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Pagina 1 van 89 Assessment Method Environmental Performance Construction and Civil Engineering Works(GWW) Calculation method for the assessment of the environmental performance of construction and civil engineering works (GWW) over their entire service life, based on EN 15804. Stichting Bouwkwaliteit Visseringlaan 22b 2288 ER Rijswijk Telephone: 070-3072929 Website: www.bouwkwaliteit.nl www.milieudatabase.nl Version 2.0 Definitive November 2014

Assessment Method Environmental Performance Construction ... · Assessment Method Environmental Performance Construction and Civil Engineering Works(GWW) Calculation method for the

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Pagina 1 van 89

Assessment Method

Environmental Performance

Construction and

Civil Engineering

Works(GWW)

Calculation method for the assessment of the environmental performance of construction and civil

engineering works (GWW) over their entire service life, based on EN 15804.

Stichting Bouwkwaliteit

Visseringlaan 22b

2288 ER Rijswijk

Telephone: 070-3072929

Website: www.bouwkwaliteit.nl

www.milieudatabase.nl

Version 2.0

Definitive

November 2014

Pagina 2 van 89

INDEX

Page

INDEX ...................................................................................................................................................... 2

1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 4 1.1. Of general interest .................................................................................................................... 4 1.2. National Environment Database ............................................................................................... 5 1.3. Verification Protocol ......................................................... Fout! Bladwijzer niet gedefinieerd.

1.4. Reading Manual ....................................................................................................................... 7

2. METHODIC REQUIREMENTS (EN 15804) ..................................................................................... 8 2.1. Scope (EN 15804 1 Scope) ...................................................................................................... 8 2.2. Normative references (EN 15804 2 Normative references) ..................................................... 8

2.3. Terms and definitions (EN 15804 3 Terms and definitions) ..................................................... 9 2.4. Abbreviations (EN 15804 4 Abbreviations) .............................................................................. 9 2.5. General aspects (EN 15804 5 General aspects)...................................................................... 9 2.6. Product category rules used for the LCA (EN 15804 6 PCR) ................................................ 11 2.7. Content of the EPD (EN 15804 7 Content of the EPD) .......................................................... 29

2.8. Project report (EN 15804 8 Project report) ............................................................................. 31 2.9. Verification and validity of an EPD (EN 15804 9 Verification and validity of an EPD) ........... 34

3. CONSTRUCTION AND CIVIL ENGINEERING WORK CALCULATION ....................................... 35 3.1. Of general interest .................................................................................................................. 35 3.2. Use of product information ..................................................................................................... 35 3.3. Reference service life ............................................................................................................. 35 3.4. Multiplication factor used for raising category 3 data ............................................................. 36 3.5. Weighing of environmental impact scores .............................................................................. 36

3.6. Key Environmental Indicators ................................................................................................. 37 3.7. Calculation rules for the use in instruments ........................................................................... 38

4. LITERATURE .................................................................................................................................. 40

APPENDIX A. TERMS, DEFINITIONS, AND ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................... 42

APPENDIX B. DEFAULT VALUES FOR WASTE SCENARIOS ........................................................... 54

APPENDIX C. SYSTEM BOUNDARIES ............................................................................................... 56 Production stage (A1-A3) ............................................................................................................... 56

Transportation stage and construction / installation / implementation (A4-A5) .............................. 57 Utilization and maintenance stage (B1-B5) .................................................................................... 57 Demolition and processing stage (C1-C4) ...................................................................................... 58 Environmental burdens and benefits of recycling and product re-use (D) ..................................... 59

APPENDIX D. OVERVIEW CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION WORK COMPONENTS........ 60

APPENDIX E. DATA QUALITY SYSTEM FOR PROCESS ASSESSMENT ........................................ 65

APPENDIX E (CONT.) EMPTY SCORE TABLES DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT ............................ 75

Pagina 3 van 89

APPENDIX F ASSESSMENT OF VALUE OF GOODS, SERVICES AND THE TO-BE PROCESSED

WASTE STREAMS (NORMATIVE) ....................................................................................................... 78

APPENDIX G. KEY ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATOR WASTE ............................................................. 83

APPENDIX H. FORMAT BASE PROFILE AND PRODUCT / ITEM CARD .......................................... 84

APPENDIX I. ENERGY AND WATER USE IN UTILIZATION STAGE B&U ......................................... 88

Disclaimer:

Stichting Bouwkwaliteit in Rijswijk (hereinafter referred to as: ' SBK ') has put together the Assessment

Method Material Based Environmental Performance of Buildings and Civil Engineering Works (hereinafter:

' the assessment method ') and the SBK Verification Protocol (hereinafter referred to as: ' the Verification

Protocol ') with the great care.

SBK reserves the right to change the Assessment Method and the Verification Protocol unannounced at all

times.

Translations of the determination method and the Verification Protocol are based on the Dutch version of

these documents. In case of ambiguity of these translations the explanation and interpretation of the Dutch

version will be leading and decisive.

Stichting Bouwkwaliteit excludes, in addition, liability for any damage, direct or indirect, of any kind, arising

out of or in any way connected with the use of the Assessment Method and the SBK Verification Protocol.

Pagina 4 van 89

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Of general interest

The Assessment Method for the environmental performance of construction and civil engineering works

(GWW) (from here on out referred to as Assessment Method) is developed to provide a clear and

controllable way of calculating the material-based environmental performance of construction and civil

engineering works over their entire service life.

The basis for this Assessment Method is the NEN-EN 15804:2012 + Amendment A1 (2013) (further EN

15804). The EN 15804 is developed for Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) at product level. The

specific agreements for the development and use of EPDs in the material-based evaluation at the

construction and civil engineering works level in the context of the Netherlands are included in this

Assessment Method.

The most important supplements / deviations with regard to the EN 15804 are:

1. There are extra indicators with regard to human and eco toxicity. Within the context of the

Netherlands, ample experience is developed with these indicators. Without these indicators, some

desirable improvements with regard to environmental impact, such as the use of air purifiers to

improve the air quality, would be evaluated as not positive.

2. There are specific defaults that are being prescribed for several processes. This is necessary in

order to avoid unjustifiable differences between construction products in the calculation of the

construction work’s environmental impact.

3. There are references to a specific LCA database for raw material and basic processes.

4. For the service life, the SBR document “levensduur bouwmaterialen” (service life construction

materials) will serve as reference. In the case that the promised service life is justifiable, deviation

from this document is possible.

5. When secondary materials are used or released, system boundaries will be established based on

economic cut-off. Deviations could result in significant differences with the already established

environmental profiles.

6. Within limits, future scenarios are approved alongside the product scenarios. This enables the

inclusion of product scenarios that are at the initial stages of their life cycles.

For the environmental performance assessment of construction, the NEN-EN 15978 (further EN 15978)

has been established. The EN 15804 is largely based on the EN 15978 and this Assessment Method is,

thus, also based on the EN 15978. The EN 15978 is not followed explicitly. With regard to the material-

based environmental performance of construction works, the EN 15978 provides only limited

supplementation to the EN 15804 and the treatment of the utilization stage of the construction itself

(heating, cooling, etc.). Additionally, the EN 15978 is solely aimed at construction works, while the

Assessment Method can be applied to civil engineering works. CEN TC 350, will drafts a specific standard

on the environmental performance of civil engineering works. The Assessment Method is currently aimed

at both applications (B&U and civil engineering works). The modification to the EN 15804 is the goal of the

of this current Assessment Method adaptation and not further modifications that mostly concern the

functional performance of the building instruments.

For the calculation of the environmental performance of construction and civil engineering works, additional

choices have to be made. These are explicitly stated below. They concern the:

determination of scenarios and defaults wherever possible and necessary in the context of the

Netherlands;

the utilization of generic data if there is no available producer or brand-specific data.

Pagina 5 van 89

The Assessment Method (chapter 2) functions as a Product Category Rules (PCR) document for all

construction products. For several product groups PCRs are developed in the CEN/productTC’s. As of

now, it remains to be determined whether these product-specific PCRs will be included in the Assessment

Method. After consideration, specific information from a PCR can be included in the Assessment Method.

The Assessment Method, chapter 2, provides directions for the establishment of EPDs, in such a way, that

the environmental impact information can be incorporated in the National Environment Database. The to-

be established EPDs, which are as compatible as possible with the EN15804, are not identical to the

environmental impact information for the National Environment Database. However, these EPDs

encompass more. Chapter 2 indicates which environmental impact information has to be provided and in

which format for inclusion into the National Environment Database.

The Assessment Method includes agreements that are generic for construction (B&U) and civil engineering

works (GWW) and agreements that are specific to GWW and B&U.

The underlying goal of the Assessment Method is to realize a synchronization of calculation cores across

construction and civil engineering work instruments.

1.2. National Environmental Database

The National Environmental Database has been established in order to achieve a clear way of calculating

the environmental performance of construction and civil engineering works in the context of the

Netherlands. The national environmental performance database includes base profiles and the product

cards (B&U), which are based on these profiles, and item cards (GWW) for the construction products and

construction and civil engineering work components. These base profiles and product cards / item cards

will be applied in a diverse set of instruments in order to determine the environmental performance at the

construction and civil engineering work level. Together with the rules for calculation, this Assessment

Method ensures identical calculation cores in different instruments, which, in turn, will ensure standardized

outcomes.

There are three product information categories in the National Environment Database:

Category 1: brand data, verified by an independent, qualified third party according to the SBK

Verification Protocol.

Level of publicity: underlying data are not made public, environmental profiles are accessible

through instruments such as DuboCalc, GreenCalc and GPR.

For whom: manufacturers / producers, suppliers.

Category 2: generic data (brand-less), verified by an independent, qualified third party according to

the SBK Verification Protocol, with a declaration of the representative (representing, for example, the

Dutch market, an association of producers or a group of producers).

Level of publicity: underlying data are not made public, environmental profiles are accessible

through instruments such as DuboCalc, GreenCalc and GPR.

For whom: groups of manufacturers, suppliers, branches, governments, etc.

Category 3: generic data (brand-less), not verified according to the SBK Verification Protocol.

Level of publicity: underlying data (composition of product / item cards and base profiles) are made

public through the website of SBK: www.milieudatabase.nl

For whom: branches, manufacturers, suppliers, and customers.

Category 1 and 2 base profiles and product / item cards, serving as input, are supplied by producers and

branches of construction products. These will therefore remain owners of those environmental profiles.

The Assessment Method provides directions for the establishment of EPDs, in such a way, that the

environmental impact information, in the form of base profiles and product / item cards, can be included in

the National Environment Database as category 1 and category 2 product information. Category 3 data are

used as a safety net in order to access to environmental profiles when there is a shortage of category 1

Pagina 6 van 89

and category 2 data. SBK is the owner of these environmental profiles, which have either been established

by the SBK or supplied, in the past, by branches.

Category 3 environmental profiles are raised by a surcharge factor, because experience points out that

unverified environmental profiles often declare an environmental impact that is too low, because of

incomplete inventory data. This surcharge factor is determined by the manager of the National

Environment Database, SBK, and will be applied to the calculation rules in the instruments.

Besides product cards, item cards, and base profiles, the environmental impact database also includes a

LCA database of raw materials and background processes, based on Ecoinvent 2.2 and adapted for the

use in the context of the Assessment Method (process database). These processes have to be used by

composers of EPDs.

The use of newer versions of Ecoinvent also means the use of newer versions of documents and

procedures that are part of the SBK update procedures.

The Assessment Method and the National Environment Database are closely connected in order to realize

a clear environmental performance calculation for construction and civil engineering works. The following

schematic demonstrates that the Assessment Method serves as (1) PCR to establish EPDs and the

resulting base profiles and product / item cards, and (2) to determine the core of calculations for the

instruments.

Figure 1: Assessment Method, EPD, NMD and instruments to calculate the environmental performance.

The Assessment Method provides guidelines for the establishment of EPDs, which are used to deliver

information for the base profiles and product / item cards. The EPDs are not identical to these base profiles

and product / item cards. The EPD is as compatible as possible with the EN 15804. For example, the base

profiles for the NMD could be more aggregated.

1.3. Verification Protocol

The environmental impact data that are declared to the National Environment Database based on this

Assessment Method, will be verified according to procedures and requirements of the SBK Verification

Protocol. Both the EPD and the base profile for the NMD are part of this verification. It is the responsibility

of the composer of the environmental impact data to ensure inspection of the most updated version of the

SBK Verification Protocol.

In order to make verifying possible according to the SBK Verification Protocol, the LCA executer has to

include the project file location of the demanded information in the remarks column of the document score

tables and add this completed document to the project file. The document is available as a word-file on the

website of the National Environment Database: www.milieudatabase.nl.

Assessment

Method calculation

rules

Assessment

Method PCR

Processes

database

EPD Instruments

Environmental

impact

performance

calculation

Assessment

Method calculation

rules

NMD

Product / item

cards

NMD

Base profiles

+

Pagina 7 van 89

1.4. Reading Manual

This version replaces the version of November 2011 and the revisions page of September 2013.

The methodic requirements, based on EN 15804, are displayed in chapter 2. Chapter 2 follows the paragraph

structure of the EN 15804. Wherever applicable, the supplements on EN 15804 are displayed for each

paragraph. Besides the supplements with respect to the EN 15804, clarifying remarks are included that will

contribute to the uniformity of environmental impact information.

The supplementary agreements for an evaluation on construction and civil engineering work level are

displayed in chapter 3.

Pagina 8 van 89

2. METHODIC REQUIREMENTS (EN 15804)

2.1. Scope (EN 15804 1 Scope)

The target audience of the Assessment Method consists of:

composers of EPDs for base profiles, product cards and item cards for the inclusion into the

National Environment Database;

instrument owners and managers of databases, who aim to establish uniform construction and

civil engineering work calculations in the Netherlands;

composers of Environmental Cost Indicator (MKI) calculations for civil engineering projects.

The product information (Environmental Product Declarations) is used for the construction and civil

engineering work calculations and has to be suitable for the use in the context of the Netherlands and to

achieve the desired uniformity. The rules in the Assessment Method are compatible with this goal.

In addition to the EN 15804, the Assessment Method gives:

guidelines for the setting of default scenarios wherever possible and necessary in the context of

the Netherlands;

guidelines for the setting of default values for the background processes wherever possible and

necessary in the context of the Netherlands;

allocation procedures for multi-output processes in the production stage;

allocation procedures for re-use and recycling;

guidelines for the assessment of the reference service life;

guidelines for the preparation of the project file for the verifying procedure.

2.2. Normative references (EN 15804 2 Normative references)

The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only

the named version is considered valid. For undated references, the last version of the document, including

later appendices, is considered valid.

NEN-EN 15804 “Duurzaamheid van bouwwerken - Milieuverklaringen van producten – Basisregels voor de

productgroep bouwproducten” (Sustainability of construction works – Environmental

product declarations – Core rules for the category of construction products).

The EN 15804, in turn, is validated based on several international LCA standards. These are applicable for

the Assessment Method:

ISO 14025:2010, Environmental labels and declarations – Type III environmental declarations –

principles and procedures (ISO 14025:2006)

ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – requirements and guidelines

(ISO 14044:2006)

EN 15978 en – “Duurzaamheid van constructies - Beoordeling van milieuprestaties van

gebouwen – Rekenmethode” ( Sustainability of construction works - Assessment of

environmental performance of buildings - Calculation method).

Pagina 9 van 89

2.3. Terms and definitions (EN 15804 3 Terms and definitions)

The terms and definitions are included in Appendix A. For all terms from EN15804, the original definition is

given.

2.4. Abbreviations (EN 15804 4 Abbreviations)

EN 15804 is applicable and so are:

NMD “Nationale Milieudatabase” (National Environmental Database)

SBK “Stichting Bouwkwaliteit” (Institution for Construction Quality)

2.5. General aspects (EN 15804 5 General aspects)

2.5.1. Goal

EN 15804 is applicable.

2.5.2. Types of EPD with respect to life cycle stages covered

In addition to the EN 15804, the, on a LCA based, information in an EPD includes the following life cycle

stages (see figure 1):

either:

The production stage, transportation to the construction site and the demolition and processing stage,

together with module D; the potential effects (loads and benefits) as a result of recycling and recovery

beyond the life cycle of a construction work. In addition to the EN 15804, this EPD also includes the

demolition and processing stage and the effects of recycling and re-use beyond the life cycle of the

construction, unless the EPD relates to a raw material, and there is no base profile established for the

construction, the use, the demolition and the processing stage (e.g. concrete)

or:

The complete life cycle of the construction, together with module D, the effects of recycling and recovery or

re-use beyond the life cycle of the construction work. This is in accordance with EN 15804, which means

that module D is mandatory. If the LCA information for the specific EPD is not available, the default values

for the utilization and maintenance stage of the construction work can be used.

The information for each life cycle stage is partitioned in accordance with EN 15804 into a significant

number of information modules: for example, for stage A, the production stages are this: A1, A2, A3, A4

and A5.

For the inclusion into the National Environment Database, base profiles have to be supplied for all life cycle

stages. In the case that there is no available information for one or more life cycle stages in the EPD, a

choice can be made from the currently available base profiles in the product card in the NMD.

Pagina 10 van 89

Figure 2. Life cycle stages EPD

BUILDING LIFE CYCLE INFORMATION

BUILDING ASSESSMENT INFORMATION

CONSTRUCTION

STAGE

A 4 - 5

Tra

nsp

ort

at

Scenario

Const

ruct

ion

and

inst

alla

tion p

roces

A5

Scenario

A4

USE STAGE

B 1 - 7

Use

B1

Ma

inte

na

nce

B2

Re

pair

B3

Re

pla

cem

en

t

B4

Scenario Scenario Scenario

Re

furb

ish

me

nt

B5

Scenario

B6 Operational energy use

Scenario

B7 Operational water use

Scenario

Benefits and loads

beyond the system

boundary

D

Reuse- recovery

Recycling-potential

SUPPLEMENTARY

INFORMATION BEYOND

THE BUILDING LIFE

CYCLE

A 1 - 3

Rra

w m

ate

ria

ls

sup

ply

A1

Tra

nsp

ort

at

A2

Ma

nu

fact

urin

g

A3

PRODUCTION

STAGE

Mandatory

Mandatory

Mandatory

Mandatory (excluding B6 and B7)

Mandatory

Mandatory

Mandatory

Mandatory

Cradle to gate

declared unit

Cradle to gate

with option

Declared unit/

Functional unit

EP

D

END OF LIFE STAGE

C 1 - 4

De-c

on

stru

ctio

n

De

mo

litio

n

Scenario

C1

Tra

nsp

ort

at

C2

Dis

po

sal

C3

Wa

ste

pro

cess

ing

C4

Scenario Scenario Scenario

Pagina 11 van 89

2.5.3. Comparability of EPD for construction products

EN 15804 is applicable.

2.5.4. Additional information

EN 15804 is applicable.

The Assessment Method also gives directions for the necessary information in NMD base profiles and

product cards / item cards. See paragraph 2.8.2.2.

2.5.5. Ownership, responsibility and liability

EN 15804 is applicable.

2.5.6. Communication formats

For inclusion of the environmental data in the NMD, specific formats are prescribed for the base profiles

and the product cards / item cards in 2.8.2.2.

For your information: MRPI-certificates have a prescribed format in the MRPI Verification Protocols.

2.6. Product category rules for LCA (EN 15804 6 PCR)

2.6.1. Product category

EN 15804 is applicable.

2.6.2. Life cycle stages and their information modules to be included

EN 15804 is applicable.

2.6.3. Calculation rules for the LCA

The reference unit of EPDs can relate to a declared unit or to a functional unit. At a minimum, an EPD has

to relate to the processes involved in the extraction of raw materials all the way up to and including the

production of the product (A1, A2, A3) and the demolition and processing stage (“cradle-to-gate and end-

of-life”) (C3, C4, D) and can be expanded with different life cycle stages (“cradle-to-gate”) or (“cradle-to-

gate with options”) based on scenarios.

2.6.3.1. Functional unit

The EN 15804 is applicable.

With regard to the choice of the functional unit for inclusion of the environmental information from the EPD

in the NMD, affiliation with the construction and civil engineering work components in the NMD is required.

In the case that the proposed functional unit does not exist within the related product category in the NMD,

a request can be submitted (for construction components) to the SBK to include a new functional unit.

Pagina 12 van 89

Example: An example of a functional unit is: An inclined plane with a minimal angle of inclination of 20º, which,

at a minimum, meets the requirements of the “Bouwbesluit” (Building Code), with a functional service

life of 75 years, expressed per m2.

In the case of a functional unit:

a product description of the construction product or the construction or civil engineering work

component, subject of the environmental declaration, has to be established;

the quantity of the construction product or the construction or the civil engineering work component

are quantified, including any possible aid materials and such.

Descriptions in certificates or attests of the construction product or the civil engineering work component

function as guidelines and so do descriptions in branch-wide accepted documents, guidelines, methods

and systematics.

Note 1: Certificates and attests can both be declarations issued by third parties or declarations from

manufacturers. The performance declaration is also an important frame of reference.

Note 2: Common systematics in the civil engineering work sector are the “Standaard RAW-Bepalingen”

(Standard RAW-Assessments), “CUR-Aanbevelingen” (CUR-Recommendations) and publications of

CROW.

2.6.3.2. Declared unit

The EN 15804 is applicable.

The available environmental data have to be supplemented with data from all life cycle stages before

inclusion of the environmental information from the EPD into the NMD. In the case that, for several life

cycle stages, there is no available information in the EPD, a choice can be made out of the currently

available base profiles in the product card in the NMD. Information modules B6 and B7 (see figure 2) are

not required here.

The declared unit has to be measurable and include:

— a description of the construction product or construction or civil engineering work component;

— a specification of the construction product or construction or civil engineering work component;

— if applicable, the possible application areas, expressed in quality classes if so required, with, if relevant,

the empirical service life of the construction product or construction or civil engineering work component

per application area;

— the quantity of the construction product, expressed in a SI-unit or a combination of SI-units.

Descriptions in certificates or attests of the construction product or construction or civil engineering work

component are directive and so do descriptions in branch-wide accepted documents, guidelines, methods

and systematics.

Pagina 13 van 89

2.6.3.3. Reference service life

The reference service life is supported by the declaration from the producer. In case this is not available,

the reference service life per type of construction product from the SBR-publication “Levensduur van

bouwproducten” (Service life of construction products) [SBR, 2011] can be used.

2.6.3.4. System boundaries

Within the system boundary, a process tree is established in which the information modules of figure 2 are

distinguished: product stage (A1-A3), construction stage (with transportation A4 and construction and

installation process / implementation A5 separately), use stage (B1-B5), end-of-life stage (C1-C4) and

module D.

An overview of processes that are to be incorporated and of processes that are not is included in Appendix

C System Boundaries. This overview can be used as a checklist for both the composer and the verifier of a

LCA for an EPD.

Waste processing, in accordance with EN 15804, is included in the life cycle stage, which is where it

originates.

Product stage Packaging waste is attributed to the product stage

Diverging from the EN 15804, the system boundary for the input of secondary raw materials or of energy

from secondary fuels between the studied system and the preceding system (from which the secondary

materials originate) is determined by the economic turning point.

Construction stage - Transportation stage

The transportation stage (A4) starts from the moment the construction product or component is ready for

transportation from the producer to the consumer, and ends the moment that it is fully delivered at the

construction site (next to the transportation vehicle).

Note 1: Routes via any possible intermediate organizations should also be included in the calculations, for

example when there is a trader between the producer and the construction site.

Construction stage - construction and installation process / implementation

These processes (A5) are included in the form of one or multiple scenarios.

Use stage

B1 – The use of the construction product (life cycle stage B1) relates to the application in the Netherlands.

B2 – The maintenance (life cycle stage B2) relates only to material-based maintenance, and not to

maintenance bound to construction work or location. Cleaning maintenance is only included when

functionally important.

B3 – Repair (life cycle stage B3) is part of maintenance (B2)

B4 – Replacement of the complete product is set in the calculation rules at building level within this

Assessment Method through a multiplication of the product-data (production, transportation, installation,

utilization in the application, demolition and processing) see chapter 3. Replacement of the completed

product is, in divergence with EN 15804, not reported separately in the utilization stage. Replacement of

parts that have a shorter service life than the service life of the completed product is included in here. The

number of replacements of parts is calculated through dividing the functional duration by the empirical

Pagina 14 van 89

service life of the component minus one (the initial production). The number of replacements of

components can thus never be smaller than 0 and is expressed up to a maximum of 2 decimals.

B5 – Renovation (life cycle stage B5) is not part of this Assessment Method.

For the energy use during utilization (life cycle stage B6) and the water use during utilization (life cycle

stage B7), see chapter 3 and appendix I of this Assessment Method.

End-of-life stage

C1 – the demolition stage starts the moment that the construction work becomes obsolete and ends the

moment that the construction work is demolished or dismantled. Therefore, this stage module includes the

activities at the demolition site.

Note 2: It is also possible that a construction work is (partially) re-used or that the components remain in

their location to be used in a new application. Any possible dismantling activities are modelled in

the demolition stage. Any possible activities for re-use are modelled in the processing stage.

Example 1: An example of partial re-use of a construction work is a pile of sand next to a road that remains

there to be used in the reconstruction of that road. In this example, there are no demolition

activities. Any possible reduction of the sand pile is included under the processing stage and is

modelled according to the allocation procedure in paragraph 2.6.4.3.

The system boundary marking the end-of-waste state is determined by the economic turning point. In the

case that there is no economic turning point, see 2.6.4.3 step 2b). For products that already have

economic value at the moment of disposal, such as steel, the system boundary is the entrance of the

processor for steel waste. The transportation to the processor, thus, is attributed to the construction work

from which the material originated. For products that do not have economic value until they are processed,

the system boundary can be found in the processing between waste substance and secondary material.

The environmental impact of the modification process is attributed to the waste substance or to the new

material based on the economic value.

C3 – the waste processing stage starts the moment the demolished materials and components (if

applicable) are removed and ends the moment that the residual material is processed. For landfilling

processes, the end point is set based on a period of 100 years after dumping (see also 2.6.3.6 under

generic data). In the case that a material, product or element remains without any further functions (“laten

zitten zonder functie”), it is treated as dump. The end point of recycling and re-use processes (under which

falls the leaving of materials and components for new applications and the re-use of a construction work) is

determined in the allocation procedure that is described in paragraph 2.6.4.3.

Module D

C3 - C4 and module D are separately reported in the EPD. In the base profile of the waste processing for

the NMD, they may be reported as combined. The environmental impacts are calculated by using the

waste scenarios from this Assessment Method. In module D, all deducted environmental interventions are

included (see 2.6.4.3). Module D may not contain the environmental benefits and burdens associated with

other product systems. Further evidence of this is given in 2.6.4.3.

Notwithstanding, the avoided energy will be included in module D as described in "Verbranding in een

afvalenergiecentrale” (Incineration in a waste to energy) in 2.6.3.6.

Pagina 15 van 89

2.6.3.5. Criteria for the exclusion of inputs and outputs

EN 15804 is applicable.

Production, supply, removal, maintenance and disposal of capital goods are included. In Ecoinvent 2.2

data, which are used as the default database, infrastructure and capital goods are included. Ecoinvent 2.2

data, including infrastructure and capital equipment, are also used. If the contribution of capital goods to

each individual effect category of the module production stage (A1-A3) is less than a substantiated 5%,

then it may be neglected.

In addition to the EN 15804, when an input, which contributes less than 1% to the primary energy

consumption, and less than 1% to the total mass of the process in question and this happens to be the

reason why this input is allowed to be omitted, this input is required to be included when it contributes more

than an estimated 5% to one of the environmental impacts of the construction product per module, for

example per module A1-A3 , A4-A5, B1-B5, C3-C4 and D. An additional requirement is that the sum of the

environmental impact per module, which is not included in this way, may not exceed 5% of the total per

category effect throughout the life cycle.

2.6.3.6. Selection of data

In addition to the EN 15804 the following requirements apply:

Representativeness of the processes of the producer

Individual production sites must derive their data from that location. If horizontal aggregation occurs in the product system and all production sites provide data, the result is

automatically representative for that group. If not all the production sites in the group data supply data, a

representative cross-section must be made from the group's production sites, to the degree that they

produce for the Dutch market, with regard to geographic and technical differences that may lead to

differences in environmental impacts.

Note 1: Whether this is the case, can be determined by examining what information influences the

environmental impact the most, and the geographic and technological aspects related to it.

Note 2: Horizontal aggregation can also happen at different production sites of the same producer as well as

with groups of producers or branches that establish an environmental declaration.

If the manufacturer does not want or is unable to involve representative production sites, but goes by (an)

arbitrary location(s), the data are no longer valid for the producer. In this case, the data are valid for the

relevant manufacturing site(s) of the producer.

The average composition is based on annual or perennial numbers on the entire production, whereby, if

applicable, weighing is conducted on the basis of production rate1) to determine the percentage. In place

of the average composition, a selection can be made for a composition that covers more than 80% of the

production volume in the year of study, or for a specific composition. Such a choice must be transparent.

1) Or production volume, if that is the common unit of measurement.

Pagina 16 van 89

Example 1 A material that includes component Y, is produced in 3 charges annually. Charge 1 results in 10 kg

of the material with 0.02 kg Y/kg; charge 2 delivers 15 kg with 0.1 kg Y/kg; charge 3 delivers 5 kg

with 0.08 kg Y/kg. The ratio in production quantity of the charges is thus: 10:15:5 = 2:3:1 or: 2 (33%):

3 (50%): 1 (17%). Consequently, the average percentage Y amounts to: 0.33 × 0.02 + 0.5 × 0.1 +

0.17 × 0.08 = 0.07 kg Y/kg.

Representativeness of the other data

The remaining processes in the product system have to provide a representative or typical picture of the

current geographical and technological situation. The scope, to which this standard applies, is the

Netherlands. ‘Representative’ means that the data reflect the actual population well. ‘Typical’ means that

the data describe a certain common situation (also called modal).

Note 3: The requirements for representativeness apply to all economic flows, such as the service life that is

used to determine the number of replacements, the percentages of primary and secondary materials

that are used or the waste scenario.

If, during the establishment of an EPD for a raw material, an existing EPD is used, the representativeness

of this EPD for this specific raw material has to be demonstrated. If the EPD is established according to the

Assessment Method and it is verified according to the SBK Verification Protocol, the underlying data,

usually not accessible to the general public, do not have to be analyzed.

Generic Data

In addition to the EN 15804, for the production of raw materials, it is preferred to use data originating from

the producer’s own supplier. If it can be verified that there is no data available, because this supplier

cannot or does not want to provide it, one is allowed to use generic data.

For generic data, the process database, which is based on the database Ecoinvent 2.2, is used. The long -

term (> 100 years) emissions are not included. These are modelled separately within Ecoinvent, especially

for leaching. The cut-off after 100 years applies to all modules A-D and to all data, generic and specific.

The top processes from the NMD process database are used. The unique number of the top process is

taken. The charging of the top processes for material production is cradle-to-gate. Only the top processes

from the process database may be used. There should be no selective use of the underlying modified

Ecoinvent process maps.

Default values

The following default values are applicable:

— one-way transportation distance to the construction site if the construction product is manufactured in

the Netherlands: for bulk material 50 km, for other materials, products and elements 150 km; with

respect to civil engineering works, the transportation distance of each work is included in the calculation

instruments;

— location to determine the transportation distance of materials from abroad to and from the construction

site or customer: Utrecht;

Note 4: If a material is coming from abroad and the average distance to the Dutch market is not known, the

distance between the production site and Utrecht is used.

— waste scenario according to the table from Appendix B;

Pagina 17 van 89

— one-way transportation distance from the demolition site to the sort and / or break installation: 50km;

— one-way transportation distance ground removal: 50 km;

— one-way transportation distance of the demolition or sorting site to the dump site: 50 km;

— one-way transportation distance of flammable material of the demolition or sorting site to the waste

energy plant (AEC): 100 km.

If data of the transportation distances are available, deviation from the default values is justified.

Return transportation processes should be included in the calculation, unless it can be shown that the

return transport is loaded. The inclusion of the return transportation is achieved if the calculations contain

one-way travel and the average percentage loaded capacity, as applied by Ecoinvent. This percentage

loaded capacity is already incorporated in the Ecoinvent processes on transportation. This is the process

‘Transport, lorry > 16t, fleet average / RER U’ 50%, which is effectively equivalent to a full load and a return

with an empty cargo hold. Should it be proven that the return trips happen with a fully loaded cargo hold,

calculations can be done using half of the one-way trip distance, but the result should be increased with

25% since a fully loaded truck uses about 25% more fuel than an empty truck. In short, the return distance

used in calculation is 62.5% (0.5 * 1.25) of the one-way travel distance when this distance is verifiable and

concerns a fully loaded cargo hold.

For the removal of demolition residue and for the removal of soil, the means of transportation is:

“Transport, lorry >16t, fleet average/RER U” (Ecoinvent 2.2).

Within the Assessment Method, the following processes from the process database are used:

Diesel, low-Sulphur, at regional storage/RER U [Ecoinvent 2.2]

This process describes diesel production out of raw materials, not the burning of diesel itself.

Natural gas, high pressure, at consumer/NL U [Ecoinvent 2.2]

This process describes the extraction and production of gas, not the burning of gas itself.

For energy out of natural gas ’Heat, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW/RER U’ is used (process

in MJ) [Ecoinvent 2.2].

Diesel, burned in building machine/GLO U [Ecoinvent 2.2]

This process describes diesel use (production of diesel and burning emissions)..

Electricity, low voltage, at grid/NL U [Ecoinvent 2.2]

This process describes electronic energy use (230-400 V) including production from the raw materials

and distribution (net and transformation losses).

Transport, lorry >16t, fleet average/RER U [Ecoinvent 2.2]

This process describes transportation of 1 tons per truck with a capacity of more than 16 tons over 1

km (including return), including diesel production and use.

Transport, barge/RER U [Ecoinvent 2.2]

This process describes transportation of 1 tons per riverboat over 1 km, including fuel production and

use.

Transport, transoceanic freight ship/OCE U [Ecoinvent 2.2]

This process describes transportation of 1 tons per sea-going vessel over 1 km, including fuel

production and use.

For different, not mentioned, background processes, a LCA-executioner will make the most suitable

choice in accordance with Ecoinvent 2.2.

The process “Chemicals organic, at plant/GLO U” [Ecoinvent 2.2] is adapted in such a way that reference

to phenol is considered “worst case” instead of referencing to the mix of 20 chemicals.

Pagina 18 van 89

Loss in the form of construction waste With regard to the supply, storage and construction, some of the materials will be lost. This spoilage has a

relevant influence on the material streams. The loss is very dependent on the application, the construction

site and the care with which activities are conducted. In this Assessment Method, several default

calculation rules are maintained for the release of construction waste. Desired deviations from these

default values are only justifiable when these can be quantifiably supported with research results.

prefab products

Prefab products sequentially produced in controlled environments. Waste is often directly inserted back

into the process. The assumption is that 3% of the materials are lost (on the construction site or during

transportation).

in-situ products

On the construction site, products have to be custom made (e.g. bricks). This commonly produces

additional waste. Additionally, material is lost due to damage or influence from the weather. The

assumption is that 5% of materials are lost.

ancillary and finishing materials

With regard to ancillary and finishing materials, such as kitten, glues and paints, residue often remains,

which become obsolete after a period of time. Also, material is left behind in packaging or on application

instruments. The assumption is that 15% of the materials are lost.

Incineration in the waste energy plant (AEC)

Avoided energy production is taken into consideration when considering the incineration at the

“afvalenergiecentrale” (AEC) (waste energy plant). This information is included in module D. For average

net return of the Dutch waste energy plant (AEC), park is maintained2:

16% electronic and 18% thermal (Ecoinvent waste incineration processes report incineration values, but do

not take avoided production into consideration; mentioned return deviates from the Dutch return). To

include the avoided energy production, the AEC is required to meet return requirements from the EU:

For saved-up electricity: the Ecoinvent process “Electricity mix/NL U” (>20 kV ; production and import;

no transformation and transportation / distribution loss); and

For saved-up heat: ’Heat, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW/RER U’ (process in MJ) [Ecoinvent

2.2]

The calculation is based on the Lower Heating Values (LHV) that Ecoinvent provides in the process

descriptions. Below, several LHV are included:

2 Dutch waste quantified, data 2006-2010, Rijkswaterstaat 2013

Pagina 19 van 89

LHV (MJ/kg)

PET 22,95

HDPE 42,47

LDPE 42,47

PP 32,78

EPS 32,20

ABS 35,20

Carton 15,92

Wood 13,99

Textile 14,45

Paper 14,11

2.6.3.7. Data quality requirements

EN 15804 is applicable. In addition to EN 15804, the data quality has to be assessed with a data quality system, developed for

three categories:

Unit processes (appendix E, paragraph E1)

Horizontally aggregated processes (appendix E, paragraph E2)

Vertically aggregated processes (appendix E, paragraph E3)

2.6.3.8. Developing product level scenarios

EN 15804 is applicable.

In deviation with EN 15804:

As an exception to the rule regarding actuality, the future scenario can be used for the disposal scenario if

the hardship clause is met and a verifiable functional (return) system will be present at the moment of

disposal. Functional means:

— the economic and logistic collection structure is immaculate;

— the economic boundary conditions work stimulating;

— the efficiency of the (return)system serves as reference point;

— the technical infrastructure for the recycling process is available and can be assumed to have a

capacity that follows the market;

— the application, which will contain the recycled material, is known or it can be made credible that a

market exists.

Example 1: With regard to the application of new hydraulic engineering blocks, the assumption can be made that

a significant enough market exists for re-use, given the fact that product re-use is customary in this

application.

Example 2: A return system that is declared as generally binding can be used as scenario.

With regard to waste, specific waste scenarios are developed for each base profile. In the case that no

specific value is available, default values are provided in Appendix B.

Pagina 20 van 89

2.6.3.9. Units

EN15804 is applicable. 2.6.4. Life cycle inventory

2.6.4.1. Data collection

In addition to the EN 15804, requirements are established regarding the accuracy of the data.

For processes that happen with the producer of the construction product, assessments have to be made

with respect to the energy balance at company level and correction of deviations conforming to an

accuracy of 95%. With regard to the processes that happen with the producer of the construction product

(if deviating from the data at company level), assessments have to be made with respect to the mass

balance per employed process (if deviating from the data at company level) and correction of deviations

conforming to an accuracy of 95%. The mass balance relates to the actual used quantities per process.

The validity of the other processes has to be checked through assessment of the mass balance per

process and correction of deviations conforming to an accuracy of 95 %. See also 2.6.3.5. for the data

that can excluded from consideration.

In addition to the EN 15804, the suppliers are approached for their own (foreground) data previous to any

possible generic data being applied.

In addition to EN 15804, a large number of default processes have Ecoinvent 2.2 as their prescribed data

source. This source indicates which environmental interventions have to considered, how sum parameters

have to be treated and how to handle biogenic CO2.

The order of preference for the establishment of the emissions is:

1. Methods appointed in laws, decisions of ministerial arrangements;

2. Methods out of standards;

3. Methods that are described in (any possible sector-specific) private legal arrangements.

The following interventions have to have a value:

— emissions to air when using of thermal energy of CO2, CO, NOx (NO2 and N2O), SO2, CxHy and fine

substance (PM10: parts < 10 m);

— emissions to water of COD, BOD, P-total, N-total and solid substance (PM10: parts < 10 m);

— emissions to soil of PAH and heavy metals;

— other emissions for which requirements, originating from environmental law, are put in place that are

applicable for the producer of the construction material, product or element.

The naming has to happen in such a way that minimal misunderstanding is allowed to exist. The name has

to indicate the nature of what is actually assessed. If available, an index name out of the CAS registration

system has to be used, unless this name does not match the name in the list with environmental

interventions out of the CML-VLCA method, which is available through the SBK.

Biomass

Biomass means that the material is of biological descent excluding material that is transformed in fossil

material. Biogenic carbon means: carbon that is extracted out of or fixed into biomass. When inclusion of

biogenic carbon in a product is appreciated, like prescribed in EN 15804, the emission during production

and utilization outage and the emission at the end of the life cycle of the product have to be calculated.

Pagina 21 van 89

Considering the difficulty of this (the chance of mistakes), the application in the NMD, which deviates from

EN 15804 is also accepted if the biogenic carbon neutrality is realized by ignoring the included biogenic

carbon at the beginning of the life cycle and ignoring the included biogenic carbon emissions at the end of

the life cycle. This can, for example, be realized by setting the characterization factor for both biogenic

carbon inclusion and emission to 0. The biogenic carbon inclusion during the growth of biomass and the

release of biogenic carbon during natural decay or burning has to always be in balance, except for the

biogenic carbon that is fixed permanently.

Data not from the producer

The suppliers and consumers for the involved production sites of the construction product have to be

asked to make the production process data available, conforming to the requirements of this standard.

Note 1: Data of producers (primary source) can be supplied in the form of process data, in the form of a LCI of ‘cradle-to-gate’ or in the form of an environmental profile. The representativeness of the application for the Netherlands has to be determined.

If a supplier or consumer does not provide sufficient data, public sources, branch figures and literature data

are used.

Note 2: When public sources and literature are used, additional calculations and approximations might be

necessary. This is preferably done by experts in the relevant field (‘expert guess’).

The public and literature sources refer to the most widely accepted sources by LCA-executioners.

If processes from different regions are available, the order is maintained based on priority:

1) the relevant country;

2) a comparable neighboring country;

3) the relevant region (for example Northwestern Europe);

4) the relevant (partial) continent;

5) the world.

Example 1: Imagine that default values of three electricity processes exist in the database: one based on the

Dutch fuel mix, one based on the German mix and one as the European average. For a process that

occurs in the Netherlands, the Dutch mix is chosen. For a process that occurs in Spain, the

European mix is chosen.

When doubt exists about the representativeness of the data, worst case scenario data has to be used.

Example 2: Imagine that a producer of a certain raw material uses generic data from the NMD and doubt exists

about whether this raw material falls within the bandwidth of the product data in the NMD. At the

same time, generic data for this same raw material are available in Ecoinvent 2.2, which, when used,

will lead to higher environmental impacts. In this case, the producer is only allowed to use the NMD

data if he or she can verify that these data are more representative for this raw material.

Completeness of individual environmental interventions

Pagina 22 van 89

All environmental interventions from the CML-VLCA method, available through www.milieudatabase.nl,

have to be considered. The interventions are given a value, unless the value is unknown. This way a

division into three groups is created:

a) a positive or negative value;

b) the value 0 (for all interventions of which the value is below the boundary of detection);

Note 1: Values, through both measurement and reasoning, can be set to 0.

c) a question mark (if it is unknown whether the intervention happens).

In the case of a question mark, it has to be evaluated whether an environmental intervention can be

reasonably expected to prevent quantity levels that can influence the results of the LCA. If there is a

possibility that an environmental intervention contributes more than a cumulative 5% over the functional

unit, its value has to be estimated.

Completeness of sum parameters

If available in producer data, sum parameters (such as NOx, CxHy, CZV, BZV, P-total, N-total, PAK and

heavy metals) have to be partitioned into individual components in order to be characterized. The standard

list includes several sum parameters, for which characterization factors are also available. The intervention

value of the sum parameters can be filled out in two ways:

a) The intervention value of the sum parameters is known. This value is submitted;

b) One or more individual substances are known, but there is only one characterization factor available for

the sum parameter. A sum parameter is a representative value for the sum of a group of substances for

a particular impact, for example PAKs. The intervention values are then used to fill out the sum

parameters of the other substances. This is done using the proportion numbers. When sum parameters

data are available for several substances, the sum parameter is calculated for each substance and the

results are averaged.

Note 3 Emissions of substance groups can be translated into individual substance emissions through the use of relative proportions of (characterized) total emissions within a group like given in the normalization report Oers et al. (2001).

2.6.4.2. Calculation procedures

EN 15804 is applicable.

2.6.4.3. Allocation of input flows and output emissions

The sum of the allocated inputs and outputs of a unit process has to be the same as the unallocated inputs

and outputs of the unit process according to NEN-EN-ISO 14044. The allocation procedures have to be

uniformly applied to the same inputs and outputs of the product system. There cannot be any double

counting and / or shortages in the material streams or between the different product systems. To achieve

this, synchronization is necessary with the branch (horizontal) or with different parts in the construction

chain (vertical). This synchronization has to result in a single method of allocation for the material per

material chain.

Example 1: Allocation of stone-like material processing at the end of the life cycle is supposed to be identical to

allocation of granulates at the beginning of the life cycle. Of course, this also means that the sum of

the input and output has to be equal to the unallocated values of the processing of granulate.

Example 2: Production of furnace slag as byproduct of the steel production and application of slag in concrete,

requires synchronization between the product system ‘steel’ and the product system ‘concrete’.

Pagina 23 van 89

Allocation procedure of re-use, recycling and recovery

Allocation happens in two steps:

1) Determine if the economic value of the to-be recycled or to-be re-used construction product or

construction or civil engineering work component changes during the recycling or the re-use (economic

turning point) from a negative to a positive value:

Note 1: If a to-be recycled or to-be re-used material, product or element currently has a positive value, the

economic turning point cannot occur by definition.

2) Allocate. The following two situations a) and b) can occur. Different allocation procedures apply:

a) If an economic turning point changes from a negative value to a positive value, the product system is

bordered off (allocated) in such a way that the boundary is put where the turning point from negative

to positive economic value occurs. For recycling and re-use at the end of the life cycle, additional

modelling is done until the economic turning point is reached. These environmental interventions are

partitioned into the disposal stage. For the use of recycled or re-used materials, backwards

modelling is employed until the economic turning point is reached. These environmental

interventions are partitioned into the production stage. Economic values are determined based on

that what is stated in appendix F.

Note 2: An economic turning point can also occur during recycling in a single product system, for

example when the collection costs money. In a similar case, the aforementioned rule is

applied. The result is that the part of the recycling that happens before the economic turning

point belongs to the disposal stage, while the part that happens after the economic turning

point belongs to the production stage, namely the secondary material (the incoming stream).

Over the entire life cycle, the net effect is negligible, unless the quantities of the incoming and

outgoing streams are not equal.

Example 3: For stony materials that are not recycled, the turning point from negative to positive economic

value happens in the break process. This means that the break process up till the economic

turning point belongs to the product system of the stony material. The part of the break

process that happens after the turning point belongs to the granulate that originates from the

break process. Due to the application of the system bordering, allocation also happened

automatically. An example with figures is shown in figure 3.

Figure 3. Example of economic system bordering for stone-like materials

75 %

Residual

material

Secondary

materiaal

25 %

Break process

-25 euro 75 euro

Pagina 24 van 89

b) In the case that no economic turning point is reached, recycled and re-used processes at the end of

the life cycle are modelled through until a material or product is created that can be used again in a

product system. Next, three situations are separated out (see figure 4):

Figure 4 — The three situations if no economic turning point occurs in a recycle or re-use process

1) The once again useable material or product is used in the same material or product system, to

which the same requirements apply with regard to the technical functional performance and

where no deterioration of technical properties occurs. This why the number of cycles with respect

to usability is infinite.

Example 4 The recycling of copper in certain new copper products concerns recycling the same

material system. The same requirements apply with respect to the functional performance of

the material. In theory, this can occur infinitely.

In this case, the product system of the to-be subsidized material or product is subtracted from the

maximum technical useable quantity of secondary material or product. The functional

Secondary

material

Primary

material

b)1) secondary production

b)2) secondary production

b)3) value-corrected

intervention of primary

foreground production +

secondary production

Life

cycle

Waste

treatment +

secondary

production

Waste

Secondary

material

b)1) Interventions of avoided

primary production, until

maximum technical

usuable quantity. If

material ‘remains’:

approach according to

b)3)

Primary production

infinite number of cycles; no

deterioration properties

infinite number of cycles among

other things due to deterioration

properties

b)2) Model interventions in all

cycles and divide by the

number of cycles. If

number of cycles is

unknown: approach

according to b)3)

b)3) Value corrected

interventions of avoided

subsidized production

other situations

Pagina 25 van 89

performance of the product system remains intact. If the to-be subtracted quantity product system

is larger than the maximum technical useable quantity, the remaining quantity is treated as

indicated under b)3). The subtracted environmental interventions are partitioned into module D.

It can never happen that more primary material is subtracted than the quantity of primary material

that is used in the product system.

Note 3 Subtraction (subsidy) of the product system from the to-be subsidized material or product

boils down to the same things as calculating with an infinite number of cycles.

For recycled or re-used materials that are employed, the generation processes are included from

the moment after the demolition until a material or product is created that is once again useable

in a product system. These environmental interventions are partitioned into the production stage.

2) The once again useable material or product is used in the same material or product system. The

same requirements apply to the technical functional performance. However, the number of cycles

is limited due to deterioration of technical properties or due to different reasons.

Example 5: For the recycling of synthetic material from window frames, the same requirements apply to

the technical performance, but the recycling is not infinite due to technical reasons.

Example 6: Other technical reasons that limit the number of cycles are, for example: after the second

cycle, there is no return system available or the collection after the second cycle is

unknown.

In this case, environmental interventions in all cycles have to be modelled (including the waste

processing after the final cycle) and these are then separated out over the verifiable life cycles.

The environmental interventions that have to be deducted over the consecutive cycles, taken into

account any possible loss of technical quality. Default calculations with linear deductions. If the

quantity to-be subtracted product system is larger than the maximum technical useable quantity,

the residual quantity is treated as indicated under b)3). The subtracted environmental

interventions are partitioned into the disposal stage.

If the number of cycles is unknown, the calculation rules of b)3) are applied.

For recycled or re-used materials that are used, build up processes are included from the

moment after the demolition until a material or product is created that is once again useable in a

product system. These environmental interventions are partitioned into the product stage.

3) Other situations.

Example 7: Examples of ‘other situations’ are the recycling of a material when the number of cycles is

unknown and the recycling of a material that is used for different functional performances.

In this case, allocation happens based on the value-corrected substitution. This applies to both

the incoming and outgoing streams.

The value-corrected substitution for the outgoing streams happens by subtracting the to-be

substituted product system for the relevant material or product. The value correction is the ratio

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between the value of the secondary material (ps) and that of the to-be substituted material (psub),

also known as: ps/psub. The subtracted environmental interventions are partitioned into module D.

When a secondary material (incoming stream) originates from a stream, which has a positive

value at the moment of disposal, it is added to the substituted production, with a value correction

factor that indicates the difference between the value of the substituted and the secondary

material, also known as: (psub – ps)/psub. The added environmental interventions are partitioned

into the production stage.

For all three situations b)1), b)2) and b)3), the following applies:

— For the verifiability of recycling processes and the number or cycles, reference is made to the

rules of the hardship clause in 2.6.3.8.

— The losses during the recycling and build-up processes have to be taken into account.

Note 4: In practice, this means that infinite number of cycles occur never or only seldom.

— The product system of the to-be substituted material or product is modelled according to the

actual situation.

Example 8: If recycled steel is used again as steel, and steel has an actual composition of 65%

primary material and 35% secondary material, the product system of steel, with this

composition, is subtracted.

Note 5: In practice, the primary system is subtracted occasionally. This, however, is not the

essence of this norm, which relies on the actual situation. Additionally, the mass

balance and the 100%-principle are not always correct in this case. That is why it is

explicitly stated that the actual system is subtracted. Of course, if 100% primary

material is used, the primary product system is subtracted.

2.6.5. Life Cycle Impact Assessment

In addition to EN 15804, the impact categories human-toxicological effects and Eco teco toxoxicological

effects are calculated.

In addition to the EN 15804, the characterization factors from the CML-VLCA-method are involved.

This is more expansive than the list with characterization factors out of the EN 15804 annex A1. The most

recent complete set of characterization factors, with regard to environmental indicators and environmental

impacts, is available on www.milieudatabase.nl.

Logically, corrections and adaptations of the characterization factors that become available over time have

to be taken into account. Such an application is implemented following a proposal of the “Technisch

Inhoudelijke Commissie” (TIC) (Technical Content Commission) of SBK.

The impact categories are:

Depletion of abiotic resources (elements), excl. fossil fuels

Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels

Global warming

Ozone layer depletion

Photochemical oxidant creation (smog)

Acidification

Eutrophication

Pagina 27 van 89

Humane-toxicological effects

Eco toxicological effects, aquatic (fresh water)

Eco toxicological effects, aquatic (sea water)

Eco toxicological effects, terrestrial

The aforementioned set of characterization factors include interpretation of the CMLIA method for the

characterization of substance groups (within global warming, ozone layer depletion, photo chemical

oxidant creation, acidification and eutrophication). Also, with regard to the characterization, concessions

are included for several practical issues. It is part of this Assessment Method in order to achieve a uniform

characterization and classification.

The values of the impact categories are calculated by:

1) allocating the environmental interventions from the inventory to the impact categories;

2) multiplying the interventions per category with the characterization factors out of the CML-VLCA method;

3) sum the obtained values per effect category.

The scores for the different impact categories together form the environmental profile.

Non-characterized inventory data

It has to be verified whether all environmental interventions are characterized. If this is not the case, the

following actions have to be taken:

a) If the cause is a deviating naming: correct the naming, in order to still allow the substance to be

characterized.

b) If the cause is a missing characterization factor: characterize according to a chemical and physical

equivalent substance. If this is not present, include this intervention in a list of non-characterized

interventions and declare the interventions of which an environmental intervention can be expected.

Aggregation of environmental profiles

In the case that more production sites from the producers of the construction product provide data, the

data have to be averaged. It is possible to execute this aggregation at the environmental intervention or

environmental profile level.

With regard to aggregation of environmental profiles, the ‘average’ environmental process of a process is

obtained. The average environmental profiles are calculated based on a weighted average of selected

production sites3)

. The weights are determined by the production quantity. The production quantities are

allowed to be estimated in terms of magnitude.

2.6.6. Life cycle interpretation

In order to verify the robustness of the LCA results, sensitivity analyses have to be done for the most

important choices and assumptions that are made and used in the LCA. Choices and assumptions can

relate to uncertainties in the models, starting points and scenarios and uncertainties regarding the values

of the parameters. At a minimum, a sensitivity analysis has to be done for (applicable up till now):

— the influence of geographic and technological dispersion within a group of production sites. Use the

highest and the lowest values in the sensitivity analysis. Outliers can be removed from the data if

necessary; dispersion < 20%;

3) Or production volume if that is the customary unit.

Pagina 28 van 89

— the dispersion due to dispersion in an average composition. Use the highest and the lowest values in

the sensitivity analysis. Outliers can be removed from the data if necessary; dispersion < 20%;

— the dispersion due to averaging when establishing of a group average. Use the highest and the lowest

values in the sensitivity analysis. Outliers can be removed from the data if necessary; dispersion < 20%;

— the dispersion due to uncertainty regarding the starting points within the allocation during recycling. If

method 1) or 2) from 2.6.4.3 is applied, use method 3) in a sensitivity analysis. If method 3) is applied,

use a sensitivity analysis to determine the dispersion in the values; dispersion < 20%;

— allocation with regard to multi-input and multi-output processes, if the standard division key is not used

(mass base for multi-output processes and physical composition for multi-input processes). In this case,

use the standard division key in the sensitivity analysis.

The LCA has to verified, if the results from the sensitivity analysis give cause for this.

The differences cannot exceed 20% between a particular environmental impact and the average or original

value. If the sensitivity analysis points out that the differences exceed 20%, divisions have to be made into

separate environmental declarations in which the differences remain within the 20%-border. If it is

verifiable that a worst case scenario is chosen in the LCA, the sensitivity analysis may fail to appear.

Pagina 29 van 89

2.7. Content of the EPD (EN 15804 7 Content of the EPD)

2.7.1. Declaration of general information

EN 15804 is applicable.

In addition to EN 15804, internal and independent verification is not allowed: the EPD has to be verified by

an independent third party.

2.7.2. Declaration of environmental parameters derived from the LCA

2.7.2.1. General

EN 15804 is applicable.

2.7.2.2. Rules for declaring LCA information per module

EN 15804 is applicable.

2.7.2.3. Parameters describing environmental impacts

EN 15804 is applicable.

In addition to the EN 15804, the impact categories are displayed as follows:

Table 1. Parameters that describe the environmental impact

effect category Parameter unit

depletion of abiotic resources (elements), ex

fossil fuels

ADP-elements kg antimony

depletion of fossil fuels ADP-fuel4 kg antimony

global warming GWP-100j kg CO2

ozone layer depletion ODP kg CFC 11

photo chemical oxidant creation POCP kg ethane

acidification EP kg SO2

eutrophication AP kg (PO4)3-

humane-eco toxicological effects HTP kg 1,4 dichlorinebenzene

Eco toxicological effects, aquatic (fresh water) FAETP kg 1,4 dichlorinebenzene

Eco toxicological effects, aquatic (sea water) MAETP kg 1,4 dichlorinebenzene

Eco toxicological effects, terrestrial TETP kg 1,4 dichlorinebenzene

2.7.2.4. Parameters describing resource use

Besides the environmental impact categories from table 1, parameters are used for raw materials, the

release of waste and the release of materials and energy reported, which conforms to EN 15804. For the

readability, the tables are displayed here.

4 If “depletion of fossile energy carriers” is available in the unit MJ, the conversion factor 4,81E-4 kg antimoon/MJ can be used [CMLIA, Part 2b: Operational annex, pagina 52]

Pagina 30 van 89

Table 2. Parameters that describe resource use

Parameter unit

use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy

resources used as raw materials

MJ, net calorific value

use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials MJ, net calorific value

total use of renewable primary energy resources (renewable primary

energy and renewable primary energy resources used as raw

materials)

MJ, net calorific value

use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable energy

resources used as raw materials

MJ, net calorific value

use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials MJ, net calorific value

total use of non-renewable primary energy resources (non-renewable

primary energy and non-renewable primary energy resources used as

raw materials)

MJ, net calorific value

use of secondary material kg

use of renewable secondary fuels MJ, net calorific value

use of non-renewable secondary fuels MJ, net calorific value

net use of fresh water m3

In deviation with the EN 15804, kg dangerous waste and kg radioactive waste are summed and reported

as kg dangerous waste.

Table 3. Other environmental information: waste categories

Parameter Unit

dangerous waste Kg

non-dangerous waste Kg

Table 4. Other environmental information: output flows

parameter unit

components for re-use Kg

materials for recycling Kg

materials for energy

recovery

Kg

exported energy MJ per energy

carrier

For the EPDs of which the environmental information is included as base profiles in the National

Environment Database, a selection of parameters from table 2, 3 and 4 is required:

Total renewable energy (see table 2, total use of renewable primary energy; renewable primary

energy and renewable primary energy used as materials) (MJ);

Total non-renewable energy (see table 2, total use of non-renewable primary energy (non-

renewable primary energy and non-renewable primary energy used as materials)) (MJ);

Energy (MJ) (sum of the two aforementioned bullets);

Water use (see table 2) (m3);

Pagina 31 van 89

Non-dangerous waste (see table 3) (kg);

Dangerous waste (see table 3) (kg);

2.7.3. Scenarios and additional technical information

EN 15804 is applicable.

2.7.4. Additional information on release of dangerous substances to indoor air, soil and water

during the use stage

EN 15804 is applicable.

2.7.5. Aggregation of information modules

EN 15804 is applicable.

In the base profiles in the database, C3, C4 and D are taken together. This is done by SBK.

2.8. Project report (EN 15804 8 Project report)

2.8.1. General

EN 15804 is applicable.

The report has to be drawn up in Dutch, German, French or English.

2.8.2. LCA-related elements from the project file

2.8.2.1. Of general interest

EN 15804 is applicable.

In addition to EN 15804, the information for the LCI is supplemented:

— A list of materials (the composition does not have to be given with the names of the substances, the structure does);

— any possible additional function(s) that are not included in the functional unit and that relate to the application of the material, product or element in a construction work;

— a description of the way in which the composition of all construction products in the material list is determined (for example through the setting of standards);

— a description of the process tree and the limiting of the process tree, with support;

— the used service life for the construction product, with supporting description and support for the used scenarios;

— information which shows that the system boundaries in this Assessment Method have been followed, where deviation has taken place and why, and how this has influenced end results;

— the data categories;

Pagina 32 van 89

— the procedures for data collection (questionnaires, check lists, etc.);

— the calculation procedures (for example for estimations);

— which data originate from primary sources and which data from secondary sources;

— a justification for the made decisions regarding generic data (National Environment Database Ecoinvent

2.2, other data);

— an acknowledgement of literature data, with at least the title, composer and year;

— if the default values are not applied: a description of the conversion return on energy sources, of the way extraction and transportation of fuels are handled, of the burning values of energy carriers, of the fuel mix with regard to electricity production and of the distribution of the energy stream;

— a description of how completion percentages per data category are determined and how deviations are treated;

— a list with process emissions that are part of the environmental license;

— a list with the notified suppliers;

— the method of validation;

— the outcomes of mass and energy balances, corrections and declarations for deviations

2.8.2.2. Base profiles, product cards and item cards

The base profiles and product cards / item cards include the information that has to be incorporated in the

National Environment Database. The base profiles are supposed to be supplied for each material and for

all life cycle stages. If the EPD is limited to cradle-to-gate, the producer, that supplies the environmental

information for the NMD, has to make a choice out of the available base profiles in the National

Environment Database. If the base profiles are not displayed per kg, the mass per functional unit has to be

included.

The base profiles and the product cards / item cards are part of the verifying (see SBK Verification

Protocol).

The actual format for the supply of the base profiles is available on www.milieudatabase.nl; an example is

included in appendix H.

The product cards / item cards include general product information (no environmental information) about

construction products, such as composition, construction waste, service life, maintenance scenarios and

disposal scenarios. The information relating to a material or process on the product cards / item cards is

associated with the related information in the base profiles. The mass of the construction product has to be

included in the commentary field of the product card / item card.

The standard dimensions of the product are included on the product card.

The type of scaling is included per product card (B&U). The following options are possible:

· No scaling

· Mass according to table

· Linear

The actual format for the supply of the product cards is available on www.milieudatabase.nl; the necessary

parameters are included in appendix H.

2.8.3. Documentation on additional information

Pagina 33 van 89

EN 15804 is applicable.

2.8.4. Data availability for verification

EN 15804 is applicable.

In addition to EN 15804:

A project file has to be created for the LCA-investigation of the construction product. This file has to, at

least, include:

— the incoming and outgoing environmental streams (environmental interventions) of the unit processes

(process data) that are used as input for the LCA-calculations;

— the documentation (dimensions, calculations, estimations, sources, correspondence, traceable

references to origin etc.), which forms the foundation on which the process data for the LCA are based.

This includes, but is not limited to, documentation of the prescribed composition with which the

construction product of the producer is determined, energy use figures, emission data and waste

production as well as the data which supports the completeness. In specific cases, references can be

made to, for example, norms or quality requirements;

— documentation which indicates that the materials, products or elements (reference stream) can fulfil the

desired function(s) and performance(s);

— the quantities of the materials, products or elements;

— documentation which indicates that the chosen processes and scenarios in the process tree meet the

requirements of this Assessment Method;

— documentation which supports the chosen service life of the construction product;

— the data that is used in the performed sensitivity analyses and in the internal inspection of the collected

data. The internal inspection includes a mass balance per process step, a mass balance at company

level and an energy balance at company level;

— documentation and support for the percentages used in the waste scenario calculations;

— documentation and support for the percentages and figures (number of cycles, process, and such) used

in the allocation procedure calculations;

— with regard to an environmental declaration of a weighted average for more than one production sites or

producers:

— the unweighted values;

— documentation from which the used weights (production quantities) are derived;

— documentation which supports any possible qualified information in the environmental declarations;

— information which indicates that all suppliers and any possible relevant consumers are approached for

the LCA-investigation. In the case that this did not happen, information has to show that data are used

that can be considered comparable to the data of suppliers (for example when the suppliers collectively

publish data for the use in LCAs);

Pagina 34 van 89

— procedures that describe how the data collection is done (questionnaires, instructions, information

material, agreements about confidentiality and such);

— the used characterization factors, and the normalization factors and weighing factors , in so far applied

for calculations of the environmental parameters;

— the criteria and the support that are used for the determination of system boundaries and the selection

of incoming and outgoing streams;

— documentation which supports other choices, scenarios and assumptions.

EXAMPLE Examples of documentation are: a KOMO attest-with-product certificate, guidelines from the

“Standaard RAW-Bepalingen” (Standard RAW-Assessments), requirements, guarantees, practical

information, publications, investigations, yearly reports, accountant reports.

If the environmental profiles are included in the National Environment Database, the base profiles and the

parameters of the product cards / item cards have to be part of the verifying by the verifier.

2.9. Verification and validity of an EPD (EN 15804 9 Verification and validity of

an EPD)

EN 15804 is applicable.

on EN 15804:

For admission into the National Environment Database, the verifier of the environmental information from

the EPD has to be recognized by “Stichting Bouwkwaliteit” (Institution for Construction Quality) and the

verifying of the EPD and the base profile and the product / item card has to occur according to the SBK

Verification Protocol.

The validity of the EPD as a MRPI-certificate requires that the verifier has to be recognized by the

“Stichting MRPI” (Institution MRPI) and the verifying has to be carried out according to the MRPI

Verification Protocol.

In practice, it is possible to verify (large) numbers of EPDs from a single producer or branch at the same

time, given that these are included in one project file. This file can then be subjected to a single review.

Time and, with that, costs are reduced this way.

Pagina 35 van 89

3. CONSTRUCTION AND CIVIL ENGINEERING WORK CALCULATION

3.1. Of general interest

The NEN-EN 15978 (hereafter EN 15978) exists for the determination of the environmental performances

of constructions. This is largely based on the EN 15804 and the construction and civil engineering work

calculation and thus also on the EN 15978. The EN 15978 is not followed explicitly. The way replacements

are handled (par. 3.3.2) deviates from the EN 15978.

3.2. Use of product information

The three product information categories from the National Environmental Database are used to determine

the environmental performance of construction and civil engineering works. The use of category 1 and 2

data is always preferred if available and applicable to the situation. If category 1 and 2 lose their validity, a

backup option is used. The manager of the NMD determines which data are used as replacements. The

SBK Verification Protocol includes the comparableness procedure that indicates under which

circumstances environmental profiles can be used that are not established according to chapter 2 of this

Assessment Method.

3.3. Reference service life

3.3.1. Service life construction and civil engineering works

For the service life of a construction, a type-dependent reference service life or a completely adjustable

service life can be used, with the following reference service life durations for different types of

constructions:

Residential construction: 75 years

Utility: 50 years (including schools, stores, gyms, etc.)

With regard to hybrid forms (for example residential space above stores), 75 years is used.

The “Richtsnoer ‘Specifieke gebouwlevensduur’” [W/E, 2013] provides directions for how to support

deviating from the reference service life. See the website www.milieudatabase.nl.

3.3.2. For each project, the reference service life for civil engineering works can be set to 100

years or a completely adjustable service life can be used. Initial production and

replacements

Every construction product in the application has to be checked in order to establish whether replacements

are necessary during the functional service life of a functional unit. This is the case when the empirical

service life of the construction product for the given situation is shorter than the functional service life of the

functional unit. The number of replacements is calculated by dividing the functional service life by the

empirical service life minus one (the initial production). The number of replacements can never be smaller

than 0 and is expressed with, at a minimum, 2 decimal places. For the initial production, it is always

assumed that it concerns an entire production; this can, therefore, never be smaller than 1, even if the

service life of the product is larger than the functional service life.

EXAMPLE 1 With a functional service life of 75 years and an empirical service life of 25 years, the number of

replacements is 2, namely: 75/25 – 1 = 2.00: the initial production is included in its entirety.

Pagina 36 van 89

EXAMPLE 2 With a functional service life of 75 years and an empirical service life of 20 years, the number of

replacements is 2.75, namely: 75/20 – 1 = 2.75: the initial production is included in its entirety.

EXAMPLE 3 With regard to a track (2 lanes of 2.6 m wide and 1 escape lane of 3 m wide) of a highway with a

functional service life of 30 years, with a maintenance scenario that the asphalt on the right lane is

replaced after 8, 16 and 24 years and that the asphalt of the entire track is replaced after 16 years,

the asphalt layer is replaced 2.56 times.

3.3.3. Existing constructions

The “Bepaling van de milieuprestatie van te renoveren, of te transformeren, bestaande gebouwen”

(Assessment of the environmental performance of the to-be renovated or transformed existing

constructions) [W/E, 2014]) provides directions for how to handle the residual value and the deduction of

environmental impact, which is used in the calculation of the environmental performance of renovation or

transformation. See the website www.milieudatabase.nl. This applies only to constructions, not to civil

engineering works.

3.4. Multiplication factor used for raising category 3 data

A multiplication factor applies to category 3 environmental profiles because experience shows that the

environmental impact declared in unverified environmental profiles is oftentimes too low. Sometimes,

certain environmental impacts are missed. This multiplication factor is set to 30%. This can be changed by

the manager of the National Environment Database, which is the SBK.

This multiplication factor applies to both production, transportation as waste and per product (thus, if the

base profile is about modules A1-A3 category 3, the modules are raised by 30%).

Expired category 1 and category 2 environmental profiles are removed from the National Environment

Database. If no substitutable generic data is available, these can be used as category 3 data.

3.5. Weighing of environmental impact scores

The weighing of environmental impact scores to a single or several scores is often desired by the users of

instruments. The composers of this Assessment Method are conscious of the objections to weighing.

However, they think that, if weighing is applied, it should be done in a uniform fashion. The users of the

weighing factors should realize that not as much consensus exists about weighing and weighing factors as

about characterization factors for example. Also, the method is subject to uncertainties. For that reason,

weighing factors are not normalized.

Pagina 37 van 89

The source of the numbers is the RWS report by TNO-MEP “Toxiciteit heeft z'n prijs: schaduwprijzen voor

(eco-)toxiciteit en uitputting van abiotische grondstoffen binnen DuboCalc” (Toxicity has its price: shadow

prices for (eco)toxicity and depletion of abiotic raw materials within DuboCalc), March 8, 2004. From the

summary:

In order to arrive at a single indicator for the environmental impact, the weighing and putting together of the

scores regarding the ten currently used impact categories is necessary. With this goal in mind, several

options are available. In this report, one of those options is elaborated on in more detail: the shadow

pricing method. The shadow price is the, for the government, highest allowable cost level (preventive

costs) per unit emission repression.

With regard to this report, calculations are done with one difference: the factor for abiotic depletion is set to

€ 0.16 (set to 0 in the definitive version of the RWS report)5.

Table 5: Weighing factors (for the environmental impact categories)

Environmental impact categories Equivalent

unit

Weighing factors

[€ / kg equivalent]

Depletion of abiotic resources

(excluding fossil fuels) – ADP

Sb eq € 0.16

Depletion fossil fuels – ADP Sb eq6 € 0.16

Global warming – GWP 100 j. CO2 eq € 0.05

Depletion ozone layer – ODP CFK-11 eq € 30

Photochemical oxidant creation – POCP C2H4 eq € 2

Acidification – AP SO2 eq € 4

Eutrophication – EP PO4 eq € 9

Human toxicity – HTP 1,4-DCB eq € 0.09

Fresh water aquatic eco toxicity – FAETP 1,4-DCB eq € 0.03

Marine aquatic eco toxicity - MAETP 1,4-DCB eq € 0.0001

Terrestrial eco toxicity – TETP 1,4-DCB eq € 0.06

The result per environmental category is derived by multiplying the characterized impact scores with the

weighing factors per unit. No normalization happens.

3.6. Key Environmental Indicators

For constructions, key environmental indicators are calculated per m2 BVO (built-on surface) each year.

No correction is applied for the construction type. The key environmental indicators for energy, water and

waste are a selection of the aspects from the EN 15804, as mentioned in table 2, 3 and 4.

Materials (construction work, utilization and disposal stage), per functional (construction) unit:

Environmental profile (see table 1) (LCA-units);

Raw materials (weighing factors for abiotic depletion, see table 5) (€);

Emissions (weighted summation of all emission related impact categories, see table 5) (€);

Total renewable energy (see table 2, total use of renewable primary energy; renewable primary

energy and renewable primary energy used as materials) (MJ);

Total non-renewable energy (see table 2, total use of non-renewable primary energy (non-

renewable primary energy and non-renewable primary energy used as materials)) (MJ);

6 If “uitputting van fossiele energiedragers” (depletion of fossile energy carriers) is available in the unit MJ, the conversion factor 4,81E-4 kg antimoon/MJ can be used [CMLIA, Part 2b: Operational annex, pagina 52]

Raw

materials

Emissions

1-p

oin

ts s

core

Pagina 38 van 89

Energy (MJ) (sum of two aforementioned bullets);

Water use (see table 2) (m3);

Non-dangerous waste (see table 3) (kg);

Dangerous waste (see table 3) (kg);

1-point-score (see table 5) (€).

Energy (utilization stage), per functional unit (construction / civil engineering work):

Total renewable energy (MJ);

Total non-renewable energy (MJ);

Energy (MJ) (sum of 2 aforementioned bullets);

Environmental profile (LCA-units);

Raw materials (weighing factors of abiotic raw material depletion, see table 5) (€);

Emissions (weighted summation of all emission related impact categories, see table 5) (€);

Water use (m3);

Non-dangerous waste (kg);

Dangerous waste (kg);

1-point-score (see table 5) (€).

Water (utilization stage), per functional unit (construction / civil engineering work):

Total water use (m3)

Environmental profiles (LCA-units);

Raw materials (weighing factors of abiotic raw material depletion, see table 5) (€);

Emissions (weighted summation of all emission related impact categories, see table 5) (€);

Non-dangerous waste (kg);

Dangerous waste (kg);

1-point-score (see table 5) (€).

For more information regarding the calculation of the environmental impact of energy and water use, see

appendix I.

Total material use (kg7);

3.7. Calculation rules for the use in instruments

3.7.1. Residential and non-residential buildings (B&U)

In the context of the project “Rekenregels voor een uniforme berekening van de materiaalgebonden

milieuprestatie in rekeninstrumenten” (Calculation rules for a uniform calculation of the material-based

environmental performance in calculation instruments), calculation rules and formulas for constructions are

documented. The calculation rules are further developments of the “Bepalingsmethode milieuprestatie

gebouwen en GWW-werken” (Assessment Method Environmental Performance Constructions and Civil

Engineering (GWW) Works) for constructions.

The calculation rules are included in the document “Rekenregels materiaalgebonden milieuprestatie

gebouwen” (Calculation rules material-based environmental performance constructions). This document

can be found on www.milieudatabase.nl .

An example of the product card with corresponding tables and base profiles is included as appendix 1.

The most important discussion points that have resulted in the current calculation rules are documented as

a background document in appendix 2.

This document can be adapted by SBK.

7 The unit of weight kg is virtually useless as a descriptive indicator of the environmental impact, but is included anyways due to the function it can have when calibrating different instruments. This unit is not communicated externally.

Pagina 39 van 89

Separately, a validation guideline for calculation rules is established to verify the calculation results of the

instruments that use the calculation rules and the product and environmental data from the National

Environment Database.

See document “Validatierichtlijn rekenregels incl. berekening testcases materiaalgebonden

milieuprestatiegebouwen” (Validation guideline calculation rules incl. the calculation of test cases material-

based environmental performance constructions) on www.milieudatabase.nl .

These documents can be adapted by SBK. The most recent version on the website is applicable.

3.7.2. Civil Engineering Works (GWW)

For the DuboCalc calculation rules and the backgrounds, reference is made to the document “Specificatie

DuboCalc” (Specification DuboCalc). This document can be found on www.milieudatabase.nl .

In this document, the calculation rules are included

- Chapter 2: “Rekenmodule” (Calculation Module);

- Chapter 3: “Eigenschappen Projecten en Objecten” (Features Projects and Objects);

- Appendix 2: “Rekenregels rekenmodule” (Calculation Rules Calculation Module).

This document can be adapted. The most recent version on the website is applicable.

Pagina 40 van 89

4. LITERATURE

Beoordelingstabellen Document Beoordelingstabellen, SBK (2014), via www.milieudatabase.nl

CMLIA LCA methodology developed by the Center of Environmental Science (CML)

of Leiden University in The Netherlands, version 4.1 (april 2013)

CML-VLCA Update van de CMLIA method die beschikbaar is via www.milieudatabase.nl

Specificatie DuboCalc Functionele specificatie DuboCalc, NWP0800100-FS, Rijkswaterstaat, maart

2010

Handleiding MRPI Stichting MRPI, Handleiding voor het opstellen van Milieurelevante

Productinformatie (MRPI®), R00-007, versie 1.2, juli 2000

MRPI Toetsingsprotocol MRPI Toetsingsprotocol, Stichting MRPI, versie 2.0, mei 2011

NEN-EN 15804:2012 Duurzaamheid van bouwwerken – Milieuverklaringen van producten –

Basisregels voor de productgroep bouwproducten

NEN-EN 15978 Duurzaamheid van constructies – Beoordeling van milieuprestaties van

gebouwen – Rekenmethode

Oers et al.(2001) LCA normalisation factors for the Netherlands, Europe and the world. RIZA

werkdocument 2000.059x, RIZA/CML, Lelystad/Leiden.

Referentiedatabase

Dubocalc

Schuurmans, A., De algemene referentiedatabase van DuboCalc.

Verantwoording van het Access bestand, INTRON-rapport

A814430/R20020487, Rijkswaterstaat Bouwdienst, 2003

Rekenregels gebouwen Harmonisatie rekenregels materiaalgebonden rekenregels gebouwen, DGMR

rapport E.2009.1252.11.R001

SBK Toetsingsprotocol SBK Toetsingsprotocol opname data in de nationale milieudatabase, versie

1.0 d.d. juli 2011

SBR Levensduur Levensduur van bouwproducten, methoden voor referentiewaarden, SBR,

d.d. december 2011

TNO schaduwprijzen Toxiciteit heeft z'n prijs, Schaduwprijzen voor (eco-)toxiciteit en uitputting van

abiotische grondstoffen binnen DuboCalc, Harmelen, drs. A.K. van, e.a.,

TNO-MEP (i.o.v. Rijkswaterstaat), Apeldoorn, 2004

Validatierichtlijn

rekenregels

Validatie rekenregels, DGMR notitie E.2009.1252.14.N001-002

W/E (2013) “Richtsnoer ‘Specifieke gebouwlevensduur” Aanvulling op de

Bepalingsmethode Milieuprestatie Gebouwen en GWW-werken(MPG)” [W/E

7546-114 Utrecht, 29 april 201

Pagina 41 van 89

W/E (2014) “Bepaling van de milieuprestatie van te renoveren, of te transformeren,

bestaande gebouwen; Addendum op de bepalingsmethode milieuprestatie

gebouwen en GWW-werken”; Referentienummer: 4200457, W/E 8444;

Utrecht, 31 maart 2014

Pagina 42 van 89

APPENDIX A. TERMS, DEFINITIONS, AND ABBREVIATIONS

Term (from EN 15804) and clarification Source ‘Terms’

(EN 15804)

background process

process over which the producer or supplier of the product / process

under study, cannot exercise direct influence. The process happens

elsewhere in the chain (for example the production of electricity or a

raw material)

See also “foreground process”.

-

additional technical information

information that is part of the EPD by creating a base for the

development of scenarios.

EN 15804 (3.1) additional

technical

information

disposal scenario

partitioning to a waste processing / destination of a material /

application combination.

NOTE Processing options are dumping, incineration and recycling

(whether or not after reprocessing).

-

waste

substance or object which the holder disposes or intends to or is

required to dispose.

NOTE modified from the definitive in the European waste guideline

2008/98/EG

EN 15804 (3.34) waste

allocation

partitioning the input or output flows of a process or a product system

between the product system under study and one or more other

product systems.

ISO 14044 (3.17)

basic process

description of the input and output flows of a unit process in a process

card in the process database.

-

base profile

1. Environmental profile as part of an EPD that together with the

product / item card is offered to NMD and, if desired, also to the

process database for the use in other LCAs / EPDs.

2. Environmental profile of a NMD Top Process. Formatting is a row in

Excel. The unique number of the Top Process is taken over.

“Doorrekening Materiaalproductie” (Calculation Material Production) is

cradle-to-gate.

Standard chains (according to this Assessment Method)

environmental impacts.

-

Pagina 43 van 89

Term (from EN 15804) and clarification Source ‘Terms’

(EN 15804)

base profile database

collection of base profiles (in Excel or SQLite)

-

co-product

any of two or more marketable materials, products or fuels from the

same unit process, but which is not the object of assessment.

NOTE Co-product, by-product and product have the same status and

are used for identification of several distinguished flows of products

from the same unit process. From co-product, by-product and product,

waste is the only output to be distinguished as a non-product.

EN 15804 (3.7) co-product

biogenic carbon

biogenic carbon is carbon extracted from or fixed in biomass

derived from

ISO/DIS 14067

biomass

material of biologic descent, except material layered in geologic

formations and material transformed into fossil material.

ISO / DIS 14067

construction waste

construction waste is composed of:

· Product defects from transportation

· Product defects from damage on the construction site

· Sawing waste (saw dust) on the construction site

· Extra ordered material (for smooth processing)

Loss due to incidents in the utilization stage (blown off roof tiles,

breaking of glass) is NOT included.

-

construction element

part of a construction containing a defined combination of products

EXAMPLES foundation, floor, roof, wall, technical building system.

EN 15804 (3.9) construction

element

construction product

item manufactured or processes for incorporation into construction

works

NOTE 1 Construction products are items supplied by a single

responsible body.

NOTE 2 Adapted from the definition in ISO 6707-1:2004 according to

the recommendation of ISO / TC 59/AHG Terminology.

[prEN 15643-1]

NOTE 3 Constructing products are composed out of one or more

materials. These are separated into generic and specific construction

products.

EN 15804 (3.5) construction

product

construction works

everything that is constructed or results from construction operations

NOTE These can be construction or civil engineering works.

[NEN-ISO 6707-

1:2004]

Pagina 44 van 89

Term (from EN 15804) and clarification Source ‘Terms’

(EN 15804)

construction service

activities that supports the construction process or subsequent

maintenance

EN 15804 (3.6) construction

service

bulk material

materials that are delivered separate (not formed, unpackaged) to the

construction site and stored in a silo. EXAMPLES sand, gravel, land,

cured concrete mortar, etc.

-

BVO

Gross floor space

[NEN 2580]

product information categories

category 1: brand-specific data, verified

category 2: generic data, verified

category 3: generic data, not verified

See also: “generic product” and “specific product”

-

third party

person or body that is recognized as being independent of the parties

involved, as concerns the issues in question.

NOTE “involved parties” are usually supplier (“first party”) and the

buyer (”second party”) and therefore have interest.

[EN ISO 14024:1999]

EN 15804 (3.31) third party

Ecoinvent

extensive database, at intervention level, with a significant amount of

data on production processes, energy generation and transportation

in Europe.

NOTE Developed and maintained by the Ecoinvent Center in

Zwitserland. Version 2.2 was published in 2010. Version 3.0 is

introduced in 2013.

-

unit process

the smallest element considered in the life cycle inventory analysis for

which input and output data are quantified [EN ISO 14040:2006]

EN 15804 (3.35) unit process

impact category

class representing environmental issues of concern to which the life

cycle inventory analysis results may be assigned.

EXAMPLES depletion of raw materials, global warming, humane

toxicity.

ISO 14044 (3.39)

element group code (NL-SfB), element code and product code.

The first two numbers of the elements in a construction work are

coded according NL-SfB (for example element group code 31:

openings in exterior wall).

For the further division into elements and products, the NL-SfB-code

is supplemented with its own coding (31.XX.YYY).

-

Pagina 45 van 89

Term (from EN 15804) and clarification Source ‘Terms’

(EN 15804)

functional equivalent

quantified functional requirements and / or technical requirements for

a building or an assembled system (part of works) for use as a basis

for comparison

NOTE Adapted from the definition in ISO 21931-1:2010.

EN 15804 (3.11) functional

equivalent

functional unit (FU)

quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference

unit.

[ISO 14040:2006]

NOTE See also declared unit.

EN 15804 (3.12) functional unit:

aggregated process

a process that describes multiple unit processes

-

average data

data representative of a product, product group or construction

service, provided by more than one supplier.

NOTE the product group or construction service can contain similar

products or construction services.

EN 15804 (3.3) average data

generic data

data representative of a product or product group and are established

by the owners’ organization. These data are based on public data

sources, but can also be based on verified data of producers or

branches, given that they have given permission to use these data for

this purpose.

See also `specific data” and “product information categories”.

-

re-use

any operation through which products or components that are not

waste are used again for the same purpose for which they were

conceived or used for other purposes without reprocessing

Examples are the re-use of insulation material as insulation material,

the re-use of a door as a door, and the re-use of a roof as a roof.

-

renewable energy

energy from renewable non-fossil sources

EXAMPLES Wind, solar, aero thermal, geothermal, hydrothermal and

ocean energy, hydropower, biomass, landfill gas, sewage treatment

plant gas and biogases.

NOTE Adapted from the definition in Directive 2009/28/EG.

EN 15804 (3.23) renewable

energy

Pagina 46 van 89

Term (from EN 15804) and clarification Source ‘Terms’

(EN 15804)

renewable resource

resource that is grown, naturally replenished or naturally cleansed, on

a human times scale

NOTE A renewable resource is capable of being exhausted, but may

last indefinitely with proper stewardship. Examples include: trees in

forests, grasses in grassland, fertile soil.

[ISO 21930:2007]

EN 15804 (3.24) renewable

resource

horizontal aggregated process

average of processes with the same function.

[Verification

Protocol]

ancillary material

input material or product that is used by the unit process producing

the product, but which does not constitute part of the product

[ISO 14040]

EN 15804 (3.2) ancillary

material

information module

compilation of data to be used as a basis for a Type III environmental

declaration covering a unit process or a combination of unit processes

that are part of the life cycle of a product [ISO 14025]

NOTE In EN 15804, the information module part of Figure 1 makes up

part of a life cycle stage. For example: "A1 Raw material supply".

EN 15804 (3.13) information

module

item card

information about a product (materials, quantities per FE, service life

(cycles), emission utilization stage, construction waste, disposal

scenario), for application in civil engineering instruments. For this, see

B&U-instruments: product card.

NOTE Item cards do not include information on environment impact.

-

capital goods

goods, such as ancillary goods, materials and constructions, that are

necessary to execute activities. These goods are re-usable and the

deprecation can be spread over different products.

CLARIFICATION factories and machines are examples of capital

goods.

-

life cycle assessment

LCA

compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential

environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle

[14044:2006]

EN 15804 (3.14) life cycle

assessment

Pagina 47 van 89

Term (from EN 15804) and clarification Source ‘Terms’

(EN 15804)

life cycle inventory analysis

LCI

stage of life cycle assessment involving the compilation and

quantification of inputs and outputs for a product throughout its life

cycle

[ISO 14040]

NOTE Besides economic flows (the buying of raw materials, energy

and waste processing and the selling of products), environmental

interventions are included (depletion from the environment and

emission received by the environment).

EN 15804 (3.15) life cycle

inventory

analysis

environmental intervention

a stream that is being withdrawn from the environmental system and

which enters an economic system unprocessed or a stream that

leaves an economic system and enters the environmental system

unprocessed.

EXAMPLE examples are: the withdrawal of raw materials, the

withdrawal of land, emissions, noise.

NEN 8006

environmental performance performance related to environmental impacts and environmental aspects [ISO 15392:2008]

[ISO 21931-1:2010]

EN 15804 (3.10) environmental

performance

National Environmental Database

NMD

Validated databases used to assess the environmental performance

of constructions and civil engineering works. The National

Environment Database consists of a product cards / item cards and a

base profiles database. The category 3 base profiles are generated

with the process databases that are also part of the NMD.

non-renewable energy

energy from sources which are not defined as renewable energy

sources

EN 15804 (3.16) non-renewable

energy

non-renewable resource

resource that exists in a finite amount that cannot be replenished on a

human time scale

[21930:2007].

EN 15804 (3.17) non-renewable

resource

multiplication factor

factor by which non-verified environment data (results) are raised See

§ 3.3.

-

Pagina 48 van 89

Term (from EN 15804) and clarification Source ‘Terms’

(EN 15804)

performance

expression relating to the magnitude of a particular aspect of the

object of consideration relative to specified

NOTE Adapted from the definition in ISO 6707-1:2004 according to

the draft recommendation of ISO/TC 59

EN 15804 (3.18) performance

primary material

a (construction) material produced from raw materials NOTE See

also: secondary material

-

primary production

a production process based on raw materials.

-

process database

collection of basic processes in NMD process database

-

producer

the producer or his / her representative, or the importer of a product

for the Dutch market

-

product category

group of construction products that can fulfil equivalent functions.

NOTE Adapted from EN ISO 14025:2010

EN 15804 (3.19) product

category

product system

collection of unit processes with elementary and product flows,

performing one or more defined functions, and which models the life

cycle of a product [ISO 14040]

EN 15804 (3.21) product system

product category rules

PCR

set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines for developing Type

III environmental declarations for one or more product categories

[ISO 14025]

EN 15804 (3.20) product

category rules

declared unit

quantity of a construction product for use as a reference unit in an

EPD for an environmental declaration based on one or more

information modules

EXAMPLE Mass (kg), volume (m³).

NOTE Adapted from the definition in ISO 21930-1:2007.

See also functional unit.

EN 15804 (3.8) declared unit

Pagina 49 van 89

Term (from EN 15804) and clarification Source ‘Terms’

(EN 15804)

product card

information about a product (materials, quantities per FU, service life

(cycles), utilization stage emissions, construction waste, disposal

scenarios) for the application in B&U instruments. See for civil

engineering instruments: item cards.

NOTE Product cards do not include information about environment

impact.

-

product cards / item cards database

collection of product cards / item cards in the NMD.

programme operator

body or bodies that conduct a Type III environmental declaration

programme.

NOTE A programme operator can be a company or a group of

companies, industrial sector or trade association, public authorities or

agencies, or an independent scientific body or other organization.

EN 15804 (3.22) programme

operator

recycling

any recovery operation during which waste materials are reprocessed

into products, materials or substances either for the original purpose

or other purposes

NOTE Product re-use is a special form of recycling.

-

reference service life (RSL)

service life of a construction product which is known to be expected

under a particular set, i.e., a reference set, of in-use conditions and

which may form the basis of estimating the service life under other in-

use conditions

[ISO 21930:2007]

EN 15804 (3.25) reference

service life

(RSL)

reference service life data (RSL data)

information that includes the reference service life and any qualitative

or quantitative data describing the validity of the reference service life

EXAMPLE Typical data describing the validity of the RSL include the

description of the component (3.10) for which it applies, the reference

in-use conditions under which it applies, and its quality.

[ISO 15686-8:2008]

EN 15804 (3.26) reference

service life data

(RSL data)

scenario

collection of assumptions and information concerning an expected

sequence of possible future events

EN 15804 (3.27) scenario

Pagina 50 van 89

Term (from EN 15804) and clarification Source ‘Terms’

(EN 15804)

scaling

when applied, the submitted dimensions of constructions are different

form the standard (default) dimensions that are represented on the

product cards. NOTE Each product card provides the type of scaling.

The following options are possible:

- No scaling

- Mass according to table

- Linear

secondary material

material recovered from previous use or from waste which substitutes

primary materials

NOTE 1 Secondary material is measured at the point where the

secondary material enters the system from another system.

NOTE 2 Materials recovered from previous use or from waste from

one product system and used as an input in another product system

are secondary materials.

NOTE 3 Examples of secondary materials (to be measured at the

system boundary) are recycled scrap metal, crushed concrete, glass,

cullet, recycled wood chips, recycled plastic.

EN 15804 (3.29) secondary

material

secondary fuel

fuel recovered from previous use or from waste which substitutes

primary fuels

NOTE 1 Processes providing a secondary fuel are considered from

the point where the secondary fuel enters the system from the

previous system.

NOTE 2 Any combustible material recovered from previous use or

from waste from the previous product system and used as a fuel in a

following system is a secondary fuel.

NOTE 3 Examples of primary fuels are: coal, natural gas, biomass,

etc.

NOTE 4 Examples of secondary fuels recovered from previous use or

from waste are: solvents, wood, tyres, oil, animal

EN 15804 (3.28) secondary fuel

secondary production

a production process that is based on secondary material

specific data

data originating form one specific producer

NOTE These data are verified according to the Verification Protocol

and offered to the database management.

See also “generic data” and “product information categories”.

-

Pagina 51 van 89

Term (from EN 15804) and clarification Source ‘Terms’

(EN 15804)

specific data

data representative of a product, product group or construction

service, provided by one supplier

EN 15804 (3.30) specific data

substance group

group of substances, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx). As opposed to

nitrogen dioxide (NO2).

NOTE Some measurement methods deliver a quantity of a certain

substance group. Substance groups cannot always be characterized

accurately.

-

system process

process card within Ecoinvent that describes the environmental

interventions of all process steps up to and including the current

‘’aggregated’ (= vertical aggregation)

NOTE Compare unit process

-

top process

last process card in a chain, consisting of one or more basic

processes.

NOTE Concerns production material ‘cradle-to-gate’, transportation,

energy generation, processing, waste incineration, etc. Top processes

are given a unique number.

-

type III environmental declaration (synonym: EPD)

environmental declaration providing quantified environmental data

using predetermined parameters and, where relevant, additional

environmental information

NOTE The calculation of predetermined parameters is based on the

ISO 14040 series of standards, which is made up of ISO 14040, and

ISO 14044. The selection of the predetermined parameters is based

on ISO 21930 (adapted from ISO 14025).

EN 15804 (3.32) type III

environmental

declaration

unit process

process card within Ecoinvent that describes the environmental

interventions of a single process step.

NOTE Compare system process.

-

comparative assertion

environmental claim regarding the superiority or equivalence of one

product versus a competing product that performs the same function

[EN ISO 14044:2006]

EN 15804 (3.4) comparative

assertion

vertically aggregated process

Sum of different related processes (vertical in the chain)

Pagina 52 van 89

Term (from EN 15804) and clarification Source ‘Terms’

(EN 15804)

volume transportation factor

most transportation models assume that mass transportation (mass x

distance; tons x miles). Producers with a low density have to be

corrected.

NOTE In case of mass transport the volume transport factor is 1.

upstream, downstream process

process that either precedes (upstream) or follows (downstream) a

given life cycle stage

EN 15804 (3.33) upstream,

downstream

process

foreground process

process over which the producer or supplier of the product / process

under study is able to exercise direct influence (at a minimum this

relates to own production).

See also “Background process”.

-

Pagina 53 van 89

ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations

AEC Waste energy plant, Afvalenergiecentrale

EPD Environmental product declaration, milieuverklaring van een product

PCR Product category rules, LCA Life cycle assessment,

levenscyclusanalyse LCI Life cycle inventory analysis,

levenscyclusinventarisatie LCIA Life cycle impact assessment,

levenscycluseffectanalyse RSL Reference service life,

referentielevensduur ESL Estimated service life, geschatte

levensduur EPBD Energy performance of buildings directive MRPI

® Environmentally relevant product

information, Milieurelevante productinformatie

pp price of a primary (construction)material

ps price of a secondary (construction) material

psub Price of a to be substituted or substituted (construction)material

Abbreviations environmental effects

ADP = Abiotic Depletion Potential. Depletion abiotic raw materials. Measurement for scarcity of raw materials relative to reference antimony (Sb) GWP 100y = Global Warming Potential. Climate change expressed in CO2-equivalents. The addition 100 years references the anticipation horizon. ODP = Ozone Depletion Potential.

Measurement for effect on the ozone layer, in CFC-11 equivalents.

AP = Acidification Potential.

Acidification in SO2-equivalents.

EP = Eutrophication Potential.

Eutrophication in PO4-equivalents.

HTP = Human Toxicity Potential

Human toxicity relative to 1,4-Dichlorobenzene.

FAETP = Freshwater Aquatic Eco toxicity Potential

Freshwater Aquatic Eco toxicity relative to 1,4-Dichlorobenzene.

MAETP= Marine Aquatic Eco toxicity Potential

Marine aquatic eco toxicity relative to 1,4-Dichlorobenzene.

TETP = Terrestrial Eco toxicity Potential

Terrestrial eco toxicity relative to 1,4-Dichlorobenzene.

POCP = Photo-Oxidant Creation Potential

Photo-oxidant creation (smog forming), in ethane (C2H4) equivalents.

Pagina 54 van 89

APPENDIX B. DEFAULT VALUES FOR WASTE SCENARIOS

Table B.1 gives the default values for waste scenarios.

Table B1 — Default values for waste scenarios

Stream Specification Division across fractions

%

Le

av

e a

lon

e

La

nd

fill

Inc

ine

rati

on

Re

cy

cli

ng

Pro

du

ct

re-u

se

Finishes

attached to wood, synthetics,

metal

0 0 100 0 0

Finishes

attached to debris 0 100 0 0 0

aluminum from constructions amongst other things profiles,

plates, pipes

0 3 3 94 0

aluminum civil engineering works

(GWW)

0 5 0 95 0

Asphalt 0 1 0 99 0

asphalt granulate cement (agrac) 0 1 0 99 0

concrete, also reinforced concrete amongst other things elements,

masonry (brickwork)

0 1 0 99 0

Tarmac (bitumen) amongst other things roofing 0 5 90 5 0

autoclaved aerated concrete (aerated

concrete)

amongst other things elements,

blocks

0 1 0 99 0

coating on steel civil engineering

works (GWW)

via sand blasting 0 90 10 0 0

elastomers (a.o. epdm) amongst other things roofing, foils 0 10 85 5 0

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation material 0 5 90 5 0

Expanded polystyrene EPS civil engineering works (GWW) 0 0 100 0 0

fine ceramics amongst other things bathroom

fixtures

0 15 0 80 5

no waste empty scenario 0 0 0 0 0

Plaster amongst other things blocks,

plates

0 95 0 5 0

Glass amongst other things surface

grass

0 30 0 70 0

glass foam insulation material 0 85 5 10 0

glass wool insulation material 0 85 5 10 0

Gravel ballast, pavement 0 10 0 0 90

coarse ceramics amongst other things masonry

(brickwork), panning

0 1 0 99 0

wood, 'clean' amongst other things beams,

planks

0 5 80 10 5

wood, 'clean' via residual material 0 10 85 5 0

wood, contaminated amongst other things painted,

preserved

0 5 95 0 0

wood, contaminated via residual material 0 10 90 0 0

wood civil engineering works (GWW) 0 10 90 0 0

limestone amongst other things elements,

masonry (brickwork)

0 1 0 99 0

copper electricity piping 0 10 5 85 0

copper amongst other things plates, pipes 0 5 0 95 0

Pagina 55 van 89

Stream Specification Division across fractions

% L

ea

ve

alo

ne

La

nd

fill

Inc

ine

rati

on

Re

cy

cli

ng

Pro

du

ct

re-u

se

synthetics, other amongst other things profiles,

plates, pipes

0 10 85 5 0

synthetics via residual material 0 20 80 0 0

lead amongst other things lead slabs 0 5 0 95 0

metals, other amongst other things securing,

auxiliary parts

0 5 5 90 0

metals via residual material 0 5 5 90 0

metals civil engineering works (GWW) 0 5 0 95 0

organic, other amongst other things insulation 0 5 95 0 0

organic via rest material 0 15 85 0 0

plate material, 'clean' large parts, amongst other things

covering

0 5 85 10 0

plate material, contaminated large parts, amongst other things

covering

0 5 95 0 0

polyolefin (amongst other things. pe,

pp)

amongst other things pipes, foils 0 10 85 5 0

debris via rest material 0 90 10 0 0

pvc, frame profiles 0 10 10 80 0

pvc, pipes 0 10 20 70 0

pvc amongst other things roofing, foils 0 10 85 5 0

shells ground work 0 10 0 90 0

steel civil engineering works (GWW) 0 5 0 95 0

steel, light

amongst other things profiles,

plates, pipes

0 1 0 87 12

steel, heavy

amongst other things beams 0 0 0 51 49

Stony material civil engineering works

(GWW)

0 1 0 99 0

stone wool insulation material 0 85 5 10 0

High Pressure Laminate (HPL) Covering 0 5 75 20 0

xps insulation material 0 5 90 5 0

sand, ground 0 1 0 0 99

zinc / galvanized steel amongst other things profiles,

plates, zinc layers

0 5 0 95 0

Pagina 56 van 89

APPENDIX C. SYSTEM BOUNDARIES

This appendix includes the requirements for the system boundaries. The following checklist does not

guarantee completeness.

Product stage (A1-A3)

Processes in the companies of involved producer(s)

Including

All the company processes required for production, excluding materials that make up less than 1

percent (weight) of the average composition of the product which is a subject of the environmental

declaration. The exception to this rule is the situation when the production of the composited material

that is left out is expected to contribute more than 5% to one of the environmental impacts of the

product. In that case, the material in question has to be included. The additional requirement is that the

sum of the environmental impacts, which is not included in this fashion, cannot be more that 5% of the

total per effect category;

ancillary material, maintenance materials, additives and such;

production losses; work is done with gross process data;

internal transportation;

internal storage and outage;

cleaning processes of water and air8;

recycling / processing of production waste;

including the process “packaging” with packaging material as raw material;

if packaging material is returned (for example pallets) and the material is re-used as packaging, the

percentage of returned material can be viewed as a capital good. This percentage does not have to be

included. For the definition of packaging material, reference is made to the “Besluit beheer

verpakkingen en papier en karton” (Management decision packaging and paper and carton).

Excluding

overhead processes (offices and such);

production, maintenance and disposal of capital goods (materials). Note that materials that are used

once are not considered capital goods. With regard to repeated usage, it has to be verified that the

contribution to the functional unit is negligible.

Processes of direct suppliers

Including

all processes of the direct suppliers9;

transportation from the supplier to the producer;

return transportation (empty) for trucks and ships, not rail transportation. Return transportation is only

allowed to be excluded if it can be verified that a truck or ship returned loaded.

Excluding

the production, utilization and disposal of packaging material of the raw materials that are required for

the production;

8 If these processes happen esternally: follow the instructions under “direct suppliers”.

9 All processes fall within the system boundaries. This means that they can be named. With regard to “data collection”,

it is evaluated how data has to be collected from this.

Pagina 57 van 89

ancillary materials, maintenance materials, additives and such;;

packaging materials of the direct supplier;

external cleaning and processing processes.

Processes of the “suppliers of the suppliers”

Including

transportation of the most important substances and materials between all locations;

return transportation (empty) for trucks and ships, not rail transportation. Return transportation is only

allowed to be excluded if it can be verified that a truck or ship returned loaded;

other than this, it is the same as the situation with direct suppliers.

Construction stage: Transportation stage and construction / installation /

implementation (A4-A5)

Transportation to the construction site (A4)

Including

transportation of all materials, products or elements to the construction site. Return transportation is

empty, unless proven differently;

Excluding

any possible outages or damages that originate during transportation;

supply and removal of material and employees;

Construction / installation / implementation (A5)

Including

the processes to implement the materials / products / elements in the work;

the removal with return transportation and processing of rest material, including packaging material,

that originates during implementation. The minimum percentage for packaging material is mentioned in

the “Landelijk Afvalbeheerplan LAP2” (National Waste Management Plan), unless stated differently;

if packaging material is returned (for example pallets) and the material is re-used as packaging, the

percentage of returned material can be viewed as a capital good. This percentage does not have to be

included.

Excluding

any possible storage on the construction site and any possible damages that originate on the

construction site;

the setting up and breaking down of utilities and other resources that aid construction activities;

overhead processes;

production, maintenance and disposal of capital goods (materials). Note that materials that are used

once are not considered capital goods. With regard to repeated usage, it has to be verified that the

contribution to the functional unit is negligible.

Use stage (B1-B5)

Utilization (B1)

Including

loss of heat (absolute) and / or savings with regard to a reference insulation value (relative);

Pagina 58 van 89

chemical and physical reactions during which materials change and mechanical processes (such as

erosion or leaching) are included in the utilization stage, if part of a material from the material list

disappears in the environment and if this is measurable and thus reviewable;

absorption of substances from and dissipation of substances to the environment are included, if these

are verifiable, measurable and, thus, reviewable10

.

Maintenance and replacements (B2-B5)

Including

maintenance processes that are required to uphold the functional performance requirements from the

functional unit for the functional service life;

the production of maintenance materials;

supply and removal including return transportation of maintenance materials (such as products to the

construction site) and residual materials (such as construction waste);

modification processes of the maintenance waste;

cleaning maintenance if this is important from a functional standpoint;

the production of substitute products;

supply and removal of substitute products (such as products to the construction site) and residual

materials (such as construction waste);

implementation of substitute products and demolition of the to-be replaced parts;

modification processes of waste.

Excluding

inspective maintenance;

esthetic maintenance;

non-prognosed repairs due to incidents and calamities.

End-of-life stage (C1-C4)

Demolition stage (C1)

Including

demolition processes;

dismantling.

Excluding

manual processes;

supply and removal of materials.

Transportation from the construction site to processing (C2)

Including

transportation from the construction site to the location of waste processing for each material / product

/ element including return transportation.

Excluding

supply and removal of materials.

10 Verifiable, here, means that an assessment method has to be available according to a NEN-norm. The absorption or dissipation can be determined using this method.

Pagina 59 van 89

Processing stage (C3-C4)

Including

if applicable: product re-use;

the disposal process, if a material is deposited;

if applicable: recycling processes, until the economic cut-off.

Benefits and loads of recycling and re-use beyond the system boundary (D)

if applicable: energy reclaiming. This is viewed as closed-loop recycling, which includes all related

environmental interventions (see Assessment Method under 1.3.2);

if applicable: product re-use;

energy reclaiming during incineration in a waste energy plant.

Pagina 60 van 89

APPENDIX D. OVERVIEW CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION WORK

COMPONENTS

Construction components B&U

The assessment of a construction pertains to the construction itself and any possible free-standing side-

constructions / storerooms on parcel. The following elements have to be included at a minimum:

Foundations Soil provisions 11.01 Sand supplements

11.03 Dam walls

Floors on foundation 13.01 Soil sealants

13.02 Floor, constructive

Foundational constructions 16.01 Foundational beams

16.02 Foundational feet

16.03 Basement walls

16.04 Tall brickwork

16.05 Basement wall insulation

Beam foundations 17.01 Foundational beams

Carcass External walls 21.01 Cavity walls

21.02 System walls

21.03 Curtain wall

21.04 Façade

Inner walls 22.01 System walls, non-supporting

22.02 System walls, non-supporting,

moveable

22.03 Massive walls, non-supporting

22.04 Coverings, system walls, non-

supporting

22.05 Fixing profiles, system walls, non-

supporting

Floors 23.01 Self-supporting floors

23.02 Balcony and gallery floors

Stairs and inclines 24.01 Internal stairs

24.02 Central stairs

Roofs 27.01 Flat roofs

27.02 Inclined roofs

Main supporting 28.01 Massive walls, supporting

Pagina 61 van 89

constructions

28.02 Beams

28.03 Consoles

28.04 Supporting beams

28.05 Columns

28.06 Constructions

28.07 System walls, supporting

Finishing Exterior wall openings 31.01 mounting frames

31.02 Exterior frames

31.03 Exterior windows

31.04 Exterior doors

31.05 Transportation doors

31.07 Exterior glass

31.08 Dense façade filling

31.09 Window-stills

31.10 Ventilation grids

31.11 Water barriers (flood defenses)

31.12 Window sill

31.13 Blinds and shades

Interior wall openings 32.01 Interior frames

32.02 Interior doors

32.03 Interior glass

32.05 Interior doorsteps (thresholds)

Balustrades and guard rails 34.01 Balustrades

34.02 Guard rails

Roof openings 37.01 Attic windows

37.02 Light domes

37.03 Light streets

Finishes Exterior wall finishes 41.01 Cavity walls

41.02 Coverings

41.03 Finishing layers

41.04 Insulation layers

Interior wall finishes 42.01 Coverings

42.02 Finishing layers

Floor finishes 43.01 Screed floors

43.02 Finishing layers

43.03 Insulation layers

Ceiling finishes 45.01 Lowered ceilings

45.02 Finishing layers

45.03 Coverings and grids, lowered

Pagina 62 van 89

ceilings

45.04 Fixing profiles, lowered ceilings

Roof finishes 47.01 Coverings, outside

47.03 Water barriers (flood defenses)

47.04 Flat roof covering

47.05 Inclined roof covering

47.06 Finishing layers

47.07 Insulation layers, flat roof

47.08 Insulation layers, inclined roof

Installations W Heat generation 51.01 Heat generation installation civil

engineering work construction

51.02 Warm faucet water installations

51.03 Heat generation installations utility

construction

51.04 Solar heating installations

51.05 Solar boiler systems

Drainage 52.01 Exterior sewer systems, parcel

52.02 Exterior sewer systems,

neighborhood

52.03 Interior sewer systems

52.04 Gutters

52.05 Water drainage

Water 53.01 Water pipes

Gasses 54.01 Gas pipes

Cold generation and

distribution

55.01 Cold generation installation

55.03 Cold dissipation systems

Heat distribution 56.01 Heat distribution systems

56.02 Heat dissipation systems

Air treatment 57.01 Air treatment systems

57.02 Air distribution systems

Installations E Central electro-technical

provisions

60.01 Electricity pipes

60.02 Electricity generation systems

Transportation 66.01 Lift cabins

66.02 Lift installations

Fixed provisions Fixed kitchen provisions 73.01 Kitchen cabinets

Pagina 63 van 89

73.02 Countertops

Fixed sanitary provisions 74.01 Toilets

74.02 Washing provisions (sinks)

74.03 Shower provisions

74.04 Bathing provisions

Fixed storage provisions 76.01 Storage provisions

Terrain Terrain 90.01 Boundary partitions

90.02 Privacy partitions

90.03 Pavements

Only the first two numbers of the elements in a construction work are coded according to NL-SfB (for example

element group code 31: exterior wall openings). For the further partitioning of the elements, the NL-SfB-code is

supplemented with an own encoding (for example element code 31.02: exterior window frames).

Do not include:

Separate cabinets and inventory Materials (amongst other things formwork, except lost formwork) Installations electro-technical: communication and IT 63 lighting Soft furnishing Carpet Faucets, shower head, (gas)faucets, and electro-fittings Construction, other than free-standing store rooms 90.04 Terrain provisions – lampposts Terrain vegetation

Construction work components civil engineering works (GWW)

Categories:

Construction substances / products

17 CONTAMINATED SOIL AND CONTAMINATED WATER

17.51 ISOLATING (SEALING) LAYER

22 GROUNDWORKS

22.03 SOIL PROCESSING

Create work with work

22.41 LIGHT MATERIALS USED FOR RAISING GROUND LEVELS

22.45 MATERIALS FOR RAISING GROUND LEVELS MADE FROM

SYNTHETICS

22.46 GROUND REINFORCEMENTS AND GROND PARTITIONING

22.51 INCINERATOR BOTTOM ASH

23 DRAINAGE

23.51 VERTICAL DRAINAGE

23.99 DRAINAGE SAND

25 PIPING

25.21 CONCRETE PIPES

25.22 SYNTHETIC PIPES

25.23 METAL PIPES

25.24 CERAMIC PIPES

Pagina 64 van 89

26 CABLE (WIRE)

WORK

26.31 ENERGY GROUND CABLES

28 SUBGRADES

28.02 STONE BLEND

28.03 BOUNDED FOUNDATION

28.52 FOAM CONCRETE

30 ROAD HARDENING I

30.11 SURFACE TREATMENT

31 ROAD HARDENING II

31.21 ASPHALT HARDENING

31.31 CONCRETE HARDENING

31.41 ROAD WORK

32 ROAD MARKING

32.01 MARKINGS

33 FENCING PROVISIONS

33.01 GUARDRAIL

34 LIGHTING

34.02 MASTS

36 NOISE CONTRAL CONSTRUCTIONS

36.12 REFLECTING ELEMENTS

36.13 ABSORBING ELEMENTS

41 FOUNDATIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS

41.01 COLUMNS

41.04 SHEET PILING

42 CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS

42.11 FORMWORK

42.21 CONCRETE

42.24 PRESTRETCH (PRETENSION) ELEMENTS

42.34 UNDERWATER CONCRETE

42.41 REINFORCED STEEL

42.42 REINFORCED NETS

43 STEEL CONSTRUCTIONS

43.13 CREATING AND COMPOSING STEEL CONSTRUCTIONS

52 COAST AND RIVERSIDE WORKS

52.01 ZINC AND COLLAR PIECES

52.02 SAND AND GRAVEL GEOBAGS

52.11 DEPOSIT AS DEFENCE CQ FILTER

52.14 STONE-LIKE MATERIAL IN COVERINGS

52.21 GEOTEXTILE OF FOIL MATTEN

52.33 PREFAB MATS

52.35 RIVER SIDE DEFENSE NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL STONE

52.36 BITUMINEUS BOUNDED RIVER SIDE DEFENSE

52.80 DREDGING-WORK

52.91 SAND SUPPLEMENTS

56 CONSERVATION WORKS

56.11 PROTECTION OF CONCRETE

56.21 PAINT SYSTEM ON STEEL

56.23 PAINT SYSTEM ON THERMALLY GALVANIZED STEEL

56.29 PAINT SYSTEMS GENERAL

56.99 METALIZING

61 WORK OF A GENERAL NATURE

Pagina 65 van 89

APPENDIX E. DATA QUALITY SYSTEM FOR PROCESS ASSESSMENT

Based on the in 2003 developed data quality assessment system MRPI, adaptations were made, which allow

application in the assessment for agreed upon processes in the database. The data quality of the process data

is now determined with a data quality system, consisting of:

Unit processes (paragraph E1);

Horizontally aggregated processes (paragraph E2);

Vertically aggregated processes (paragraph E3).

It is possible that a process can fall within multiple categories. Thus, it is agreed upon that the following

schematic is to always be followed:

Is it a vertically aggregated process? If yes, fill in assessment table 3; if no:

Is it a horizontally aggregated process? If yes, fill in assessment table 2; if no:

Fill in assessment table 1 for unit processes.

The inspector is supposed to report the most important considerations for the quality assessment. In appendix

E, the corresponding two empty data quality assessment tables are included.

E1. Unit processes

UNIT PROCESSES

To be assessed

The whole of the inputs and outputs (economic flows, with the exception of the product,

and environmental interventions) of a physically individual process, or a total of

processes within an individual production site; or the characterization of a physically

individual process in relation to the LCA in which it is used.

Applicable when Data is provided by individual companies; or assessment of process data from individual

companies when used in a LCA.

Indicator

Pedigree

score

1 2 3 4 5

COMPLETENESS Completeness

environmental interventions

All environmental

interventions

from the LCA-2

list* have a value

All

environmental

interventions

that can be

reasonably

expected to

have a value

Interventions are

missing that can

be reasonably

expected, but that

are expected to be

less relevant to the

environmental

profile of the

process

Interventions are

missing that can

be reasonably

expected, but

that are

expected to be

relevant for the

environmental

profile of the

process or of

which the

relevance

cannot be

determined

beforehand

Missing

interventions are

unknown

Example Value can also be zero. The value can be set to zero when rationalized.

Pagina 66 van 89

Completeness economic

flows

(streams = raw materials,

energy, emissions, waste.)

All streams are

qualified and

quantified.

All streams are

qualified. The

streams that are

expected to be

relevant for the

environmental

profile of the

process are

quantified

All streams are

qualified. The

largest of the

materials and

energy streams

are quantified.

The economic

flows for which

data were

available are

quantified.

The

completeness of

economic flows

is unclear /

unknown

Example For example:

Each additive is

named and the

quantity that is

used is reported.

For example:

Additives, that

resemble the

production and

composition of

the primary

material, are not

quantified. For

example, water

emission that is

not quantified.

Mas balance at process

level

Closed loop

>95%

Closed loop 90-

95%

Closed loop 80-

90%

Closed loop 70-

80%

Closed loop

<70% or

unknown

Example Mass balance = total mass incoming raw materials w.r.t. the total products + emissions + waste

Mas balance at company

level

Closed loop

>95%

Closed loop 90-

95%

Closed loop 80-

90%

Closed loop 70-

80%

Closed loop

<70% or

unknown

Example Mass balance = total quantity used raw materials w.r.t. total production + waste + emissions

(buying / selling, corrected for inventory levels)

Energy balance at company

level

Closed loop

>95%

Closed loop 90-

95%

Closed loop 80-

90%

Closed loop 70-

80%

Closed loop

<70% or

unknown

Example Sum of energy use individual processes w.r.t. the energy calculation

REPRESENTATIVENESS

Time-bounded

representativeness of

process w.r.t. the year of

assessment

<2 year

difference; or

(choose the best

option):

The process is

accepted for the

period that is

studied in the

LCA

2-5 year

difference; or

(choose the best

option):

The process

details are

changed. It is

estimated that this

leads to changes

of less than 5% in

the substance

streams

5-10 year

difference; or

(choose the best

option):

The process is

partly changed.

It is estimated

that this leads to

changes

between 5-20%

in the substance

streams

10-15 year

difference; or

(choose the best

option):

The process is

largely changed.

This can lead to

changes of

>20% in several

of the occurring

substance

streams

>15 year

difference or

unknown; or

(choose the best

option):

The process is

no longer

applied in the

investigated

period

Or:

The process is

largely changed.

This can lead to

changes of

>20% in all

substance

streams

Example Data from 1999

are supplied in

2000 as valid for

the period 1999

- 2001

Data from 1999

are supplied in

2003

Pagina 67 van 89

Geographical

representativeness

The location of

the process is

directly related

to the desired

area

The location of the

process occupies

a larger area

within which the

desired area falls

The location of

the process and

the desired area

do not have

comparable

production

conditions

The location of

the process is

partly

comparable with

respect to

production

conditions

The location(s)

of the process is

completely

different with

respect to

production

conditions /

geographical

representativene

ss is unknown

Example Data from a

Dutch producer

with the intent of

supplying Dutch

data

Data from a

German

producer about

the lines that are

specific for

Dutch

production

Data from a

German producer,

that supplies both

the German and

the Dutch market

when the

Netherlands is the

desired area

Technological

representativeness

Data about the

company,

process and

product under

study

Data about the

process / product

under study, but

relating to a

different company

Data about the

process /

product under

study, but

relating to a

different

technology

Data about

comparable

processes /

products, but

relating to the

same

technology

Data about

comparable

processes and

materials, but

relating to a

different

technology

Example Specific

company

CONSISTENCY AND REPRODUCIBILITY

Uniformity and consistency N.A. because uniformity and consistency between processes in the LCA are, per definition, not

assessed for unit processes. The assessment happens with regard to the aggregated processes.

Reproducibility by third

parties

Completely

reproducible

Process

description is

completely and

quantitatively

reproducible with

the used

environmental

interventions

Process

description is

completely and

quantitatively

reproducible

Process

description is

qualitative and

the outlines are

reproducible

Totally not

reproducible

Pagina 68 van 89

E2. Horizontally Aggregated Processes

HORIZONTALLY AGGREGATED PROCESSES

To be assessed

The whole of the inputs and outputs (economic flows, with the exception of the product,

and environmental interventions) of a group process; or the characterization of a group

process in relation to the LCA in which it is used.

Applicable when A process that is represented as ‘average’ for a comparable process of different

production sites; or assessment of process data of a group when used in a LCA

Indicator

Pedigree

score

1 2 3 4 5

COMPLETENESS

Completeness

environmental

interventions

All

environmental

interventions

from the LCA-2

list* have a

value

All

environmental

interventions

that can be

reasonably

expected to

have a value

Interventions are

missing that can

be reasonably

expected, but

that are

expected to be

less relevant to

the

environmental

profile of the

process

Interventions are

missing that can

be reasonably

expected, but

that are expected

to be relevant for

the

environmental

profile of the

process or of

which the

relevance cannot

be determined

beforehand

Missing

interventions are

unknown

Example Value can also be zero. The value can be set to zero when rationalized.

Completeness economic

flows

All streams are

qualified and

quantified

All streams are

qualified. The

streams that are

expected to be

relevant for the

environmental

profile of the

process are

quantified

All streams are

qualified. The

largest of the

materials and

energy streams

are quantified.

The economic

flows for which

data were

available are

quantified.

The

completeness of

economic flows is

unclear /

unknown

Example Streams = raw

materials,

energy,

emissions,

waste.

For example:

Each additive is

named and the

quantity that is

used is

reported.

For example:

Additives, that

resemble the

production and

composition of

the primary

material, are not

quantified. For

example, water

emission that is

not quantified.

Mass balance at process

level

Closed loop

>95%

Closed loop 90-

95%

Closed loop 80-

90%

Closed loop 70-

80%

Closed loop

<70% or

unknown

Example Mass balance = total mass incoming raw materials w.r.t. the total of products + emissions + waste

Pagina 69 van 89

Mass balance at company

level

Of the

companies

that, together,

control more

than 80% of the

production

volume, the

closed loop

mass balance

per company is

>95%

Of the

companies that,

together, control

more than 80%

of the production

volume, the

closed loop mass

balance per

company is

>95%

Of the

companies that,

together, control

more than 80%

of the production

volume, the

closed loop mass

balance per

company is

expected to be

>80%

Of the

companies that,

together, control

more than 80%

of the production

volume, the

closed loop mass

balance per

company is

>70%

Of the companies

that, together,

control more than

80% of the

production

volume, the

closed loop mass

balance per

company is

<70% or

unknown

Example Mass balance = total quantity used raw materials w.r.t. total production + waste + emissions

(buying / selling, corrected for inventory levels)

Energy balance at

company level

Of the

companies

that, together,

control more

than 80% of the

production

volume, the

closed loop

energy balance

per company is

>95%

Of the

companies that,

together, control

more than 80%

of the production

volume, the

closed loop

energy balance

per company is

>90%

Of the

companies that,

together, control

more than 80%

of the production

volume, the

closed loop

energy balance

per company is

expected to be

>80%

Of the

companies that,

together, control

more than 80%

of the production

volume, the

closed loop

energy balance

per company is

>70%

Of the companies

that, together,

control more than

80% of the

production

volume, the

closed loop

energy balance

per company is

<70% or

unknown

Example Sum energy use of individual processes w.r.t. the energy calculation

REPRESENTATIVENESS

Time-bounded

representativeness of

process w.r.t. the year

of assessment

<2 year

difference; or

(choose the best

option):

All underlying

processes are

accepted for the

period that is

studied in the

LCA

2-5 year

difference; or

(choose the best

option):

The details of

one of the

underlying

processes are

changed. It is

estimated that

this leads to

changes of less

than 5% in the

substance

streams

5-10 year

difference; or

(choose the best

option):

The underlying

processes are

partly changed.

It is estimated

that this leads to

changes

between 5-20%

in the substance

streams

10-15 year

difference; or

(choose the best

option):

The underlying

processes are

largely changed.

This can lead to

changes of >20%

in several of the

occurring

substance

streams

>15 year

difference or

unknown; or

(choose the best

option):

The process is

no longer applied

in the

investigated

period

Or:

The underlying

processes are

largely changed.

This can lead to

changes of >20%

in all substance

streams

Example Data from 1999

are supplied in

2000 as valid for

the period 1999 -

2001

Data from 1999

are supplied in

2003

Pagina 70 van 89

Completeness number

of locations /

geographical

representativeness

All companies in

the group have

supplied data

Representative

cross-section

from the group

with regard to

geographical

differences in

streams (for

example

transportation

distance,

temperature-

dependence,

regulations).

Differences are

represented in

a well-balanced

fashion within

the average.

Cross-section from

the group that

represents

geographical

differences.

Random cross-

section from the

group

Geographical

differences are

not included

Geographical

representativeness

The area that

occupies the

group is directly

related to the

desired are

The area that

occupies the

group, occupies

a larger area

within which the

desired area

falls.

The area that

occupies the group

has comparable

production

conditions as the

desired area

The area that

occupies the

group has partly

comparable

production

conditions

The area that

occupies the

group has

completely

different

production

conditions /

geographical

representativene

ss unknown

Example West-European

data, that are

used in the

Netherlands

Data about

products that are

produced in the

Netherlands, for

which German

data are used

Completeness number

of locations /

geographical

representativeness

All companies in

the group have

supplied data

Representative

cross-section

from the group

with regard to

technological.

Differences are

represented in

a well-balanced

fashion within

the average.

Cross-section from

the group that

represents

technological

differences.

Random cross-

section from the

group

Technological

differences are

not included

Technological

representativeness

Data about the

company,

process and

product under

study

Data about the

process /

product under

study, but

relating to a

different

company than

the group

represents

Data about the

process / product

under study, but

relating to a

different

technology

Data about

comparable

processes /

products, but

relating to the

same technology

Data about

comparable

processes and

materials, but

relating to a

different

technology

Example German gravel

for which Dutch

data are used

For a PVC

product, data are

used from a

different PVC

modification

process

CONSISTENCY AND REPRODUCIBILITY

Uniformity and The data that, The data that, The data that, The data that, The data that,

Pagina 71 van 89

consistency together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts, are

collected in

equal fashion

and with the

same accuracy

together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts, are

determined in

equal fashion

together,

determine >80% of

the environmental

impacts, are

collected using the

same approach

and are based on

the best available

and validated data

together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts, are

based on

available data,

collected

according to a

single procedure

together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts, are

based on

different sources

with different

levels of

accuracy without

validation of

interdependent

deviations.

Example Energy and

emission data

according to the

same

registration

systems.

Energy and

emission data

based on

measurements

Combination of

measured and

estimated values

with explainable

interdependent

deviations,

collected

according to a

single procedure

Companies have

filled in a single

questionnaire.

Interdependent

differences are

not investigated

further

Combination of

literature data

about different

companies from

different years,

with different data

Reproducibility by third

parties

Completely

reproducible

Process

description is

completely and

quantitatively

reproducible

with the used

environmental

interventions for

the processes

that determine

>80% of

environmental

impacts

Process

description is

completely and

quantitatively

reproducible

Process

description is

qualitative and

the outlines are

reproducible

Totally not

reproducible

Pagina 72 van 89

E3. Vertically aggregated processes

VERTICALLY AGGREGATED PROCESSES

To be assessed

The whole of the inputs and outputs (economic flows, with the exception of the product,

and environmental interventions) of a vertically aggregated process (LCI); and the

consistency and reproducibility of a vertically aggregated process.

When applicable Assessment of a vertically aggregated process

Indicator Pedigree

score

1 2 3 4 5

COMPLETENESS Completeness

environmental

interventions

All environmental

interventions

from the LCA-2

list* have a value

All environmental

interventions that

can be

reasonably

expected to have

a value

Interventions are

missing that can

be reasonably

expected, but

that are expected

to be less

relevant to the

environmental

profile of the

process

Interventions are

missing that can

be reasonably

expected, but

that are expected

to be relevant for

the

environmental

profile of the

process or of

which the

relevance cannot

be determined

beforehand

Missing

interventions are

unknown

Example Value can also be zero. The value can be set to zero when rationalized.

Completeness economic flows

Transparency

with respect to

the

environmental

impact related

cut-off criteria,

consistently

applied

Transparency,

not with respect

to environmental

impact relating

cut-off criteria,

consistently

applied

Cut-off criteria

not consistently

applied

Cut-off criteria

not clear, but the

processes that

are included are

specified

Unclear which

processes are

included and

which ones are

not

Example ALL

PROCESSES

THAT

CONTRIBUTE

LESS THAN 15

TO THE TOTAL

ENVIRONMENTAL TAX OF THE

AGGREGATED

PROCESS, ARE

LEFT OUT

Mass balance at process

level

Closed loop

>95%

Closed loop 90-

95%

Closed loop 80-

90%

Closed loop 70-

80%

Closed loop

<70% or

unknown

Example Mass balance = total mass incoming raw materials w.r.t. the total of products + emissions + waste

Mass balance at

company level

Is currently not determined for vertically aggregated processes (currently, it is practically infeasible

to determine this for the underlying processes, because it is common that this is not documented

and there also is no documentation requirement in ISO 14048)

Energy balance at

company level

Is currently not determined for vertically aggregated processes (currently, it is practically infeasible

to determine this for the underlying processes, because it is common that this is not documented

and there also is no documentation requirement in ISO 14048)

REPRESENTATIVENESS

Time-bounded

representativeness of

process w.r.t. the year of

assessment

<2 year

difference; or

(choose the best

option):

2-5 year

difference; or

(choose the best

option):

5-10 year

difference; or

(choose the best

option):

10-15 year

difference; or

(choose the best

option):

>15 year

difference or

unknown; or

(choose the best

option):

Pagina 73 van 89

The processes

that, together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts, are

accepted for the

period that is

studied in the

LCA

Several details of

the processes

that, together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts have

changed. It is

estimated that

this leads to

changes of less

than 5% in the

average

substance

streams

A number of

processes that,

together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts have

changed. It is

estimated that

this leads to

changes

between 5-20%

in the average

substance

streams

A number of

processes that,

together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts have

largely changed.

This can lead to

changes of >20%

in several of the

occurring

substance

streams

A number of

processes that,

together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts are no

longer applied or

are changed to

such a degree

that this can lead

to changes of

>20% in all

substance

streams.

Example LCA in 2003 with

data from 2001

A LCA in 2003

used as the most

important

process data

from 1995

Geographical

representativeness

The geographical

area of the

processes that

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts, is

directly related to

the area that

represents the

aggregated

process

The geographical

area of the

processes that

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts,

occupies a larger

area within which

the area falls that

represents the

aggregated

process

The geographical

area of the

processes that

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts, has

comparable

production

conditions as the

area that

represents the

aggregated

process

The geographical

area of the

processes that

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts, has

partly

comparable

production

conditions

The geographical

area of the

processes that

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts, has

completely

different

production

conditions /

geographical

representativene

ss unknown

Example The Netherlands

for Dutch LCI or

exclusively West-

European

processes for a

as West-

European

presented LCI

West-European

processes for a

Dutch LCI

Technological

representativeness

With regard to

the processes

that, together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts, the data

are about the

actual

companies,

processes and

products.

With regard to

the processes

that, together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts, the data

are about a

comparable

technology

With regard to

the processes

that, together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts, the data

are about the

product / process

in question, but a

different

technology.

With regard to

the processes

that, together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts, the data

are about a

comparable

product /

process, but the

same technology

With regard to

the processes

that, together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts, the data

are about a

comparable

product /

process, but a

different

technology

Example German gravel

for which Dutch

data are used

For a PVC

product, data

from a different

PVC modification

process are used

CONSISTENCY AND REPRODUCIBILITY

Uniformity and The processes The processes The processes The processes The processes

Pagina 74 van 89

consistency that, together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts, have

approximately

the same level of

quality and are

applied

consistently

that, together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts,

originate from

the same

database or are

established by

the same

organization, and

are applied

consistently

that, together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts, are

based on the

best available /

most common

data and, where

necessary, are

made consistent.

that, together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts, are

based on

common data

that, together,

determine >80%

of the

environmental

impacts, are

based on

different sources

with different

levels of

accuracy and / or

are not applied

consistently

Example The most

important

processes are

based on

primary, verified

data

The most

important

processes are

adapted in order

to make sure that

they all use the

same source for

energy data

In literature

published LCIs

with their own

energy data that

cannot be

adapted

Reproducibility by third

parties

Completely

reproducible

Process tree is

completely and

quantitatively

reproducible with

the used

environmental

interventions for

the processes

that determine

>80% of

environmental

impacts

Process tree is

completely and

quantitatively

reproducible

Process tree is

qualitative and

the outlines are

reproducible

Totally not

reproducible

Pagina 75 van 89

APPENDIX E (CONT.) EMPTY SCORE TABLES DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT

1. Unit processes

Product Product X

Supplementary information It regards … LCA is established by agency (name) in (location)

Assessor Jan Jansen Environmental Agency

General (subjective)

assessment by assessor

regarding the usability in

library

(A=good; B=average;

C=bad)

and clarification

B for example. Despite the fact that not all quality criteria were assessed with a

high quality grade (which happened because the assessor did not personally develop the

LCA), it can be determined with adequate certainty that the process is of sufficient quality

in order to be used. Some attention has to still be paid to…

Date assessment 22-03-2004

UNIT PROCESSES

COMPLETENESS

Completeness environmental

interventions

Completeness economic flows

Mass balance at process level

Mass balance at company

level

Energy balance at company

level

REPRESENTATIVENESS

Time-bounded

representativeness of process

w.r.t. the year of assessment

Geographical

representativeness

Technological

representativeness

CONSISTENCY AND REPRODUCIBILITY

Uniformity and consistency N.A. because uniformity and consistency between processes in the LCA are, by

definition, not assessed for unit processes. It is assessed for aggregated processes.

Reproducibility by third parties

Pagina 76 van 89

2. Horizontally aggregated processes

Product

Supplementary information

Assessor

General (subjective)

assessment by assessor

regarding the usability in

library

(A=good; B=average;

C=bad)

and clarification

Date assessment

HORIZONTALLY AGGREGATED PROCESSES

COMPLETENESS

Completeness environmental

interventions

Completeness economic flows

Mass balance at process level

Mass balance at company

level

Energy balance at company

level

REPRESENTATIVENESS

Time-bounded

representativeness of process

w.r.t. the year of assessment

Completeness number of

locations / geographical

representativeness

Geographical

representativeness

Completeness number of

locations / technological

representativeness

Technological

representativeness

CONSISTENCY AND REPRODUCIBILITY

Uniformity and consistency

Reproducibility by third parties

Pagina 77 van 89

3. Vertically aggregated processes

Product

Supplementary

information

Assessor

General (subjective)

assessment by assessor

regarding the usability in

library

(A=good; B=average;

C=bad)

and clarification

Date assessment

VERTICALLY AGGREGATED PROCESSES

COMPLETENESS

Completeness

environmental interventions

Completeness economic

flows

Mass balance at process

level

Mass balance at company

level

Energy balance at company

level

REPRESENTATIVENESS

Time-bounded

representativeness of

process w.r.t. the year of

assessment

Geographical

representativeness

Technological

representativeness

CONSISTENCY AND REPRODUCIBILITY

Uniformity and consistency

Reproducibility by third

parties

Pagina 78 van 89

APPENDIX F ASSESSMENT OF VALUE OF GOODS, SERVICES AND THE TO-BE

PROCESSED WASTE STREAMS (NORMATIVE)

In many cases, the value of production (goods and services, including waste processing services) is

determined by market prices. The relevant market price is 'fob' (free on board), which is the price at the location

of the sale, without insurance and without costs of transportation to the buyer. There are cases where the

market prices are not available or where the market prices do not accurately reflect the value of the goods and

services. To arrive at a simple and uniform way of assessing the value in those cases, a list of often occurring

market pricing problems and corresponding solutions has been established. The idea of this estimating

process or constructing of a value is that this represents the privately economic value for the company and not

the social value for the society as a whole. That is why market prices are used as reference point. For market

prices, a base year is determined, which is the most recent year for which process data are available.

An overview of standard problems and solutions is given in table F.1, after which each aspect is elaborated

upon.

Table F.2 — Problems with determining the accurate value of goods and services and the corresponding solutions

Problem

Solution

1 market prices unknown use open sources, preferably 'fob'-prices

2 fluctuating prices take the yearly average over the last three years

3 inflation take the market prices of the base year or calculate backwards to the

base year

4 different currencies in different processes convert all prices to Euros

5 different years for different processes always use the converted value for the base year

6 locally deviating prices choose the price at the relevant location; if this is not available, use

the average price for the region

7 market prices only known further down the

chain

'gross sales value'-method for calculating the value

8 partially missing market prices determine prices with costs and known prices

9 insufficient market functioning (for example:

due to oligo- or monopoly)

use the market prices

10 insufficient market functioning due to

regulation

use the market prices anyways

11 price for product turns out to be a tax same as with “no market prices for public goods”

12 taxes and subsidies only correct prices for product taxes and product subsidies; no price

elasticities

13 internal company prices unknown 'gross sales value'-method for calculating the value

14 no market prices for public goods calculate the market price based on the cost price

15 developing markets use current market price

16 non-existing (future) markets prove that the future market price is based on the current price of a

comparable product

Pagina 79 van 89

1. Market prices unknown

For most goods and services, the market prices are freely available in public sources such as publications and

the internet. The so-called 'fob' market prices are more relevant than 'cif' (connected to a specific location of

delivery; the difference with ’fob’ is with regard to transportation) market prices. If market prices for specific

products cannot be found, estimation is allowed using comparable goods and services, for example products

and services with slightly better or worse quality.

Solution: Use freely available sources about market prices and estimate if these are not available.

2. Fluctuating prices

The problem of fluctuating prices is comparable with that of the fluctuating emissions. Most processes do not

have constant emissions, but emissions fluctuate hour by hour, day by day, month to month or season by

season. No long-term trend can be discovered. New installations for chemical production that have recently

become operational oftentimes have initial emissions that are relatively high, but these can be significantly

reduced within the first year due to tuning of the installation. At the end of the service life of the installation,

emissions rise again. For market prices, fluctuations can occur due to, for example, a cyclical market. A

strongly fluctuating market price can be averaged over an entire base year. Market prices that are influenced

by long-term trends and fluctuations can be approximated using data series over longer planning horizons.

Solution: Take the yearly average over the last three years.

3. Inflation

With regard to allocation, inflation is not considered a substantial problem, because the contributions to total

value are used in the economic allocation and the not the absolute prices. This is not based on the prices but

on the price ratios. For the value-corrected substitution, it is required that the prices for construction in the base

year are calculated backwards using the price index grade.

Solution: Take the market prices of the base year or calculate backwards to the base year.

4. Different currencies in different processes

For economic allocation, this is no problem as long as a single currency is used within a single process. The

exchange rates date back to the same year as the process data that has to be used for this conversion of the

currency. Exchange rate data are found in the overviews of the UN / World Bank or the IMF national accounts.

Conversion to a single currency is required for the value-corrected substitution.

Solution: Convert all prices to Euros.

5. Different years in different processes

For economic allocation, this is no problem as long as a single year is used within a single process. The base

year has to be used for the value-corrected substitution.

Solution: Always use the converted value for the base year.

6. Locally deviating prices

For some products, especially those with a low price in relation to the transportation costs, significant

differences can exist between the prices on different locations. Transportation has to be dealt with as an

independent process.

Solution: Choose the price at the relevant location. If this is not available, use the average price for the region.

Pagina 80 van 89

7. Market prices only known further down the chain

In many cases, the market prices of a product become clear when the product is processes into a marketable

standard form. The transformation of metal from mixed waste to standard quality metal that can be re-used is

such an example. For the reusable metal, for example aluminum bars, market prices are available. The market

price for the metal after the multifunctional process of waste collecting and sorting is oftentimes unknown,

because this varies heavily with the quantity of supplied metal, the quality, transportation distances etc. If the

generation of the metal and the sorting of the waste occur within the same company, the 'gross sales value'-

method, as mentioned under bullet 13, can be used. If generation and sorting occur within different companies,

the market prices of standard quality re-used metal can be used to backwards calculate the market price of the

sorted metal. The known market price of the marketable product is taken and the costs of the generation are

subtracted until we arrive at a point where economic allocation is desired. The costs for the generation are

estimated based on accounting data and, if those are not available, based on experience. The costs are

calculated including the normal profit for the company.

Solution: Use the 'Gross sales value'-method for calculating the value (see bullet 13).

8. Partially missing market prices

In some cases, the market prices of several products are known, and from others they are not. An example of

this is the electricity that is produced during the waste incineration and then sold. The market price for the

product waste processing, for example, can be found by subtracting the electricity sales revenues from the

total processing costs.

Solution: Calculate the price by subtracting the revenues of the marketable products from the total costs.

9. Insufficient market functioning (for example: due to oligo- or monopoly)

Oftentimes, the market functions insufficiently due to economic circumstances. Such an economic

circumstance happens when the production requires a capacity that is larger than the demand. Examples are

electricity networks, cable television and operating systems for computers. Another form of insufficient market

functioning happens when there is a lack of transparency with regard to product quality. Oftentimes, this is a

problem with to be re-used materials. Different levels of quality of generated material are not classified as such

and the costs of any possible classification are substantial (for example low grade aluminum waste). In similar

situations, a market for re-used aluminum will not come into existence because investments in the re-use of

aluminum have a risk that is too high. Insufficient market functioning can affect the market prices, but this effect

seems to be limited, especially with allocation where only relative prices are significant. No consideration is

required.

Solution: Use the market prices.

10. Insufficient market functioning due to regulation

This is the most complex form of insufficient market functioning. As example, we assume that no recycling

market exists “by itself” for the to-be demolished residential constructions, but where it is required to recycle

the to-be demolished residential construction. The clean debris that originates from a demolished residential

construction can be used as foundational material for highways. These operational rules (prohibited to dump

debris, re-use as foundational material) reflect the preferences of the society. Like virtually all markets, these

markets have been established due to governmental intervention (regulations). These prices that are

experienced as artificial have to be used in a normal fashion.

Solution: Even in situations where prices are significantly influenced by regulation, these prices have to be

used anyways.

Pagina 81 van 89

11. Price for product or service turns out to be a tax

In many cases, a price is paid for a supplied product of service, but this price is actually a form of taxation with

regard to general financing of a government. An example of this is the cleaning tax. If such taxes are

approximately the same as the actual costs for the delivery of such a service or product, these can be used for

an initial indication of the value of processing. In different cases, the situation is like the situation with market

prices for public goods, see bullet 14.

Solution: If a tax matches the cost price of the product or service, use this tax. In other cases, act like one

would with market prices for public goods (bullet 14).

12. Taxes and subsidies

The effective price that the producer receives motivates his or her actions.

Who gets to pay and receive the product taxes and product subsidies depends on the demand and supply

elasticities of the involved products. Essentially, the burdens of these taxes are shared by the seller and the

buyer. Actual elasticities, however, are barely known. An example is the taxation on gasoline. For the allocation

between gasoline and the other petroleum distillates, these taxes have to be subtracted from the market price.

Only corrections for product taxes and product subsidies are necessary; all other taxes and subsidies can be

excluded from consideration.

Solution: Only correct the market price for product taxes and product subsidies, without considering the price

elasticities of demand and supply.

13. Internal company prices unknown

In many cases, internal company processes are documented in a detailed fashion while market prices are only

known when an end product is sold by the company. Some of the internal company processes supply a

contribution to the revenues in the form of just one, others in the form of two or more end products. An example

of this is the compression and storage of only chloride in the combined process of chloride, sodium hydroxide

solution (caustic soda) and hydrogen production. For the determination of a zero euro-point and for economic

allocation of this process, the market price is required that applies within the company at the detailed internal

company processes level (in the example, process A).

The values of the different product streams within the company can be determined with the 'gross sales value'-

method just like how it is used in management accounting. The contribution to the total revenue of a process

within the company is measured using the contribution to the total costs. For each process within the company,

the contribution to the total costs is calculated in order to backwards calculate the production output of each

other process within the company. For a process that only functions for one product, such as process B, the

added value is subtracted from the selling price to calculate the value of this processing step.

Solution: 'Gross sales value'-method for the backwards calculation of internal value. The total benefit to the

firm is known. For all processes within the firm, calculate their contribution to the total costs, which equals the

added value of the internal company process. This contribution is used for the contribution of a process to the

total benefits, see figure F.1. The result is an overview of prices for all products that are produced under the

company umbrella.

14. No market prices for public goods

Public goods and services such as infrastructural works and an important part of the waste processing have no

market (market prices for specialized waste processing and waste processing of production waste are

oftentimes available). No sales exist, but there are costs. In the ideal scenario, societal value is created by

allocating the multifunctional public good over all functions that the public good fulfils. This is practically

impossible. By simplifying the questions, a value

Pagina 82 van 89

Figure F.1 — Contribution in corrected total revenues as allocation factor

for the public good is established: the cost price. For example, this applies to roads, dikes and transportation

canals. The same type of problem exists for waste processing financed with taxes. It can also be solved in the

same fashion.

Solution: Calculate the value of the by the government produced good using the cost price.

15. Developing markets

For products with a very long throughput time, the recycling process has barely any or no meaning. The market

for the recycled products has barely or not yet developed. The first step is that the future modification process

is specified. With regard to this situation, the market price is not known. This future market price could be made

‘hard’ in the same way as the process specification itself. This, however, is not necessary because the current

prices can be used.

Solution: Estimate the market price of the relevant product based on the current market price.

16. Non-existing (future) markets

With non-existing (future) markets, there is no current market price. This case refers to the not yet existing

recycle products. The future price has to be estimated. This is an exceptional situation, where a pretty

substantial prove is necessary.

Solution: Prove the value of to-be expected price, for example based on the price of a very comparable

existing product, in terms of the price level of the base year.

Company with combined process A, and several

processes B and C

single

process B

combined

process A single

process C

a

SP1'

SP2'

SP1

SP2

Corrected revenues for a product are:

P1' = P1 TCB / TCA+B+C x (P1 + P2)

The allocation factor F1 for a product

such as the one produced by process A

is its contribution in the corrected total

revenues of the product sales at

company level:

F1 = P1' / (P1' + P2')

Pagina 83 van 89

APPENDIX G. KEY ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATOR WASTE

This appendix describes how one arrives at the waste categories “Dangerous waste” and “Non-dangerous

waste”, as proposed by the VLCA in spring 2011. The background is that (in 2011) it was not yet possible to

‘automatically’ calculate waste indicators with SimaPro, in the same fashion as was done for the impact

categories.

Procedure:

1. per life cycle stage

waste flows from Ecoinvent

2. calculate the contribution overview in SimaPro, these are used to identify the Ecoinvent datasheets related

to waste

3. aggregate impact in waste categories using the associations indicated in column H and the weights in

column I (cannot be done in SimaPro, use macro/spreadsheet copy paste add-on) from worksheet "EI

waste to treatment selection"

finale waste flows from other databases, including the project database

4. calculate the LCI; these are used to identify the final waste streams from the substance lists, from non

Ecoinvent datasheets

5. check the LCI for missing waste categories, add them, report the additions in the LCA report, share the

results periodically with the VLCA

6. aggregate impacts from the LCI labelled as waste in waste categories using the example associations

indicated in column H and I (this can be done in SimaPro). Show the LCIA method that you are using in the

verification report, show the list of non-classified substances in the verification report as well.

calculate results

7. add both up for per life cycle stage per functional unit, report on the MRPI-declaration, include the

spreadsheet to the MRPI-file for verification

make sure to use

8. VLCA will keep this template available on her website, including the results for the background processes

described in the SBK Bepalingsmethode

The EN15804 requires the reporting of the following waste categories:

a. hazardous waste disposed kg

b. non-hazardous waste disposed kg

c. radioactive waste disposed kg

d. components for re-use kg

e. materials for recycling kg

f. materials for energy recovery kg

The Assessment Method combines a and c:

waste categories interpretation

i. dangerous waste kg = a + c

ii. non-dangerous waste kg = b

Pagina 84 van 89

APPENDIX H. FORMAT BASE PROFILE AND PRODUCT / ITEM CARD

As LCA executer, it is good to educate yourself with the calculation rules in order to have insight into how the

instruments in the B&U and in the civil engineering works (GWW) sector process the data that is offered to the

NMD. See www.milieudatabase.nl.

B&U

For the B&U product cards and base profiles, the following relevant parameters are derived from the

calculation rules. Not all parameters continue to be relevant: for this, see the column ‘Relevance’.

Parameter Code calculation rule

Input application Relevance Clarification

Product - characteristics

Data-category - selection category 1, 2

Element code - selection list with elements, where product is applied

Product name - free text Suggestion for naming in Manual

Product service life LDp whole number between 0-1000; default in service life catalogue SBR

Transportation distance to construction site

Tb whole number defaults are 50 km for bulk and 150 km for others

Basic profile transportation (A4)

tc selection custom base profile (cat 1 or 2), or generic profile(cat 3)

Volume transportation fTvol;o selection yes or now; correction factor volume transportation for product parts [-]

Product - scaling

Type of scaling - selection N.A., linear or mass according to table

Default dimension 1 Dim1;def decimal number with linearity with m1 or m2

Default dimension 2 Dim2;def decimal number with linearity with m1

Scalable dimension 1 Dim1sch decimal number with linearity with m1 or m2

Scalable dimension 2 Dim2sch decimal number with linearity with m1

Table name - free text with mass according to table

declare table with product components

Default choice - free text with mass according to table

selection from table headings

Product – product information

Clarification for product - free text notification of abnormalities relating to the product such as bordering

Product component - product

Product component i - free text max. 10 components; reference to what it is

Code base profile production (A1-A3)

pc selection list with base profiles production; custom base profile (cat 1 of 2), or generic profile (cat 3)

Number of elements hvh decimal number quantity base profile (for example number of kg)

Variant name - free text with mass according to table

max. 4 variants

Dimension - decimal number with mass according to table

dimension per variant

Number of units - decimal number with mass according to table

number of units per variant

Scale factor Sfo decimal number with linearity number between 0.0-1.0

Construction waste Bafv percentage between 0-1000; default in service life catalogue SBR

Pagina 85 van 89

Parameter Code calculation rule

Input application Relevance Clarification

Service life product component

LDo decimal number between 0-1000; default in service life catalogue SBR

Custom base profile waste processing

- selection yes or no

Code base profile waste processing (C + D)

ac selection with custom base profile waste processing

List with custom base profiles waste processing custom base profile (cat 1 or 2)

Transportation distance to waste processing site

Te complete number

with custom base profile waste processing

Minimal of 10 km

Volume transportation fTvol;o selection Yes or no; correction factor volume transportation for product component [-]

Product component - maintenance

maintenance (B2) is treated as product component

Maintenance component i - free text name of maintenance substance; connected to max. 10 components

Code base profile production (A1-A3)

pc selection list with base profiles production of maintenance substance; custom base profile (cat 1 of 2), or generic profile (cat 3)

Number of units hvh decimal number quantity base profile (for example number of kg)

Variant name - free text with mass according to table

max. 4 variant

Dimension - decimal number with mass according to table

dimension per variant

Number of units - decimal number with mass according to table

number of units per variant

Scale factor Sfo decimal number with linearity number between 0.0-1.0

Construction waste Bafv percentage loss percentage maintenance substance; between 0–1000; default in service life catalogue SBR

Maintenance cycle LDo decimal number maintenance cycle; between 0–1000; default in service life catalogue SBR

Custom base profile waste processing

- selection yes or no

Code base profile waste processing (C + D)

ac selection with custom base profile waste processing

list with base profiles waste processing custom base profile (cat 1 or 2)

Transportation distance to waste processing site

Te complete number

with custom base profile waste processing

minimal 10 km

Volume transportation fTvol;o selection yes or no; correction factor volume transportation for product component [-]

Product component - emissions use

emission (B1) is treated as product component

Emissions product component i

- free text name emission; connected to max. 10 components

Code base profile emission (B1)

pc selection list with base profiles emission; custom base profile (cat 1 of 2), or generic profile (cat 3)

Number of units hvh decimal number quantity base profile (for example number of kg /m2*year)

Variant name - free text with mass according to table

max. 4 variants

Dimension - decimal number with mass according to table

dimension per variant

Number of units - decimal number with mass according to table

number of units per variant

Scale factor Sfo decimal number with linearity number between 0.0 - 1.0

Utilization period LDo decimal number period during which emission occurs; between 0 - 1000; default in service life catalogue SBR

Basic profiles

Basic profiles tc product

Pagina 86 van 89

Parameter Code calculation rule

Input application Relevance Clarification

transportation (A4)

Base profile production (A1-A3)

pc product

Base profile waste processing (C + D)

ac product

Base profile production (A1-A3)

pc maintenance substance

Base profile waste processing (C + D)

ac maintenance substance

Base profile emission (B1) pc emissions utilization stage

The instructions for how to fill in a product card in the National Environment Database are included in the

“SBK-handleiding invoeren productkaarten” (SBK-manual input product cards), of which the most recent

version can be found on www.milieudatabase.nl.

The submodules A up to and including D are followed during the establishment of the LCA according to the

Assessment Method (see Figure 2. Life Cycle Stages EPD). The NMD cannot include the corresponding base

profiles in a 1-on-1 fashion. The following schematic reflects the current state of affairs at November 2014. The

current input format can be found on www.milieudatabase.nl.

Benodigde basisprofielen voor productkaarten NMD EN 15804 (zie onderstaand schema, rood omkaderd)

1 Productie (totaal over processen van grondstoffenwinning tot fabriekspoort) -> A1-3 Product stage

2 Transport van fabriekspoort naar bouwplaats -> A4 Transport

3 Constructie (aanbrengen product in bouwwerk) -> A5 Construction / installation

4 Gebruiksfase (gebruik/emissies) -> B1 Use

5 Gebruiksfase (totale levensloop onderhoudsmiddelen) -> B2 Maintenance

6 Afvalverwerking (totaal over stort, verbranding, recycling, en/of hergebruik) -> C3 Waste-processing

Opmerkingen (zwart=meegenomen in berekening, rood=in te voeren basisprofiel, grijs=niet in berekening meegenomen)

1 Bij B1 gaat het vooral om emissies/afspoeling/uitloging in de gebruiksfase

2 B2, het onderhoud, wordt op een vergelijkbare manier ingevoerd als A (Product stage)

3 B3 is niet geoperationaliseerd

4 B4 wordt automatisch meegenomen via de rekenregels (vervangingsfrequentie)

5 B5 wordt automatisch meegenomen bij toepassing rekenregels bestaande bouw (addendum - site SBK)

6 B6 + B7 betreffen het energie- en watergebruik, en zijn dus niet relevant voor MPG

7 C1, C4, en D worden samen met C3 als geaggregeerd profiel behandeld

8 C2, Transport van sloopplaats naar afvalverwerkingsinstallatie, wordt o.b.v. standaardwaarden opgenomen (evt. volumetransport via product-/itemkaart)

Toelichting bij invoer basisprofielen in NMD

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END OF LIVEstage

Reuse-, recovery-, recycling-potential

BEYOND THE BUILDING LIFE CYCLE

Pagina 87 van 89

Pagina 88 van 89

APPENDIX I. ENERGY AND WATER USE IN UTILIZATION STAGE B&U

Energy use in utilization stage (exclusively B&U)

For energy use in the utilization stage, the energy performance related energy use is adhered to, like described

in NEN 712011

. The starting point is the primary energy use (in MJ) from the partial uses that are described in

the norms, which is before the correction for the size of the residential construction.

For the currently existing construction, the “Besluit Energiebesparing Gebouwen” (BEG) (Accord Energy

Savings Constructions) and “Regeling Energiebesparing Gebouwen” (REG) (Regulation Energy Savings

Constructions) are applicable. It is required to use certified companies with skilled EPA advisors and attested

EPA software (conform BRL9500 and 9501). These BRLs reference to the ISSO-publications 75, 82 and 54. In

ISSO 75 and 82, the EPA assessment and inclusion methods are described for both the lawfully required

energy label and the “Maatwerkadvies” (EPA) (Custom Fit Advice). ISSO 54 EDR (Energie Diagnose

Referentie) provides the requirements for the calculation software. Starting January 1st, 2012, the NEN 7120 is

designated for new construction. Originally, this norm was meant for existing construction as well. However,

adaptations are still required for this. In the short term, these necessary adaptations are processed in a so-

called “Nader Voorschrift” (More Detailed Prescription). ISSO will adapt her publications 82.1 and 75.1 which

describe the inclusion method for constructions to this “Nader Voorschrift” (More Detailed Prescription). If

everything goes according to plan, this will be implemented in the Netherlands in 2012.

The NEN 7120 in combination with the “Nader Voorschrift” (More Detailed Prescription) is the Dutch

development of the European guideline Energy Performance Building Directive (EPBD).

For the civil engineering works (GWW) sector, no norms exist with regard to energy use.

After that, agreements will have to be made with respect to how to include the green electricity and the bio-

fuels in the calculations.

In the residential construction and the utility construction, the equipment energy use that is not bound to

construction and the automation through simple calculation rules12

are included in order to achieve a more

accurate picture of the actual energy use of an operational construction.

Figure 2: overview of the way in which energy uses are determined.

11 NEN 7120 is the combined successor of NEN 5128 (residential constructions) and NEN 2916 (utility constructions) 12

Not included in this version of the Assessment Method.

Energieposten

1.Gebouwgebondenenergieverbruik

EPN/EPG

2. Gebouwgebonden Gebruikers Energie

GGE

3. Huishoudelijk ofKantoorgebonden

Energieverbruik HKE

4. Wijkgebondenenergieverbruik

EPN/EPG = verwarming + ventilatie + normverlichting energieverbruik

Deels in EPN/EPG, deels in EPL, deels niet genormeerd, maar wel gebouwgebonden

Niet genormeerd = apparatuur energieverbruikvlgs te maken rekenregels

Deels in EPL

Pagina 89 van 89

To-be included energy uses in a calculation (see figure 2):

1. mandatory 2. preferred (not yet included in this version) 3. preferred 4. not

Calibrating will happen based on the construction-bounded energy uses, bullet 1 of figure 2. The partial results

are presented separately. Besides that, as much as possible will be done in order to lay out the actual energy

use of the construction including its occupants / users, which are bullets 2 and 3 of figure 2.

On the one hand, the essential goal is to demonstrate the actual energy use (to determine when a construction

is CO2 neutral). On the other hand, to demonstrate the disparity between different instruments, in order to

minimalize the different to-be included energy uses.

Water use in the utilization stage (exclusively B&U)

The NEN 6922, which provides the functional and installation usage norms, is used for water use in new

residential constructions. As much as possible, a matching Assessment Method is adhered to for existing

construction. For utility construction, the “Water Prestatie Norm” (Water Performance Norm) is used, just like it

is developed by “opMaat” and “BOOM” in commission of the provincial government and the municipality of

Utrecht.