ASAS STRATEGI KOMUNIKASI

PPL

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Unit IV

DETAILS OF UNIT IV

Group Comm Strategies

Ch 10: Fundamental aspects

Ch 11: Meetings: Forums for Problem Solving

Ch 12: Negotiation & Conflict Management

GROUP COMM STRATEGIES: Chapter 10

Ch 10:Fundamental Aspects

“A person is a member to

a vast number of groups”.

Fundamental Aspects

Group’s functioning when each member…

…knows another by name/ role

…have a considerable amount of interactions

…have some degree of influence

…share some common goal, interest, etc.

…recognized a leadership of a leader

Fundamental Aspects

Factors influencing groups

Cohesiveness (the degree to which a group hangs together in a challenging environ’mt)

Norms (respects, formalities, routines)

Roles (Isolate/ Facilitator/ Dominator/ Harmonizer/ Free-rider)

Conformity&Groupthink)

Fundamental Aspects: Norms

Consider the following norms:

Negative criticism of another person is unacceptable.

Meetings are “strictly business.”

First names are not to be used during meetings.

The discussion of a single topic cannot exceed ten minutes.

Fundamental Aspects: RolesRoles often played by members:

Isolate: Sits & fails to participate

Facilitator: Makes sure that everyone talks

Dominator: Speaks too often & too long

Harmoniser: Keeps tensions low

Free-rider: Doesn’t do the share of the work

Fundamental Aspects: Groupthink

Symptoms of Groupthink

Close-mindedness

Pressure toward uniformity of action & decisions

Tendency to view itself as powerful & omnipotent

Minimizing Groupthink (a leader’s initiative)

Form an aggressive min provoking group

Injecting diversity into a group

Group Leadership A LEADER MUST…

…POSSESS TRAITS (i.e. higher in…intelligence; scholarship; dependability; responsibility; activity; visions; exhibiting power; taking risks; transformation; etc.)

…POSSESS STYLES (i.e. in handling task; communication; pressure; action; decision; etc.)

…AVOID extreme rigidity; offensive behavior; offensive verbalization; uninformativeness; extreme practice of authoritative bahvior, etc.

Group leadership: Charac/s of a successful leader

Yakin / Optimism -positive thinking.

Tabah / Persistence -never give up.

Azam tinggi / Passion -undivided interest.

Akauntabal / Accountable -accepting blames on failure.

Perkongsian / Sharing the Credits -success is everybody’s contribution -not oneself alone

GROUP COMM STRATEGIES:

Ch 11: Meetings: Forums for

Problem Solving

“An agenda is like a road map; it gets you to a

destination.”

Meetings: Forums for Problem Solving

Goals to consider:

Organizational goals

Group goals

Personal goals

Options for Decision Making:

Veto / Authoritative

Consensus / Consultation

Vote / Democracy

Meditate (Japanese culture)

(The Table of Aristotle – from 40 manuscripts)

Meetings: Forums for Problem Solving

GROUP COMM STRATEGIES:Ch 12: Negotiation & Conflict

Managem’nt

“Negotiations & conflicts are essential

for the growth of a company.”

Negotiation & Conflict Management

Argumentativeness

Attacking point of views.

Verbal aggressiveness

Attacking people / personal matters.

General Perception on Conflict

Couldn’t be resolved Black magic / hocus pocus! Fate / Born to fail God’s wrath / punishment Conflict is an all-negative

occurrence.

Conflict: The Fact!

Conflict is actually:

Natural facts of life -happens all the time. Everyone has experienced facing it. Empowering individuals in its own way. Empowering group experiences. Makes everyone realizes:

“The glory of life doesn’t stop you from falling!”

Types of Group Conflicts

False Conflicts (due to…) Comm problems – technological / language wise Inadequate infos. & Misunderstandings

Easy Conflict Everyone is clear about the matter of the

conflict Ego Conflict (egocentric being)

The most difficult to resolve Argumentation is upon personal matters –

(Steinberg, 1975)

Negotiation & Conflict Management

APPROACHES AUTHORITATIVE

NEGOTIATION DIVERSION SPIRITUAL

Authoritative

A leader must sit or stand higher than the rest – then only he speaks.

If the leader also panic, someone must take charge (with permission).

Strict directive / order (Disobedience is fatal!)

Informing the higher authority (polis, etc.)

Get an assistance from the third party

Negotiation

Whom to Negotiate with? Group Leader (The Patron / Director) Group of Leaders (Board of Directors) Group Committees (Follow the ranks) Group members (Consensus)

Only for non-emergency matters.

Diversion

Change the members’ thinking orientation:

By injecting humors… (jika berbakat) By exercising… (sekadar perlu) By asking… (jgn keterlaluan) By gossiping… (elakkan yg sensitif) By telling a relevant story… (short

only!)

Spiritual

Reciting… Religious texts

Singing… Patriotic songs Any motivational songs

Shouting.. Group motto Encouraging words: Malaysia Boleh!

Decision Making Processes and Managing Conflicts

Consider All Factors (CAF): Considering every single factors

before making any move.

First Things First (FTF) : Acting in accordance and

systematically. (Eg: The ritual of dressing up... Bathing, drying up, wearing under wears, then the pants and shirt.

Feit-Accompli: Making a personal move before

discussing with the superior. (Normally applied only when deciding on small issues - e.g. buy first and claim later).

Steam-releaser: Letting a person releasing his tension.(as long as he doesn’t bring any harm).

Normally, the person’s anger will cool off.

Decision Making Processes and Managing Conflicts

Others: Dateline pusher Silent treatment See-saw techniques Salami slicing approach Win-Lose / Lose-Lose / Win-Win Six Thinking Hats (Edward de Bono):

Golden hat – Religious, Culture, Customs, Rituals!

Red; Yellow; Blue; Green; Black; White

Decision Making Processes and Managing Conflicts

Wassalamualaikum & Terima kasih