire guns below

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"''' " '" '"



[C. A. M. 1.]

16

4-inch, the average figure of merit for the two short-range

practices shall be 40 or more.)

(1) FOR 12-INCH. IO-INCH, AND B-INCH GUNS-TWO PRACTICES.

First (short range) practice: Three trial sLots and 4 recor~

shots. The trial shots shall be fired at a range of about 4,00d

yards and the record shots between the ranges of 4,000all

5,000 yards.

Second (long range) practice: Three trial shots and 6 recor~

shots. The trial shots shall be fired at a range of about 8.00

yards and the record shots at a minimum range of 7,000yards..

(2) FOR lIIOItTARS-TWO PRACTICES.

First practice: Four trial shots and 10 record shots. The

shots shall be fired in the innermost of the zones which cover

an important part of the field of fire of the battery.

Second practice: Four trial shots and 10 record shots. Th;shots shall be fired in the outermost zone (for 1,016-poUIl

projectile) permitted by the carriage and field of fire.

(3) FOR 6-INCH AND 5-INCH GUNS-TWO PItACTICES.

First (short range) practice: Three trial shotii and 10 recor~

shots. The trial shots shall be fired at a range of about 4,oOd


5,000 yards. . 0

Second (long range) practice: Three trial shots and 1 •record shots. The trial and record shots shall be fired a,t&

minimum range of 5,000 yards.

(4) FOR 4.7-INCH AND 4-INCH GUNS-TWO PRACTICES. d'

First (short range) practice: Three trial shots and 10 reco~O

shots. The trial shots shall be fired at a range of about 3.0 d


3,500 yards. 10

Second (long range) practice: Three trial shots and

record shots. The trial and record shots shall be fired at a

minimum range of 3,500 yards.

(5) FOR GUNS BELOW 4-INCH-FOUR PRACTICES DISTRIBUTED trr;J'

FORMLY THROUGHOUT THE OUTDOOR PERIOD.

First and second (short range) practic~s: Three trial shOt:

and 16 record shots each. The trial shots shall be fired as

ranges approximately equal to the following maximum ra,n~~:

at which the record practices with these guns shall be be 00

For 3-inch guns, carriage models 1902 and 1903, 2,0

yards; Driggs-Seabury carriage, 1,500 yards.



[C. A. ltI. 1.J

17

a ~hird and fourth (long range) practices: Three trial shots

t~ 1~ record shots each with ma.ximum ranges, as follows,

In e trIal shots being fired at the maximum ranges (approxi-

ately):For 3-inch guns, carriage models 1902 and 1903, 2,500

5 yards; Driggs-Seabury carriage, 2,000 yards.

t

. 8. Trial shots shall be fired at fixed targets with deUbers-

IOn' th' b' 1 .elr 0 Ject is the determination of the muzzle ve OClty

t?r guns provided with range boards and of arbitrary correc-

~~~s for mortars and guns not provided with ~ange bo~r~s.f y shall be fired at the same elevation unless III the opInIOn

e

o the battery commander the range error of the first shot is

~ce8si . . . d dV' ve, III WhIChcase a change of elevatIOn shoul be ma e

t lth a view to causing the remaining shots to fall Dear the

aarget. These shots shall be fired on the dayof the practice

. f::rd as short a time preceding it as practicable. Trial shotS

The any ba:tery shall be fired from the same gun or morta~.fi elevatIon setting (and azimuth for mortars) shall b~ ven-

1:~ before and after each trial shot. For 8-inch, 10-inch. and

8b-lneh rifles fixed pressure plugs shall be used for each trial

8bot and the pressure recorded. Meteorological observations

d

aU be taken immediately before firing trial shots and the

ata f . h Etr arms ed the battery commander concerned. very

Of ort shall be made to determine the individual firing error

b

E'achgun and its mount and all facts bearinl" thereon shalle e t I; 'n ered in the emplacement book.

TARGETS.

SUBCALlBER.

t 59. For all subcaliber practice with guns a material vertical

1>::get,10 feet by 24 feet, flh8o11e used, the middle third being1>ln~ed black, except that a small material target may be im-

,;~vlsed at the post for practice with .30 caliber ammnnition.

In en used as a fixed target the subcaUber target shall be

8i~1~~edfore and aft as nearly broadside to the battery as pos-

p For subcaliber practice witli mortars either a ,tandard

aYramidal target without canvas covering but with flagstaff"nd flag or a smaller tarO'et improvised at the post, shall be'<sed. . b .

S ~or battle, fire, and mine command practice two or more

bU.caliber targets shall be used on the same towline, separated

Yabout 100 yards.

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\

[c. A. M. 1.]

18

SERVICE.

60. For trial shots an anchored standard pyramidal target

supplied by the Ordnance Department shall be used for both

guns and mortars unless permanent targets have been located.

For record shots with guns above 3 inches the standard Illate-

rial target, 30 feet high by 60 feet long, on a 200 yard towline,

shall be used.

For record shots at mortar batteries a pyramidal target 00

a 500 yard towline shall represent the center of a circular

hypothetical target of 50 yards radius, the towline to bebuoyed 250 yards from the tug. .

For rapid-fire guns below 4-inch a material target shall be

used, size 10 feet high by 24 feet long, the middle third to be

pain ted black. .

In case a portion of a material target is shot away practice

shall be discontinued until the target is repaired.

DETERMINATION OF BITS.

61. For both material targets (60 by 30; 24:by 10) theuIIlpir~

shall determine the hits by inspection and plot them appro~l-

mately on Form 822. Any shot passing through the net or

canvas, or striking the end masts or the rafts between the end

masts, shall be recorded as a hit. Ricochet hits will be

counted.The umpire examines the plot of the track of the "target

before it is removed from the board, having assured hiDlself

that it has not been moved since firing beg-an, and then directs

the lines of direction to be drawn for each shot.

The hypothetical target for mortars is a circle 100yards in

diameter. Any shot, the absolute deviation of which is 50

yards or less, is a hit.To determine hits on the hypothetical target for mortars,

proceed as explained below.

The umpire examines the plot of. the track of the target be~

fore it" is removed from the board, having assured hiDlsel

that it has not been moved since firing began, and then directs

the lines of direction to be drawn for each shot. The batterY

commander determines hits as follows: Using a piece of cross-

section paper at a scale of 50 yards = 1 inch, plot the target

for each shot at the intersection of two heavy lines and with

the target asa center describe a circle" of 50 yards radiuS.

Considering one of the heavy lines the track of the target. laY

off the length of the towline and plot the position of the tug.



[C. A. M. 1.]

19

ibrough the target draw a line representing the direction

Br~m the observer on shore to the target at the time of the

l ash, using a protractor, scale of tangents, or dividers.

o;om the report of the range observer compute the deviation

t each shot with reference to the line joining the tug and the

parget, and lay this off on the heavy line of the cross-section

t.aper through the target normal to the track; mark this posi-

Y

l0n first shot, second shot etc. Compute the deflection in

ard fh s rom the angular deflection reported by the observer on

tb are and layoff this distance in the proper direction on a linerough the center of the target at right angles to the corre-

~Pond' l'mg me from the deflection observer ~n shore to the tar-

t~~; In~rk this point first shot, second shot, etc. Through

tb~Spomt draw a line parallel to the line from the observer to

t target and extend it until it intersects the line from the

tug through the mark for the shot on the line normal to the

c:ack of the target. If this intersection occurs within theo~~cle ~epr.esenting the hypothetical target the shot is a hit,

to t~rWlse It is a miss. The battery commander shall certify

c e correctness of the calculations and plotting and the fire

ommander to his verification of the same. .

k SCORING.

Ie 62. For the purpose of determining the comparative excel-I).nce of companies in service practice each company shall be~lve 'n a figure of merit to be reported on Form 819 and com-

~ed by the battery commander as follows:

or guns:

M-~!I-p

In which-M=Figure of merit.C=Factor based on the relative times of loading for the

various calibers of guns and types of mounts.H=Hits per gun per minute, which is obtained by

dividing the total number of hits by the sum of the

corrected times for each gun. (See paragraph 50.)

For 12-inch guns, disappearing mount, C==36.

For l2-inch guns, barbette mount, C==96.

For 10-inch guns, disappearing mount, C==30.For to-inch guns, disappearing mount, A. R. F.,

C=36.For to-inch guns, barbette mount, C==50.

For 8-inch guns, C==30.

' "



[C. A. M. 1.]

20

For 6-inch guns on disappearing mount, C=18.

For 6-inch guns on pedestal mount, and 5-inch guns,

C=12.For 4.7.inch and 4.inch guns, C=10.

For 3-inch guns, Driggs-Seabury mount, C=9.

For 3.inch guns, 1902and 1903mounts,C=8.

P=The probability of hitting. The values of P will bo

found in the following table, using the mean COr"

rected range of the target for the record shots as an

argument and taking the nearest value of P cOr"responding thereto.

,--~~-_..- .~----_._--_._-

,v'rd'.I!:J V~d'. !-~JI.rds.I_~_IY.:rd'.~11.rd,:l~1,000 1.00 I 2,900 0.7411 4,800 0.00 I 6,700 0.321 8,600 IO.l~1,100 .98 3,000 .721 4,900 .49 6,800 .31 8,700.11,200 .96 I 3,100 .71 5,000 .48 6,900 .30 8, 800 .1~

1,300 .95 3,200 .6915'100 .47 7,000 .29 8,\100 .J51,4.00 .94 3,BOlJ .681 5,2(JO .4t~ I 7,100 .28 9,000.. .\1,~00 .~2 ?,400 .~7 1:'.,300 .41) 7,200 .28 9,~OO .1

41, BOO .91 a,fiOO .66 fi,400 .440 7,300 .27 9,200.11,700 .89 3,600 .6;j 5,5();) .43 7,41.)0 .2li 9.300 .1~I,HtlO .88 3,700 .64 5,600 .42 7,500 .25 9,400 .\~1,900 .86 3, SIX) .62 5,700 .41 7,600 .24 9,500 .]~2,000 .85 3,900 .61 5.800 .40 7,700 .24 9,600 .1~2,100 .s.! 4,000 .60 5,900 .39 7,800 .23 9,700'h2,200 .88 4,100 .59 6,000 .38 7,900 .22 I 9, 1100 . II2,HOO .81 4,:200 .. 58 B,IOO .37 8,om .21 9,91JO .1

02,400 .80 4, BOO .56 6.200 .86 8,100 .20 10,000 .1

2,500 .78 4,400 .55 6,300 .35 8,200 .20 [ •.••••••••2,(j{)() .77 i 4,~no .5~ 6,400 .34 8,300 .19 •••••• , •••••2,700 .7? I 4,fim I .5a 6,500 .3~ 8,400 .11l .•••••••.•••

2,8(lO _~~~~l~ 1_6~: .33 8,500 .18 11--".'" =-=-

For mortars:

M=CH

In which-

M=Fignre of merit.For carriages model 1891, C=120.

For carriages model 1896,C=100.

H=The number of hits per minute.

63. For the purpose of comparison in service practice, coII l

panies shall be classified for each practice and for the year

according to the:le figures of merit as fol1o~s: 1

a. Companies serving at 12-inch mortars, carriage mode

1891. , 1b. Companies serving at 12-inch mortars, carriage JIlode

1896.

c. Companies serving at 12.inch guns, barbette mount.

d. Companies serving at 12-inch guns, disappearing mount.

-----------

i ' I

I. I

1

I

__

t I

"



[C. A. M. 1.]

21

e. Companies serving at to.inch guns, barbette monnt.j. Companies serving at 10-inch guns, disappearing mount.

f Compan~es serving at 8-inch guns, barbette mount .. Compames serving at 8-inch guns, disappearing mount.

~. Companies serving at 6-inch guns, barhette mount.J. Companies serving at 6-inch guns, disappearing mount.

;. Compa~ies serving at 5-inch guns .. Compames serving- at 4.7-inch guns.

tn. Companies serving at 4-inch guns.n. Companies serving at 3 inch guns, Driggs-Seabury monnt.o. Companies serving at 3-inch guns, 1902 and 1903mounts.

Orders publishing the reLttive ratinp; of companies in service

praetice will be issued hy the War Department.Companies not qualifying for advancement to long-range

practic . ... d' h'e In accordance with paragraph 57WIll be rate In t elf

respective classes according to figure of merit next after the

companies which are advanced.

RECORDS AND REPORTS.

64. For all practices battery commanders shall submit re-

Ports on forms of the specified types. These forms shall be

irocured by battery commanders from post ordnance officers,

o Whom they will be issued by the Chief of Ordnance without

reqllh;ition.t' 65. If a fire, mine, or battery commander has any 8Ugg

es

Ions as to modifications in arlillery material, methods of drill,

~r the regulations governing artillery practice that he desires

snbmit for the consideration of the War Department, he

nuld submit them in a report to be attached to the face of

orm 819.

Fire, mine, and battery commanders should call upon theirSUbordinate officers for reports of this character, and should

eUlbody in their reports such extracts frOID the reports of sub-

ordinates as may be deemed of value. Artillery district com-

lllanders, in forwarding copies of Form 8IIl to which reports

of thO .S character have been attached. should add theIr com-

~enta ou additioual sh.ets attached similarly to tho face 01

;rm

819. A print of the photographic record of each shot

:. all be forwarded with Form 819 for the Chief of eoaat Ar'

11lery, and one will be filed with the battery records. A

report to accompany Form ts19shall be made of any defects in

lllaterial.All the records of the pra~tice are transmitted to the battery

cOUlmander, who makes the necessary plots, determines the

'

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~ ~



[C. A. M. 1.]

22

hits for hypothetical targets. and calculates the figure of merit,

all of which are verified by the fire commander.

PR.ACTICE AWAY FROM HOME STATION.

(See also paragraph 2U!l,Army Regulations, and paragraphs 19 and 28.

this memorandum.)

66. All coast artillery troops shall have service practice

whenever possible at their home stations. Whenever it will

be dangerous to shipping or to persons on adjacent shores to

have practice at home 8tations, arrangements f'hall be made bYdepartment commanders to have the practice at those posts

where. by reason of equipment and freedom from interference

of shipping. the practice may be held with greatest instruc

tional advantages to officers and men. The companies which

will have practice away from their home stations amI the

places and times at which snch practi~e will take place shall

be designated annually by department commanders at as earlya date as practicahle.

67. Coast artillpry troops ordered for practice away frow

their borne stations 8ball be actompanied by tbe fire COIll"

mander of the fire command to whi<:h they belong. and tLis

fire commander shall supervise all matters pertaining to the

practice of his troops the same as be would were'the practice

to take place at the borne station. At posts where no field

officer is stationed the district commander will accompanY

troops ordered away for practice. The commanding officer

of tbe artillery district in which the practice of visiting coIll"

panies takes place shall render to the visiting officers and meD

every assistance possible and not interfere with tbe conduct

of the practice. In all matters pertaining to discipline and

post administration the visiting officers and men sball occupY

the military status of being casually at the post and shan COn"

form to the routine and orders prescribed for the permanent

garrison.

68. In so far as practicable, companies ordered for practice

away from their borne stations sball be assigned for practice

to pieces of tbe same type a& those to wbicb tbey were as'

signed at their home stations. No distinction shall be made,

however. in making such a!'signments between different typesof disappearing carriages for the same caliber of guns. COIll"

panies assigned to rapid. fire batteries, ordered away froIll

their home filtations. shall, if practicable. be assigned to guns of

the same caliber and carriages of the same type and mod~l as

those used at home stations.

'



[C. A. M. 1.]

23

, :9 .. :'I'here a post at which practice can not be held withety 18 one garrisoned by two or morecompanie •• tbe depart.

P

ent commander shall arrange the schedule of vi8its to the

ract" .ICe stallon so as not to require the absence from the

o~me station of all companies at anyone time. In the case

t a.post of this size. a company ordered away from its own

~.atlOn for practice shall be accompanied to the practice sta-

Ion by all the officers and enlisted men belonging thereto,

~xcePt one nonCommissioned officerand one private, who sball

e allowed to remain at the home station in charge of the

comp bt any arrack. During the ab.ence of tbe company from

1 s home station the post ordnance offi~er shall be responsihle

and shall care for the battery to which the company is assigned

as for material out of service.70. Where a post at which practice can not be held with

safety' .IS garrIsoned by only one company, when such company

o~Ordered away from its home stalioo for practice the numberth IDen ~e~t at the home station as guard', caretakers, and for

the admIDlstrative dutie' shan he the minimum required for

e performance of fuch duties.t" 71. Companies having practice away from their home sta-lons shall be permitted to use the regular installation and

eql'lpment at the post to which they are sent for practice.

t.72. An fatigue, including the con,truction and manipula.t Ion of targets, the handling of ammunition, etc., pertaining

o the practke away from home stations shall be p'erformed,

': far as practicable, by the troops of tbe vi.iling companie,.

I. II necessary material requiring the labor of officers or en-lsted men' for its preparation, such as chartEl. range scales,

..' shall be left by the visiting companies in the condition in

,.,ch they were fOllnd or shall be replaced by them.h. /3. The vi.iting fire commander shall require the troop' of

IScommand to be drilled carefully he fore the practice bewns

at the pieces with which such practice is to be held. He shall

order and supervise subcaliber practice with each piece before

service practice takes place. He sllall assnre himself beforethe . . .'practICe begins that each' gun and range sectIOn IS 10-

~~~cted suffidentIy in the use of the equip.nent furnished tonve the fuUest possible benefit from the practIce.74. At least twenr.y-four hOUfS shall interveno between

practices of visiting companies.75. Companies as~jgned to batteries not provided with a

separate position finding sys .em shall be required to spend not

~

~~

-



[C. A. M. 1.]

24

less than one week at the practice station making preparationS

for and holding target practice. Companies assigned to bat-

teries provided with a separate position finding system shall

be required to spend not less than two weeks at the practice

station making preparations for and holding target practice.

The prescribed reports for each practice shall be completed

and mailed before troops leave the practice station. The pro-

visions of this paragraph do not apply to companies that hold

practice in their own districts.

SERVICE OF MINES.

76. At posts provided with a mine equipment i~struction in

mining shall be given to the companies assigned to the mine

defense by their respective commanding officers. Where a

detachment is detailed for this work the instruction shall be

given by the post artillery engineer. .

77. At every post provided with mining equipment where

no company is assigned to mine defense, a permanent detail

of not less than 3 noncommissioned officers and 12 privates,

specially selected, shall be made to assist the artillery engineer

in its care and preservation. ThIs detail shall be excused froIIl

all other artillery drill, and during the daily artillery drill

period shall be given instruction in mining.

78. One month before the visit of the mine planter this

detail shall be increased to 24 men (2 sergeantl1', 4 corporalS,

and 18 privates). Preparation shall be made so that full

advantage maybe taken of the visit of the mine planter.

During the stay of the mine planter at a post, mine companies

and detachments shall be excused, when practicable, froIl1guard and police duty. ..

79. Where districts are supplied with boats fitted with mineplanting gear proper provision shall be made for practice in

mine planting. A definite length of time for this duty can

not be laid down for all of the artillery districts, but the time

allowed for mine work must be sufficient to insure, with the

instruction to be obtained by the visits of the regular mine

planters, that all of the mine companies and detaehUJents are

thoroughly instructed in the practical work of mine planting.80. The instruction in' mining shall be attended by the

entire personnel of the companies and detachments aQlSigned

to that work, with the exceptions noted in paragraph 5 of this

memorandum. It shall be conducted during such hours as

may be prescribed by artillery district commanders.



[C. A. M. 1.1

25

81 All ..n s' . mmmg casemates at garrisoned posts shall be kept

e erVlCe. No departure from this rule shall be allowed,

~.~Pt by authority of the War Department.t "".The character of drills and instructions shall be such as

a

Ot,coverall the element8 of the mine defense that the install-

Ion and .qmpment at the post permit.ab83, Companies and detachments assigned to mine defense

t. all man and operate during night drill the mine range sta-

o~on~,cal'emates, rapid-fire guns, and searchlights for defense

a. nlln~ fields, when necf:ssary, alternating in this work in such

Wayas to secnre thorou O'hinstruction in the duties mentioned.

84 D . . 0n urmg both day and night drills the tug shall pass over

pr a~ea assumed to be mined. Observation firiug shaH be

aCbced durin')' the dr1'l1s8'" 0 •pI o. The following sball govern the instrnction work of mine

'tT~nters at the posts visited by them, except at Fort :Monroe,

VIrg' ,Ina, where the Coast Artillery School authorities shall

regulate the use of the planters in mine work:a. The commanding officer of the mine planter shall give

~UChnstruction to companies or detachments assigned to mine

e~en"e as may be necessary for planting mines. ,

f . He shall snpervise the preparation of all mine materIal

~r the planting of as many groupS of seven mines each as

ay be necessary for thorough instruction.i c. He shall plant the groupS and make such repairs as will

nsure th .e proper workmg of the wmes.

t

. He shall give practkal instruction in maintenance and

ests d . h .t ,evotl.ng sufficient time to tbis, after plantmg t e mmes,

e~ cover, .as well as possible, the conditions that wight be •

pected m service.t' e. He shall as~i8t the mine commander in makin~ observa-

.10ns of submergence of mines under different conditions, and

In ~~eparing for the post records a statement showing the

f~SltlOuS of wines planted and snch inforwation

relative toe suhmergence of mines as miO'ht be desirable for future

reference, 0

...:(. He sball raise the grouPs, with tbe exception cf the three

t' lnes required to be kept planted for the purpose of observa-

lIonand test, aud return the mine material so that it can be

C ean d' and stored readily.g. He shall assist the local authorities in every way possible

"'hen . . th "t fth serVIce practice with mines is held durlDg e vrSl 0

e planter. It is to be understood that this does not place

'

' '



[0. A. M. 1.]

26

the responsibility for this service practice upon the command .

ing officer of the mine planter.

h. He shall make an inspection of all submarine mine ma-

terial on Land at the post, in company with the commanding

officer and the officers responsible for the mine materil:ll, in

order to point out the results of the critical inspection required

by Regulations for .Mine Planters.

86. An annual service mille target practice shall be held at

posts which have a submarine mine equipment and which baV'e

been supplied with the necessary explosive, at such times as

may be designated by th~ district commander, preferably

during the annual visit of the mine planter.

87. No unloaded mines shall be planted in the group with

those to be fired, and the mines shall be buoyed so that their

positions will be marked definitely.

88. Mines to be used at mine practice shall be assembled,

loaded, tested, and planted under the personal supervision ofexperienced officers.

89. A PJ ramidal or improvised t.arget shall be used for mine

practice. The mine buoy shall be attached to the maneuvering

ring of the mine by a strap so that the buoy is 30 feet froUl

the mine; a towing line at least 300 yards in length shall be

passed through the strap; the target being on one end of the

line and the other end being buoyed so that it may be pickedup by a towing boat. There shall be attached across the line

a :float 10 feet in front of the target so that it will engage with

the strap when the target is towed. If the command ••Fire"

is not given at the proper time the float will cause contact

firing. If the drop falls before the command" Fire" is given

from the mine commander's station, the mine will fire but

. will be a miss for observation firing. If the explosion is or-dered before the drop falls and the target is within 10 yardS

of the explosion, it shall be a hit for observation firing.

90. The tug shall hoist a red streamer a~ soon as it is read~

to tow the target and is at a safe distance from the loade

mines; this shall be answered by a red streamer on shore and

no mine shall be fired unless the red streamers are hoisted.

Should the range become unsafe at any time through the

approach of a vessel the red streamer on the tug shall be 10W~

ered and the whistle blown until the red streamer is lowere

ashore.

91. To give additional assurance of safety an officer desig-

nated by the mine commander shall be stationed where he

-

~



[C. A. M. 1.]

27

C

hatsan unobstructed view of the mine field and can com,muni-

a e . hWIt the caFernate. The safety officer shall keep the

a~~mate advised as to the safety of the field of fire.

tu 2. Under no circumstances shall the casemate electrician

fr rn on the alternating current power unless he has word

a ~m lhe .. fely officer that the course is safe; if the course is

fa e the power shall be turned on at the command" Ready"

t~om the mine commander, which command shall be given as

ofe track of the towed target approaches the plotted position

arethe mine to be fired. This means that aU loaded mines

then prepared to fire. .1i 93. Power shall be turned off promptlY after any mine is

;e~. It shall be turned off instantly upon receipt of infor-

that10n from either the mine commander or safety officer that

e field is not clear.at 94. The relative position of the larget and mine at the in.

b

ant of explosion shall be determined by observations made

ytbe drange rake or camera froIn a launch moored 300yar 8

rom th . .e ~lOes 10 prolongation of the line.the n ~mplre shall be detailed by the di,trict commander for

th nune planting and practice and sball record the score on

e following basis:80a. For each mine which te.ls IORshan 50 milamperes, nsing

th "Volts,with a temporary joint in the distrioution boX boat,

e Score shall be 10.80b. For each mine which tests less tha~ 100rnilamperes, using

b

volts, after having been planted two hours, the score shall

e 10.c. For each hit by observation firing the score shall be 10.

d. For eat:h explosion by contact the score shall be 5.

f e. The figure of merit shall be obtained from the following

ormula:

M= actua~~ointsx 100

ah:~' Upon it~ completion report of the practice (Form 835)h I be snbmltted by the mine commander; snch report to

It a~companied by a plat showing lhe track of the target and

; dIstance from each mine at the instant of explosion.r n case of failnre of any mine to explode, fuU and detailed

l'ep,ort will be made of everything connected with the prepa-

h

atIon, assembling and plantinO' of the mine, which might

av b 0e een contributory to the failure. .

' '

'



[U. A. M. 1.]

Remarks.

-----ubmitted eachwee~during' period 0

ou t d 0 0 r instruOtion. ~ee par,a'grapbs 53! to 5,19,

Coast ArtillerYDrill Regulations,1909. r

Separate copy f~eeach sf'ries m It d

out and fOl'wardefat conclusiun 0

praetice.

To whom forwarded.

1 to post commander: 1p os ted on cumpanybulletin board.

Through fire com-mander to artillery

district commander,who f.'rwards 1 copyto Chief of Ordnance,1 to Chief of CoastArtillery, 1 to adju.tant general of de-partment, retains 1,fm'nishes 1 copy toordnance officer atpost at which prac-tice was beld, and reoturns 2 to battery

commander-l forfilm'!uf emplacement. book of battery at

~e~~:~ncr~aio~~~c~'~:of ~ompany holdingtbe practice.

Battery commander •.••Range officer. Contains data per-taining to 1hatter~only; 1- copy to '~11forwarded :~n-re°zi~d8 ~~-1' tb~Chipf of Coaet 1ihtillery. and lsfg....A.copy of Form 'e-filed with emplac 1ment book t'or seyea l' after the cIo rof tbe praetjcefir~;gin which the 1'1

, took place. r-1 Range officer. Battery commander .•.• ,Contains d a tatr~y

taining to l ha ttied

only, to be FOl'lI1with copy O~tlelll"819-BfilpdWI 1 forplacement bOOk

te

1 year after o'c~ose of tpe P;ic:btlCe year In W

tolt

the firIng 0

place.

TARGET I>RACTICE REPORTS REQUIRED.

[The necessary blanks will be issued by tbe Ordnance'Department.]

---.-~:----'------:-----_._-------,--------

"clS j~'~1By whomo 0 g. prepared.Z .....Z~

8171 2 Battery com-mander.

~lt~}7 Battery com-mander.

821-A

I

82J

II

i(28)

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[C. A. M. 1.]

Remarks.

To be made out anddiflp0ged of 8S indi-cated immediatelyafter each battery,

fire, mine, or bat-tle command sub-caliber practice.

submitted hllmedi-atelvafterpraeticeceaSes for the day.Filed with copy ofForm 819 filed withemplacement bookfor 1 year after theclose of the Jlrac-ti<'e year in whichthe firing took

place.submitted on ('onclu-Ilion of practice.To be filed withcopy of Form "19filed with emplace-ment book for 1year after the closeof the practice yearin which the firing

took pll\('e.submitteli immedi

atelv after the com-pletlon of the prac-

tice. .

--------, .

To whom forwarded. !

------------1--Contain the data. pertaining to 1 bat-

tery onlYi to befiled with copy ofForm 1:H9 filed withemplacement bookfor 1 yeRr aft<>r the

close of the pl'l\cticeyear in wt.kh. thetiring took place.

To battery commander Need not be pr~

through fire com man- served.

del'.

1copy to post headquar-ters for the post ord-nance oflicer, 1 to dis-

trict headquarters fordistrict ordnance ofli-eel', 1 (except for bat-tery practice) to de-part ment headquar-ters for coast defenseoflicer, 1 directly to

Chief of Ordnance. 1(except for batterypractlee) directly toChief of Coast Artil-lery. and 1 to be r~tRined for records ofcompany firing-.

Through the umpire tothe battery comman-

der.

1 copy to the Chief ofCoast Artillery. ] copyto adjutant Ileneral ofthe department. 1copy for the districtcommanqer, and 1 Icopy for each com- Ipany in the mine com-I

mand .

•._-----

Observer for I

deflection )Offi (~e l' i ...hrough the umpire tocharge of the vattery com

man

range ob- ideI'.servers.

Timekeeper

Battery ofli- Battery commander --_.

eel'.

Meteorologi-cal ob-8"rver andtide ob-8prvers.

6 Batt.ery.fire,mIne, or

battle com-mand ...raccordingto kind ofpractice.

4* Mine com-mander.

822

823

8.':ll

824

833

834

88 5

Target practice reports required-Continued.,

~1""'riJl~.~ By whom:z;.... iZ 2' prepared.

--I~--- -~

*01' more.

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~ II



[C. A. M. 2.]

[Coast Artillery Memorandum No.7 is the last of the series tor 190\1.]

COA.ST ARTiLLERY' WAR DEPARTMENT,

MRMORA.NDUM, No.2. f WASHINGTON, January 10,1910.

MIn order to carry out the provisions of. Coast Artillery

fO~l~o~andum No, 1, War Department, January 1, 1910, theWIng-named officers now serving as coast defense officers,

a.re d .' t'eSlgnated as umpires of coast artillery target prac ICe:

Philippines Division.

:Major Gornelis De W. Willcox, General Staff,Department of the East,

Lieutenant Colonel Adelbert Cronkhite, Coast Artillery

Corps.

Depa.rtment of the Gulf.

Captain Harry c..Barnes, Coast Artillery Corps.

Department of California.Captain Frank K. Fe1'gusson, Coast Artillery Corps.

Department of the Columbia.

:Major Archibald Campbell, Coast Artillery Corps.

[1599909,A. G. 0.] ,


J. FRANKLIN BELL,o Major General, Chief of staff.

FFICIA.L:

BENRY P. McCAIN,

Adjutant General.



[C. A. M. 3.]

COAST ARTILLERY t 'V AR DEP ARTl\IENT,

1dEMORANDUM No.3. f W.ASHINGTON, February 14,1910.

The following temporary as~ignments of coast artiIler~'

~e~erve organizations of the organized militia for instruction,r~ll, and target practice are published for the information and

gtudance of all concerned:thCompanies of the Coast Artillery Corps that are assi~ned ~o

e same batteries as coast artillery reserve compallles wIll

~oo?erate with and assist the latter in the performance of the

utIes assigned to them.

[1611203. A. G. 0.]


J. FRA.NKLIN BELL,

~lIfajorGeneral, ChiRf of Staff.

OFFICIAL:

HENRY p~ }\IcCAIN,

Adjutant General.



[C. A; M. 3.]

2

Temporary a.~si[Jnrnents of coast artillery reserve 01'ganization,Q

of the organized militia for instruction, drill, and targetpractice.

State. Battery. Post.Artillery dis.

triet.

Do.

Do.

Preble.Mainel.

N ow Hampshire.

~lassachnHettH.

UllO(](\ IslalHl.

i10th.' De Hart ..... Williams.

8th --~IBl '1' D9th .. !n .. --.- _.' o.

, 4th Garesche Do.

7~.ii '!Kearny

fith .. ;/.. .11th (Bowdolll. -. Levett.

~~t~~~}Ingalls .McKinley.

¥i~~~~Weymouth . 'Do.

1Ht--.IH nt Stark.3d .) n er _.- ..

2d . Kirk ..... Do.

4th._ Farnsworth! Constitution.

11th Pope ... .... Revere.7th Sanders..... Do.

2d ... Cushing Andrews.3d . .McCook i Do.

11th .. Stevenson ,jWarren.l~LjBartlett.. ... ! Do.

A~~h_-~THitCh~O~k_I Strong.

6th "I,vard _! Do.

8th , Lincoln _.: Banks.

12th.! Winthrop, '-riHeath.

1st... IS d . k G bl2<1._.i5 e gWlC -0-. re e.

6th/8th :=i~Hale ...... . Do.

5th "'/""'t h II D7th .. :\J¥.LIC e o.-1--- .

13th. IWh t \xr t! '1114th.'S ea on .. _.,e,lerl .

11th .)16th'iSZoOk .

1- -!

~~\i:'Toussar<1 . -! Getty.I"

11th .'/"-------lOth _\Greene ..... _, Adams.

12th.l.L'it11 . \ ReIlly .

Portlaw1-

Port:;l.lIonth.

Bost.OIl.

Nan.ItI!ItIlHd.t,

BuY.

* No service orl:luhcaliber firing will be held at this battery.

i

~ __I

= _~

iI __

__ _ __

I _ __

!

__ !

_ . __

i

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_ i

I

-- -- --



[C. A. 111.3.]

Artillery dis .trict.ost.

----_ ... _-- ------------_ _-----_.,-

I

. iBattery. :

Re-serve

I com-,,pany.

State.

3

Tempo' . . .'! rary as.<ngnments of coast artillery 1'eserveorgamzatwns

.:. the organized militia for instruction, etc.-Continued.

H. G. Wright.Do.

Do.

Do.Do.Olllleeticut.

: 5th .. Crawford ... :Mansfield.13th .1 Connell Do.

3d ...• Wooster Do.-1---:2d ... Clmton .6th .. Marcy .

4th .. 'lB ft dllth .'5 utter el .!1st ...• Barlow .•..•9th .. Hamilton.

Do.Do.

Do.

I':tfew York.

. :tfew York.

1I1aryland.

\rirgini~.

14th./ Palmer .-~ .. Michie.

- -1--- -i--

10th' Bradford Terry.12th., Dimick . Do.8th .. Stoneman Do.7th .. Steele ; Do.

--.i26th~) sumner j Totten.: 27th. Mahan ! Do.

30th. 'tG 1 DI 33d .. \ ra lam .... o.

25th.~ I8th .5King .. --.... Do.

!29tl1-.' Hazz~rd .~.~S~hUYle;.-

I32d Gansevoort,., Do.31st .. , Bell ..•...... : Do.

-1-- -I I6th .. Burke._ ....• Hamilton.

I 3d .-. Johnston---.' Do., Uh .. lHarvey l Do

1

7th .. ( Brown .. 5 •2d ... /8th .. \ Gillmore.--- Do.

! lOth. :

1st .. lp',5th._S lper •.. ,--.

9th .. Livingston ..11th ih.-12th:' 5 .Luendenhall.

, 15th J~---- i' .16th .'5 Upton._ ..... WadswOl th.

20th .'lD'i 22d 5 lX •••••••• ,- Do.

13tli:lB : D14th.\ arrY .••••.• , o.

17th .iR. 1 diD19th.5 lC 11110n o.

18th .lA' I21st.A yre8"""'i Do.

,----,--11st ... Nicholson ... Howard.

Ist ... /, Bomford.--- M"nroe.2d . Church •... , Do.

Eastern NewYork.

southern NewYork.

, Baltimore.

Ch.'AAl'(JukeBay.

.. ---

I

I

__

1 . .,---

i ' '

1

' '

r " i

l '

' 1 ! 1

I i j

iI

-- i - - - -

1

i ! I ' I '

i

! i

__ j

' ! I

1 __



[C. A. M. 3.]

4

Temporary assignrnents of coast artillery 'reserve organizatiortS

of the organized rnilitia for instruction, etc.-Continued.

~tate.

Re.serve'com. ,pany.i

Battery. Post.Artillery oi~'

trict.

Do.

North Carolina.

Son th Carolina.

Georgia.

Florida.

~~t~:A8witt .• _._.. Caswell.

3d.. ,IIB gl I4th .. !\ a ey ---"'1

'lsL.112d .I\Capron Moultrie.

~~t~::iIBrUmbY _. Screven.

~~\i::j}Habersham. Do.

1st ... Laidley..... De Soto.

Cape Felt!'.

Charleston.

Savannlth.

Tampa.

Mobile.

San Diego.

Columbia.

Puget Sound.

Stevens.

A .. , Duportail. .. Mor~an.B ..... Dearborn... Do.

!ith .. Wilkeson ... ROl;ecrans.

Winfield Sco~L'-c . CO.

Do. San FrancIs.Do.Do.

1st .. Lancaster: 3d . [ :Miller .... .

, 2d "'1 Cranston ...4th ; Godfrey.

1st ... ! -:Mishler .....

lst. ; Brannan Worden.4th Powell _.. Do.2d .. Quarles Do.3d "_1 llandol._.___ Do.

Oregon.

Alabama.

California.

\Vashington.

. !ledThe Coast Artillery Corps of Texas has not yet .been asstg ell

to a battery in the Artillery District of Gal veston, the defel1ll

in that district not being manned at the present time. ofThe 6th and 7th Companies of the Coast Artillery corpStil_

California have not yet been assigned to batteries in the A-r

Jery District of San FranCisco. . tort

The 5th Company of the Coast Artillery Corps of WashIng. ot

has not yet been assigned to a battery in the Artillery Distr1

of Puget Sound.

NOTE.-Target practice and annual encampment of militia trooPS/I~:~

be held at batteries other than those indicated above. Itis contemP ~at,

eventually to assign militia companies permanently to particular tiOIlrories of home ports. On account of the present state of organiZ~beY'

and instruction of coast artillery reserves it is c'Jnsidered best tbat igllbe linked with regular companies as far as practicable and t,hat the itS"

ments be temporary.

' i ;

__ I 1

__1

I i

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j

! _i "

__ __ __ _

i . __ __'

_ 1

'

_

-



[C. A. M. 4.J

WAR DEPARTMENT,COAST ARTILLERY

MEMO fANDUM No.4. WASHINGTON, February 19,1910.

diThe attention of officers in command of mortar batteries is

az:ected ~o the necessity of preventing excessive errors in

'hr1:rn~thlll the laying of mortars, both at drill and target

.t ' actlCe.

arTo this end, they will improvise a device to detect such

P'rors, and adopt measures to correct the same before the

leces are laid,

'h Errors should be introduced occasionally in the azimuth

~,osted' th' . d. III e PIts durmg drill, so as to test the system adopte .

PUr number of ,devices have been used successfully for t?is

Co ~ose at varIOUS batteries, the simplest forms of WhICh

ti n.SIStof time-azimuth-relation boards similar to the adopted

chtne-ran.ge-relation board for guns, or time_azimuth-relationarts on h' h 'd t'llt W IC the successive set-forward aZImuths an Ime-

erval periods are represented by abscissae and ordinates.

[1598237, A. G. 0.]

By 0RDER OF TIlE SECRETARY OF WAR:

J. FRANKLIN BELL,

. ,Major General, Chief of staff.

Oll'FICU.L:

HENRY P. McCAIN,

Adv'utant General.



[C. A. M. 5.]

COAST ARTILLERY) WAR DEPARTMENT,

~h':M fRANDUM, No.5. f WASHINGTON, MayS, 1910.

:a In co~nection with paragraph 1002, Coast "Artillery Drill

t. egUlatlOns, 1909, the following is published for the informa-

Ion and guidance of all concerned:ahCandidates for the positions of observers, 1st and 2d class,

l' o~ld have normal vision (20/20), without the use of cor-

~Ctlve lenses. Candidates for the position of gun pointer

bust be free from astigmatism, and other visual errors must

f e correctable by glasses. Color blindness disqualifies only

hO~the position of observer and not for the position of gun

.t'Olnter.[1626214, A. G. 0.]


TASKER H. BLISS,

o Brigadier General, Acting Chief of stal!.FFICIAL:

BENRY P. :McCAIN,AdJutant General.



• [C. A. M. 6.J

COASTARTILLERY' WAR DEPARTMENT,

lIh:Mo tANDUMNo.6. f WASHINGTON,uly 21, 1910.

a./-- Tbe following regulations relative to fort record books

e published for the guidance of all concerned:

1. FORT RECORDBOOKPROPER.

fin~~e. commanding officer of each c.oast artillery fort .as de-

1009 In paragraph 77, Drill RegulatIOns for Coast ArtIllery,

'h shall keep a fort record book which shall constitute a

l'ermallent . d' . . . thfor recor of Important mformatIOn concernmg eth t. He shall provide a pocket on the inside of the cover. of

ahe1fort record book in which a copy of this memorandum

a 1be kept.o:ereafter all entries made therein shall be initialed by the

Ic~r making the same. . .th t 18 required that this book shall contain in legible form

h e ~ata called for below and in the order set forth in the

l.l

eadlllgs and subheadinO's' but for the purpose of avoiding thenne 0 , . •

th cessary labor that bas been expended on these books m

ra e past it is to be understood that no uniformity in the 801'-

th lIgement of the subject-matter in these books. other than

ca~t stated above, shall be required. Where the information

be ed for under any head can not be obtained, notation will

re made to that effect. It shall be optional with the officersponsible for this book whether or not an index be kept.

alI~ Name of the fort with citation of the authority therefor

b a brief reference to the person for whom named.

ti . GENERALHISTOlty.-Date of commencement of construe-

o~nof fortifications; date of establishment of garrison; citation

f .orders naming the batteries' brief references to the persons

01' whne om the batteries are named; accounts of all engag

e

lIts the fort may have participated in.01' C. GENERALDATA.-The latitude and longitude of a point on

h llear the reservation of which the latitude and lonh.;tude

tr~\Tebeen determined accurately; accurate description of all

e1angulation stations /:Iud bench marks at the post or located

taSeWhere and pertaining to the. fort giving azimutbs, dil:!-. !lees d . 1 k

fr . an references; accnrate description of a benc I maram h' h . . .:ICo W IC tbe plane. of mean low waterc3n be deternllne:.l

rEJ~\T~niently;tbe meteorological peculiarities of the vicinity

ll.et~Ive to fog, snow, and rain; specific facts relative to cban-

d . r to local hydrography wbich may be of value.. .

'W • FORTIFIC.A.TIONS.-Ageneral summary of the several

orks, including their armament; organization into battle

'

_

'

-

'



[C. A. M. 6.]

2

commands, fire commands, and mine commands. Table shoW-

ing in detail persohnel required to man all parts of the defenseS

installed.e. MOVABLEARMAMENT.-Table showing numbers and cali-

bers on hand, giving for each piece its model, serial nurober,'

manufacturer, and date of receipt at post.

/. BATTLECOMMANDER'S,IRE COMMANDER'S,ANDMINEco:rd-

MANDER'SSTATIONSshown separately).-Date of construction,

limiting azimuths of fields of view from stations, azirouthS,

and lengths of base lines. Azimuths and ranges from stationSto establish datum points and other principal points of the,

harbor suitable for orientation and adjustment of instrU-

ments; azimuths and distances to subordinate stations of the

battle, fire, or mine command; heights above mean low water

of'tops of pedestals for instruments; heights of axes of tele-

scopes of instruments above tops o~ pedestals; heights .abO'V~

mean low water of axes of telescopes of instruments; hsts 0articles of equipment of stations, the models and serial nuI1l-

bers of instruments, except communication instruments, being'indicated ..

g. BATTLE COMMAND,FIRE COMMAND,ANDMINE COMMAND

COMMUNICATIONs.-Date of installation; character of in~tanaf

tion (standard or provisional). Dates and brief descriptIOn 0

important modifications.

h. MAIN OR STORAGE MAGAZINE.-Date of construction;.cubic dimension .

. i. POWER PLANTs.-Dates of construction of building; dates

of installation of equipment; equipment:giving type, l'egisty

numbers, names of manufacturers; date of acceptance of plan t:giving names of the officers who inspect and test 'upon accep

ance; brief account of result of such inspection and test.

j. SEARCHLIGHTS.-Copy of the searchlight project (when ftlrnished by the War Department to district commander). Tabd

e

showing the numbers and sizes (diameters of mirrors) on han ,

giving for each its manufacturer; serial number, date of wano;

facture,. kind of control (hand or electric), kind of rooon

(pedestal, wagon, rftilroad truck, or automobile);

k. SUBMARINEDEFENSE.-' . . "'.. , b

(1) Plan of the submarine mine' defense (furnished YWar Department to the district commander). d

(2) Number of mines, complete, with all accessories an

amount of cable of various kinds on hand. .

(3) List of local vessels which could be hired or regol;

sitioned for use in submarine mining; Govern~en

boats of a.ll kinds available for use in mine plantIng'.



. [C. A: 1\I. 6.]

3

(4) Cable tank.-Date of construction; dimensions and

capacity in reels; water supply.

(5) Storehouse.-Date of construction; dimensions.

(6) Loading room.-Date of construction; dimenAions.

(7) Oasemate.-Date of construction; dimensions; num-

ber of operating panels., (8) Planting wharf.-Date of construction; dimensions;

,. depth of water at head of wharf.

. METEOROLOGICALTATION.-Date of construction; equip-

.......nt.m. TIDE STATION.-Date of construction; equipment. .

n. WIRELESSSTATIOs.-Date of construction; equipment.

t .0, ~opies of such War Department plans concerning the dis-

al1butlOn of the artillery personnel, including artillery reserves,

n~d the assignment of compauies to batteries, as may be fur-

lshed to artillery district commanders.

Q6f~BATTLEORDERs.-(General ~efense system. Paragraphstn 569,D. R., 1909.) Shall prescribe use of the fixed arma-

ent and searchlights to meet naval attack. •

d q. PLANS OFLANDDEFENSE.-Copyof the plan of"the land

fefense of the district as prepared hy the National Land De-

anse B d .i h oar and. approved by the War Department. (Fur-

s ed by War Department to the district commander.)

r. Security and information-(1) Copy of Naval Patrol Regulations. (Furnished by

'War Department to each district commander.)

(2) List of local vessels a,vailable as scouts and patrol

boats which could be hired 01' requisitioned.

(3) Lines of communication to be established.

gi 8: List of the names of commanding officers of the fort,

h Vlng dates of service if obtainable from the records of the~ost.

2. FORT RECORDBOOKFILES.

a. in connection with the fort record book there shall be kept

Ie of blueprints or tracings, serially numbered and indexed.

The file shall include the following:t ~'. Table of the azimuths and iengths of all base lines per-

pal.mng to the fort; the azimuths and distances of datum

'\\>~~tsand other points of the harbor from'the stations ,to

t" IC~ they pertain; the azimuths and distances between sta-IOns d' t' . . th f tb lrec mg points, and other important pomts m e or.

111. Plan of the communication wiring of the battle com-

and, fire command, and mine command stations.

'

-"'"

'

'

' '



[C. A. M. 6.] .

4

c. Plan of the cable routings, aerial lines, and connectionS.

d. The fire-control diagram.

e. ,The plans of all batteries, stations, storage magazineS,

'submarine mine casemates and power houses, the designations

and uses of rooms being indicated. . .

f. Plan of the relative location of the batteries with theIr

sectors of fire.

g. Sketch of location of searchlights. I

y' h. The proper harbor chart furnished ~y the Engineer De;-

partment, corrected to date.i. Copies of all Coast and Geodetic Survey charts and topo' ,

J! graphical maps of the Geological Survey pertaining to the

neighboring water and country.

j. "'Topographical 'chart or sketch indicating proposed lan~

V defense, including camps and positions to be occupied an .

field works to be constructed.

k. \Vorking plans of all trenches, field works, and boIIlb- ..;>roofs to be constructed.

V 1. Sketch or chart showing the locations proposed for the

i/ movable armament. .

r. : m. Copy. of a district commander's topographical nJl~PdR. F., about nhll' with'10-foot contours, showing the Ian

, area within 12,000yards of the fort (if subject to land attac~)'

This map shall be divided into squares of 6 inches on a SIde

which shall be designated by names capable of easy and I1C' •

curate transmission by telephone. ,

Each named square shall be subdivided into 100 squares,

400 ~'ards on a side, numbered serially 0 to 99. . .

, D.istrict commanders shall be responsible for the provISIO~

t of these maps to. the forts of their district subject to Ian

~. attack. ,

V ' [1670088, A. G. 0.]IL.Artillery Memorandum No.1, War Department, JaD~:

ar~' 10, 1906, and paragraph 5, Circular. No. 29,War Depar

ment, May 3t, 1906, are rescinded.[1670088, A. G. 0.]


.LEONARD WOOD,.' . :Major General, Chief of staff.

OFFICIAL:

HENRY P. McCAIN,

Adjutant General.

'

'

"



i

[C. A. M. 7.]

COASTARTILLERY} W~ DEPARTMENT,

lIlCMoRANDUM No.7. W.A.SHINGTON, July ££, 1910.

a L The following regulations relative to emplacement books

re published for the guidance of all concerned:

t T~e officer responsible for each gun battery and for each

aaChcal mortar battery at a seacoast fortification shall keep

, l' n emplacement book which shall constitute a permanent

ecord of . t . b t Hah Impor ant'information concerning the at ery. e

1>1ll provide a pocket on the inside of the cover of the em-

kacemen t book in which a copy of this memorandum shall' be

ept.

omlIereafter all entries made therein shall be initialed by the

eel' making the' same

th It is required that this book shall contain in legible form

h e data caned for below and in the order set forth in the

t~:dings and subheadings; but for the purpose of avoiding

in unnecessary labor that has been expended on these books

a the past it is to be understood that no uniformity in the

t~rangement of the subject-matter in these books, other than

c ~t stated above, shall be required. Where the information

b: ed for under any head can not be obtained, notation will

res tnad~ to that effect.' It shall be optional with the officer

/onslble for this book whether or not an index be kept.

and The. name of the battery, citation of authority therefor,

2 a bnef reference to the-person for whom named.

, • POSITION FINDING SYSTEM.-

~. ~hether standard or provisional. .ob . L~st of stations, including battery commander's statIOn;

of 8ervlDg stations; emergency stations; plotting room. Dates

'a construction; limiting azimuthS of fields of view; azimuths

t~d ranges to established datum points and principal points of

f e ~arbor; heights above mean low water of tops of pedestals

a~r Instruments; heights of axes of telescopes of instruments

Of ~ve tops of pedestals; heights above mean low water of axes

in Instruments; lists of articles of equipment of stations, giv-

1ll~~od?ls and serial numbersdf instruments, except ~om-

nIcatlOn instruments.' .', .Ii c. Base lines.-Azimuths and lengths of horizontal base

nes.

d. Rectilinear coordinates lor adjusting gun-arm center.en' .stat. Ista~ces and azimuths from B. C. stati~n to obserVIng

1ll Ions; dIstance and azimuth from B. C. statIOn to fire com-

, ander's station. .',' .

-

"

~ '



[C. A: M. 7.]

2

f. If standard emergency station has not been established

and equipped, an accurate description of the improvised syS-

tem shall be entered.

3. A sketch showing the azimuths and lengths of all bas~

lines pertaini~g to the battery; the azimuths and ranges 0

datum points and principal points of the harbor from batterY

commander's station and observing stat.ions.

4. COMMuNICATIONs.-Dateand character of installatioP

(standard or provisional); date of important modifications. 1- )5. EMPLA.CEMENTs.-(Shownseparately in numerical or e. .

phabeticalorder.)

a. Date of construction; reference of crest. . fb. Gun.-Caliber; model; serial number; place and date Of

fabrication; with name of civilian manufacturer; date °mounting; under whose supervision mounted; limits of ele"'3£

tion of gun as mounted and emplaced; total serial number 0shots fired. .

c. Carriage.-Model; serial number; place and date of fa,brl~.

cation, with name of civilian manufacturer; date of mount~ng:

under whose supervision mounted; dates of dismountlPg,

under whose supervision dismounted and remounted; date~

and results of all accurate testa for level, giving names Of

officers under whose supervision tests were made; amount~_coun terweigh t on hand; data of throttling valve setting, indu t'

ing date, setting. temperature, and recoil; a tabular stat,eD1?Pg

showing dates of painting gun or mortar carriage, cleal11Jl

recoil cylinders and conicall'ollers and paths.

d. Sights.-Models; serial numbers. r

e. Azimuths and distances.-Height above mean low w~te ,

of axis of gun trunnions in firin~ poeition; limits of traverSIP~d

azimuths and distances to the other guns of the battery and

to the directing point; azimuths and ranges to establisb~

datum points and principal points in the harbor for use be

orientation; an accurate description of the location of t

points used in orientation of mortars. . d

f. Ammunition supply.-Capacities, in rounds. of sbot all s

shell rooms and service magazines; number of powder cbarge

efor which storage room is provided in the main or storag'

magazine; kind of hoists. b t

g. Material alterations in gun and carriage; defects ,t 1~1have proved incapable of remedy or which it has been ofliClafl '

decided not to remedy, authority for decision being gi",eliany peculiarity of equipment requiring special care or~nusu

mode of operation.



[C. A. M. 7.]

3

th h. Record of inspections made nnder authority higher than

at of the artillery district commander; entry will be madeof each defect, deficiency or irregularity noted and of the

remedial action taken.

6. Data for obtaining gun differences.1 7. For each gun, the, angular Jepression of target at mean

Ow water for every 20 yards of range between the limits of

range for the gun as mounted.

8. Copies of all range tables and range scales requireJ for'Usein connection with the battery. .9. CORRESPONDENCE.-Copies of all important letters sent

and received concerning the material of the battery and of

:hich the contents are not required by this memorandum to

, e entered elsewhere under a specific head. .1.0' Retained copies of reports of all firings including

calIbration firings. Report of calibration firing filed witheUlplacement book will contain record of .any change in

adjustment of indices of elevation scales as a result of such

:firing.h 11. Lists of battery commanders and organizatiops that

ave served at the battery givinO' dates of service, if obtain-abl t' l

e from the records of the post.

Blueprints or tracings shall be framed and hung as follows:a. In the B. C. station; communication wiring of the

stations. .

b. In the gallery of each emplacement.

(1) Location of all drains.(2) Electric light wiring, switches and fixtures.

[1670088, A. G. 0.]

a JL_Artillery :Memorandum No.2, War Department, Janu-ry 11, 1906; paragraph I General Orders, No. 197, War De-

;rtment, November 30, 1906; paragraph III, Circular,. No. 18,

» ar Department, March 19, 1\)08, and paragraph 4, Circular,

o. 47, War Department, July 31, 1909, are rescinded.

[16iOO88, A. G. 0.]

By ORDEROF THE SECRETARYOF WAR:LEONARD WOOD,

Major General, Chief of staff.

OFFICIAL:

HENRY P. McCAIN,Adjutant General.

'

'



OP'FICIAL"

BENJ. ALVORD ,Adjutant General.

55905-10_1

[c. A. M.8.}

COAAi ST ARTILLERY } WAR DEPARTMENT,thfoR ANDUM No.8. WASHINGTON, September 15,1910.

l'he foIl' ". . . d . L~the' . owmg tabulatIOn giving the mean results obtame Viltur

of 19~arlOu6lots of powder in use during the target practice season

0ffie 9, and extracts from reports of battery commanders and other. tor iersconcerning defects in material and methods, and suggestions

~l'ae~provement of target practice submitted as a result of the

COlleees during 1909, are published for the information of all

II erned. [1677407, A. G. 0.]

Y ORDER OF THE SE~RETARY OF WAR:

LEONARD WOOD,

Major General, Chief of Staff •.



[C. A. M. 8.]

RESULTS OF TARGET PRACTICE, 1909.

POWDER VELOCITY.

W~.t has been the general experience in the service that powders

~el~ch we use in target practice are considerably below the normalCIty. Unless the battery commander can make a reasonably

good estimate as to the velocity of the powder he is to use he may

eJrp' .h enence dIfficulty in placing the :first trial shot near enough to

I t: target to permit of its accurate observation. From the tabu-ba Ion of powder data given in this memorandum it is hoped that

th~tery commanders can obtain information whi~ will. enab.lepi m to assnme for their trial shots a mnzzle velOClty winch WIll

ohace these shots near enough to the target to insure their accurate

servation by the range observers. .

(3)



[c. A. 11. ~.]

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[C. A. M. 8.]

20

EXTRACTS FROM REPORTS OF TARGET PRACTICE.

The data in this memorandum, which are extracted from reports,

are published in order that each officer may have the benefit of.

the experiences of the other officers in the corps.

All officers in submitting reports of practices should make care-

ful analyses of error~ made, submitting any suggestions they dee])l

proper to prevent such errors ill the future. A frank discussion

of errors which are made in practice and reasons for poor practice~

is in some cases more valuable than good shooting. It is hopefrom year to year to elaborate on this feature of target practice-

work, namely, the analysis of reports by battery commanders

and the interchange of ideas among officers. Officers should :make

their reports and suggestions concise and clean cut. Only reports

whose subject-matter will be of value to the service general!Y

should be submitted. This of course does not refer to the detadS

connected with the practice which mu~t be reported as a :matterof routine.

Umpires will request battery commanders who make excep"

tionally good records to submit reports to accompany the reports

of practice intended for the Chief of Coast Artillery, giving the de;

tails of their methods used in preparing for and conducting targe

practice.. t

Battery commanders will submit with copy of report of tar~epractice for Chief of Coast Artillery a succinct statement shoWlllg •

their deductions for record shots as a result of trial shots.

ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER OF IMPACT.

The instructions for the adjustment of the center 9f iIllpa~t

published in Coast Artillery Memorandum No.6, War DepartIlle~ ,

August 5, 1909, assumed the use of the hypothetical target l~which the target zone included the full danger space over ~ll1

half the danger space short of the target. With the hypothetlCl1r

target it was desired to place the Ctlnter of .impact in the cen;e

of the target zone, or at a point one-fourth of the width of t

danger space beyond tJ:e target. yvith the present materia~ targ~f

the adjustment of the center 'of impact one-fourth the wldth ts

danger space beyond the target will not. be correct unles.s sh;etstriking one-half the danger space short of the target make neoc S"

hits. No definite information is at hand as to how short of the P~~t

ent material target a shot can strike and still make a ricochet 1,



..

[c. A. M. 8.]

21

therefore the adjustment of the center of impact on the presen

mat . IrIa target must be left to the best J.udO'mentof the batterycom d' 0. hol m.an er III each particular case. If the theory that Borne officersd IS correct, namely, that shots striking one-half the danger

~pace short of the target will not make ricochet hits, the best ad-

tu~tment of the center of impact would probably be about one-

: f of the wit! th of the danger space beyond the target. This is,

;hcourse, the correct adjustment when fuingat ranges of no ricochet •

. e angle of elevation for no ricochet with heavy guns may besaId to be about 9 degrees or greater.

OBJECT OF TARGET PRACTICE.

It should be borne in mind that the object of target practice is to'

rrepare the batteries and personnel for service .. It is desired, SO

b

ar as possible, therefore that the con.ditions of practice should

e huc as to develop the faults of personnel and material underConditions of actual battle. Officers are encouraged to submitBUgO' rI. bes IOns for the improvement of target practice along these

Ines.In s . II d ..

f orne cases battery commanders stove to cause a con ItlODB

t~r the practice to be as favorable as possible. They desire to have

.. e target move on such' a courAe that its rate of change in range.

;:11 be as small as possible. They even arrange beforehand withe officer on the tug for the target to be towed over a prescribed

c~urse, so that its ranO'e and direction can almost be predicted

~lthout the assistance ~f the position-finding system. The umpire

pn e;ery case should strive to secure as great a change in range as

. oBslble during the firing of record shots at the same time bearingIn m. dIII J;hat the conditions for all companies assigned to the same

Ype of battery should be as nearly as possible the same.

IMPROVEMENT IN PRACTICE.

r; The improvement in taroct practice in recent yea", h .. ~ven

ItS~ to a just pride in the co;ps and has encouraged a healthy esprit.IS h d .ti oped that in the course of a few years we mIl be con uctmg

re and battle command practic~ at extreme ranges with theh TI' cy t at has already been secured at short ranges. 0 accom-

thIsh this will require systematic work and hearty cooperation on

e part of all officers.

'

'

' ~~



[C. A. M. 8.]22

EXTRACTS FROM REPORTS OF TARGET PRAOTICES

FOR 1909.

12-INCH MORTARS.

Practice of the Tenth Company, Coast Artillery Cor-ps,at Battery

Stotsenburg (12-inch mortars), Fort Winfield Scott,! Cal., Decem-

ber 2,1909.


Calibration of Batteries Stotsenburg and McKinnon is not recom~mended at the present time. Extensive experimental firings lJ,rto be conducted at Fort Monroe, Va., in the near future for the pu~;pose of investigating all phases of the problem of mortar fire. It Ie.considered inadvisable to conduct any calibration with mortlJ,r

until these important experiments are completed.

The fire commander states:

Since the seventh indorsement was written it has been dis~o~~ered that there are two sets of chisel marks on each racer in I : Il

pit, Battery Stotsenburg--one at 10° from zero of subscale, weecorrectly set, and another (older) set at about 20° distance. 1T~yindex on 1-B is exactly set and doweled on the old mark. A llJ,Sdechecking up of the indices by racer marks might have been Jl1adand this not discovered. All old marks will be obliterated a,Ilindices exactly set so that such an error can not again occur.

Practice of the Twelfth Company, Coast Artillery Corps, at Bat-

tery Clinton (12-inch mortars), Fort H. G. Wright, N. Y., Novem-

ber 27, 1909.Extract from report of the battery commander:

On the t~irteenth shot the plotter became confused by the .trag~of the preVIOUScourse and made an error of one degree. Dan tshould have been called, although there was no real danger ex:ce~that of firing one degree or about 95 yards to the right of th~ ~arglJ,liSuch errors will be guarded against in the future by req''ulflIlg

courses to be erased prior to record Eihots.

Practice of the Forty-third Company, Coast Artillery Corpe, ~tBattery Stoneman (12-inch mortars), Fort Terry, N. Y., July ,

1909.

The battery commander states: . d

On the ninth shot a deflection error of about 1.500

was noted 9f IIthe firing stopped, at the command of the fir.e commander, lJ,Il

careful investigation made. . areThe work of the plotting room detail was gone over and nO e~ of

could be discovered, and the result of the preceding sho~sa

n

ooJIlthe rest of the shots indicated that the work in the plottln~ thehad been correct. The record in the pit of the data on 'Y

hiCoJIl'

mortar had been laid corresponded with that of the plottIng 1'0

~



[c. A. M. 8.]

23

aft~r t1:'. thi: eighth shot the target had heen moving to the lelt;Goin . IS S. ot .the .tug turned and started to retrace the course.

and If,1D tlus dtrectlOn the tng had the advantage of a strong tidethis hespeed mcreased rapid Iy. The ninth ,hot wa' fired soon afterIDea c aige of direction, and this may have accon

ntedin a great

A sure or the ~eflection, which was to the left.ricn;areM conSideration of Artillery Bulletin No. Hand the expe-eve e ~ned by former practices caused me to endcavor to applypav'y c cck possible to the data on which the mortar was fired,reco''dg e!'Pec",1 attention to the azimuth, and for this purpose abatt r er m the plotting room. which is in primary, whichL. also the

rec ery c.ommander's station, was connected by telephone with a"atlrder m the pit, the rrllln in the station recordin~ the ZOlleele-the on and a~,muth, corrected, as it wa' transmitted to the booth;"at .recorder 1D the pit, stationed near the booth. recorded the ele-to thn and azimuth as it was called Ollt through the m~phoneand e p,t, and compared it with the data written on the eJcvationto thazlDlu.th slides as thev were run out, then telcpho

nedit back

if s e statIon. The recoid er then compared it with hi. record, and

l~me, called out "correct."seehe ~mpIacelDent officcr, after hearin~ the data called out andeael:'g~t on the slides, verified the Iaymg of the mortars beloreT s ot hefor~ signaling "readY" to the battery commander.

azi he hcorder m the station al'o kept a record 01 the uncorrectedat :hut of the set-forward point as it was called. out by the ~aderCOlDe plott~ board to the man at the deflection board; th". heTh paJ'ed With the corrected azimuth 01 the ,et-Iorward po,nt.eiti: ro~order's iustructions were also to observe that thc aZImuththe ~r mCIeased or decreased depending on the direction in which

IDa daJ'g~t wa' moving, reguiarly, and to notily the battery com-A er In c~~e of any irregularity. .

IDa san add,tIonal check there was an assistant to the batter)' com-Ollt"ger who recorded the azimuth of the predicted point, as calledIDa y the man at the primary arm, and in c... the battery com-tlmndb' w,," husy watching the fall of the precedin~ ,hot at thehis t e next az,muth was called out, gave it to him ,n time to setof thD8trumcnt for the next shot. This recorder also kept a recordCOlDe ~orrected azimuth .' ,ent to the bo~th, so thnt a con~tantPoi!~rt,,?n was had between this and lhe aZlD1uthof the predICtedSO th

t, th'.s recorder was stationed beSide tbe battery c.ommander,

\Va at th" record was in view at all time" An expertenced manlooi/

lsostationed bebind tbe reader at the plotting board, who,

read~ over the 'houlder 01 the reader, verified each azimuth as

th~i!h c~ecks thus plaeed upon the nccuracy 01 the aoimuth lromthe tIme ,t. WlUl first read from the plotting board unUI Jt reached\Vitlpn po!nter, it is hard to see hoWan error could have occurredTout bemg discovered in time to stop the firing 01 the shot.

"hehe defleetion in question at tbe range 01 the target, 2,850 yards,end.n reduced to yards, was not very gr... t, and not 80 great as to

anger the tug had it been in that direction, being about 84

~



yards, but being so much more than the other shots of the series it

appeared excessive.

Practice of the Twenty-first and One hundred and third coIll-

panies, Coast Artillery Corps, at Battery Key (12-inch mortars),

Fort Howard, Md., August 4-5, 1909.

Extract from report by battery commander:

The commanding officer devised and suggested to me for use themost practical and effective means of checking the gun aziDl.uthSthat has yet been offered. This was to cause each gun pOInterto mark with chalk on the racer a short radial line opposite t~e.zero of his azimuth subscale. Thus in a series of layings t e .

azimuth differences would be clearly depicted not only to thegun pointer but also for the inspection of the detachment co

Ill

mander and the officer checking the azimuths. This 9cheIllewas explained to the detachments on August 5, and orders weregiven to so mark with chalk each racer whenever the guns were

laid for a prediction.

The commanding officer, artillery district of New Londo~~

requested to be informed whether the "Probable error cards

called for on page 18, Coast Artillery Memorandum No.6, 1909,were required for mortars.


Probable error cards for mortars should be prepared as req~iretby instructions on page 18, Coast Artillery Memorandum N? ,1909. The cards should give the kind and model of carrIage. •Mortar carriages are of the following models: 1891, 1896, 1896MI,1896MIl, and 1908.

[C. A. M. 8.]24

12-INCH RIFLES.

Practice of the Forty-eighth Company, Coast Artillery Corps,

at Battery Bloomfield (12-inch rifles, disappearing carriages),

Fort Hancock, N. J., August 6, 1909.

The Chief of Coast Artillery-

returns to the commanding officer, Forty-eighth Company, CO•I1S

;

Artillery Corps, for information as to the cause for the excess!'\'

deflections of the last two record shots.

The battery commander states:

The towline parted evidently after the first projectiles strT~the target, and which were fired. at about the same instant. etwind was such that after the first shot from each gun the taJgstcould not be seen from the battdry on account of fine U S

which obscured the target from view for some time after the fIJswere ready to fire their second shots. Each gun pointer fire et

second shot on reD;laining target as ord~red the instant the t::thrg.itcould b<>seen, usmg the same defle(,~lOnas that used on t u

-

1



[C. A. M. 8.]

25

first shot d'oom a Jain ,JUbtas a new deflection was received fromplotting

n a so mformation that the towline had parted. ,

at ~actice of the Seventy-seventh Company, Coast Artillery Corp"P' k

atteryPcnsacola (12-inch rifle', disappearing carriage,), Fort

IC ens, Fla., December 16, 1909.


returns to th' Coast A' c commandmg officcr, Seventy_seventh ompany,for Ii t rtlllery Corps, for forther infoneation as to the correction

Thrs record .shot as a result of trial shots. .het e rephrt give, thi, correction a' 160yard', while the differencespo:3

ent e velocitie, assnmed for trial and for record .hot, corre-

yard ',at the range at which the trial shots were fired, to only 100the r- ?te proper velocity to correct for 160 yards ••• re,ult ofvele ,;,a , ot, should have been about 2,100 fooweco

nd,. Thi'

recocdItyhforthe record shots should have caused the last three

r sots to be hits.


cJ.here wa' undoubtedly an error made on the range board by the2,13~eie8S of tbe .operat~r in using .2,140 foot-seconds in,tead ofre, I oot-~econd. m maIrmg correctIOnS for first record shot as •rec" of~nal sbot" thu, _king the assumed muzzle velocity for2 Igorf sots 2,110 foot-seconds which should have been about

, . oot-seconds.

The district commander states:• wiKeb,onal ,upervision of computation by battery commanders

e exacted hereafter.

Pr t' .ac Ice of the Eleventb Company, Coast Artillery Corp', .tRattery

Bloomfield (12.inch rifles, disappe.ring carriages), Fort

ancock, N. J., September 13, 1909.

The Chief of Coast ArtiIlery-'1~urllB to the commandine officer, Eleventh Company, Coastti lllery Corps, for information as to the cause of excessive deflec-

ons of the record shots. .

The (former) battery commander states: ,

ai lhe deflection of the three trial ,hota was taken with a telC.>lCopiclife t on holder at the flank of the battery, and by the gun pointer ofel gun finng on his ,ieht The two ,eta of readmgs agreed verya ""ely. The mean of fh'-re,nlts was .15' L. A correction of tblSa"b0unt was then made on the deflection board by mean, of thea

r

!tmry correction .cale, aud the po,ition of the ~tationary ta'1let

h~m plotted and a ncw deflection obtained to ,ce u the COl!ectlOn

a hee,! properly applied. Itwas fonnd that the correctIOn was,lPhed m a correct mallner and it was then .. 'ed for the record

ots.

~



26

. The only explanation of the poor deflection obtained duringrecord firing is that at least one of the gun pointers was not welltrained. •To train the gun pointers the undersigned has constructed and

uses a minature traveling target which has a splash attachmentwhich simulates actual conditions at target practice.

The district commander states:

Attention is invited to the ingenious and very meful device sub-mitted by Captain Mitchell for training of gun pointers during the

indoor season.I regard this as an excellent adjunct for instruction, and believe

it would be of great benefit generally in the service. .

Description of miniature moving target for training gun pointers

(par. 532, D. R. C. A.):

The device com~istsof a target made of tin painted white withblack aiming point, mounted on a wooden block which is free

fmove forward and backward along a wooden rack by means 0 asmall rope cable with drums at both ends of the rack. On the ba~kof the wooden rack is a tin splash painted black, fastened by a tl~strip to a rod free to move along the rack. The splash also revolved

around a horizontal axis allowing it to be rotated out of sight an.brought to an upright position by a string attached near the aP

de;

The device may be fastened to the wall between two win 0 , .; . ..

frames in the barrack~ and a telescopic sight on a Hagood mou~: .placed about 10 feet away. The target is placed in motion and t'gun pointer follows it with his vertical wire on the aiming P?lngwith a given deflection set on the sight. The gun commander glVedthe command "ready" followed by "fire" by the gun pointer anthe gun pointer stops traversing the sight for' a moment and th~

again follows the target. During this time an operator moves t erod to which the splash is attached along after the target witI; fSY'splash out of sight. When the time of flight is up he then qUlC hraises the splash. The gun pointer as soon as he sees the splasestops traversing the sight and moves the vertical wire onto ~hIpoint of the splash and then traverses the sight so that the vertIc~wire with the new deflection is again on the center of the targedTwo sights can perform this operation at the same time, one u~eeby a skilled gun pointer and the results compared. This devICecan also be used at the battery by placing it about 60 feet from th

sighting platform of the gun, on a suitable standard. dTwo of these devices are now in use, one by .the Eighty-seCo~

Company, Coast Artillery Corps, and one by the Eighth coast artIl-

lery district, National Guard, New York.

J. B. MITCHELL,Captain, Coast Artillery Corps,

Commanding 82d Company, Coast Artillery CorpS.

Practice of the Ninety-sixth Company, Coast Artillery Corps, at

Battery Stevenson (12-inch rifles, disappearing carriages), FortWarren, Mass., October 22, 1909.

[c. A. 11. 8.]

~

~

1



[c..A. :M. S.]

# 27

.The fire commander states:. se;v1?-eprepar.ations for this firing began immediately after the first

. Ice practIce. •an~v:[r discovered possible cause of deviatiou w"" iuvestigatedlimit empt made to remedy or reduce it to lowest practicableremo

s. lhe parts of carriages wcre all examined, irregularities

caref vII' part, worked to secure uuiform actiou, ammunitiouCo u y'prepared aud made as uuiform as p"",ibl

e.

eont:rectmg

overs aud shorts of the two serics for crrorsof fire-

WOrk)olysd~m (as determined by careful revision of plotting-roomand or ,ffereuces due to differences of range at which fired,

not corrcclIng those of first series for crrors of level of platformpoi;2rrected m iaying pieces and for correctiou of adjustment ofBec er, ~I elevatiou disks, and omitting from considemtio

n-the

Bho~n~ gilll shot, July scries, and first trial shot and first recordoth 0 clober Beries, as excessive in ranI!" error compared withgre:~l~ots, analysis shows each gun deviatIOn record was improvcd

gJ:he mean deviation and extreme dispersion of ,hots of eachpm twe]'; greatly rednced, and the calibmtion of the two made1m c lca y accurale to within about 7i yards and the center offact of the two series about 2 leet below taJget or 6 yards short.

ler hit: determination of hits is n,ade by the methed of Coast Artil-30 e)morandum No.1, 1909. The new material target (60 byT ect was used, and record thereon was as 101l0wS:

36 .hrehe round holes (12 inches) and one oblong' hole about 15 by

Inc es .T .h fe. evidence of range rake readers and of photographs shows two

Ths struck short, and two over (direct bils), all being line ,hnts.

di e the.ory is that the first shot striking short made a low sllOrtta".. t ncochet, theu a high long one after passing through thew~~ij ~ud by' the rule for counting hits on material target the score

e 4 hIts or 100 per cent.

The battery commander states:& the last target practice of this battery, June 21, 1909, Winfo aud powder, lot 2 1901, was used. Muzzle velocity 2,270

t ?tisccouds was assum~d for the record shots as a result of thev"f .shots. After the practice I determined that the muzzleAeOClty which should bave been ""'UJlled was 2,26

6foot-seconds.

I t the last practice the powder and temperature being the ",me,t ;>srmed 2,266 lool-seconds as the muzzle velocity and tired the.h" shots. The results were as follows: First shot -162, secondI ot +38, and third shot au actual hit at water line. The pressurefur first shot as compared with the second and third iodicatedt at the shortage was to be expected. I gave little consideration

r~ the first iu determining the muzzle velocity to b~ used for theancord

senes; ouly euough to offset the second, which ... o~cr,.and ~sumed 2,266 foot-seconds .. the correct mu~zle velOCity,shdWIth the result as shown by the report (three hIts out of four

ots).

'

" ~

~

~ '



{C. A. M. 8.]28

After the practice of June 21, 1909, I determined from the recor1'shots that the center of impact of shots from No.1 gun was 2yards short of the target and from No.2 gun 1 yard short. L~ter

III the summer I made the range corrections for level of base rIng,the range corrections for displacement having been previouslYmade, and, had these correctIOns been applied before the June,1909, practice, the center of impact of shots from No.1 gun shou1d

have been 25 yards short of the target and from No.2 gun 24 yar sover, the centers being 49 yards apart. I then moved thepoin~erson the range drums sufficiently to have caused the center of 11n-pact of shots from No.1 gun to have been 10 yards short and fro~No.2 gun 10 yards over, making the centers 20 yards apart. I dl~ ,not make the whole correction, 1. e., to cause the centers to b~ athe same point on account of the probability of my assumptIOnSor conclusions not being entirely correct.At the last practice, ignoring the two short shots, one trial an~

one record, the center of impact of shots from No.1 gun wasyards over the target and from No.2 gun 15.7 yards over, a differe~ctbetween centers of only 11.7 yards. If I had not moved the POID

€rs the center of impact of shots from No. 1gun should have been11 yards short of the target and from No.2 gun 29.7 yards over,a difference between centers of 40.7 yards, only 8.3 yards lesd

than that determined in the June, 1909, practice. The recor.shows that an improvement was made by moving the point.ersas I did and that the results obtained will now justify the IllOytJWthe pointers sufficiently to bring the centers together. ThIS ISbased, as shown above, on not considering the two short shots,and which I believe should not be taken into account. dIf the pointers are moved as stated, the centers of impact shou~

be 9.8 yards over the target. No.1 can then be used as the st~D ;ard; or if No.1 be now considered the standard, and the pomte

on No.2 moved, the centers of impact should be 4 yards over thetarget.Before the practice careful inspection and adjustments w~~e

made as enumerated in Coast Artillery Memorandum No.6, 19 Jand I believe the error in the range-finding system was reduceto the minimum; for instance, the largest error I could discoV~ron the plotting board was 6 yards, and this only in one place. T~l~I am now of the opinion is partly due to the data at that pOlD

not being exactly correct.

Practice of the Eighty-second Company, CGilstArtillery Corps,at Battery Bloomfield (12-inch rifles, disappearing carriages), Fort

Hancock, N. J., July 28, 1909.

The Chieiof Coast Artillery-

returns to the commanding officer~Eighty-second Company, CoastArtillery Corps, for further remark. .This record shows that the proper velocity was deduced fo~

the record shots as a result of the trial shots. A comparison °e

the actual and corrected ranges, however, would indicate that t~eproper range correction on account of the difference between t

'

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[c. A. M. 8.}

29

;:~dci~y assumed for the trial shots and the record shots was notthe e m the tinng of the record shots. The difference between

diff actual and corrected ran'" of trial shots is 690 yard.. ThoBho~;~nce fbetween the actuaf and corrected rangfl'lfor the recordIt IS as ollows: (1) 630, (2) 430, (3) 625, (4) 605.

'hot appea"" therefore, that the range correction for the recordfro s, except for the 'econd ,bot, differs by only 60 to 85 yard.en::' th~ range correction for the trial ,hots. As there is a differ-Bho: o~hO dfo.ot. econds in the velocity a"umed for trial and recordtnat' de lifcrence bctween actual and corrected rang

esIortbe

ran an tbe record shots sbould not agree ,0 closely unless the

excge .corrections on account of atmospheric conditions werea c"'ve. Although the range correction for the record .hotsallPi'll" {{' be greater than ft ,bould have been, the record shotstak e. ,ort. It would appeRT from the above ~gu"" that a mf••

e In range finding was made on the second record shot.

T ..e battery commander states:it From a comparison of this form with the battery oIDccr', rel""l'h a~RearB that the corrected range for the second record ,hot

. ta~U be 8,430 instead of 8,230. The plot of the course of theN ge: show, the corrected range of the record shots" follows:8 o. , 8,410 yards; No.2, 8,410 yards; No.3, 8,390 yard,; No.4,n't3~0 yards, which would indicate that an error of 20 yards wasinati: m the ~rBt two ,hots by the plotter in read ing th e gun arm orevid e transmission of the range to the guns. Tbe third shot wasA ently fired on the data before the correct one.

a f!er the new velocity was obtained for the record ,hots it wasp~~hed to the range board and the po,ition of the ,lationary tarJlet

h d~d and a new corrected range ohtained to ,ee ff the correcl

lOn

a . e~n properly applied, which was found to be the fact.'hIt 16 Impossible to account for the fact that the record .hotB fcllwort when the diffcrence betwecn the actual and corrected rangein'" so near that of the trial shotB, unle ... it ws' due to poor workch ra~ge ~nding .. The track .howed lhat the target made a marke?chanoe of dllectlOn just before the record shotB were ~red. ThlOh' anfigeof direction was not perceptible to the undcrsigued through

18 eld glass.to It would probably have been b~tter to have ~Ilowed t.he targetr t proceed a greater distance on ItB course, whIch had lUst been01 raced, before opening lire but it was desired td take advan~'c a comjlaratively ,mall cle~r ,pace in a procession of tugs toWlllg

ows whIch were crossing the field of fire. .Practice of the One h~ndred and thirty-fourth Company, Coast

Artillery Corps, at Battery Butter~eld (12-inch riJ!e., disaPpearing

carriages), FortH. G. Wright, N. y~,November 20, 1909.

Extract from report of battery commander:h~tdail y drill particular attention 'hould be given to individ uals,i. lftmg them around until they fill the position, for which they aree.t quali~ed. Care should be taken to pick out the large,t and



[c. A. M. 8.J30

most powerful men in the company for the truck and 'ram~erdetails, the smaller men being capable of performing the dutIesassigned to the other numbers. Particular attention should begiven to Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, as they form the nucleus of thedetachment. .The gun commander should provide himself with primers, an~

after the first shot should supply same to No.3 when needed .. ThlS

method will very often save several seconds.In addition to the range keeper and his assistant there should be

an intelligent man detailed, preferably a mechanic, to record theranges, when received, on a piece of paper, and repeat them in theear of the range keeper at intervals of about one second. The rang~ .keeper has all he can do to set the range drum properly and can no

tax his mind with various ranges. For example, when the gun goes"in battery" and the cylinder hits the cylinder stop the setting o~the range drum is disturbed, the same is true upon the shock 0

discharge. In his endeavor to get the range drum back to its form~rsetting and in the excitement of the moment the range keeper 18

apt to make a mistake in setting, which mistake, although it may beknown to the man himself, never comes to the notice of the batterYcommander, and the poor shooting is attributed to other causes.In the student officers' practice at Fort Monroe last July I wad

detailed as range keeper at No.2 gun, Battery Church, and if I ha .not used this system I feel confident that I could not have ~ept th~drum properly set. Too much thought can not be given to this mOS

important feature of setting.'There should be, in addition to the regular telephone operator, at

each gun a "relayman," whose dutyit should be to relayrang~~ tothe range keeper and his assistants. He should take up a POSltlOdmidway between the telephone booth and the range drum anshould call out the ranges. Both the telephone operator and the"relay man" should be provided with large megaphones ..This is the only satisfactory method I know of that will insure

success when the gun line telephone is at a distance from the ran~idrum. The telephone operators at the guns should record aranges received and make a dash after the ranges at which the gU1B

are fired; this for the purpose of a check on the range drum detal iThe chief of detachment should provide himself with severa

service primers and in case of a misfire should immediately ascendto the sigh ting platform (left platform) and insert new primer. dNo.3, in pulling out the short lanyard of the safety lany~r

attachment should, when the reel is free to revolve, haul it taut Wl~a quick pull, being careful not to exert too much pressure on t efiring leaf. . This is important, for it occastonally happens that thbhort lanyard will become entangled in the heel of the tray late .and a loss of time result. .There should be an extra' detail of four level-headed men to

bring up the powder sections and place them on the loading tray.These men should be thoroughly drilled and taught not to get Inone another's way nor in the way of any member of the gun

detachment. .

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[C. A. M. 8.]

31

an~ t' rot know of any feature of loading that requires more carepowd a lenc~ or where more time is lost than in ramming of the

dum e~ sectI~ns. The men are accUBtomed to handlin~ ~;oodenand mhes, w/:,ch are easily introdnced fnto the powder chamher,tach w en t e tIme comes to manipulate ,ervice section' the de.the mer 'eem, to lose sight of the fact that these section' adaptbot:

sevrhto the contours of the loading tray of the truck and

the mot e bore, and the result is • jam, nece",itating, p"",ihly,cau re'tl:

valof one or more sections. This jamming frequently

fea ses e powder bags to give w.y, with disastrous rcsul",.~ ThIS,tu~uret oCiurred last July at Ilattery Parrott, Fort Monroe, during

Withent 0 ficcrs' target practice. Ily reenforcin& the powder bagsext s out cotton cord this defect may be obVlllted to a certainbaO'enbt.It .should always be done with old powder, the raw silk

t. ecommg rotten.re, \~ thonght that by ramming the ,ections two at a time the heetthen , are obtaincd. Where three are rammed home together,

y a~e almost sure to jam.re ParJlCular attention ,hould be given to the training of No.1 inolor to closmg the block with alacrity, as this mean' the saving

nu::'';, small number of seconds when it comes time to figure theB er of hIts per gun per minute.to efore the gun fully returns "from battery," No.3 is in,tructed

co reach for the breech crank and saves ,everal turnS before the gun

mes to a state of rest ..it ~o. 2 unh,,!,ka the ,hort lanya~d from the firing lea! .nd throws .the ver the nght elevating-arm Joum.I, therehy g<;ttmg It ou.t of

way m a hurry and preventing it from foulIng In the gearIng.

it ~he chief of detochment grabS the lanysrd after firing and thr~wS

pi tit of the way on the ,teps leading from the racer to the loadmgre a orm. This keeps the lanyard free from kinks, and it ie easily

covered by No.3.

Extract from report of district commander:

el The.gune were exercised running in bsttery and from b.ttery,

evatmg, retractinO'. .~? my experienc~ r have found it difficult to kno'" at wh.t e1e't.

a

IOn the gun has actually been ,ct when fired, and make a prac-

"ce of directing, at trrget prsctice the detail of a man, preferablY• ~oncommissioned officer to reco:d the range .t which the gun is

a

e when it is fired and t~ do nothinO'else. This man should beDe . ill E'Bb xceptIonally good noncommissioned 0 cer.. xpen

ence

th ows that even with this detail the recorded range IS not alwayS

e correct range. .b The hattery commandcr recommends the detail of a mechamC,rf~hIBIDlderstanding of the detail is not exactly the same .. mm

e

.

•u" pOSSIblethat one very good m.n ",oul~ be ,bl

o

!? do the ",~rkggested by the battery commander whIch I consIder very Im-Portant, and .Iso to note to. certainty the elevation at ",hleh the~n'i. actually laid when the command "fire" i. given. r ,h.1Iopt both of these in the work next year. .

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[c. A. M. 8.]32

I am opposed to an additional man as a relay man if it can beavoided. The telephone man can be provided with a megaphon

le,

by which he can call the ranges, and they should be- distinct Yheard by the range keeper.

lO-INCH RIFLES.

Practice of the Fifteenth Company, Coast Artillery Corps, s,t

Battery Cullum (lO-inch rifles, disappearing carriages), Fort

Pickens, Fla., May 26, 1909.

The Chief of Coast_Artillery states:

Although the difference in the muzzle velocity employed for thelast two trial shots and the muzzle velocity assumed for the reco!~shots corresponds to about 225 yards at the range at which the triashots were fired, the correction for the first record shot as a resuliof the trial shots is given as no yards. If it was intended to cortecfor only no yards, it would appear that the wrong velocity wasassumed for the record shots.' The velocity corresponding tocorrection of 110 yards as a result of the last two trial shots shouldhave caused all the record shots to be hits for range at the rangesat which the latter were fired. Further remarks of the battebtYcommander on these points, as well as his explanation as to t eexcessive deflections of three record shots, are desired. Theranging of the trial shots is erratic, and it does not appear that th~last two trial shots responded to the velocity correction made aftcdthe first trial shot. Since the ranging of each gun in the recof eshots is exceedingly uniform, it is difficult to understand why tgun used in trial shots gave such erratic results. It is possible t .althere was some condition which led to erratic results in the t~atshots which did not exist in the firing of the record shots, or t

b

ar

the observations of the trial shots were unreliable. Furt einformation is desired on these points:1. Were the trial shots correctly observed? f r2. Were the pieces correctly elevated and were the elevations 0

the trial shots checked by an officer? . . . d. 3. Were the friction devices in the elevating mechanism adJuste

before the practice? .It is noted that the dispersion of the record shots from No. 3 gUll

is only 19yards and the dispersion of the record shots from No. 4 g~

is 51 yards. This shows exceedingly uniform shooting from eaCgun. It appears, however, that this battery has a calibration errO!,as the difference between the centers of impact of the two gun:~the record firing is about 100 yards. Definite conclusion as to d s,tpoint can not be drawn, however, as the record shots were firea moving target at varying elevations.

The (former) battery commander states:

For the first trial shot 140yards was added and the projectile fe~296 yards short. . For the second and third trial shots there w

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[C. A. M. 8.}

33

~~~naffdedd 2h9~yar4s, making a total correction of 430 yards for theTh an t. Ird trIal shots. .desir:l~rtnal shot was not considered abnormal, although it was

'hot at tho trial ,hore Iall closer to the target. lIenee thi.eamewa. not thrown out. JIad the first trial.hot been fired with the430 rang~ correction a~ the second and third trial shots (namely,of t?~d8 mstead of 140 yard.), it .hoold have .trUck 6 yard. ,horl6 IS; arg:it and the shorts lor the three trial.hore wonld have beenPact 't an ~44 yard., which wonld have placed the center 01 im-"hil a -140 yard.. Thill, however, ill lor a range 016,100 yard.,Yar/ the first record .hot was fired when the target WM at 4,300Yards. For a range 014,300 yards this wonld reduce to about llO

..... fio Hence as a resnlt 01 trial .hore alone the range correctionH yards. .

of iad the first record shot been fired at 6,100 yards and the centerhe

e

mp,act placed at the target, the range correction .hould haveUsed 43~ts 145, or 575 yard. and the velocity corve olabont 2,ll6it b' ." cnrve wonld bave been nsed lor the record ,hare hadace een mtended to place the center 01 impact at the _ct. Onas oonnt 01 the danger 'pace being twice as great beyond the targetmor:: t,:e near ,ide, I wi.hed to pl,",e the center 01 impact alit!lecurv an 40 yards heyond the target, and to do .0 the 2,100velOCIty

The was used for the record shots.lOad ns as ,a resnIt 01 trial.hore alone a correction 01 no yard. WM

cent e, ihJ1e an additional correction was nece.."""Y to place theT~r 0 Impact in the middle of the danger space.

Ian e large deflection 01 the second record .hot was due to thethi Yard not having heen pulled at the proper time. I inv""tignted.. .;: 'datter alter the firing and was satisfied that the deflection .rror

third ne to this caURe. The cawe 01 the deflection errors 01 thegrea and filth record .hore I Wll8 not able to ascertain with anyWiretdegree 01 certainty, hnt think them partly due to t.he vertical"he no~ h~mg exactly midway between the two pyramIdal targereliredn t e 8ltpIaI to fire was given and partly to the .hore not bemg

. S at the Instant that the signal was given.I lar as known, the trial .hore were correctly ohserv

ed,

lor ,:ve every reason to believe the pieces were correctly elevated'hot e trial .hore. I was at the pnmOI'Y .tation while the trial

'rh we!e !'red, and the elevations were checked at the battery,ldj e InctlOn devices in the elevation mechanism were carelully

Tusted befo.rethe practice. . .du he exceSOlve ranging of the last record .hot-, 'Y'thou~ do~ht,....;;to the charge remaining in the gun during a pe

nodwbIle tIme

taken out. iT' --~.he ChIef of Coast Artillery further states:

ll1l~he explanation of the dednction oi the velocity for the record

lirat' I!"m tbe trial .hore is not clear. It ill elated l~t had the"",,0 lnal ehot .heen fired with the .. me range CCl'!ectlOnas lhe

nd and thIrd trial shots (namely, 430 yards lllstead of 140

'

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_I . •



[c. A. 1.1. 8.]34

yards), it should have struck 6 yards short of the target, and ~~:shorts for the three trial shots 'Would have been 6, 185, andyards, which would have placed the center of impact at -145 Y9J't~If the battery commander started with the assumption that tcenter of impact of the trial shots was 145 yards from the target,~~should properly have taken at the range of the trial shots, 61 fyards, a new velocity curve to correct for the distan:ce in yar

QS1d

the center of impact of the trial shots from the target. This woU'/

have given him the proper velocity curve for the firing at anZ

range. Starting with this assumption, we have a velocity of 2,15rfoot-seconds, giving at 6,100 yards a group of shots whose cente~ 0impact is 145 yards short of the target. At 6,100 yards, aRSUIIlIIlrg

that we wish to place the center of impact on the target, and co.;recting for 145yards, we have a velocity of 2,118foot-seconds. ,Tbjdvelocity at the range at which the record shots were fired sho

Uet

have caused all these shots to fall about 55 yards nearer the ta1b6than they did. This would have caused all the shots except

last one to be hits for range. sThe above method of determining the cprrect velocity by IIlea~s

of range errors of trial shots at the ranges at which these trIal 6h'~Ilwere fired is the correct method and any other leads to confuSl0f

and inaccuracy. To place the center of impact in the center IIIthe target zone, the method used in Coast Artillery Memoran~uatNo.6, 1909, should be used. This method was not publish

ede

the time this practice was held and the battery commander IIl9;tYthis correction for adjusting the center of impact as a. ,,:cloc~r_correction. Making the correction of 40 yards as a velOCIty 2~rection at 6,100 yards would have placed the record shots abo

u.Ilg

yards further at the ranges at which the latter were fired .. Stirtit1with the center of impact 145 yards short of the target, the v~ oC actcorrections made in the proper way and the center of IIIlPadjusted as indicated above there would be 5 hits for range. rd8Information is desired as to whether the correction of 40 yaear

as a velocity correction was made at 6,100 yards. Itwould apfcot-from the nineteenth indorsement hereon that a correction of I? ~beseconds was made at 6,100yards to place the center of hnpact In rds, center of the target zone. This corresponds to 69yards at 6,100yain"or 48 yards at 4,000 yards, a greater range correction than wastaiStended. It will be observed that the velocity used for record s:o d ofvery nearly correct, but it is not clear .that the proper ~et 0tbis

obtaining this velocity was used. If the trial shots were rehab~e tar-velocity should have placed the record shots much nearer t etota}get, had no mistakes been made. It will be' noted that the froJJlrange correction due to variation of velocity of record shots rda•normal (2,250 foot-seconds) is, at 4,000 yards, about 45q YhoutThe range difference between actual and cor.rected range ISa e in550 yards. The latter should agree roughly with the differe

nCb it

velocity between normal and that used for record shots; thOU~lofmay not be the same, due to atmospheric corrections and tra'f cor-

target, or unknown causes. Information as to the amount 0 lJ,ndrection to the range for atmospheric conditions and travt'ired.whether this net correction was positive or negative, is eS

~



[c. A. M. 8.J

35

Investi t. f'heth ga Ion 0 the range r.kes shonld be roade to determinesm.lIe:' 0' ~ot the co,rect v.lnes were given, in mills, to tbs

of trial t~e~dmg on tbe rakes .nd whethe' 0' not the overs and shortsin to th 0bswer~ determined correctly from the rakes and signaled

F e attenes correctly.urther remark is desired.

The (former) battery commander further states:

ee~~~ }h.etrial shots, I did not _ume that, .. actually fi'ed, tbethe .10 unpact of the three shots was 145 yards, but that hadth/ce \beej fi,ed with the same range correction of +430 ya,dswhile n er 0 Impact would then have been 145 yards. This,ran e not .bsolutely true (since an addition of 290 yards to tbeeXR~t1of2~e fi,st tnal shot would not couse the projectile to fallTh y ya~ds furthe,), I believed to be a f.i, _umption.

yardsUB

!th'0nsldered the trial shots a' having been fired at 6,1001m a WI •• ran~e correction of + 430 yards and the center of"'o~l~t r.egultmg .. at -145 yard,. Correcting for this 145)"Rrds2,ll8). gIVe. velocity curve of .bont 2,116 (perhaps more nearly

lar~:ttoti!'e placing of the center of impact 40 yards beyond thscerta" I e method of Co.. t ArtiJIery Memorandum No. 6,1909, ishad m1bPreferable to using' velocity curve, but this method

. Thl!o een published at the time.. 4300

1840.jYard correction should certainly have been made at the

not -yar. range, .nd I presume that it w.. so m.de, al though Ido

A certamly remember.1 h: to the net corrections for atmospheric conditions, travel, elc.,

Thve not the data at hand.sione range rakes were, I believe, the .. me .. uoed on other occa-ll1ins'dand

so !ar as I know the overs and shorts were properly deter.

e and SIgnaled in.J.. P.1"llCticeof the One hundred and sixtieth CompanY, CoastJ..rttllery Corps, .t Battery Mishler (IO-inch disaPPSaring carriage,

'T~' F.)~ Fort Stevens, Oreg., November 4, 1909.

e ChIef of Coast Artillery-

bi:.urr to the commandins officer Artillery Dintrict of the Colum-. T or fur~her investigatIOn. . . .Wo t.'l rangmg of the record shots in th15 pracbce 15excellent andPr u have allowed 100 per cent of hita had the trial .bots beenBh~ferly handled .nd had the correct dednctions for th~ recordWe sheen made as • result of the trial shOts. .All of the tnal ,hotsre reo fired with different elevations which w.. contrsry to tho19%~ltements of parngra ph 64, CO. t Artillery Memorandu,\, No. I,the' It :would have been permisorible to change the ~Ievat'o~ after

w firnt tnal shot h.d it been considered that the rangJng ofth 15shot.. so excessive as not to permit of .ccurate observ.tion, but tbeelcondoand third trial shots should have been fired with the .. me

evatIOn.

-

-

-

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{C. A. M. 8.]36

From the footnote on Form 819 it appears that the deductionSfor the corrections for the record shots were not properly made.The battery commander should be called upon to explain the Btc~

that he took in making these deductions, and his reasons for eae3'The' excellent record made at this same battery on August 1 ,1909, indicated that proper methods were used and that the prha

e;

tice was conducted with great care. This report, on the ot,hand, and the statements made by the fire commander in the fir:-lindorsement hereon, indicate that the battery commander ~l

not exercise the proper care. in preparing the battery for pract~C~and that this practice was not properly handled. The distrlScommander should endeavor to determine whether or not thiS

unsatisfactory work resulted from willful negligence or from ineffi"dency due to any other cause. .

Practice of the One hundred and fourteenth Company, Coast

Artillery Corps, at Battery Granger (lO-inch rifles, disappearing

-carriages), Fort Hancock" N. J., September 14, 1909.


returns to the commanding officer, One hundred and fourteent~Company, Coast Artillery Corps, for information as to the. caU~for the excessive deflections of the first three record shots In thiSpractice.

Extract from inclosure to eighth indorsement, by battery corn"

mander:

It will be seen that the target changed its co~rse at the time thefirst and second shots were fired.. . eWhen the firing commenced the target was on a straight cOUTflat

satisfactory as to range and direction, and I had no intimation ~irdthere would be any change, nor did I know of any till the tshot had been fired .

. Practice of the One hundreda~d second Company, Coast Artil-

lery Corps, at Battery Hale (IO-inch rifles, disappearing carriages),

Fort Greble, R. I., September 1, 1909.

The fire commander states:

. In this practice about 2,500 pounds of extra counterweigh~ gu~

added to guns Nos. 1 and 2 by using one-half the top layer o. tSNo.2 for each of the other guns and also by bon-owing hand weIghfrom another battery.

The' Chief of Ordnance states:

The tim~ required for the guns of Battery Hale to go in batt~Zhas been previously reported to this office and the armameut ofl!onhas been directed to mvestigate the causes' and make correctlThe greater number of guns mounted on carriages of this typ.e cd

service go in in approximately seven seconds with the preBCrl~gh-counterweight .. Under the circumstances, the addition of eno as-counterweight to reduce the time to approximately seven BecO

n

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[C. A. M. 8.}

37

ii~;:;d nT~.b~ attendcd with any probability of damagc to the car-BtilH. I~ IS, !towevcr, true only beeau,e the carriage;' workingto .;' and It IDlght rcadily occur that if 2.500 pounda were addO'<!tim e tou~te'Y'eight of .uch a carriage in the effort to reduce thetak! 0 gomg mto battery injury would result. In addition, theticulRtf rarts from one carriage to use on another, and more par-

uod a~ Yhlrom one battery to use on another, is considered very

eBua e.

, The Chief of Coast Artillery states:

inJhe remark, of the Chief of Ordnance, contained in the fifth

Ior~ement hereon, are concurred in by this office.triei i 'Kcommended that the commanding officer, Artillery Dia-jlo. 0 arragallliett Bay, be informed that the addition of 2.500\Va md, of extra connterwci.ht to the caniageB of Battery nale"'h unanthOl:ized, and that "in the future aucb action as thi., inbe ~('hkthere IS a probability of damage to the carriage, must not

a en. .co~ is belieyed that thi. counterweight was added by the batteryhe mjnder III a laudable desire to increaae the rate of fire, but that

l'neg ected to consider the probable damage to the cam,ge.batthe m.atte~ of reducing the time of di .. ppcaring gun' goin~ int.ode ery" bemg taken up by the Ordnance Det"'rtment and th18tb pa,tment will make the necessary correction 10 all ca"" wheree tIme of going into battery is excessive.

A Remarks of comma. ndinO' officer Eio-hteenth Company, Coast

.l\rt"II 1:>'at 1 ery CotpB, concerning preparation for and conduct of practIce

n Battery Granger (10.inch rifles, disappearing carriages), Fort

J:n ancock, N. J., on September 14, 1909, in which four hit< wereof8<1 out of four ahot< at a r~ge of about 7,000 yard

a, at the rate

slIghtly over two hits per gun per minute:

c::'~e blend in~ of the powder atriCt!y in accordance with the currentin ob artII}ery lDBtruction memorandum was nOdoubt a great factorl'e tammg uniform velocity. One needs only to glance at my

dJ"'rts to Bee how nicely the powder behaved, and this was all

Ie to the. careful blending. .. gu presctl bed "yBtem of drillBleading up to the practice wbere the,i n, w~re loaded and tripped each time rather thlUl depend upona~U1atlDg loadin. and firin- Btrivin- all the whIle fer accuracyer uniformity i{; the worltof the :ntire personnel. Whateverin;rrs. were !ocated, the man at fault waa picked out and !rivenchelVldual lDBtruction,. The work of eoca Il!an was caref~lIyThe'ked. a~d the daily drillB were condocted as In actual pracuce.da tralDlDg of the men waa progressive, aod we advanced fromOu! to day untIl there was perfect harmony aod team.work through-car the company. All plotted trackB and deflectIon tesls "!"erec. efully examined for errors .The gun pointers were espec"lIye.:'tIon~ jlllit at wh.t time. to fire. The following P."i~t<.w~re

phaslzed: Frequent ramming of the projectile at dnll, lllS1StlOg

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{c. A. M. 8.]33

that uniform ramming must be had to obtain good results, ofteIlloa.ding the piece with all speed possible and then inspecting th~scale on the ram mer staff, and cautioning the men that the 8ha

must be sent home with all strength, and impressing on them thatvariation in the seating of the projectile would not be tolerated.The men were brou~ht to that point where each man believed th~result of the practice depended on him individually. A mas-careful check of the carriages and guns were made on the day the

practice was held.' dAll regulations and orders governing target practice were fonow

e

to the letter. '.\. . . .There was no system introduced other than that prescribed bY

the War Department.8-INCH RIFLES.

Practice of the Seventy-fourth Compa~y, Coast Artillery Corps,

at Battery Brumby (8-inch rifles), Fort Screven, Ga., December 20,

1909.The fire commander states:

Shots Nos. 1 and 2 were reported by the deflection observer to b:14 yards to the left of the center of the target, which woul4 IIlakthem misses. Both splashes were well within the danger Bpacd~and the reports have been altered to show them both 2~75 ya

r.

left only, for the following reasons: . '. tThe only course which could be used for this practice (be~ng ~t

short range) was very much restricted by shoal water, makIng.

v~~ML .At the moment that the command "commence firing" was gd"~;

the tug reached the end of the course and stopped, hauling a dits red flag at the same time, The ,course was perfectly clear a.~sit was not noticed that the red flag on tug was down until tw~ gu dhad fired. "Cease firing" was then immediately ~iven. ThIS ehaQf the course was limited by a sunken jetty WhICh could not

fleen from shore. lost. The officer in charge on the tug reported that the target hadfi d .about 75 per centum of its speed by the time the shots were rer~Using this as a basis, the probable deflection of the shots Wits

-calcula.ted on the assumption that the target had maintained

Qriginal ;,speed.

The C~ief of Coast Artillery states:. . ad

The figure of merit should be calculated from hits deterIJl1nrceas prescribed in Coast Artillery Memorandum No.1, 1909, lnf f~itsat the time this practice. was held. The C01:rect number 0

therefore, is two. . .' . thlltNo allowance can be made for failure to hit due to the fact nits

the speed of the target changes, whatever may be the cause. 'bed

Qn the target must be determined according to certain pr~scr~uldrules for all companies. If probable hits were considered, It W

'



[C. A. M. 8.}

39

b .bt~i!eOdss.ibleto ~ake a fair comparison of companies from resultsIII practice.

A:~t"arka of commanding officer, Fifty-second Company, C0ll81al ery Corp., concerning prep"..lion for and conducl of practice

whO~tery Walcott, Fort Rodman, Mass., on October 20, 1909, in7 four hits were roade ont of four .hots at a ",nge of aboul

, yard~, at the rate of 1.64 hits per gun per minute:

w~f:hmethod of conducting driU d- not offer any new .uggestion.orand o'''.rh"e.ented in the drill rcgulation. or COll8tartillery mem-ellici:' e gnu and carriage are kept in a condition of working'Inclndncy Iby p!oper cleaning, lubricating, and exercising, whicbWheel e. e evatmg or depressing to the .top' and turning tbe hand-it work so .as

h

to operat~ the friction device, with the object of having

Th WIt U~Ifornl1ty.UBine gur .ectlOn. are required to driU with the same care as whenthe ;hrea ammunition. The dummy projectile. are returned totion o~,..Ucry .everal times during the drill '0 that the amm

nni

has ilic lOn, may practice with the gun section.- The range setter

A e ra?ge disk brougbt to tbe mark alwaye by depre",io

n

.tio:t~dltlOual man in the range ,ection recorde for eacb prodictele h e range, deHection, and tbe ,et,iug of the gun ann. Tberecel! one operator at the gun record. the range and deflceti

on

With~hd.U At the end of the driU the latter record. are compared

, Th e I record for errors of transmission.erro e b-ack of the target i. then examined for irregularitiC8 and

. fro~' fJ;cated by re,etting the arm' on point. that ,bow a de,iationre,u' e probable track. Thi' wiU u,naUy locate tbe error as

readltmg from eitber the B' or UN azimuth; wbetber the observer,ioint1r, or arm setter win not appear;'o tbey mu.t bear the blame .

lar y'. There will be no difficulty in detenniniog wbicb particU-erromt

n1B at fault if the error occnrs frequently. Tbe fact that an

'ullir. as been made, di.covered, and attention directed to it is

lf~Ient to prevent a frequent recurrence.arm .he record ,how' irre'ularity in any range or deflection, tb e gunthat 1B ~et as ,hown by tho record for tbe preceding range, laid onPoi fomt of the track, the taUy dial •• el up, and tbe ,uccceding

will worked ont on the range and deflection board. Tbe re.ultWill ,~ow ~here tbe error occurred. Bere also the fact tbat an errorin

g

, ow ill the nltimate re.ult of the work has tbe effect of induc

'I'great~r care and accuracy.. '.1'", here 18 no material change in the driU immediately precedIngda ctlce except t~at the gun i. tripped oftoner. A1.0 for.

bontten

..t' bofore practIce the velocity on the range board at dnU .... the\V annated velocity of tho powder to be n.ed. Tbe objcet of tbi.\Va: to ac.cn.tom tbe operator to tbe large correction, as the po.. d

er

T conSIderably below normal velocity.ra he re.ult. of the practice would seem to derilOn.trate

the accU-~y ~nd. exceUence of the gun and carriage .. weU .. tbe otber»oat~nal ill,:olved, and thai the peraonnel.erved th~m prope.r1y.

81bly a 'bghtly clo.er gronping ~boul the center of unpael mlg~t

' ~

~

-

-

-



[C. A. M. 8.]40

ha ve been obtained if the elevation' for the last shot had been red ueed

30 yards, which was about the correction required for the ligh.tegrprojectile used. I observed, however, that the two preccd1D

shots ha.d fallen short of the target, and so used without change th~range received from B/. The shot struck at the raft. I do nOmea.n to indicate, however, that I would ordinarily make rangScorrections by observing the shot splashes during practice. I h~Ono means of knowing whether the shot was 1,000 yards short or dyards short. That it was short was evident, since the spray obscurethe target.

c'



[C. A. M. 8.]

41

;':~~ buff~ra, and tbe modification of filling plug wrenches, of the

carnages, model of 1903.

The Chief of Ordnance states:inrespe~tfulIY returned to the Chief of Coast Artillery wilh lheindormatlOn that the difficultie, referred to in the precedingnec~:ement h~d already heen considered by this office, and lheto c sary modIficatIOns of the range drum and filling plug wrencheswasoyectihe defects are now bcing made. The slow counter recoilCoun oun '? be due to other causc' than the clearance in theeorre;,'i:J~coll buffer. ThiB iBnow being investigated and will be

P .;actlce of the One hundred and fortieth CompanY, CoastF rtrllcry Corps, at Battery Claggett (3.inch rifle,. modef 1898),

;t Howard, Md., August 17, 1909.

he battery commander states:• th Thi~ practic~ ha":lIemonstrated to the battery commander that.

b:~!" 0 defimte speed limit for firing from thiBmount that can not

H bn~ageously exceeded.att e eheves thiB limit to be five second' per shot, and that toev empt gre~ter speed must result in eacrificmg accnracy. To fireimen at thIS low limit of speed successfully requires a radicalrrr!J:''dement in the training of the gun pointe .. , involving au o. and the mean' whereby the battery commander and hi'aa~ p'd""tera may plainly ,ee the actual result of their work at theoth y r:rll.s~a subtarget device and plenty of darts, pellets • .orputeblrat~re ammunition sufficiently accu".'te to prove ind ...say ~nd metantly the quality of the gun pomter" work.

difubcahber practice as at present held does not fulfill these con'di.'ons. It can not be held daily, the results are not kn?Wll imme'Co :i'.'y, tbe result of a pacticular shot never, and servrce loadmgrrrn I.tlOnsare not even approximated. With thiB mount the last.p entlOned defect has a very important influence on the gun[o0'.]ter" preparation for 'ervice practice, because the operation, oftha mg and clamping involve movements of the piece and ,ightof'i1 the gun pointer can not control but must allow for. The effect5 h.

lB

has been seen in thi8 practice of thiB eom!?"ny, when on.lysh Its were obtained in 16 shots after havrng had 3 trlOi.b Ols; where .. at the December i90S, practice 12 out of 13o ols were hits-ll on the ta ...~t and 1 on flotation ,ill-inb~~ hundred and eight seconds p':,r gun. From that practice ~eeonte.r:t commander concluded, after a studr of the figure of ment,atl ditlOn, for thiB piece and carriage, that If the aeculOCYalreadyi

Ut

amed could be even approximately retained •. !be road. toAcProvemcnt lay in the direction of increllBed lOPldity o.ffinng.

airncordmgly! the gun detachmen ta were drilled to .load • aI.m, a~dfro uIat? firmg a string of 8 ,hots, using th~ dnll cartnd~. ,n.11rrr thirteen to fifteen second,. The gun pelnte .. were contm~'bel tested and found accurate. They repeatedly d

e.clated

thelTlef that they could get on the target at service practIce the same

'



[C. A; M. 8.]42

as at drill, and they obviously believed it. Finally, the batterYcommander came to believe it. But before half the record shotshad been fired at this service practice it became plain that the

speed for which they had been trained was too great for the carriage.The gun pointers could see neither splashes nor target until after thepiece was again loaded, because the breech block was whipped openInstantly upon firing, which threw the line of sight away off thetarget. In their struggles to restrain the violent throw of the piece,due to this, and to see through their sights the splash of the previo~sshot, both gun pointers were cut about the eyes and nose, and Itwas necessary to give" Cease firing" to steady them. At the firstopportunity two other men replaced them, with instructions froII l .

the battery commander to fire more slowly. . .Three hIts were made by one of these men, and in all probabIlItytwo more would have been made by the other had not the rangesetter erroneously set the actual range instead of the corrected

range.

Night practice of the One hundred and fifty-sixth Company,.

Coast Artillery Corps, at Battery Hays (3-inch rifles), Fort Stark,

N. H., November 10,1909.

Extract from report of battery commander:in compliance with letter dated Washington, September 8, 19~,

office of the Chief of Coast Artillery, I have the honor to ma ethe following additional report on the night target practice h

el;

at Fort Stark, N. H., with 3-inch rapid-fire guns, model of 190 ,

at Battery Hays, on November 10, 1909.The practice demonstrated the fact that night firing can be

conducted with perfect safety in this harbor, and the sma.ll nUl11~ber of hits shows conclusively that it is necessary, perhaps Ir}°h~so than day practice, for it is evident that in case of war nigattacks would be the ones most popular with an aggressive en~Il!Y'Some delay was occasioned by inability to at once locate P?SIt11

n

of one of the picket boats, caused by a misunderstanding of slgnafs;Gun pointers state that the flash of discharge blinded them 0

an appreciable time; this fact was also noted by the battery cOIIl;

mander. One pointer stated that he lost the target once 0 saccount of searchlight not being exactly on it. The pointingd'Y

1t

gpoor, and in 2 shots the training was bad, the projectile Ian 1~

once to right and once to left of, target' in 2 consecutive sha StSome of this was undoubtedly due to nervousness on the p!tre

of pointers, while some of it was caused by shock of dischargocausing deflection scale to move laterally. The gun pointer wtmade the 2 shots referred to is as a rule very cool and stell Y~Neither of these shots were such 'as to endanger anything b~t tbtarget, but there was too much deflection taken to make hItS. e

It is recommended that the safety officer only look throl1gh t~ .. ,sights at the beginning of record firing instead of before each roun

it is believed that the necessity of giving place to this officerd?s~the 'pllrt of the gun pointer not only takes time but probably a: lerturbs the gun pointer to a greater or less degree. If this Ollie

~



[c. A~ M. 8.].

43

!lees th t th . .ach i:t e ~n ,. on target before record firin~ begins, and afterWouldb erruptlOn does the same thing, it is believed that safety

Th e assured .•One fe battery commander's position at his battery is not a good'rhe ~hhe observation of fire at ni~ht, so far B8 rang

ois concerned.

that it ell.f[accrs being new to nearly allartiliery officers, it seeOlllclnsion Wi take some experience to be able to draw proper con-Pmcti s rom ,observations, It is recommended that at nightthe b~t~' eapfic.'ally, an officer be stationed tothe right or left ofbatter ery rmg to observe range results and signal them to theis pra ~.cobimander, either by telephone, bell, or lights. This, c lCa e here and I believe would be so at other forts.

Cop f .i th Y 0 mdosure to report of practice of One hnndred and forty-,

19~3) C?mpan.r, Coast Artiliery Corps, at Battery Jewell (3-inch,

, Fort Wmt, P. 1., December 29,1909:

S'l'STEM OF FIRE CONTROL USED AT BATTERY JEWELL, FORT WINT,

. P. 1., 3-INCH R. F. RIFLES.

Th t. Io

ud rIa shots are fired and the" error of the day" (of, Jo

ards)

thisnfi Thc deflection due to wind and drift is also found uring

Th~rmg }>y ~'catching the splash" of each shot.tinu tar,et,. put on the course, and M' called on to send con-"tm ous" ~ngea to the battery. The deflectiou correction for'rbe vel ,. .then found pcr Drill Regnla tions for Coast Artiliery."'ith ~flectlon setting for the sight is known by combinin~ thisand' correction for wind and drift, found from the trial shots,

Ths gIven .to the gun pointers. . .con"'t ranges sent from M' are carefolly noted for contmulty andthe filtency and the mean increase or decreBBCin range between

Ween-second observations noted.tbe hen a range iB received it is about ten seconds old; to applycOlllrange corrections by the battery commander, give range snd'ecomands to the guns, and fire the first shot wiJ\ require to'entyt",o ~da. Therefore the first range is based on an observation made

Whntervals or thirty seconds before.

t"'i en ready to commence firin" take the ran~e last sent, applyfo

u

cti, the range difference add the "error of the day" and nne-.and the danger space, 'Annonnce tbiB final range to the gnnIl

1'hcommand "Commence firing." .ob'e .. average time to fire around is 5 seconds (one-thIrd thecba,,'vm

ginterval), therefore for each shnt the rang<?should be

one ged by o~e-third the mean increase or dec ...... 10 ","ge forOf observmg mterva!. Thus assuming that the change 10 ran!!"it ~}larget is n yards each 15 ~econds between successive roundS

... 1 1 h d'nen c ange 0/3 yms. Consequently after com

man

mg com-decrce

firmg," announce to the range setters "rango (Incre .... orthe ease) 0/3 yardB," whereupon they will change the rango, sellmg

, proper amount for each shot.

- " "

~

' "



[C. A. M. 8.]44

After firing is begun range corrections should be made by obser-vation of fire, but the battery not having been calibrated each CO~

rection for any gun should be based on not fewer than two shafrom that gun. .In order to estimate the overs and shorts as accurately as possIble,

the battery commander, considering the expected firing range~learns before the practice the deviation of splashes that appea,sabove and below the lower edge of the target apparent distanceequal to the height of the target and one-fourth, one-half, and three-fourths that height. - -

. Practice of the One hundred and fortieth Company, Coast Artil-

lery Corps, at Battery Claggett (3-inch rifles, model 1898), Fort HoW-ard, Md., November 13, 1909.


After each of the trial shots,pieces of the primer cases were foU?~in powder chamber and bore of gun, showing that unless the entirbore were sponged out after each shot to clear these primer-case fra,g;ments from the piece, injury to the latter might ensue. In so~instances the fragment consisted of about one-half the primer ClJ,8r~

Examination of breech box, chamber, and bore, and sponging weordered by the fire commander. .' •Reference to the report of the last preceding practice of thIS CO~e

pany at this battery will show that it was considered that the.ra eof firing then attempted was too fast for this model ofcarrIaNr~Since that practice the gun detachments have been trained to terat a rate of one shot per gun in four to five seconds, and no fas c:During that time training has also included, for gun pointersl '!1t\ntice in overcoming difficulties resulting from "jump ..". WhiC et

service practice throws the sight field of view entirely off the t9(1 niAt dril this was accomplished by ordering eight rounds ra,ncartridges) fired at an assigned moving target, and stationin.A' a:n u-at the muzzle of each piece to quickly throw up the muzzle In ~I~erlation of "jump" at each command "fire" from the gun pOlDwhich command is also the signal for unclamping the piece.

Practice of the One hundred and thirty-first Company, CO;8~

Artillery Corps, at Battery John Hoppock (3-inch rifles, ll10 e

1902), FortH. G. Wright, N. Y., October 27, 1909.The battery commander states: .

The guns were "exercised." This consisted in rigging a tac~;s~and pulling each gun from battery as far as possible, thus cOIl1P{theing the recoil springs. \\-'hile in this position the surfaces 0 'led.gun, which bear in the cradle, were thoroughly cleaned and 01 unThe fall of the tackle was then suddenly. released, and the ~tilallowed to run into battery; this exercise was continuedI~ ~8

each gun went into battery with a good, clear "thung." .)

found that a double and single block (double-block ll1OVITt~rigged with a 3!-inch rope furnished sufficient power. 8 lJ,

pedestal of. the gun which was not being exercised was used a

'



[C. A. M. 8.] ,

45

~~~fa~t; the tackle was attached to the gun being nxercised, byhor:nb 3 ~()()P i~ th~ end 01 tbe rope; passing ~e loop through therope fh

n

astemng It at the muzzle, by passlllg several turns of

T roug~ the ~oop.perfhe t{OCOlI cylmders were emptied, and found to be almostThc y clea!l, and were refilled with new oil.

clca e clevatmg gear was completely di""""mbled, thorougblythe ned, parbcnlar attention bemg paid to the friction disks, and

In reassembled.eact then appearing that in order to oblAin a nnifonn jump fromwer gdu!lthe frictIOn disks should be' uniformly adjusted, they

A e a Ju.stedas follows:PIa n dordmary projectile scales, weigbiog to 1,000 pound', wasth:e

on the superior Blope of the pampet nuder tbe muzzle of .bee gun, and made approximately level; after seveml weigbts badandn expenmented wfth, the weigbt of 400 pound, W&' ,elected,"or the scale, 'et for that weight. The nut' of the fri, Iion di, k'Inue fIten bghtened, so that when the gun was depressed with the'<.r e re,trng on the 'cale' the friction would ,Iip when thebut e, tipped 400 pound,' thi, wei.ht was not oblAmed exactly,

'1'h' one, gun ,lipped at 407 pound," and the other at 417 pound"tur~ ~dluBtme~t was continued until the, el?vati~ wh~el ~ould bethe e an enbre revolution with the frlCbon dlBks ,ltppmg, and

scales showing the above-mentioned weights. ...

a





[C. A. M. 10.]

COAST ARTILLERY t WAR DEPARTMENT,

MEMORANDUMNo. 10. f WASHINGTON,November £5, 1910 .

.The following ahridged lnstrnctions for loading projectiles

wIth Explosive D for use in instruction of gunners as con-

te,,?plated in paragraphs 984 to 996, inclusive, Coast ArtilleryDrIll Regulations, 1909, are published for the information.

and guidance of all concerned:. 1..The service high explosive for bursting charges of pro-

JectIles for seacoast cannon is known as Explosive D. It is

very insensitive to shock and, so far as known,cau not be

exploded by any means incident to handling or transportation.

It has been adopted as a bursting charge in steel shell and shot

?f calibers from the 2.95.inch to !4-inch, inclusive- In pro-

!ootiles smaller in caliber than 2.95-inch a di1l'erent

explosive

IS used as a bursting charge.2. Explosive D is far more powerful and very much less

sensitive than black powder. Its insensitiveness is illustrated

~Y the fact that it is not exploded by impact of the projectile10 which inserted against the hardest steel plate unless a

detonating fuse is used in the shell .. 3. Explosive D can be inserted in projectiles under preASn...

eIther by a hydraulic press or by hand with suitable ramming

tools. The latter method having been found practicable, and

not necessitating Lae installation of an expensive apparatus,

has been adopted. The explosive used in projectiles under

2.95-inch caliber is compressed in the projectiles by means of

a hydraulic press.4. For convenience of reference projectiles are divided into

thr.ee clas80fl-minor, medinm, and major caliber. ~linorcalIber projectiles comprise all projectiles from the l_pounder

to the 2.38-inch inclusive' medium caliber projectiles com-

prise all from the 2. 95-inch to the 7-inch, inclusive, and major

~aliber projectiles comprise all from the 8-inch to tbe 16-inch,

Inclusive. .5. To facilitate manufacture all steel projectiles from the

5-inch to the 16-inch, inclusive,' consist of two parts, the body

?f the projectile and the base ping, wbicb is tbreaded to scre ..

Into a correspondingly threaded seat in the body. The base



[C. A. M. 10.]

2

plug is provided with a fuse hole suitably tapped and counter- ,bored for the fuse.6. Projectiles under 5-inch in caliber, except ,a limited

number of earlier manufacture, are not provided with base

plugs, the fuse alone serving to close the cavity.

7. All steel projectiles using a bursting charge 'of high eX-

plosive are arranged' to take a base detonating fuse with the

exception of a limited number of 2.95-inch mountain gun and

3-inch field gun shell, which are arranged for a point deto-

nating fuse. All projectiles below 4.7-inch caliber will be

loaded and fused prior to issue. .

8. Projectiles loaded with Explosive D require a detonating

fuse to develop the force of the explosion; the ordinary per-

cussion fuse used to ignite black powder bursting charges has

not sufficient power.

9. To eliminate the danger of premature bursts, due to the.powder gases of the propelling charge passing the threads of

the fuse and base plug and entering the cavity of the projectile,

a copper base cover is crimped into an undercut groove in the

base of the projectile after the detonating fuse has been

inserted.10. Explosive D is issued in barrels containing 125 .pounds

of explosive, net. It should be stored in dry magazines orsuch other buildings as may be available for the purpose.

, 11. The room selected for loading projectiles with Explosive

D must be cleared of all other stores and thoroughly cleaned

for the purpose (especial care being taken to keep the explosivefree from lime, dirt. or other foreign material). Dust parti-

cles of the explosive must be cleared up at the end of each

day's work, and the whole room must be carefully washed

out after completing the filling of the projectiles on h:tnd or

when the use of the room is to be resumed for other purposes.

12. No' metallic or other paints, except those especially pro-

vided by the Ordnance Department for the purpose, will beused in connection with the loading, especially for the interior

of projectiles. .Lead paints are. particularly objectionable,

as they are liable to act upon the explosive and form cow-

pounds very sensitive to shock. . \13. No fire will be allowed in the room or in proximity

thereto, and no matches' will be allowed in the room. In

,other words, every precaution will be' observed to guard

against the possibility of accident.

'

'

'



[C. A. M. 10.]

3

14. Detonating fuses will be handled carefully; droppingthe,;" on hard BnrfaceB or roarring or jaroroingthero Bhould be

avoIded.15. Dis~ssembling detonating fuses at posts for any purpose

whatever is prohibited. This prohibition is made especially

to guard against the probability of accident on account of the

sensitiveness of the fuses.

16. As norule, the fuse should be assembled in the projectile,and the base cover attached, on the day on which they are

filled. .17. The projectiles prepared for service will be stored in a

dry place, which must be fireproof and remote from danger offire. The burning of a building in which these projectiles are

stored would constitute a source of danger that must be

. avoided.18. For unfused projectiles already issued to posts, the fuses

and base covers are held by the ordnance officers at the posts.

19. In loading projectiles with Explosive D their cavities are

first carefully cleaned and then coated with rubberine or

other authorized paint. When this has set the projectile is

charged, the exploBive being added in Broan quantitieB andrammed solid. The fUReseat is formed in the solid masS with

suitable tools, after which the fuse is inserted and the base

cover added and calked in place.20. ProjectileB charged with ExploBive D, fUBedor nnfnBed,

have the whole 8urface in rear of the rotating band painted a

deep yellow color.

[1612050, A. G. 0.]

By ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR:LEONARD WOOD,

. Major General, Chief of Staff.

OFFICIAL:

HENRY P. McCAIN,Adjutant General.



[C. A. 1\I. 11.J

/

COAST ARTILLERY t WAR DEPARTMENT,

MEMORANDUM No. 11. f WASHINGTON, December SO, 1910.

Coa,st Artillery Memorandum No.1, War Department,~an~ary 1, 1910, is rescinded and the following regulations.

III heu thereof are published for the guidance of the Coast

Artillery Corps.Post commanders will require aU coast artiIlery officers 01

theIr commands to study this memorandum and recite on it~subject-matter. They will conduct personally the recitationsand will certify to The Adjutant General of the Army, before

the first annual target practice is held, that all coast artilleryofficers of their commands are proficient in the instructions

contained in this memorandum, and that battery commandershave been carefully examined in target practice problems andare proficient ill all operations incident to obtaining trial shot

data and applying this data to record shots. Practical targetpractice problems, involving use of range boards, deflection

boards, and all range-finding apparatus, assuming all the datathat would be used in an actual practice, will be solved by allofficers 011 duty at batteries under the immediate supervision

of post commanders before any practice is held.

[1590090 B-A. G. 0.]

By ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR:LEONARD WOOD,

:Major Gene:a1, ellie/ 0/ staff.OFFICIAL:

HENRY. P. McCAIN,Adjutant General.



LC. A. 1\1. 11.]

INSTRUOTION OF COAST 'ARTILIJERY.

SERVICE OF COAST GU~S A~D MORTARS.

1. Coast artillery instruction and drill will take place in ac-

cordance with the schedules prepared by artillery districtcommanders, and service target praotice in accordanCE'with

,,?hed u.les prepared by department comroanders after consui to-

tIon wIth district commanders, under the proviilions of Gen-

eral'Orders, No. 229, War Department, December 30, 1910.2. Artillery district commanders will designate the days for

battle command, fire command, mine command, night and

battery drill. Artillery drill will ordinarily not exceed one

hour. Upon the request of the battery commander concerned,the. post cororoander may .ntborize tbe prolongation of tbe

artillery drill period for a battery beyond one hour for the

purpose of giving special instruction or of perfecting the drill.

The artillery district commander may direct that the period

be prolonged for a battery when in his opinion tbe personnel

thereof needs additional instruction or iR not sufficiently.'

smart in executing the drill. The Friday morning inspectionand drill may be as long as is necessary, in the discretion of

the batt~y commander .. 3. Tbe work of caring for coast artillery materiel and keep-

mgbatteries and tbeir environments properly policed will

take place according to snch general instrnctions as roay be

prescribed in each coast artillery district by the commander

thereof.4. Artillery district commanders and inspt'ctors in making

their prescribed inspections are enjoined to test coast artillery

troops in the service of coast-defense roateriel nnder botb

normal and emergency conditions.5. All fire and mine commanders and superior commanding

officers will attend all .rtiIlery driIls and practice. and any 01

them present at a post on the occasion of an inspection will

be called on by the inspector to condnct personally a battI ••

fire, or mine command drill.6. The post commanderis responsible that the care of the

.rmament and its efficient nse are given precedence over all

other post dnties. lIe will be held responsible tbat .I1artn-

lery officers and all enlisted men who are for doty attend all

(3)





lC. A. M. 11.]

5

those provided hy the Government for artiJIery purposes. II?y accIdent a searchlight beam is thrown on auy other vessel.

It must be removed as soon as the mistake is discovered.

1~. Coast artillery troops at their home stations will be ex-

ercI~ed for two weeks each year uuder the conditions approxi-matmg as closely as possible to those that would obtain in

war. The troops will be encamped at the batteries and the

encampment will be held during the two weekS immediately

preceding target practice. The encampment will be siroulta-

n.-ous for all compauies in the same artillery district. ThsSItes for company camps will he selected in advance and as-

SIgned permanentlY to companies, each of which will be held'responsible at all times for the police and sanitary condition

of the camp ground. During the period of these exercises

c?mpanies will mess in camp. When troops have target prac.

tIce away froro their home stations' and are encamped at the

!luns. the encampment prescribed above need not be held; bulIn such cases district commanders may, in their discretion,

have battle exercises at their horoe stations without the troopS

going in to camp ..15. All coast artillery officers on duty with troops in a dis-

trIct will participate in these exercises and will live in campduring the period covered by them. Extra and special duty

men may be excused from these exercises, except for one drill

per day. .16. Special attention will be gIven to fire, mine, and battle

command subca1iber practice during these encampments.17. When militia or'''anizations are ordered to coast artil-

lery districts for a peri';,d of inslruclion at the batteries. such()fficers and enlisted men of the regular garrisons as may be

necessary for their instruction will be encamped with themand during these exercises such companies of the coast artil-

l~ry as district commandere may deem necessary will bs exer-

cBed with the militia companies.18. During coast defeuse exercises night phases wiJI extend

throughout one night.19. ArtiJIery dislrict commandere will utilize all available

boats during coast defense exercises and will prepare a pro-

gram of simulated naval attack, which will include as great

a variety in forms of attack as may be possible.20. On the completion of the coasl defense exercises in each

artillery district the district commander wiJI suhmit a reporlto The Adjutant General of the Army setting forth a com-

plete history of all events of the exercises and the plans for at-tack and defense, with comments; conclusions, and Suggestions;

'



[C. A. M. 11.]

6

All subordinate officers will submit to the district com-

mander reports embodying comments and recommendations

concerning the exercises. The district commander will ab-stract from these reports any comments and recommendations

which he deems of value and forward them with his report.

COAST ARTILLERY. PRACTICE.

PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFETY.

21. Precautions for safety, as laid down in drill regulations,

shall be observed carefully by all officers connected with thepractice, and in addition the following shall be observed:

a. Commanding officers of batteries will improvise means

for removing primers after misfire, to obviate the necessity of

a man being in the line of recoil in case of a hang-fire. A

convenient piece of apparatus is a stick with a hook on it topull or push the firing leaf and. a bag or net to catch the ex-

tracted primer.

NIGHT PRACTICE.

b. The dates of the practice will be published so as to reach

shipping and fishing interests without fail.

c. The day and hour of firing will be selected with a vieW'

to having the practice at an hour when there is least likelihood

of a vessel crossing the range.d. The field of fire will be patrolled before dark with a vieW'

of determining whether or not vessels are anchored therein

and of warning off approaching vessels.

e. Signal boats will be located 80 as to observe any vessel

approaching the range during the firing and to signal ~he bat-

tery firing by rocket or other means.

f. The battery commander in person will see that the guns

are pointed at the target.

22. If in the opinion of the fire commander the deflectionerror of any mortar shot is such as to imperil the safety of the

field of fire, he commands" Cease firing" and investigates the

cause of error, indorsing results of his investigations on the

report of the practice. When there is a misfire of a mortar,

the firing of the pit will be suspended during the time it is

necessary to get the mortar into action again which will not

be under one-half hour. During this time the mortar will not

be depressed and care will be taken to lay the mortar so thatin case it is discharged shipping will not be endangered. TiIIl:

e

out will be allowed for this suspension, but the figure of merit

will be reduced by 5.



[C. A. M. 11.]

7

SUBCALIBER PRACTICE.

23. Subcaliber practice at gun batteries consists of:

Battery practice-a. Preliminary, at fixed targets.b. Record, normal conditions, at moving targets .

.c. Record, emergency conditions, at moving targettl.

FIre or mine command practice at moving targets.

Battle command practice at moving targets.Subcaliber practice at mortar batteries for 1911will be the

same as iI'-dicated for gun batteries except that (c) under bat-

tery practice will not be held at mortars. '.24. The preliminary practice is for the purpose of adjusting

the subcaliber g:ln and determining the muzzle velocity, and

for preparing or verifying subcaliber range scales for rapid-

~re guns. Such portion of the allowance of ammunition as

IS necessary may be used for these purposes. Overs and

shorts, except for .30.inch snbcaJiber ammunition, will be ob-served from an observer's boat moored near the target; 'the

results in mils will be signaled after each shot.Subcaliber practice under normal conditions and emergency

conditions is for the purpose of exercising fire control person-

nel and training gun pointers. Battery commanders should

utilize the ammunition with this end in view rather than with

t~e o?ject of making a high percentage of hi ts. Norecord. of

hIts III battery practice is required to be forwarded. FIre

,,?mmanders are enjoined to require battery commanders togIve sptlcial attention to this feature of battery training .

. 25. The battery commander will conduct all battery prac-

tl~e. The fire (or mine) commander will conduct tbe fire (or

mIlle) command practice from his station; the battle com-

mander the battle command practice from his station. The.

officer conducting the practice is responsible for the strict ob-

servance of all safety precautions.26. The annual allowance of ammunition for each battery

will be divided as shown in the following table:

Battery ~r8ctice.1 Fire, Imine,and Total

. I -- battle annual

Caliber. Prelimi- E com' allOW-nary and . mer. Dland ance.record. I gency. practice.

--------'l5;pohunder.-- _--. •.......... 2,500 1,<X1)(lO) I 4,~.~nc , 4,7.inch,5.inch,and 6-inch.. 60() I ~vv

trct' !".;nch,and 12-,",h.. __' '''1 &'g &1 ,,!J r:~or

als,l company .•••... ... -.\ 70 •••••••••• I(KI 200orta::s, 2 compames ..... .. , •. ". 100I".'" .... I

__ ~ .

1_ 1



[C. A. M. 11.]

8

The artillery district commander will determine what pro-

portion of the allowance of fire, mine, and battle command

practice will be used for each. In addition to the above allow-ance 1,000 rounds of .30-inch subcaliber ammunition may be

. expended in the instruction and examination of candidates for

gunner by each company of coast artillery assigned exclusively

to rapid-fire batteries.27. The emergency allowance of subcaliber ammunition

will be fired under emergency conditions. The firing will

commence not earlier than five minutes after the tracking of

the target bas stopped. The battery commander will have

no communication with the primary or secondary station; he

will begin firing at an unknown range and will estimate ranges

with no assistance from any instrument, except such as may

be provided at the battery, thus simulating the last stages of

an action.28. If practicable, part of the annual allowance of subcaliber

ammunition will be expended each month of the outdoor perioddevoted to artillery work.Not more than one-sixth of the annual allowance for the

battery practice of gun batteries, nor more than one-third of

the annual allowance for the battery practice for mortar bat-

teries will be fired on anyone day. Not moretban one-third

of the annual allowance for fire, mine. or battle command

practice of gun and mortar batteries will be fired on anyone

day.29. Whenever conditions of safety permit, a company hav-

ing service practice away from its home station will have

subca1iber practice at the home station.30. The allowance of subcaliber ammunition for a company .

.that can not have subcaliber practice at its home station will

be one-half of tbe annual allowance indicated in the table in.

paragraph 26of this memorandum. Subcaliber practice away

from the home station will precede the first series of servicepractice; only so much of the allowance need be expended as

in the opinion of the fire and battery commanders is necessary

for highest efficiency. .31. On account of the effect of the wind OD: the target and

on the light projectile, subcaliber practice will be held as far

as practicable on calm days.32. The methods .of fire control prescribed for drill and serv-

ice practice with the caliber of gun used will be employed in

subcaliber practice.33. In subcaliber practice with gun batteries hits on the

material target only will be counted .. No attempt will be



[c. A. :M. 11.J

9

~a~e to observe overs and shorts from the tug, except in pre-

lImmary practice. Hits will be counted and holes marked at

th~ conclusion of each preliminary. record, emergency, fire,

mme, and battle command practice, or at such other time as

the officer in charge of the practice may desire.34. For practice at mortar batteries to which two companies

are assigned the total number of shots allowed tbe battery

wlll .be distributed equally between the pits if both pits are in

serVIce. The order of fire will be by single piece in each pit.

35. WhAre only one mortar battery is in service in a firecommand the fire command subcaliber practice for such bat-

tery will pass and the ammunition allowed for the same will'

be used in additional battery practice.36. In mortar 8ubcaliber practice deflections wil11>eobserved

from the shore with telescopic sight and overs and shorts from

the tug with range rakes as in service practice. lIits for

range and hits for direction will be counted separately, eachas one-half hit. A shotwbich strikes SO that tbe line from

the gun through the splash passes within 50yards of tbe target

~lll be counted a half hit, and a shot which strikes SO tbat a

hne from the tug tbrough tbe splash passes within 50 ~'ards of

the target will be counted a balf hit.37. For all subcaliber practice tbe percentage of hits is the

score. Scores are forwarded for fire, mine, and battle com-

mand practice only.SERVICE PRACTICE.

38. All instruction and all military exercises, except such

post work as may be absolntely nece"ary, will be snspended

for the company firing at least forty-eight bours prior to

service target practice. Tbe firing of guns above 3-inch in

caliber and of mortars having once started should be con-

tinued daily, weather permitting, until it is completed by all

companies in a district.Coast artillery service practice is divided into-

<t. Battery practice.1). Fire command practice; mine command practice .

. c. Battle command practice.39. The artillery district commander is responsible that hi'

fire and battery commanders are familiar with the regulation,

concerning target practice and for their ~lIicien.cyin e~ecnti."g

thelr dnties in connection tberewith. IlJs speClficdaLle' wltb

reference to battery service practice are limited to requiring

those preparations necessary to the highest elliciency at tbe.

practice, and on the day of firing to the exercise of. tbat ~en

eral snpervision

which devolves npon a commandmg ollicer



[C. A. M. 11.]

10

present at an exercise of any portion of his command. The

supervision of the practice may, when necessary, be entrusted

to fire commanders. When. this is done, however, districtcommanders will make full report of the circumstances to

The Adjutant General of the Army.40. He will. not direct a company to hold service practice

until he shall have satisfied himself through personal inspec-

tion that the company is well instructed and proficient in all

the details of the service of the battery at which the company

will hold practice.41. The fire commander is responsible to the district com-

mander for the efficiency of his batteries at practice. His

active duties in connection with battery practice, except as

provided in paragraph 47, are limited to the preparations

necessary for the highest efficiency and to the observance of

safety precautions on the day of the practice. At posts where

no field officer is stationed the district commander exercises

the functions of fire commander. In case a battery com-mander is also fire or mine commander a senior officer will be

detailed to act as fire or mine commander for battery service

practice.42. Service practice will be held at such times as may be

designated by department commanders, after consultation

with district commanders.For guns above 3-inch in caliber and mortars, the interval

between practices will not be les8 than twenty-four hours normore than one week. This will enable the battery commander

to utilize the information acquired during the first practice,

from a consideration of the data on which it was based and

the results obtained in the record firing, as verified by an

inspection of the material target.For guns below 4-inch in caliber the four service practices

will be distributed uniformly throughout the outdoor period

devoted to artillery work. The first practice of these gunswill not be held until after at least two weeks battery drill.

43. The. department commander after he has arranged a

schedule for the annual practices of all coast artillery com-

paniesin his department will forward the complete schedule

to The Adjutant General of the Army with the information

for each district called for by paragraph 2, General Orders,

No. 83,War Department, April 10,1907. This schedule should

reach the "Var Department at least two weeks prior to the

date designated for the practice to begin.44. All officers and enlisted men, exclusive of the cooks and

the mess sergeant, and the man in charge of quarters, will



[c. A. :!II. 11.]

11

atte~d the service practice for their compsnies except when in

the Judgment of the post commander the interests of the

serVIce preclude. Every effort to have the greatest potisible

percentage of the company present will be made. The per-

centage will be reported on the proper form.45. Battery commanders will weigh all /the powder if'lsned

to them for practice and if the weights of any sections differ

materially from the markings on the tags the latter will be for-

warded to The Adjutant General of the Army with a 8pedal

report. Bp,ttery commanders will blend all the powder issuedto them for the practice, and remake each section of each.

charge, except that only powder of the same lot will beblended together. In remaking the sections of charges care

should be taken that the powder is never exposed to the direct

rays of the sun. The dimensions of the corresponding sections

of all charges will be as nearly as possible the same. In case

of guns the com pie te charge will bs not less tban nine- ten ths ofthe length of tIle powder chamber. The sections of the charge

should be as stiff and rigid as possible. One of the following

methods will be used in blending:a. Select a suitable floor space and cover it with paulins.

Take all the powder to be blended from the boxes or storage

cases and place it in a single pile at the center of the space

covered by the paulins. Improvise ten wooden shovels and let

ten men shovel at the same time from the center pile to teu

piles arranged in a circle around the center pile. To prevent

the powder from scattering off the paulins, boards snpported

on edge by brackets may be placed around the edge. .Shovel with care from the bottom of the ceuter pile to the

top of the circumferential piles. After the powder is al! in

the circumferential piles the operation is reversed, i. e., the

powder is shoveled from the bottom of tbe circumferentialpiles to the top of the center pile. Each shovelful shonl

dbe

scattered as much as possible over the center pile. Shoveling

from the center pile to the circumferential piles and back

again forms one cycle. About five cycles sbonld give a very

thorough blend of the powder. Charges shoul<! then be

remade.. With any convenient Ineasure; remake the new charges

so that each section will contain an equal volume from each

of the original sections. This is accomplished with facility

by means of tbe ordinary tin cups. .

c. Coun ting grains. .Wben the new charges are made np they should be weighed.

carefully, the exact weights being verified by an officer.

-



[C. ~. !1. 11.] _.

12

The provisions of this paragraph do not apply to fixed am-

munition.46. Battery commanders may, if they desire, submit a re-

port to accompany Form 819 containing information concern-

ing the blending a'ilditional to that called for by the form.

47. a. Battery practice is solely a battery function and will

be conducted by the battery commander without assistance

other than from the officers serving with the battery. This

does not prohibit district commanders from attaching com-

petent officers to the command of companies for target practicein cases where such companies would otherwise be left in charge

of inexperienced officers or without a sufficient number of

officers to conduct practice with safety. The battery com-

mander will select the approximate range at which the prac-

tice will be held, subject to the limitations imposed by para-

graphs 53 and 63. He will make all the caJculations for the

trial and record shots and will be held strictly responsihle for

the observance of all regulations concerning the practice.b. 'When a battery commander desires to fire he requests

authority from the fire commander to begin; the latter will

give the authority if the range is safe and the battery com-

mander gives the command II Commence firing" as soon there-

after as practicable. If an interruption of the fire is necessary

the fire commander commands" Cease firing." Firing is re-

sumed after an interruption in the same manner as the original

firing was begun.If a battery commander desires, he may open fire with one

gun. For batteries above 3-inch in caliber the splash of the

first or second shot, as he may elect, will be the signal" Com-

mence firing" for the remaining pieces of the battery. For

batteries below 4-inch in caliber the splash of the first, second, .

or third shot will be the signal for the remaining guns of the

battery. The battery commander will notify the umpire of

his intentions on this point, and give the necessary command

at the instant of the splash. .48. The battery commander is authorized to install addi-

tional instruments in his fire-control stations or at any other

points he may select for the purpose of locating the fall of

. shots. This installation will be improvised from material on

hand in the district. If in the record firing the battery COIn-

mander determines the fact that the shots are going consi~t.ently over or short, he may make an arbitrary correction with a

view to bringing the center of impact on the target, providing

. that no such arhitrary correction will be based on less than

three shots. It is not necessary that the shots be plotted OD

_



[C. A. :1\1. 11.]

13

the. plotting board bnt a separate cbart may be prepared on

whlCh the position of the shots may be located by means of

the data obtained with the additional inst,ruments .. 49. a. If a gun goes out of action during practice tbe prac-

tice wIll be completed with the remaining gun or guns of thtt

battery.b. If a mortar goes out of action the remaining shots will

be fired from the other mortars.50.. Any arrangement of projectiles or of fixed ammunition

?efore pr3ctice to facilitate tbe service of tbe piece is author-Ized provided that the battery commander does not use agreater number of trucks than is provided for bis battery. .

51. The provisions of paragraph 673, Coast Artillery Drill

Regulations, requiring breechblocks to be closed until the

command" Commence firing" will not be enforced at prac-

tice.

52. No one, except officers or enlisted men who ha,e somespecific duty to perform iu conuectiou with the target practice

of a battery, and umpires and special obseryers detailed bythe War Department, will be anowed in the fire-control sta-

tions of the battery on the occasion of service practice.53. An umpire of coast artillery target practice will he

preseut at eacb practice. lIe wiII be detailed in War Depart-

ment orders. Such assistants to the umpire as may be neces-

sary will be detailed by district commanders. The,e .,sist-

ants will not be detailed from the fire command to which the

battery firing belongs. ItwiII be tbe duty of tbe umpire to

observe tbe practice and report al1 observed tran,gressio

ns

of

the regulations by anyone connected witb it. lIe prescribes

tbe cour,e of tbe target, aud wben tbe material target is used

he examines the target after the firing and decides the DUm-

ber of hits. Tbe umpire wiII decide any question raised dur-ing tbe practice wbicb is uot covered by tbese regnlations.

Timekeepers and observers are under tbe orde'" of the um-

pire. Tbe umpire wiII forward to tbe district commander a

report of penalties of al1 transgressions of firing regnlations

by anyone connected with tbe practice and of dedsions as

provided above. This report will be forwarded by tbe district

commander witb tbe report of tbe practice tbrongbmilitary

cbannels to Tbe Adjutant General of tbe Army, a transcript

being sen t to tb e ba ttory commander. additional instrnction s

to the umpire and decisions concerning tbe tnterpretatio

n

of

orde'" and re"l1lations wiII be issued from time to time as way

be necessary. 0) ,

54. Wberever practicable special ollicers

to obserye target

~

"



[C. A. :M:. 11.]

14

practice will be detailed by the War Department. It will be

their duty to make report to The Adjutant General of the

Army on all matters pertaining to target practice which comeunder their observation. These observers will be afforded

every opportunity for securing information and for observing

all details of the conduct of the practice. .

55. Timekeepers assisted by such officers and noncommis-

sioned officers as may be necessary will be detailed for each

target practice.56. The time to fire a series at a gun battery is the sum of

the times each gun of the battery is in action and begins foreach gun at the command "Commence firing" of the battery

commander for that gun and expires for each gun at the dis-

charge of the last shot fired from it.

The time to fire a series at a mortar battery begins at the

command" Commence firing" of the battery commander and

. expires at the last shot of the series.With all guns and mortars tracking should begin prior to

the command" Commence firing."Deduction of time during the firing of a series will be allowed

for interference of vessels, determination of the source of

error described in paragraph 22, and delays incident to the

movements of the towing tug. Five will be deducted from

the figure of merit for each interruption under paragraph 22.

For any interruption over one minute due to defects in mate-

. riel time out for the excess over one minute will be allowed,

but five will be deducted from the figure of merit for each

such interruption.To begin firing' after an interruption the materiel and per-

sonnel will be in the Bame positions as when the command

"Cease firing" was given.57. At all mortar battery practice an officer not belonging

to the company firing will be detailed as deflection observer.

He will be equipped with a telescopic sight on Hagood tripodmount or with an azimuth instrument and will be stationed

as near the battery firing as practicable. He will determine

and record the angular deflection of each shot and submit a

record on the proper form to the range officer at the conclusion

of the practice.With guns above 3-inch a deflection observer equipped as

above will be detailed. He will record the deviation of each

shot from the center of the target.58. An experienced officer not belonging to the company

firing will be in charge of the tug during the firing of the trial

a.nd record shots. He will be provided with instruments for





[C. A. M. 11.]

16

battery firing and by other base lines if available. The devi-

ation at the target will be carefully observed by the deflection

observer.59. As many guns of each gun battery will be used in prac-

tice as can be properly manned (paragraph 40).

60. On each occasion of battery practice with mortars one

pit for each company assigned to the battery will be manned;

the record shots will be fired alternately from the pits and dis-

tributed among as many mortars in each pit as can be properly

manned. Mortars will be fired by piece. Loading for the pit

will be simulated and all pieces that are manned will be prop-erly laid for each round. Blocks will be opened and primers in-

serted in all pieces and all primers will be fired, to simulate a

salvo, at the command" Fire" for each round. The discharge

of the mortar in the pit firing will be the signal for loading

the remaining pit of the battery. A separa~e prediction will

be made for each shot.61. Until the approved electrical device is installed mortars

will be fired by lanyard. Until further orders the rate of firewill not exceed one shot per minute.62. Rapid-fire batteries not equipped with a separate posi-

tion finder will be given the range from the guns to the target

by the primary station of .the fire or mine command to which

assigned before the command "Commence firing" and after

each authorized interruption. In order to determine the

mean range to the target for the record shots, the target will

be plotted by the plotting detail of some convenient base line.

63. a. All service practice with guns and mortars, except

trial shots, will be at moving targets. The target will be

towed at the maximum speed of the towing tug, which in no

case should be less than four miles per hour. For .the t"arget

practice year of 1911service practice will be as follows:

Twelve-inch, lO-inch, 8-inch, f)-inch, 5-inch, 4.7-inch, and

4-inch rifles, and 12-inch mortars, two (2) battery service prac-tices (paragraph 42).Three-inch rifles, four (4)battery service practices, uniformly

distributed throughout the outdoor period (paragraph 42).

b. The allowance of ammunition .and the approximate actual

ranges at which the trial and record shots will be fired are as

follows:(1) Trial shots.-A ll trial shots for guns will be fired at least

twenty-four hours before the first battery practice. They will.not be fired, however, more than two weeks before the first

practice. The allowance of trial shots will be as follows:

(a) 12-inch rifles: Four trial shots will be fired at 90

range of about 8,000 yards.



[C. A. 1tI. 11.]

17

(b) 10-inch rifles: Four trial shots will be fired at 8

range of about 8,000 yards.(c) 8-inch rifles: Four trial shots will be fired at arange of about 6,000 yards.

(d) 6-inch and 5-:i.nch rifles: Four trial shots will be

fired at a range of about 5,000 yards.(e) 4.7-inch and 4-inch rifles: Four trial shots will be

fired at a range of about 3,000 )'ards.(f) Rifle' below 4-inch in caliber: Foor trial shots will

be fired as indicated below:Three-inch guns, carriages model 1902 and 1903, at 8

range of about 2,500 yards. .Three-inch guns, Driggs-Seabury carriages, at a range

of about 2,000 yards.(2) Recordshot.~.-The allowance of record shots will be as

follows:(a) 12-inch rifles: Six record shots will be fired at each

battery service practice at a range of not less than 8,000

yards.(b) lO-inch rifles: Six record ,hot, will be fired at eachbattery service' practice at a range of not less than

7,000 yards.(c) 8-inch rifles: Six record shots will be fired at eachbattery service practice at a range of not les8 than

6,000 yards.(d) 6-inch and 5-inch rifles: Ten record shot, will befired at the first battery practice and twelve record

shots at the second battery practice at a range of not

less than 5,000 yards.(e) 4.7-inch and 4-inch rifles: Ten record shots will befired at the first battery practice and twelve recordshots at the second battery practice at a range of not

less than 3,000 ).ards.(f) Rifle' below 4-inch in caliber: Eigh teeO record shots

will be fired at each battery practice as followS:Three-inch ~uns, carriages models 1902 and 1903, at a

range of about 2,000 yards.Three-inch guns, Driggs-Seabury carriages, at a range

of not less than 1,500 yards.(3) Twelve-inch mortars. _First practice: }'ou

rtrial shots aod

ten record shots. The shot' win be fired iothe ionermos

t

01the zone' which cover an hnportant part 01 the field 01 fire 01

the battery. . .Second practice: Four trial ,hot' and ten record shot,. The'hots will be fired in the outermo,t zone lor 1.046.poond pro-

jectile permitted by the carriage and field of fire.



'[C. A. M. 11.]

18

. 64. Trial shots for all gun batteries will be fired before the

first practice as prescribed in paragraph 63. Trial shots for

mortars will be fired on the day of the practice and as short atime preceding it as practicable. All trial shots will be fired

at fixed targets with deliberation. Their object is the .deter-

mination of the muzzle velocity for guns provided with range

boards and of arbitrary corrections for mortars and guns not

provided with range boards. They will be fired at the same

elevation unless, in the opinion of the battery commander, the

error of the first shot is so great as to preven t accura te measure-

ment by means of camera or range rake observations, in whichcase a change of elevation should be made with a view to causing

the remaining shots to fall near the target. Trial shots for any

battery will be fired from the same gun or mortar. The eleva-

tion setting (and azimuth for mortars) will be verified by an

officerbefore and after each trial shot. For 8-inch, 10-inch, and

12-inch rifles fixed pressure plugs will be used for each trial

shot and the pressure recorded. Films for trial shots will be

developed and accurate measurements made from the photo-

graphs for comparison with the results determined by range

rakes and horizontal base lines. The object of having trial

shots some time before the first practice is to simulate con-

ditions that would actually obtain in service when it would

be impracticable to fire trial shots immediately before an

action. As the object of trial shots for guns is the detenni-

nation of the muzzle velocity to be used, they can be firedbefore record practice is held. This assnmes, of course, that

the powder used in th~ trial and record shots is of the same

lot. In case there is not sufficient powder of the same lot on

hand for both practices of guns above 3-inch in caliber, trial

shots will be fired before each practice, the allowance in such

cases being (assuming the same lot for each practice)-

For 8-inch, to-inch, and 12-inch rifles-

First practice: Three trial and five record .. Secund practice: Three trial and five record.

For 4-inch, 4.7-inch, 5-inch, and 6 inch rifles- .

First practice: Three trial and ten record.

Second practice: Three trial and ten record.

TARGETS.

~UBCALIBER.

65. For all subcaliber practice with guns a material target,10 feet by 24 feet, will be used, except that a small material

target may be improvised at the post for practice with .30

caliber ammunition. When used as a fixed target the sub-



[C. A. M. 11.]

19

caliber target will be moored fore and aft as nearly broadside

to the battery as possible.For subcaliber practice with mortars efther a standard

pyramidal target without canvas covering but with flagstaff

and flag, or a smaller target improvised at the post, will be

used.For battle, :fire, and mine command practice two or more

subcaliber targets ,will be used on the same towline, separated

by about 100 yards.

66. For trial shots an anchored pyramidal target suppliedby the Ordnance Department will be used for both gUllS and

mortars, unless permanent targets have been located. For'

record shots of guns above 8-inch the standard material target

3? feet high by 60 feet long will be used. For battery prac-

tIce one standard material target on a 200-yard towline will beused. Two targets may be towed provided there is a boat

available capable of towing both targets at a rate of more than

miles an hour. When ~ne target is nsed, if a portion of itIS shot away, the practice will be discontinued until the target

is repaired or another made available. When two targets are

used, in case a portion of one of them is shot away, the prac-

tice will be continued at the remaining target. For allprac-

tices targets should be towed SO as to give as great a rate of

change in range as practicable. Department commanders

will arrange to transfer boats from one district to another to

assist in service practice whenever this is practicable, if such

assistance is needed.For record shots of mortar batteries either a pyramidal tar-

get, or a 30-foot by 60-foot materialtarget, on a 500-yard tow-

line will be used. The towline will be buoyed 250yards from

\or rapid-fire guns below 4-1•.nCh a ma,terial target will be. .

used, 10 feet high by 24 feet long.

''':-.J'' DETERMINATION OF HITS.

67. For both material targets (60 by 30; 24 by 10) the uw-

pire will determine the hits by inspection and plot them ap-

proximately on Forll1 822. Any .hot, inc1nding ricochets

passing throngh the net or canvas or striking the end m'":ts

or the rafts between the end masts will be recorded as a hIt.

With gons above a-inch in caliher, the nll1pire exall1ines theplot of the track of the target before it is removed froll1 the .

hoard, having .. snred himself that it has not been moved

since firing began, and then directs the line. of direction to be,

drawn for each shot. .

' !

~

~~ '



[C. A. M.l1.]

20

The hypothetical target for mortars is a circle 100yards in

diameter. Any shot, the absolute deviation of which is 50

yards or less, is a hit. .To determine hits on the hypothetical target for mortars

proceed as explained below.The umpire examines the plot of the track of the target be-

fore it is removed from the board, having assured himself that

it has not been moved since firing began, and then directs the

lines of direction to be drawn for each shot. The battery

commander determines hits as follows: Using a piece of cross-

section paper at a scale of 50 yards to the inch, plot the target

for each shot at the intersection of two heavy lines and with

the target as a center describe a circle of 50 yards radius.

Considering one of the heavy lines the track of the target, lay'

off the length of the towline and plot the position of the tug.

Through the target draw a, line representing the direction .

. from the observer on shore to the target at the time of the

splash, using a protractor, scale ,of tangents, or dividers.From the report of the range observer compute the deviation

of each shot with reference to the line joining the tug and the

target, and lay this off on the heavy line of the cross-section

paper through the target normal to the track; mark this posi-

tion first shot, second shot, etc. Compute the deflection in

yards from the angular deflection reported by the observer on

shore and layoff' this distance in the proper direction on a

line through the center of the target at right angles to thecorresponding line from the deflection observer on shore to the

target; mark this.point first shot, second shot, etc. Through

this point draw a line parallel to the line from the observer to

the target and extend it until it intersects the line from the

tug through the mark for the shot on the line normal to the

track of the target. If this intersection occurs within the

circle representing the hypothetical target. the shot is a hit;

otherwise it is a miss. The battery commander will certifyto the correctness of the calculations and plotting and the fire

commander to his verification of the same. .

SCORING.

68. For tho purpose of determining the ~omp~rative excel-

lence of companies in service practice, each company will be

given a figure of merit to be reported on Form 819 and com-puted by the battery commander as follows:

CR '.NM= p-XNT'



[C. A. M. 11.]

21

In which-

M=Figure of merit.C=Arbitrary constant.H=Hits per gun per minute, which is obtained by dividing

the total number of hits by the sum of the corrected

times for each gun (paragraph 56).

N=Number of hits.Nl =Number of shots fired at the practice.

P=Probability of hitting.

ARBITRARY CONSTANTS.

For 12-inch guns, disappearing mount, C==250.

For 12-inch guns, barbette monnt, C==500.For 1O-inch guns, disappearing mount, C==150.

For lO-inch guns, barbette mount, C==240.

For 8-inch guns, 0=110.For 6-inch guns on disappearing mount, C=46.

For 6-inch guns on pedestal mount. and 5-inch guns, C==36.For 4.7-inch and 4-inch guns, C=18.For 3-inch guns, Driggs-Seabury mount. C==10.

For 3-inch guns, 1902and 1903Illounts, C==7.p=The probability of hitting. The values of p will be

found in the following tables, using the mean corrected rangeof the target for the record shots as an argument and taking

the nearest value of P corresponding thereto.

TABLE I.-For guns aboL'e6.inch caliber.

Yards. ;:;~'I--;-IIIards.l P.- ~-;:dS. P._--- -II~

1,000 1.00 3,300 0.99 5, r,OO 0.00 III 7,!lOO 0.27 10.200 1 0.121,100 1.00 ?,400 .9H 5,700 .~ rI 8,1~'" '~~ ](I,:.IlI; .111,2GO 1.00 ?,~1I0 .98 II a.SOO ':!:' I, 8,1110 .,.iI ](1 • .,0' .]11,300 1.00 3, tiDO • gS 5, \JOO .I"J II 8,200 .24 ]O,r_KJ .]1

1,400 1.00 3,700 .97 16,000 .51 I 8,;~KJ .2:J 1H.t~MI .101,5nO 1.00 3,800 .96 6.WO .49 8,400 .2'l ]II.7.MI .]01,600 1.00 3900 .95 6,200 .48, 8,51KJ .2'.? ]11,1'00 .Jll1,700 1.00 4'OUO .94 63m .46 il b,600 .21 ]11,9

0.011

1,800 1.00 4100 .93 6;400 .441 8,700 .l!Il ll,(UI .W

],900 1.00 4200 .91 6,500 .421. 8,800 .:!ll 11,100

.(rol

2,000 1.00 4;300 .90 6,000 .41,1 8,IW .HI 11.:!lNI •• 92,100 1.00 4400 .8t; 6,7(NI .40 II 9.fMMl .]8 n.:.

O

.(l.~

2,200 1.00 4;500

.86 6,1-'00 .:-lIi I 9,].MI .]; n,4

1NI

, .(1l'I2,300 1.00 4,600 .84: 6,900 .37'1. 9,:!l1l1 .17 n,rJlKJ .III!2,4IX) 100 4700 1\2! 7000 .36, 9,am .lll n.t~O! .(~l?,500 1.00 I 4;800 :80 I 7;)(X) .Wl Ii 9,400' .]~ n.;lMI

I.(111

2,tiOO 1.00 4 gOO 77 7' 200 34 II 9,5<0 .J;) n,81N1, .m,

2,700 1.00 5; ()()() :75 ,;';3((1 ::~ Ii 9,IRO .14 Jl.IllXI! .OI2,HOO1.00 &,100 ." 7,". . 'I i .,7<1t ." 12,'''' .0, i2,900 1.00 5,200 .6~ I 7,~('-) '~() I 9,~.) .1:1! •••••• !3,000 1.00 5300 .64 7,600 .29' 9,.M)() .].1- •.••••••••••3,]00 1.00 5;4IX) .

657,.00 .~ 1(),())() .1~ :,. ••.•. ••••••• !

3,200 .99 5,500 .62 .,800 ;.28,110,]('(1 .12 ••••••••••••••

_---_._------

'

I ~~--

--I I

1

1

i

1 1 ~ I , •

. - ' ----------------



[C. A. M. 11.]

22

TABLE II.-F~rguns below 8-inch in caliber.

Yard,. --"'-I Yard,. _~Ii-".rd'. --"'-II Yard' -~JYardsl~1,000 1.00 \ 2,900 1.00 \ 4,800 0.80 I 6,700 0.291 8,600 0.10

1,100 1.00 3,0I.)0 1.00 \ 4,900 .71 6,800 .27:' 8,70.0 .101,2001.00 3,100 1.00 5,000 .74 6,900 .26 8,800 .10

1,300 1.00 3,200 1.00 5,100 .70 I 7,000 .25 8,900 .091,400 1.00 3,:300 1.00 5,200 .6G 7,1(XJ .23 9,000 . Oil1,500 1.00 3,400 1.00 5,3(1) .63 7,200 .22 9,100 .09

1,600 1.00 3,500 .991 5,400 .60 7,300 .21 9,200 .081,700 1.00 3,600 .99 5,500 .56 7,400 .19 9,300 .08

1,800 1.00 3,700 .98 I 5,600 .53 7,500 .18 9,400 .081,900 1.00 3,800 1.97 5,700 .51 7,600 .17 9,500 .072,000 1. 00 3,900 .96 I 5,800 .48 J 7,7.00 .16 9,600 .072,100 1.00 4,000 .95 5,900 .45 7,800 .15 9,700 .072.200 1.00 4,100 .94 6,000 .43 7,900 .15 9,800 .07

2,300 1.09 4.200 .931 G,l00. .40 8.,000 .14 9, noo .072,400 1. 00 4,300 .91 6,200 .38 8,100 .13' 10,000 .072,500 1.00 4,400 .89 6,300 .36 8,200 .12 ••••••• ••••••2,600 1.00 4,500 .87 I 6,400 .34 8,300 .]2 •••••••••••••

2,700 1.00 I 4,600 .85 'I' 6,500 .32 8,400 ..11 ••••••. + .2,800 1.00 11 4,700 .83\ 6,600 .31 8,500 .11 ••• •••T I

For mortars:

NM=CHXN1

In which-

M=Figure of merit.

H=Hits per minute.

N=Number of hits.

Nl =Number of shots fired at the practice.

Arbitrary constant for all mortars:

C=400.69. For the purpose of comparison in service -practice,

companies will be classified for each practice and for the year

according to these figures of merit as follows: .

a. Companies serving at 12.inch mortars, carriage model

1891.b. Companies serving at 12-inch mortars, carriage model

1896.c. Companies serving at 12.inch guns, barbette mount.

d. Companies serving at 12-inch guns, disappearing mount.

e. Companies serving at 10-inch guns, barbette mount.'

f. Companies serving at 10-inch guns, disappearing mount.

g. Companies serving at 8-inch guns, barbette mount.

h: Companies serving at 8.inch guns, disappearing mount.i. Companies serving at'6.inch guns, barbette mount.

j. Companies serving at 6-inch guns, disappearing mount.

k. Companies serving at 5-inch guns.

1. Companies servIng at 4.7-inch guns.

I

I

I

--

-



[C. A. 1tI. 11.]

23

m. Companies serving at 4-inch guns.n. Companies serving at 3-inch guns, Driggs-Seabury

mounts. .o. Companies serving at 3-inch guns, 1902 and 1903mounts.

Orders publishing the relative rating of companies in service

practice will be issued by the War Department.

RECORDS .AND REPORTS.

70. For all practices battery commanders will submit reports

on forms of the specified types. These forms will be procuredby battery commanders from post ordnance officers, to whom.

th"y will be issued by the Cbief of Ordnance witbont reqnl-

SitIOn.71. If a fire. mine, or battery commander has any Suggestions

as to modifications in artillery materiel, methods of drill, or

the regulations governing artillery practice that he desires tosubmi tfor tbe cou,id eration of tb' War Departmen t, be ,bould

submit tbem in a report to be attached to the face of Form 819.Fire, mine, and battery commanders should call upon their

subordinate officers for reports of this character. and should

embody iu tbeir l'eports sucb extract' from tbe reports ofsubordinates as may be deemed of value. Artillery district com-

m~nder" in forwarding copie, of Form 819 to wbicb report' of.

thIS character have been attached, sbould add their comments

on additional sbeets attached similarly to the face of Form 819.

A print of tbe photographic record of eacb ,bot will he for-warded with the Form 819 sent through military channels to

Tbe Adjutant aeneral of tbe Army and one will he filed witb .

the battery record'. A report to accompany Form 819 will

be made of any defects in materiel.All the records of the practice are transmitted to the battery

commander, who make' tbe nece,sary plots, determin.' tbe

hit' for bypothetical targets, and calcnlat., tbe figure of merl t,

all of which are verified by the fire commander.

PRACTICE .AWAY FROM HOME STATIO~.

(See .1", pa... graph "", Army Regulation" .nd p.,,~.raph' H and 29,thl>, memorandum.)

72. All coast artillery troop' Will bave ,ervice practice

whenever poBSibleat their home ,tation" >ybenever it will

he dangerou, to ,bipping or to person' on adJ",:ent ,bore, tohave practice at home ,tation', arrangements wJ11be m.de by.department commanders to bave tbe practice at tbose po,t,

w bere, by reason of eq uipmen t and freedo.'" from inte~ference.

of sbipping, tbe practice may he beld wltb greate't lDstrnc-



[C. A. 1\1. 11.J

24

tional advantages to officers and men. The companies which

will have practice away from their home stations and the

places and times at which such practice will take place willbe designated annually by department commanders at as early

a date as practicable. .73. Coast artillery troops ordered for 'practice away from

their home stations will be accompanied by the fire com-

mander of the fire command to which they belong, and this

fire commander will supervise. all matters pertaining to the

practice of his troops the same as he would were the practiceto take place at the home station. At posts where no field

officer is stationed the district commander will accompany

troops ordered away for practice. The commanding officer of

the artillery district in which the practice of visiting compa-

nies takes place will render to .the visiting officers and men

every assistance possible and not interfere with the conduct

of the practice. In all matters pertaining to discipline and

P08t administration the visiting officers and men will occupythe military status of being casually at the post and will con-

form to the routine and orders prescribed for the' permanent

garrison.74. In so far as practicable, companies ordered for practice

away from their home stations will be a8signed for practice to

pieces of the 'Bame type as those to which they were assigned

at their home stations. No distinction will be made, how-ever, in making such assignments between different types of

disappearing carriages for the same caliber of guns. Compa-

nies assigned to rapid-fire batteries, ordered away from their

home stations, will.if practicable Le assigned to guns of the

same caliber and carriages of the same type and model as

those used at home stations.75. ,\Vhere a post at which practice can not be held with

safety is one garrisoned by two or more companies, the de-partment commander will arrange the schedule of visits to

the practiee station so as not to require the absence from the

home station of all companies at anyone time. IIi the case of

a post of this size, a company ordered away from its own sta-

tion'for practice will be accompanied to the practice station

by all the officers and enlisted men belonging thereto, except

one noncommissioned officer and one private~ who will beallowed to remain at the home station in charge of the com-

pany barrack. During the absence of the company from its

home station the post ordnance officer will be responsible and

will care for the battery to which the company is assigned as

for materiel out of service.



[C. A. 1\1. 11.]

25

76. 'Vhere a post at which practice can not be held with

safet~ is garrisoned by only one company, when such com-

pany IS ordered away from its home statio11for practice the

number of men left at the home station as guards, caretakers,

and for the adminstrative duties will be the minimum required

for the performance of such duties .. 77. Companies having practice away from their home sta-

tlOn.s will be permitted to use the regular installation an-d

eqUlpment at the post to which they are sent for practice.

78. All fatigue, including the construction and JUanipulatio

n

of targets, the handling of ammunition, etC., pertaining to the

practice away from home stations will be performed, as far as

practicable, by the troops of the visiting cOlDpanies. All

necessary material requiring the labor of officers or f'nlisted

men for its preparation, such as charts, range scales, etc., will

be left by the visiting companies in the condition in which

they were found or will be replaced by them ..79. The visiting fire commander will reqnire the troope of

hIS command to be drilled carefully before the practice begins

at the pieces with which such practice is to be held. He willorder and supervise subcaliber practice with each piece before

service practice takes place. He will assure himself before

the practice begins that each gnn and range section is

lDstructed sufficiently in the use of the equipment furnished

to derive the fullest possible benefit from the practice.80. The prescribed reports for each practice of visiting com-

panies will be completed and mailed before troops leave the

practice station.SERVICE OF MINES.

81. At posts provided with a mine equipment instruction in

mining will b~ given to the companies assigned to the mine

defense by their respective eOlllmanding officers. Where adetachment is detailed for this work the instruction will be

given by the post artillery engineer.82. At every post provided with mining equipment where

no company is. assigned to mine defense, a permanent detail

of not less than 3 noncommissioned officers and 12 privates,

specially selected will be made to assIst the artillery engineer

in its care and pr~servation. This detail will be excused from

all other artillery drill, and during the daily artillery drill

period will be given instruction in mining.83. One month before the visit of the mine planter this de-

tail will be increased to 24 men (2 sergeants, 4 corporals, and

18 privates). Preparation will be made so that full advantage



[C. A. M. 11.]

26

may be taken of the visit of the mine planter. During the

stay of the mine planter at a post, mine companies and detach-

ments will be excused, when practicable, from guard and

police duty.84. Where districts are supplied with boats fitted with mine

planting gear proper provision will be made for practice in

mine planting. A definite length of time for this duty can

not be laid down for all of the artillery districts, but the time

allowed for mine work must be sufficient to insure, with the

instruction to be obtained by the visits of the regular mineplanters, that all of the mine companies and detachments are

thoroughly instructed in the practical work of mine planting.

85. The instruction in mining will be attended by the entire

personnel of the companies and detachments assigned to that

work, with the exceptions noted in paragraph 6 of this memo-

randum. It will be conducted during such hours as may be

prescribed by artillery district commanders. .

86. All mining casemates at garrisoned posts will be kept in

service. .No departure from this rule will be allowed, except

by authority of the War Department.

87. The character of drills and instructions will be such as

to cover all the elements of the mine defense that the installa-

tion and equipment at the post permit.

88. Companies and detachments assigned to mine defense

will man and operate during night drill the mine range sta-tions, casemates, rapid-fire guns, and searchlights for defense

of mine fields, when necessary, alternating in this work in such

a way as to secure .thorough instruction in the duties men-

tioned.89. During both day and night drills the tug will pass over

an area assumed to be mined. Observation firing will be

practiced during the drills. .

90. The following will govern the instruction work of mine

planters at the posts visited by them, except at Fort Monroe,

Virginia, where the Coast Artillery School authorities will

regulate the use of the planters in mine work: .

a. The commanding officer of the mine planter will give such

instruction to companies or detachments assigned to mine de-

fense as may be necessary for planting mines. . .

. b. He will supervise the preparation of all mine materiel forthe planting of as many groups of seven mines each as may be

necessary for thorough instruction.

c. He will plant the groups and make such repairs as will in-

sure the proper working of the mines.

d. He will give practical instruction in maintenance and



[C. A. M. 11.]

27

tests, devoting sufficient time to this, after planting the mines

to cover, as well as possible, the conditions that might be ex-

pected in service.e. He will assist the mine cOIDmanderin making observations

of submergence of mines under different conditions, and in

p.reparing for the post records a statement showing the posi-

tIons of mines planted and such information relative to the

submergence of mines as might be desirable for future refer-

ence.

t He will raise the groupS, with the exception of the three~mes required to be kept planted for the purpose of observa-

tIOn and test, and return the mine materiel so that it can be

cleaned and stored readily.g. He will assist the local authorities in every way pO!lsible

when service practice with mines is held during the visit of

the planter. It is to be understood that this does not place

~ny responsibility for this service practice upon the command-

mg officer of the mine planter.h. He will make an inspection of all submarine mine materiel

on hand at the post, in company with the commanding officer

and officers responsible for the mine materiel, in order to

point out the results of the critical inspection required by

Regulations for Mine Planters.91. An annual service mine target practice will be held at

posts which have a submarine mine equipment and which

have been supplied with the necessary explosive, at such times

as may be designated by the district commander, preferably

during the annual visit of the mine planter.92. No unloaded mines will be planted in the group with

those to be fired, and the mines will be buoyed so that their

positions will be marked definitely.93. Mines to be used at mine practice will be assembled,

loaded, tested, and planted under the personal supervision ofexperienced officers. .94. A pyramidal or improvised target will be used for mine

practice. The mine buoy will be attached to the maneuvering

ring of the mine by a strap so that the buoy is 30 feet from

the mine.. There will be attached to tpe buoy a ring through

which a towing line at least 300yards in length will be passed,

the target being on one end of the line and the other end being

buoyed so that it may be picked up by a towing boat. There

will be attached across the line a float 10 feet in front of the

target so that it will engage with the strap when the target is

towed. If the command" Fire" is not given at the proper

time the float will cause contact firing. If the drop falls be-

~



[c . A. M. 11.1

28

fore the command" Fire" is given from the mine com-

mander's station the mine will fire, but will be a miss for ob-

servation firing. If the explosion is ordered before the dropfalls and the target is within 10 yards of the explosion, it will

be a hit for observation firing. The time for the target prac-

tice will be selected so that the minimum interference will re-

sult from cross currents which would tend to deflect the target

in such a way as to cause contact before the float engages with

. the ring.95. The tug will hoist a red streamer as soon as it is ready

to tow the target and is at a safe distance from. the loaded

mines; this will be answered by a red streamer on shore and

no mine will be fired unless the red streamers are hoisted.

Should the range become unsafe at any time through the ap-

proach of a vessel the red streamer on the tug will be lowered

and the whistle blown until the red streamer is lowered

ashore.

96. To give additional assurance of safety an officer desig-nated by the mine commander will be stationed where he has

an unobstructed view of the mine field and can communicate

with the casemate. The safety officer will keep the casemate

advised as to the safety of the field of fire.

97. Under no circumstances will the casemate electrician

turn the alternating current upon the operating board unless

he has word from the safety officer that the course id clea:r.

As soon as the tug has passed outside the danger zone the

safety officer will notify the casemate, through the mine com-

mander if possible. Upon this notification mine power and

automatic switches will be closed for all mines. As the target

approacbes the plotted position of a mine the mine commanqer

will command .. Group -- mine -- ready." At the com-

mand "Ready," alternating current power will be turned on

the operating board and the firing switch closed.. When thetarget reaches the plotted position of the mine the mine com-

mander wi1l command" Fire." At this command the auto-

matic switch will be tripped.98. Power will be turned off promptly after any mine is

fired. It will be turned off instantly. upon receipt of informa-

tion from either the mine commander or safetY'officer that

the field is not clear.99. The relative position of the target and mine at the in-

stant of explosion will be determined by observations made

by the range rake or camera, from a launch moored 300yards

from the mines in prolongation of the line.

An umpire -will be detailed by the district commander for



[C. A. :M. 11.]

29

the mine planting and practice and will record the score on

the following basis: .

a. For each mine which tests less than 50milamperes, usingSOvolts, with a temporary joint in the distribution box boat,

the score will be 10.b. For each mine which tests less than 100 milamperes,

using 80 volts, after having been planted two hours, the score

will be 10.c. For each hit by observation firing the score will be 10.

d. For each explosion by contac~ the score will be 5.e. The figure of merit will be obtained from the following

. formula:

M=~ct~~6~~X 100

100. Upon its completion report of the practice (Form 835)

will be submitted by the mine commander, such report to be

accompanied by a plat showing the track of the target and its

distance from each mine at the instant of explosion.In case of failure of any mine to explode, full and detailed

report will be made of everything connected with the prepara-

tion, assembling, and planting of the mine, which might

have been contributory to the failure.

-



[C. A. M. 11.]

TARGET PRACTICl!1 REPORTS UEl!lHRED.

[The necessary blanks will be issued by the Ordnance Department.]

By whomprepared. To whom forwarded. Remarks.

821 2 IRange officer_

2 BamtteanrYeCro.m-copy to post com-dl mander,l copy posted

on company bulletinboard.

, IBI9-A.,} 6 '5Battery com-.819-B I~mander.

817

Through fi r e co m-mander to artillerydistrict commander,who forwards 1 copyto Chief of Ordnance,1 copy through mili-tarr channels to TheAdJutant General ofthe Army, 1 copy toadjutant general ofdepartment, and re-. turns 1 copy for files

of emplacement bookof battery at whichpractice was held,. 1copy for records ofcompany holding thepractice, and 1copy topost ordnance officer.'

Battery commander

I. . .Observer for '\

Submitted eachweekduring period ofoutdoor instruc-tion. See para-graphs 534 to 5B9,() 0 a s t ArtilleryDrill Regulationa,1909.

Separate copy foreach series madeout and forwardedat conclusion ofpractice.

Contains data per-taining to 1battery

~~~~a~d~OjY ;y tb~

Form 819-A for

The Adjutant Gen-. eral of the ArmYland 1with COPy orForm 819-A filedwith emplacementbook 'for one yearafter the close ofthe practice yearin which the firingtook place.

Contain the data per-taining to 1 battery

only; to be filedwith copy of Form

_

Documents

Artillery Memorandum (Instructions for Coastal Artillery)