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Assessing the Impact of Maneuver Training on NPS Pollution and Water Quality

PROJECT NUMBER: CP-1339

Principal Investigator: James SteichenPI’s Organization: Kansas State University

In-Progress Review Meeting

April 7, 2005

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TECHNICAL OBJECTIVES

1. Identify military activities at Fort Riley that may contribute to NPS pollution.

2. Evaluate the effectiveness of riparian buffers.3. Assess the effectiveness of low water stream crossings (LWSC).4. Evaluate and modify a comprehensive riparian ecosystem model.5. Evaluate the most effective means of crossing streams during maneuvers.6. Model the contribution of NPS pollution on a representative watershed.7. Develop improved field-portable sediment characterization sensor.

Identify sources of NPS pollution resulting from military activities and assess the impact of this pollution on surface water quality:

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TECHNICAL APPROACH

EnvironmentalDecision Support

Tool

CharacterizeStream

Sediment

Real-TimeSediment Load

Sensor

Assess/IdentifyNPS Pollution

StreamCrossing

Evaluations

Buffer ModelDevelopment

BufferField Study

Quantify Vegetation

Impacts

NPS PollutionModeling

DATA COLLECTION

MODELING/DESIGN

ASSESSMENT

DELIVERABLE

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• Input training records in GIS database.

• Collect data:– Soils (NRCS SSURGO)– Land cover (KS GAP, KSU)– Weather (KSU; NCDC)– Topography (USGS DEM)

• Run watershed water quality model.

• Goal is to answer:– “Given non-frozen soils, mean

soil moisture of 23%, and projected vegetation damage (from historical data), what is the potential to generate NPS pollution given a 5 day mechanized infantry battalion force-on-force exercise to be held in training areas A-H?”

 

TRAINING INTENSITY

LAND COVER

SOILS

TOPOGRAPHY

WEATHER

Assess/Identify NPS Pollution 

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+

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Very Low

Low

Moderate

High

Very High

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Quantify Vegetation Impacts

• Develop remote sensing metric to assess impact of military training on vegetation.

• Compare spectral reflectance curves between training areas and reference site.

• Examine relationships and differences between military training intensity and spectral response.

False-Color CompositeLandsat TM 5; June 7, 1997

Adapted from Jensen (1996)

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Riparian Buffer Study

Piezometer Wells:

Runoff Collection Sump

Grass Buffer

Tree/Shrub Buffer

Upland Maneuver Area

Slope

Runoff Flow Splitter/Sampler/ Redistributer

Streambank

• Select three representative buffer sites on Fort Riley.

• Characterize sites, including site survey with buffer dimensions and slope, soil analysis, and vegetation analysis.

• Instrument each site with a weather station.

• Collect runoff samples for each rainfall event.

• Develop and parameterize REMM for each site based on field data collection.

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Buffer Model Development

REMM Climate Regions: • Develop REMM using regional constants based on EPA Eco-regions and field surveys.

• Calibrate and validate REMM using on-site weather data (due to model sensitivity analysis).

• Calibrate model to site hydrology, then sediment transport.– Calibrate using year 1-2 field

data and verify with year 3-4 data.

• After development, use model to determine potential NPS pollution loading given upland activities and buffer dimensions and/or new buffer designs.

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Stream Stability Study

• Purpose: To determine whether channel changes are primarily natural or caused by human management.

• Collect channel cross-section and longitudinal profile

• Stream mapping• Measure stream bed sediment

size distribution• Compare Ft. Riley data with

Konza Prairie LTER data.– Similar soils and vegetation– Located less than 20 km away

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Real-Time Sediment Load Sensor

• In-stream sediment concentration measurement:– Turbidity – optical sensor– Water/sediment density –

piezoresistive sensor– Calibration and cross-validation

• Monitoring LWSC: – Optical sensor– Low cost imaging system– Time response of sediment

loading to crossing

• Monitoring precipitation• Data storage and transmission

– Stationary dataloggers– Wireless transmission

Turbidity Sensors

Pressure SensorsTransmitters

Upstream

Downstream

1016-Day NDVI 250 m Composite

MODIS; August 2003

RESULTS

Task 2: Quantify Vegetative ImpactsSubtask 2.1: Acquire Satellite Imagery (Complete)Failure of Landsat 7 ETM+ sensor delayed image acquisition. Daily, 8-day, and 16-daycomposite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) data currently beingacquired. One meter digital orthophotography is on-hand and 4 m multispectral IKONOSimagery is ordered.

Fused TM+Orthophoto Image (1m)

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Task 1: Assess/Identify NPS PollutionSubtask 1.4 Soil Moisture Field Data Collection (In-progress)Designed and implemented nested sampling grid for satellite image validation. Supportsweekly collection of volumetric soil moisture, surface temperature, and visible/near-infrared reflectance data at variable grid sizes ranging from 1 kilometer to 30 meters.

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W11W14

W13 W12

W111W114

W113 W112

Geography graduate students Scott Leis (bottom) and Ben White (top) mark sample sites in grassland and forest landscapes at Fort Riley.

RESULTS

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RESULTS

Task 1: Assess/Identify NPS PollutionSubtask 1.3: Estimate Soil Moisture via Satellite (In-progress)Soil moisture algorithm based on a regression equation using “greenness” (NDVI) andsurface temperature (LST) as independent variables.

NDVI Image

LST Image

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Task 4: Buffer Model DevelopmentSubtask 4.1: Characterize/Survey Buffer (Completed)Analyzed flow paths and catchment basins using high-resolution (3 meter) digital elevationmodel (DEM) generated from GPS field survey in the ArcGIS ArcHydro package.

RESULTS

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Task 3: Buffer Field StudySubtask 3.1: Identify and Install Buffer Sites (Completed)Based on high resolution GPS survey data, buffer sites were relocated to hillside locations to determine the effect of native prairie grasses on non-point source pollution reduction. Three hillside sites with different slopes and lengths were established.

RESULTS

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Task 3: Buffer Field StudySubtask 3.2: Monitor and Collect Buffer Runoff (In-progress)Collected water samples to determine the effect of vegetation on sediment trapping usingrunoff surface samplers (ROSS).

Runoff surface sampler located on buffer field study site at Fort Riley.

RESULTS

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Task 4: Buffer Model DevelopmentSubtask 4.2: Develop Model (In-progress)Examined sensitivity of time of flow (i.e. time to convert sheet flow to concentrated/channelized flow) to Manning’s roughness coefficient to show the impact of slope length and vegetation cover on flow channelization and sediment transport.

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Manning's coefficient

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f Co

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USGS 30 m

RESULTS

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Task 5: Characterize Stream SedimentSubtask 5.1: Install Benchmarks along Stream (Completed)Subtask 5.2: Stream Mapping of Selected Reaches (Completed)Subtask 5.3: Collect in-stream water and sediment (In-progress)

Dr. Jack Oviatt (left) and Geology graduate student Melissa Ingrissano (right) examining a Fort Riley stream segment for future surveying.

RESULTS

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Stream Type: Rosgen Classification - G6c

An entrenched gully system in silt-clay bed material with high suspended sediment and unstable morphology.

RESULTS

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Modification of streams due to stream crossings

RESULTS

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RESULTS

G6 stream characteristics

• Sensitivity to disturbance—Very High

• Recovery potential—Poor • Sediment supply—High • Streambank erosion potential

—High• Vegetation controlling

influence—High

Effects of stream crossing

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Task 6: Sediment-Concentration SensorSubtask 6.1: Identifying Appropriate Sensing Principle• Sediment concentration - weight of suspended soil particles per unit volume of water.• Turbidity - optical properties of suspended materials in water.• Turbidity sensor ≠ Sediment concentration sensor.• Assumption 1: Sediment measurement errors caused by difference in water color may be

reduced by using multiple light sources at different “feature wavelengths”.• Assumption 2: Sediment measurement errors caused by difference in soil texture may be

reduced by using light detectors at multiple angles from the light source.

3-D view of the sediment sensor illustrating locations of light emitters and detectors.

RESULTS

180o: transmission90o: scattering45o: backscattering

Blue-greenBlue-green: 508 nmOrangeOrange: 612 nmInfraredInfrared: 768 nm

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Task 6: Sediment-Concentration SensorSubtask 6.2: Sensor Design and TestSensor prototype 1: tested at combinations of three water types and five soil types

RESULTS

Soil Type R2

Sandy Loam 1 0.9968

Sandy Loam 2 0.9894

Loam 0.9992

Clay Loam 0.9985

Silty Clay Loam 0.9983

R2 values for predicting sediment concentration from the sensor data

for individual soil typesacross three water types

Effect of water color on sediment measurement was successfully removed.

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Accuracy of sediment concentration measurement across three water types for individual soil types

(Prototype 1)

Actual concentration (mg/L)

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/L)

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Task 6: Sediment-Concentration SensorSubtask 6.2: Sensor Design and Test, continuedR2 reduced from 0.99 to 0.90 when measuring across five soil texture types.

RESULTS

A circulation system designed for testing the second prototype sensor

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Accuracy of sediment concentration measurement across three water types and five soil types

(Prototype 1)

Actual concentration (mg/L)

Me

asu

red

co

nce

ntr

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(mg

/L)

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Task 6: Sediment-Concentration SensorSubtask 6.2: Sensor Design and Test, continuedSensor prototype 2: tested at combinations of 4 water types and 5 soil types

RESULTS

Prototype 2: water-proof packaging

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Soil 5

Strong effect of soil texture on sediment measurement

• Preliminary data analysis gives R2 =0.94 across all soil and water types• Further data analysis is in progress

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ACTION ITEMS

• No action items.

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Research Community:• Journals (e.g., JAWRA, IJRS)• Professional Conferences: ASAE, SWCS, AGU, AWRA, AAG,

ASPRS.

Military User Community:• Presentations at DoD sponsored workshops: ITAM Workshop (field

trips, specialty workshops).• Project to be featured at 2006 ITAM Workshop at Fort Riley.• Results of SERDP project incorporated into Fort Riley ITAM

strategy.

General Use Community:• Magazine articles for trade journals (Erosion Control, Stormwater,

Land & Water, Resources).• Create and maintain a public website: http://www.k-state.edu/serdp

TRANSITION PLAN

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Maneuver Area B, Training Area BravoFort Riley, Kansas

April 2004

BACKUP CHARTS

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FY 06 PROGRAM PLAN

Task 1: Assess/Identify NPS Pollution $20,000Continue satellite image acquisition and field data campaigns

Task 2: Quantify Vegetative Impacts$15,000Defense of MA thesis scheduled for Summer 2004

Task 3: Buffer Field Study$83,000Complete installation of equipment and begin field data collection

Task 4: Buffer Model Development$30,000Continue model development then calibrate/validate

Task 5: Characterize Stream Sediment $30,000Monitor channel changes after large runoff eventsContinue in-stream water and sediment data collection

Task 6: Sediment Load Sensor $50,000Complete design and test second generation sensorInstall wireless transmitter

Task 7: NPS Pollution Modeling$45,000Begin student training on model and conduct draft model runs

Task 8: Stream Crossing Evaluation$40,000Assess channel stability using Task 5 data

TOTAL: $313,000

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PROGRAM PLAN

TASKS FY05 FY06

1. Assess/Identify NPS Pollution

2. Quantify Vegetation Impacts

3. Buffer Field Study

4. Buffer Model Development

5. Characterize Stream Sediment

6. Real-Time Sediment load Sensor

7. NPS Pollution Modeling

8. Stream Crossing Evaluations

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PROGRAM FUNDING

FY05 SERDP FT RILEY 1. Assess/Identify NPS Pollution $29,000 $5,000 2. Quantify Vegetation Impacts $23,000 $5,000 3. Buffer Field Study $69,000 $10,000 4. Buffer Model Development $27,000 5. Characterize Stream Sediment $57,000 $5,000 6. Sediment Load Sensor $46,000 7. NPS Pollution Modeling $21,000 8. Stream Crossing Evaluation $20,000 $5,000 Total $292,000 $30,000 FY06 1. Assess/Identify NPS Pollution $20,000 $5,000 2. Quantify Vegetation Impacts $15,000 $5,000 3. Buffer Field Study $83,000 $10,000 4. Buffer Model Development $30,000 5. Characterize Stream Sediment $30,000 $5,000 6. Sediment Load Sensor $50,000 7. NPS Pollution Modeling $45,000 8. Stream Crossing Evaluation $40,000 $5,000 Total $313,000 $30,000

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OBLIGATIONS/EXPENDITURESFY04 and FY05 FUNDS

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Decision Support Tool

Potential NPS Pollution Potential NPS Pollution GenerationGeneration

Environmental Decision Environmental Decision Support ToolSupport Tool

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2003 2004 2005

Project Year

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Oral Presentations

Poster Presentations

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Oral Presentation Cum Freq

Poster Cum Freq

PUBLICATIONSAND PRESENTATIONS

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Publications (students in blue):

1. Brown, T.L., J.M.S. Hutchinson, J.A. Harrington, Jr., and M. Lu. 2003. Classification of natural characteristics and anthropogenic stressors in Kansas watersheds. Papers and Proceedings of the Applied Geography Conference 26:416-423.

2. Goodin, D.G., J. Gao, J.M.S. Hutchinson. 2004. Seasonal, topographic, and burn frequency effects on biophysical/spectral reflectance relationships in tallgrass prairie. International Journal of Remote Sensing 25(23):5429-5445.

3. Hutchinson, J.M.S., J.A. Harrington, Jr., and L.J. Marzen. 2004. Geospatial Contributions to Watershed-Scale Surface Water Quality Modeling. In D.G. Janelle, B. Warf, and K. Hanson, eds. World Minds: Geographical Perspectives on 100 Problems, 556-570. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

4. Stoll, Q. 2004. Design of a real-time optical sediment concentration sensor. M.S. Thesis, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University.

PUBLICATIONS

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Publications (students in blue):

1. Hutchinson, S.L., P. Barnes, J.M.S. Hutchinson, C. Oviatt, J. Steichen, and P.B. Woodford 2004. Erosion Control Research on Military and Non-Agricultural Lands. Paper No. 042003 presented at the 2004 ASAE/CSAE Joint Annual International Meeting, Ottawa, ON, Canada. ASAE, 2950 Niles Rd., St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659.

2. Stoll, Q., N. Zhang, Y. Zhang, S.L. Hutchinson, and J. Steichen. 2004. Real-time optical sediment concentration sensor. ASAE Paper No. 043130 presented at the 2004 ASAE/CSAE Joint Annual International Meeting, Ottawa, ON, Canada. ASAE, 2950 Niles Rd., St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659.

PUBLICATIONS

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Publications under Review (students in blue):

5. Hutchinson, J.M.S., B. Hammerschmidt, and S.L. Hutchinson. 2005. Assessing the Impact of Military Training on Nonpoint Source Pollution and Water Quality. Resource Magazine.

6. Kim, I.J., S.L. Hutchinson, C.B. Young, and J.M.S. Hutchinson.  2005.  Riparian Ecosystem Management Model (REMM):  Sensitivity to soil, vegetation, and weather input parameters. Journal of the American Water Resources Association.

7. Hutchinson, J.M.S., I.J. Kim, and S.L. Hutchinson 2005. Mapping Model Sensitivity: Are Regional Weather Inputs Appropriate for REMM? Journal of the American Water Resources Association.

PUBLICATIONS

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In-Progress Publications (students in blue):

8. Hammerschmidt, B. and J.M.S. Hutchinson. 2005. Derivation of the RUSLE R-Factor for Fort Riley, Kansas. Kansas Academy of Sciences.

9. Davis, T.L. 2005. Estimating Soil Erosion using a R-USLE Modified for MilitaryTraining Lands. M.A. Thesis, Department of Geography, Kansas State University.

PUBLICATIONS

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Oral Presentations (students in blue):

1. Watershed Modeling and Geographic Information Systems. April 2003. Kansas Water Environment Association Annual Conference; Topeka, KS (co-authors: J.M.S. Hutchinson, S.L. Hutchinson)

2. Assessing the Impact of Maneuver Training on NPS Pollution and Water Quality. March 2004. 21st Annual Water and the Future of Kansas Conference; Lawrence, KS (co-authors: S.L. Hutchinson, J.M.S. Hutchinson, J. Steichen, P. Barnes, C. Oviatt, and N. Zhang).

3. Using GIS and Remote Sensing in Biophysical Research – Recent Examples. March 2004. Department of Geology Seminar Series, Kansas State University (author: J.M.S. Hutchinson).

4. Erosion Control Research on Military and Non-Agricultural Lands. August 2004. 2004 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Agricultural Engineering (co-authors: S.L. Hutchinson, P. Barnes, J.M.S. Hutchinson, C. Oviatt, J. Steichen, and P. Woodford).

5. Soil Moisture Estimates using MODIS Land Surface Temperature and NDVI. August 2004. 2004 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Agricultural Engineering (co-authors: J.M.S. Hutchinson, S.L. Hutchinson, and S. Leis).

PRESENTATIONS

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Oral Presentations (students in blue):

6. Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Soil Moisture using MODIS NDVI and LST Products. October 2004. Applied Geography Conference; St. Louis, MO (co-authors: J.M.S. Hutchinson, T. Vought, and S.L. Hutchinson).

7. Using GIS and Remote Sensing in Biophysical Research. October 15, 2004. Joint Sino-American Agricultural Engineering Seminar; Henan University, Zhengzhou, China (author: J.M.S. Hutchinson).

8. Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture. October 18, 2004. Joint Sino-American Agricultural Engineering Seminar; South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (author: J.M.S. Hutchinson).

9. Evaluation of Overland Flow Paths Generated from Multiresolution Digital Elevation Models. April 2005. 2005 Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers (co-authors: J.M.S. Hutchinson, S.L. Hutchinson, and I.J. Kim).

10. Ingrisano, M.A., C.G. Oviatt, and J.M. Steichen. 2004. Geomorphic differences between similar streams with contrasting anthropogenic influence in the Kansas Flint Hills. 2004 Meeting of the Geological Society of America.

PRESENTATIONS

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Poster Presentations (students in blue):

1. Climatology of Fort Riley, Kansas and Vicinity. November 2003. Applied Geography Conference; Colorado Springs, CO (co-authors: B. Hammerschmidt, J.M.S. Hutchinson, and N.L. Leathers).

2. Assessing the Impact of Maneuver Training on NPS Pollution and Water Quality. December 2003. Partners in Environmental Technology Symposium and Workshop; Washington, D.C. (co-authors: J. Steichen, P. Barnes, J.M.S. Hutchinson, S.L. Hutchinson, C. Oviatt, N. Zhang, and P. Woodford).

3. Designing Riparian Buffers to Control Military NPS Pollution. June 2004. Riparian Ecosystems and Buffers: Multi-scale Structure, Function, and Management; Olympic Valley, CA (co-authors: S.L. Hutchinson, P.L. Barnes, J.M.S. Hutchinson, C.G. Oviatt, J. Steichen, P. Woodford, and N. Zhang).

4. Protecting Surface Water from Military Activity with Riparian Buffers and Low Water Stream Crossings. September 2004. ASAE Specialty Conference Self-Sustaining Solutions for Streams, Wetlands and Watersheds; St. Paul, MN (co-authors: S.L. Hutchinson, P.L. Barnes, J.M.S. Hutchinson, C.G. Oviatt, J. Steichen, and N. Zhang).

PRESENTATIONS

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Poster Presentations (students in blue):

5. Spatial Soil Moisture Estimates for Fort Riley, Kansas using MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Vegetation Index Products. November 2004. Partners in Environmental Technology Symposium and Workshop; Washington, D.C. (co-authors J.M.S. Hutchinson, S.L. Hutchinson and T. Vought).

6. Geomorphic differences between similar streams with contrasting anthropogenic influence in the Kansas Flint Hills. November 2004. Partners in Environmental Technology Symposium and Workshop; Washington, D.C. (co-authors Ingrisano, Melissa A., Charles G. Oviatt, James M. Steichen, S.L. Hutchinson, and Philip Woodford.)

PRESENTATIONS