Assessments and conclusions on socialist construction during the 20th century, focusing on the USSR. KKE’s perception on socialism

8/3/2019 Assessments and conclusions on socialist construction during the 20th century, focusing on the USSR. KKEs percept

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Assessets & ccusis

sciaist cstructi duri

te 20t cetur, cusi te USSR.

KKEs percepti sciais

RESOLUTIONOF THE18THCONGRESSOFKKE


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RESOLUTIONOF THE18 THCONGRESSOFKKE

Assessets ad ccusis sciaist cstructi duri

te 20t cetur, cusi te USSR.

KKEs percepti sciais

Itrducti .............................................................................................................5

A. Te Ctributi te Sciaist Sste .......................................................9

B. Teretica psitis Sciais as te irst,

wer stae Cuis ..........................................................................14

C. Sciais i te USSR

Causes te victr te cuter-revuti ..........................................25

Assessets te ec duri te curse

sciaist cstructi i te USSR ............................................................30

Ccusis te re te Cuist Part

i te prcess sciaist cstructi ........................................................47

Te curse Sviet pwer ................................................................................55

Te strate te iteratia cuist veet

ad devepets witi it.............................................................................60

A evauati te stace KKE ...................................................................67

Issues r urter stud .......................................................................................69

D. Te ecessit ad tieiess Sciais. Ericet

ur prraatic ccepti Sciais

Te ecessit ad tieiess sciais .......................................................71

Ericet ur prraatic ccepti cceri sciais ...........74

Epiue .................................................................................................................85


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ASSESSmEnTS AnD ConClUSIonS

on SoCIAlIST ConSTRUCTIon DURIngThE 20Th CEnTURy, foCUSIng on ThE USSR.

KKES PERCEPTIon on SoCIAlISm

T e 18t Cress KKE, uii te task set rward b te 17 t

Cress ur ears a, dweed deeper it te causes te

victr te cuterrevuti ad capitaist restrati. Tis as

bee a iperative ad tie biati r ur Part, as it is r ever

Cuist Part. It was tus tat we aced tis task duri a te ears

tat ave eapsed sice te 14 t Cress ad te natia Cerece

1995. It is a task iteriked wit te reviva csciusess ad

ait i sciais.

fr re ta a cetur w, bureis peics aaist te c-

uist veet, te assui te r a iteectua eitis,

ccetrate teir ire te revutiar cre te wrkers ve-

et; te strue, i eera, aaist te ecessit revuti ad

its pitica spri, te dictatrsip te pretariat tat is te rev-

utiar wrki cass pwer. I particuar, te it aaist te ut-

ce te irst victrius revuti, te octber Revuti i Rus-

sia, ierce ppsi ever pase were te Revuti expsed ad

repeed cuterrevutiar activities ad pprtuist barriers, wic,

i te ia aasis, were weakei, direct r idirect, te Revu-

ti at a scia ad pitica eve.

fr re ta a cetur w, ever curret eati, retreati r

resii r te ecessit revutiar strue is bei prt-

ed as decratic sciais, i ppsiti t te s-caed ttaitaria,

dictatria, putcist cuis. We are we aware tese p-


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eics ad cauies aaist scietiic cuis, aaist te cass

strue. Te pertai t t te cditis uder capitais, but,

uder dieret rs ad cditis, as t te prcess rati te ew scia reatis, as we as teir expasi ad aturati it

cuist reatis.

Tda, iteratia pprtuis as reruped itse tru te

Part te Eurpea let, wic as stepped up te te te

decratic sciais retric, uder te cditis a scrus

aiestati te capitaist ecic crisis.

It is r tis reas tat i te discussi sciaist decrac

dieret weits ad easures are bei used t jude evets taki

pace duri e r te ter perid, wit te expicit ai erasi

te ctributi sciaist cstructi. I se istaces te eate

te etire 70-ear istr te USSR, i ters te speciica ai at

te perid duri wic its sciaist udati was erected. Watever

te case, te awas supprt tse pitica practices tat cstituted

deviatis r te sciaist curse.

KKE reais steadast i te deese te ctributi scia-

ist cstructi i te USSR, i eera sciaist cstructi duri

te 20t cetur, t te strue r scia prress, r te abiti

expitati a b a.

Tda ur Part is ideica re steeed ad pitica expe-

rieced t rebut te ideica itervetis te bureis ceters

prpaated tru teir peridicas ad bks r via te educatia pr-

cess. We are deai ere wit itervetis tat a exert a certai i-

uece i te iediate viciit te Part r eve witi te Part itse.

We are studi te rutess curse te cass strue duri

te trasiti t te ew sciet, r its udati ad devepet,

r te expasi ad deepei te ew reatis prducti ad

distributi, a scia reatis ad r te di te ew a.

We bri rward te ctradictis, te istakes ad deviatis uder

te pressure te iteratia crreati rces, witut resrti

t baket iiis.


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We exaie tis i a critica ad se-critica aer s as t

ake KKE, as part te iteratia cuist veet, strer

i te strue r te vertrw capitais, r te cstructi sciais. We are studi ad judi te curse sciaist cstruc-

ti i a se-critica aer, tat is wit u csciusess tat ur

weakesses, teretica srtcis ad istake evauatis as

cstituted part te prbe.

We are ri aead t additia assessets ad c-

cusis, t te ericet ur prraatic ccepti

sciais ared wit a cective spirit, wit a se-c-

sciusess reardi te diicuties ad deiciecies ad wit

revutiar deteriati. We are we aware tat uture istri-

ca studies, carried ut b ur Part ad b te cuist veet

iteratia, wi udubted iuiate urter te issues reardi

te experiece te USSR ad te ter sciaist cutries. It is

bed a dubt tat ew issues requiri a iprveet ad deep-

ei certai ur assessets wi ce t te re. Te deve-

pet te ter sciais-cuis is a ecessit, a ivi

prcess, a caee r ur Part ad r te iteratia cuist

veet, tda ad i te uture.

KKE as te experiece t uaratee te ctiuati, te eric-

et kwede ad a uitar percepti, as it as de sice its

14t Cress.

Te pre-cress prcedures ave reveaed te respsibiit ad

aturit Part ebers ad cadre, i teir abiit t vice teir pi-

is i te directi, wit te criteria ad a te ai axes te

Teses te C.C, wic ave bee verwei apprved.

Te ew C.C is bei assied te task raizi urter re-

searc te speciic subjects bei pipited, seeki te cp-

erati ter cuist rces, particuar r te cutries tat

were eai i sciaist cstructi i te past, csi te was

participati Part ebers i te ia ruati te ccu-

sis tat wi be te ed resut tese speciaized studies.


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Wit te preset decisi te 18 t Cress, KKE erices its pr-

raatic ccepti sciais.

our Part is eeri re pweru ad uited, capabe ispir-i ad uiti ew wrki cass ad ppuar rces, particuar a

uer ae, i te strue r sciais.

Te 18t Cress expresses its revutiar ptiis tat i te

curse te ears t ce a rerupet te iteratia c-

uist veet ( wic KKE is a part) wi bece apparet, a re-

rupet te basis te devepet its cuist idei-

ca ad strateic uit.


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A.ThE ConTRIBUTIon

of ThE SoCIAlIST SySTEm{1}Te devepet capitais ad te cass strue ievitabbrut cuis t te istrica ieit duri te id-de te 19t cetur. Te irst scietiic cuist prrae is te

Cuist maiest writte b K. marx ad fr. Ees 160 ears a

i 1848. Te irst pretaria revuti was te Paris Cue i 1871.

Wit te 20t cetur cae te success te octber Sciaist Revu-

ti i Russia i 1917, wic was a starti pit r e te reatestacieveets civiizati i te histr uakid, te abiti

expitati a b a. Subsequet, ater Wrd War II, state pw-

er was cquered i a series cutries i Eurpe, Asia, as we as i

te Aerica ctiet, i Cuba, wit te a sciaist cstructi.

Despite te varius prbes sciaist cutries, te sciaist ss-

te te 20t cetur prved te superirit sciais ver capi-

tais ad te ue advataes tat it prvides r pepes ives ad

wrki cditis.

Te Sviet Ui ad te wrd sciaist sste cstituted te

rea cuterweit t iperiaist aressi. Te re te S-

viet Ui i te Ati-ascist Pepes victr, duri Wrd War II, was

decisive. Te Ui Sviet Sciaist Repubics (USSR) crused te

gera ad aied rces iitar acie w ad ivaded Sviet ter-

ritr. It iberated a series cutries i Eurpe r te gera c-

cupati rces. mre ta 20 ii Sviet citizes ave teir ives r

te sciaist ead, wie 10 ii were disabed r wuded. Te

extet ateria devastati t Sviet territr was erus.

Te victries te Red Ar siiicat prpeed te devep-

et atia iberati ad ati-ascist veets, wic were ed

b Cuist Parties. I a cutries Cetra ad Easter Eurpe,

te ati-ascist strue, wit te decisive ctributi te USSR, was

iked t te vertrw bureis rue.


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Te sciaist state prvided istric exapes iteratiaist si-

darit t pepes w were iti aaist expitati, rei ccupa-

ti ad iperiaist iterveti. Te ctributed i a decisive aert te dissuti te cia sste ad t te iitati iitar

crtatis ad cicts.

Te acieveets wrkers i te sciaist states were a pit

reerece r a decades ad ctributed t te ais w b te

wrki cass ad te ppuar veet i capitaist scieties. Te i-

teratia baace rces tat was red ater Wrd War II rced

capitaist states, t a certai deree, t back dw ad t aeuvre i

rder t restrai te revutiar ie strue ad t create cdi-

tis i wic te cud assiiate te wrki cass veet.

Te abiti capitaist reatis prducti reed akid r

te bds wae saver ad peed te rad r te prducti ad

devepet te scieces wit te a satisi pepes eeds.

I tis wa, evere ad uarateed wrk, pubic ree eat care ad

educati, te prvisi ceap services r te state, usi, ad

access t iteectua ad cutura creativit. Te cpete eradicati

te terribe eac iiterac, i cbiati wit te icrease i

te eera eve educati ad speciaizati ad te abiti

uepet, cstitute uique acieveets sciais. I te S-

viet Ui, accrdi t te 1970 cesus, re ta 3/4 te wrki

ppuati te cities ad 50% wrkers i te rura areas ad c-

peted id-eve r ier educati1.

Te USSR, duri its 24-ear curse prir t te nazi assaut, ad

ade reat eaps i its ecic ad scia devepet, reduci

te ueveess tat it ad ierited. Te cutura revuti, as a i-

separabe eeet sciaist cstructi, ave wrki pepe te

pssibiit kwi ad experieci te acieveets ua

cuture.

1. Ecic Sc te Uiversit lsv, mscw. Pitica Ec,

V. 4, guteber Press, 1980, p. 150.


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I te Sviet Ui i 1975 it was uarateed b aw tat te urs

wrk cud t surpass 41 per week2, a te west i te wrd. A

wrkers were uarateed das r rest ad reaxati ad aua paididas. n-wrki tie was exteded ad its ctet was caed.

It was trasred it tie r te devepet te cutura ad

educatia eve te wrkers, r te eaceet teir participa-

ti i wrkers pwer ad i te ctr te adiistrati pr-

ductive uits.

Scia Securit r wrki pepe was utst pririt r te

sciaist state. A cpreesive sste retireet beeits, wit te

iprtat acieveet w ae iits r retireet (55 ears r

we, 60 r e), was created. fudi r te state retireet ud

was uarateed tru te state budet isca apprpriatis ad te

isurace ctributis eterprises ad istitutis. Siiar cdi-

tis prevaied i te rest te Eurpea sciaist states.

Sciaist pwer aid te udati r te abiti iequait

we, verci te reat diicuties tat bjective existed. S-

ciais esured i practice te scia caracter terd ad s-

ciaized cidcare. It istituted equa rits r we ad e i te

ecic, pitica ad cutura rea, atu t a rs uequa

reatis betwee te tw eders, wic ad bece etreced ver

a perid tie, ad bee successu eradicated.

Te dictatrsip te pretariat, te revutiar wrkers pwer,

as a state tat expressed te iterests te scia ajrit expited

pepe, ad t te irit expiters, prved itse a superir

r decrac. fr te irst tie i histr te uit prducti

cud bece te uceus decrac, wit te represetative par-

ticipati wrki pepe i pwer ad adiistrati, te pssibiit

t eect ad reca represetatives ast teseves t participate i

te ier eves pwer. Wrkers pwer de-ariaized te asses

2. Te great Sviet Eccpedia, V 31, p. 340, reers t te aw wit te tite, Pri-

cipes abur eisati i te USSR ad te Ui Repubics.


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ad a vast uber ass raizatis were deveped: trade ui,

cutura, educatia, wes, ut, were te ajrit te ppua-

ti was raized.Bureis ad pprtuist prpaada, speaki ack reed

ad ati-decratic reies, prjects te ccepts decrac ad

reed i teir bureis ctet, idetii decrac wit bur-

eis pariaetaris ad reed wit bureis idividuais ad

private capitaist wersip. Te rea essece reed ad dec-

rac uder capitais is te ecic cerci wae saver ad te

dictatrsip capita, i sciet i eera ad especia iside capita-

ist eterprises. our critica apprac reardi wrkers ad pepes

ctr ad participati as reati watsever t te bureis

ad pprtuist peics reardi decrac ad rits i te USSR.

Te octber Revuti auced a prcess equait betwee a-

tis ad atiaities witi te raewrk a iat utiatia state

ad prvided te directi r te resuti te atia prbe b

abisi atia ppressi i a its rs ad aiestatis. Tis

prcess was uderied wever, duri te curse te ersi

sciaist reatis ad was ia stpped wit te cuter-revuti-

ar devepets i te 1980s.

Te sciaist states ade serius erts t devep rs c-

perati ad ecic reatis based te pricipe pretar-

ia iteratiais. Wit te udi i 1949 te Cuci mutua

Assistace (CmA) a ert was ade t r a ew, uprecedeted

tpe iteratia reatis tat was based pricipes equait,

utua iterest ad utua aid betwee states tat were buidi

sciais. Te eve devepet sciais i eac revutiar

wrkers state was t te sae. It depeded t a are extet te

eve capitaist devepet tat existed we pwer was cquered

- a issue tat ust be take uder csiderati we assessets

ad cpariss are ade.

Te ais tat were udubted acieved i te sciaist states, i

cparis t teir starti pit as we as i cparis t te ivi


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stadard wrki pepe i te capitaist wrd, prve tat sciais

ds a itrisic ptetia r a draatic ad ctiua eevati s-

cia prsperit ad r te wesae devepet e ad we.Wat was istrica ew, was tat tis devepet ccered

te asses as a we, i ctrast t capitaist devepet wic is

itertwied wit expitati ad scia ijustice, wit reat devastati

suc as tat wic ccurred wit te ative ppuatis i te Aerica

ctiet, i Austraia, wit te assive saver sste i te USA i

te previus ceturies, wit cia expitati, wit te aarc

prducti ad te esui destructi te reat ecic crises,

wit iperiaist wars, cid abur ad s uc re.

Te ctributi ad te superirit sciaist cstructi i te

USSR sud be juded i crreati wit te iperiaist strate

ecirceet tat caused reat destructi, ctiuus bstaces ad

treats.


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B. ThEoRETICAl PoSITIonSon SoCIAlISm AS ThE fIRST,

loWER STAgE of CommUnISm

{2}Sciais is te irst stae te cuist sci-ecicrati; it is t a idepedet sci-ecic rati. Itis a iature, udeveped cuis.

Te cpete estabiset cuist reatis requires te ver-

ci te eeets iaturit tat caracterize its wer stae,

sciais.

Iature cuis siiies tat cuist reatis i prduc-

ti ad distributi ave t et u prevaied. Te basic aw te

cuist de prducti is vaid: Proportiona production for the

extended satisfaction of socia needs.

Te ccetrated eas prducti are sciaized, but i te be-

ii tere sti reai rs idividua ad rup wersip tat

cstitute te base r te existece cdit-e reatis.

frs prducti cperatives are set up, i tse sectrs were

te eve te prductive rces des t et aw te sciaizati

te eas prducti. Te rs rup prpert cstitute a

trasitia r wersip betwee private ad scia wersip,

ad t a iature r cuist reatis.

Part te scia eeds is cvered i a uiversa, ree asi. hw-

ever, a sti siiicat part te scia prduct r idividua csup-

ti is distributed based te pricipe, to each according to his a-bour, whie each one works according to his abiities. Uder cditis

deveped cuis te distributi te scia prduct is based

te pricipe: to each according to his needs.

Uder sciais, te basis its ecic iaturit, tere sti

ctiue t exist scia iequaities, scia stratiicati, siiicat di-

ereces r eve ctradictis, suc as tse betwee cit ad cutr,

betwee iteectua wrkers ad aua aburers, betwee specia-


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ized ad uskied wrkers. A tese iequaities ust be cpete

eradicated, radua ad i a paed wa.

Duri te cstructi sciais, te wrki cass acquires pr-ressive, t i a uir asi, te abiit t ave a itera kw-

ede te dieret parts te prductive prcess, supervisr wrk,

a substative re i te raizati abur. As a resut te diicu-

ties i tis prcess, it is sti pssibe tat wrkers wit a aaeria re

i prducti, wrkers eaed i iteectua abur ad pssessi a

i scietiic speciaizati, wud ted t isate te idividua iterest

ad te iterest te prducti uit r te scia iterest, r wud

ted t a cai t a arer sare te tta scia prduct, sice te

cuist attitude twards abur as t et prevaied.

Te eap tat takes pace duri te perid sciaist cstructi,

tat is duri te revutiar perid te trasiti r capitais

t deveped cuis, is quaitative superir r a previus

e, sice cuist reatis, wic are t a expitative ature,

are t saped witi te raewrk capitais. A strue te

seeds te ew aaist te vesties te d sste takes pace

i a speres scia ie. It is a strue r te radica cae a

ecic reatis ad, b extesi, a scia reatis, it c-

uist reatis.

Te scia revuti cat be restricted t te cquest

pwer ad te rati te ecic base r sciaist devep-

et, but is exteded duri te etire sciaist curse; it icudes te

devepet sciais r te attaiet te ier cuist

stae. Duri tis -ter trasiti r te capitaist t te de-

veped cuist sciet, te picies te revutiar wrkers

pwer, wit te Cuist Part as te eadi rce, acquire pririt

i te rati, extesi ad deepei te ew scia reatis, i

teir u ad irreversibe supreac, t i a subjectivist aer, but

based te aws te cuist de prducti.

It is tus tat te cass strue te wrki cass ctiues

uder ew cditis, wit ter rs ad eas- t duri te


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perid we te udatis sciais are bei aid, but as duri

te devepet sciais. It is a i batte r te abiti

ever r rup ad idividua wersip ver te eas ad prd-ucts prducti, ad te petit-bureis csciusess tat as

deep istrica rts. It is a strue r te rati a aaus

scia csciusess ad attitude crrespdi t te direct scia

caracter abur. Csequet, te dictatrsip te pretariat,

as a istruet cass diati ad cass strue, is ecessar,

t duri te trasiti perid, r te csidati te ew

pwer, te reaizati te easures r te devepet te ew

ecic reatis ad te abiti te capitaist reatis, but as

duri te devepet sciais uti its aturati it te ier,

cuist stae.

{3}Sciaist cstructi is a uiterrupted prcess, wic startswit te cquest pwer b te wrki cass. I te be-ii, te ew de prducti is red, essetia prevaii

wi te cpete abiti capitaist reatis, te reati

capita t wae abur. Subsequet, te ew reatis are exteded

ad deepeed, cuist reatis ad te ew tpe a devep

t a ier eve tat uaratees teir irreversibe supreac, prvided

tat capitaist reatis ave bee abised a wrdwide scae r at

east i te deveped ad iuetia cutries te iperiaist ss-

te.

Te sciaist curse ctais te pssibiit a reversa ad a re-

treat backwards t capitais. Suc a retreat is t a ew pee

i scia devepet ad i a case it cstitutes a teprar pe-

e i its istr. It is a irreutabe act tat sci-ecic

sste as ever bee iediate csidated i te istr u-

akid. Te trasiti r a wer pase devepet t a ier

e is t a straitrward ascedi prcess. Tis is sw b te

ver istr te prevaece capitais.


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{4 }Te apprac arui r te existece trasitia sciet-ies, wit distict caracteristics bt i reati t capitais,as we as i reati t sciais, is a icrrect e. Starti r tisviewpit te devepet capitaist reatis i Cia ad Vieta

is istake iterpreted as represeti trasitia muti-sectora

societies.

We d t verk te specia caracteristics te perid wic

i te marxist bibirap is kw as te transitiona period, dur-

i wic te sciaist revuti is seeki victr, a pssibe civi war

deveps ad te sarp strue te iature cuist (sciaist)

reatis tat are just beii t devep aaist capitaist expitative

reatis, wic ave sti t bee abised, is bei waed. histrica

experiece as sw tat tis perid cat ast r a tie. I te

USSR tis perid was cpeted b te idde te 1930s. Te stru-

e wit capitaist reatis, te diicuties i te cstructi a scia-

ist base were sarpeed due t te euda ad patriarca ieritace i

te rer cies Tsarist Russia. lei, i is tie, ted tat te

extet, te durati ad te ature te trasitia easures wud

deped te eve devepet te prductive rces tat scia-

is ierits r capitais.3 he as stressed tat r cutries were

idustr is re deveped, te trasitia easures twards sciais

bece reduced r, i se cases, eve cpete uecessar.

Te trasitia perid is not independentr te prcess scia-

ist cstructi, sice it is duri its curse tat te basis is estabised

r te devepet a cuist sciet i its irst pase.

It is as a istake t restrict excusive t te trasitia peri-

d scia peea ad ctradictis tat ctiue, up t a certai

extet, t exist as duri te iature (sciaist) pase cu-

is (rs idividua ad cperative prducti, te existece

cdit-e reatis, te dierece betwee tw ad cutr).

3. V.I. lei, Cected Wrks, greek editi (Scri Epi), v. 43, p. 57 ad p.79,

v. 44, pp 191-200.


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Suc a apprac perceives sciais as a cassess sciet wit te

persistece te ctradicti betwee aua ad iteectua abur

bei te caracteristic dieretiati it r deveped cu-is. Tus, accrdi t tis apprac, it is duri te sciaist pase

tat te witeri-awa te state is eected, tat te dictatrsip

te pretariat ceases t exist. Tis view distaces itse r te cass

apprac t te issue te state ad te cass strue uder s-

ciais. It uderestiates te re te subjective actr i sciaist

devepet. I certai cases it eas twards a sptaeus deca

rs idividua cperative prpert, cdit-e rea-

tis. It dwpas te caracter scia wersip, te basis

actua prbes i te ediati betwee prducers.

{5}Te rati te cuist de prducti beiswit te sciaizati te ccetrated eas prducti,wit Cetra Pai, wit te acati te abur rce i te di-

eret braces te ec, wit te paed distributi te s-

cia prduct, wit te rati istitutis wrkers ctr. o te

basis tese ew ecic reatis, te prductive rces, a ad

te eas prducti, devep wit rapid rates; prducti ad te

etire sciet bece raized. Sciaist accuuati is acieved, as

we as a ew eve scia prsperit.

Tis ew eve akes pssibe te radua extesi ew rea-

tis i te area prductive rces tat previus were t ature

eu t be icuded i te direct scia prducti. Te ateria

prerequisites r te abiti a dieretiati i te distributi

te scia prduct a te wrkers i te direct scia prducti,

i te scia services, as we as r te ctiuus reducti te

ecessar abur tie are bei ctiua expaded.

It is a istake t arue tat true sciaizati presuppses te

cpete abiti te disticti betwee aaeria ad execu-

tive abur. Te sae ds true te tesis tat te atiaisati


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(trasrati it state prpert) te eas prducti be-

a te dictatrsip te pretariat is seti distict r teir

sciaizati. Tese aruets ted t questi te re te dicta-trsip te pretariat as a istruet te cass strue te

pretariat, wic des t restrict itse t te duties crusi te

cuter-revutiar activities te bureisie, but as as te u-

daeta dut cstructi te ew reatis, eradicati a scia

diereces ad iequaities.

Sciaizati uder sciais, as we as te etire raizati

te ec ad te sciet, is eected tru te state te wrk-

i cass, uder te uidace te Cuist Part, wic depeds

te biizati te wrki asses, wrkers ctr.

Te cpete supreac cuist reatis, te trasiti t

te ier pase te ew sci-ecic rati presuppses

te cpete abiti casses. It requires te abiti, t

capitaist wersip, but as ever r private ad rup w-

ersip ver te eas prducti ad te scia prduct, te c-

pete eradicati te dierece betwee tw ad cutr, betwee

aua ad iteectua abur, e te st prud rts scia

iequait, te cpete exticti atia ctradictis.4

I accrdace wit te uiversa scia aw te crrespdece

te reatis prducti wit te eve devepet te pr-

ductive rces, eac istrica ew eve devepet prductive

rces tat is iitia acieved b sciaist cstructi, deads a ur-

ter revutiisati reatis prducti ad a ecic re-

atis, i te directi teir cpete trasrati it cuist

reatis, b eas revutiar picies. As was sw i practice,

a dea r, eve re iprtat, a retreat i te devepet

sciaist reatis eads t a sarpei te ctradicti betwee

prductive rces ad reatis prductis. o tis basis, scia c-

tradictis ad dieretiatis a devep it scia ataiss ad

4. V.I. lei, Cected Wrks, SE, Ates, V 39, p. 15.


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20

ead t a sarpei te cass strue. Uder sciais tere exists

a bjective basis tat ctais te pssibiit r scia rces t act,

uder certai cditis, as ptetia bearers expitative reatis,as was witessed i te USSR i te 1980s.

{6}Te devepet te cuist de prducti iits irst stae, sciais, is a prcess tru wic te dis-tributi te scia prduct i etar r beces abised.

Cuist prducti eve i its iature stae is direct scia

prducti: te divisi abur des t take pace r excae, it

is t eected tru te arket, ad te prducts abur tat are

idividua csued are t cdities.

Te divisi abur i te sciaized eas prducti is based

te pa tat raizes prducti ad deteries its prprtis,

wit te ai satisi te expaded scia eeds, ad te distributi

prducts (use vaues). I ter wrds, it is a cetra paed divisi

scia abur ad direct iterates - t via te arket - idividua

abur, as part te tta scia abur. Cetra Pai distributes te

tta scieta wrki tie, s tat te dieret uctis abur are

i crrect prprtis i rder t satis dieret scia eeds.

Cetra Pai expresses te cscius appi te bjective

prprtis prducti ad distributi, as we as te ert r te

a-rud devepet te prductive rces. It is r tis reas tat

it sud t be uderstd as a tec-ecic istruet, but as a

cuist reati prducti ad distributi tat iks wrkers t

te eas prducti, t sciaist bdies. It icudes a cscius

paed cice tives ad as r prducti, ad it ais at te

exteded satisacti scia eeds (basic ecic aw te c-

uist de prducti). Te uidi aws Cetra Pai ca-

t be idetiied wit te pa existi at a speciic et, wic

sud reect i a scietiic wa tese bjective prprtis.

A te prbes Cetra Pai is icuded te cpex is-


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sue te deteriati scia eeds, especia uder iteratia

cditis, were capitais sapes a rater warped ccepti wat

scia eeds rea are. Scia eeds are deteried based te eve devepet te prductive rces tat ave bee acieved i te

ive istrica perid. Tese eeds ust be uderstd i teir istri-

ca ctext, cai i reatisip t te devepet te prduc-

tive rces. likewise, te wa i wic te basic aw cuis is

reaized ust devep, wit te a verci te iadequacies

ad dieretiatis tat exist i te cverae scia eeds.

{7}A caracteristic te irst stae cuist reatis is tedistributi e part te prducts accrdi t abur.A teretica ad pitica debate as arise reardi te easure

abur. Te distributi part sciaist prducti accrdi t

abur (wic i ters r resebes cdit excae5) is

a vestie capitais. Te ew de prducti as t aaed

t discard it et, because it as t deveped a te ecessar u-

a prductive pwer ad a te eas prducti i te ecessar

diesis, tru te brad use ew tec. labur prduc-

tivit des t et aw a decisive are reducti abur tie, te

abiti eav ad e-sided abur, s tat te scia eed r c-

pusr abur ca be abised.

Te paed distributi abur pwer ad te eas pr-

ducti etais te paed distributi te scia prduct. Te dis-

tributi te scia prduct cat be eected tru te arket,

based te aws ad cateries cdit excae. Accrdi

t marx, te de distributi wi cae we te particuar de

te scia prductive rais ad te crrespdi istrica eve

devepet te prductive rces cae6 (e.. tese were at a

5. K. marx, Critique te gta Prrae, greek editi (SE), p. 22.

6. K. marx, Capita, Vue 1, pp. 91-92 (greek editi)


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certai eve i te USSR i te 1930s, et at a dieret eve i te USSR

i te 1950s ad 1960s).

marxis cear deies abour timeas te easure te idividuaparticipati te prducer t c abur. Csequet, te a-

bur tie te prducer is as deied as a easure te sare e

deserves r te prduct tat is destied r idividua csupti

ad tat is distributed based abur.7 Ater part (educati, eat,

edicies, eati, etc.) is aread distributed based eeds. labur

tie8 uder sciais is t te scia ecessar abur tie tat

cstitutes te easure vaue r te excae cdities i

cdit prducti. labur tie is te easure te idividua

ctributi t scia abur r te prducti te tta prduct. It

is ted caracteristica i Capita: In sociaized production money

capita gets out of the picture. Society distributes abour power and the

means of production to different branches of production. The producers

woud, if you so wish, receive paper vouchers with which they can take

from the stock of consumption products of the society an amount anao-

gous to the time they worked. These vouchers are not money. They do

not circuate.9

Access t tat part te scia prduct tat is distributed according

to abour is deteried b te idividua abur ctributi eac

pers i te ttait scia abur, witut distiuisi betwee

cpex ad sipe, aua abur r terwise. Te easure

idividua ctributi is te abur tie, wic te pa deteries

based te tta eeds scia prducti; te ateria cditis

te prducti prcess i wic idividua abur is icuded; te

specia eeds scia prducti r te ccetrati abur rce

[7] K. marx, Critique te gta Prrae, greek editi, p. 21, 22, 23 ad fr.

Ees, Ati-Duri, greek editi, 2006, p. 328, 329, 330.

[8] K. marx, Capita, Vue 1, p 91-92. (greek editi). Tie as a easure

abur ust be viewed ere r te sake a parae wit te prducti c-

dities.

[9] K. marx, Capita, Vue 2, p. 357. (greek editi).


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23

i certai areas, braces, etc.; specia scia eeds, suc as ter-

d, idividuas wit specia eeds, etc.; te persa stace eac

idividua vis-a-vis te raizati ad te executi te prductiveprcess. I ter wrds, abur tie ust be iked t as, suc as

te cservati aterias, te ipeetati re prductive

tecies, a re ratia raizati abur, wrkers ctr

adiistrati-aaeet.

Te paed devepet te prductive rces i te cuist

de prducti sud icreasi ree up re tie r wrk,

wic sud te be used t raise te educatia-cutura eve

wrki pepe; t aw r wrkers participati i te carri ut

teir duties reardi wrkers pwer ad adiistrati prducti,

etc. Te a-rud devepet a as te prductive rce i te

buidi te ew tpe sciet ad cuist reatis (icud-

i te cuist attitude twards direct scia abur) is a tw-wa

reatisip. Depedi te istrica pase, eiter e r te ter

side wi take precedece.

Te devepet Cetra Pai ad te extesi scia

wersip i a areas ake e radua superuus, revi

its ctet as te r vaue.

{8 }Te prduct idividua ad cperative prducti, tereater part wic is derived r aricuture, is excaedwit te sciaist prduct b eas cdit-e reatis. C-

perative prducti is subrdiated t se extet t Cetra Pa-

i, wic deteries te part te prducti tat is acated t te

state ad sets te state prices, as we as te axiu prices r tat

part prducti tat is acated tru te cperative arket.

Te directi b wic t resve te diereces betwee tw ad

cutr, betwee idustria ad aricutura prducti, csists : te

eri te peasat-prducers i te jit use are tracts ad

r te prducti scia prduct wit te use der ecaiza-


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ti ad ter eas scietiic-tecica prress, prvided b

te sciaist state ad bei t it ad r te eaceet abur

prductivit; te creati a str irastructure r te preservati te prduct r uresee weater azards; te subjecti te

direct scia abur r te prducti aricutura raw aterias

ad teir idustria prcessi t uiied sciaist raizatis. Tis

directi serves t trasr te etire aricutura prducti it a

part te direct scia prducti.


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C. SoCIAlISm In ThE USSR - CAUSES of ThE VICToRy

of ThE CoUnTER-REVolUTIon

{9 }We cus te experiece te USSR, because it csti-tuted te vauard sciaist cstructi. Te urter stud te curse sciais i te rest te Eurpea states, as we as

te curse sciaist pwer i te Asia cutries (Cia, Vieta,

DPR Krea) ad i Cuba is ecessar.

Te sciaist caracter te USSR is ruded te wi: te

abiti capitaist reatis prducti, te existece sciaist

wersip t wic (despite varius ctradictis) cperative wer-

sip is subjuated, Cetra Pai, wrkers pwer ad te uprec-

edeted ais beeiti a wrki pepe.

Tese cat be eated b te act tat, wi a certai perid,

te Part radua st its revutiar uidi caracter ad, as a re-

sut, cuter-revutiar rces were abe t diate te Part ad

te veret i te 1980s.

We caracterize te devepets 1989-1991 as a victr te

cuter-revuti. Te cstituted te ast act te prcess tat ed t

te stretei scia iequaities ad diereces ad te rces

cuterrevuti ad scia reressi. It is t accideta tat tese

devepets were supprted b iteratia reacti, tat sciaist

cstructi, especia duri te perid te abiti capitaist

reatis ad te udi sciais, up uti te Secd Wrd

War, ccetrates te ideica ad pitica wrat iteratia i-

periais. We reject te ter coapse, because it uderestiates te

extet cuter-revutiar activit, te scia base wic it ca

devep ad prediate, due t te weakesses ad deviatis te

subjective actr duri sciaist cstructi.

Te victr cuter-revuti i 1989-1991 des t prve a ack

te basic eve devepet te ateria prerequisites eces-

sar t bei sciaist cstructi i Russia.


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marx ted tat akid des t set itse but te prbes tat

it ca sve, because te prbe itse arises we te ateria

cditis r its suti ave bee br. fr te et tat tewrki cass, te ai prductive rce, strues t carr ut its is-

tric issi, eve re r te set te revuti, te prduc-

tive rces ave deveped t te eve cict wit te reatis

prducti, wit te capitaist de prducti. I ter wrds, te

ateria prerequisites r sciais, up wic revutiar cdi-

tis ave bee created, aread exist.

lei ad te Bseviks csidered tat prbes a reative back-

wardess i te devepet te prductive rces (cutura eve)

wud t be sved b a iterediate pwer betwee te bureis

ad pretaria pwers, but b te dictatrsip te pretariat.10

Based te statistica data tat perid, capitaist reatis

prducti at te p stae teir devepet prediated

i Russia. It was tis ateria basis tat revutiar pwer de-

peded r te sciaizati te ccetrated eas prducti.11

Te wrki cass Russia, especia its idustria seet, uded

10, V.I. lei, Reardi ur revuti , Cected Wrks, greek editi (SE), v. 45.

11, o te eve Wrd War I tere was a iprtat r tat tie devepet ad

ccetrati te wrki cass i Russia: te tta uber wrkers was estiated

at 15 ii, ut wic 4 ii were wrkers i idustr ad rairads. I additi,

it was estiated tat 56.6% idustria wrkers was ccetrated i are idustries

wit re ta 500 wrkers. Russia was 5t i te wrd ad 4t i Eurpe i ters its

sare i te vue iteratia idustria prducti. o curse, te rise idustria

prducti ad beu at te ed te irst decade te 20 t cetur. Te braces

eas prducti icreased teir prducti b 83% duri te perid 1909-1913 (av-

erae aua icrease 13%). hwever, are capitaist idustr was ccetrated i sixareas: Cetra, n-W (Petrrad), Batic, Sut, Pad, Uras, wic accuted r abut

79% idustria wrkers ad 75% idustria prducti. Te prud ueveess tat

caracterized te ec te Russia Epire te eve WW I is reected i

te statistica data r tat era, despite teir varius aws. Te wrki cass ap-

praced 20% te tta ppuati (depedi te surce it was variab cited r

17% t 19.5%). Sa cdit prducers (peasats, artisas, etc) accuted r 66.7%

ad te expiti casses r 16.3%, ut wic 12.3% were kuaks. natia Acade

Scieces USSR, Pitica Ec, Cpraiu Pubicatis, 1960, p.542 ad Te great

Sviet Eccpedia V. 31, p.183-185.


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te sviets as raizatia ucei revutiar acti, uder te

uidace te CP (b), i te strue t cquer state pwer. Te B-

sevik Part, uder te eadersip lei, was teretica preparedr te sciaist revuti: aasis te Russia sciet, te ter

te weak ik i te iperiaist cai, evauati te revutiar

situati, te ter r te dictatrsip te pretariat. It exibited a

caracteristic abiit t serve its strate wit te crrespdi at

eac stae te devepet te cass strue - tactics: aiaces,

sas, aeuvri, etc.

hwever, sciais aced additia speciic diicuties, due t te

act tat sciaist cstructi bea i a cutr wit a wer eve de-

vepet te prductive rces (ediu-weak, as V. I. lei carac-

terized it) cpared t te advaced capitaist cutries12ad wit a are

deree ueveess i its devepet, due t te extesive surviva

pre-capitaist reatis, particuar i te asiatic ex-cies te

tsarist epire. Sciaist cstructi bea wi te erus de-

structi WW I ad i te idst te civi war. Subsequet, it aced

te iese destructi WW II, wie capitaist pwers, ike te USA,

ever experieced war witi teir brders. I ctrast, te used war t

verce te bi ecic crisis te 1930s.

Te iatic ecic ad scia devepet tat was acc-

pised uder tese cditis prves te superirit te cuist

reatis prducti, eve at teir iitia stae devepet. Te

devepets d t cir te assessets severa pprtuist

ad petit bureis currets. Scia decratic viewpits reardi

te iaturit te sciaist revuti i Russia ave t bee c-

ired. neiter ave Trtskite psitis caii tat it was ipssibe

t cstruct sciais i te USSR. Te viewpit tat te sciet tat

eered ater te octber Revuti was t sciaist i caracter r

tat it quick deeerated ater te irst ears its existece, ad tere-

12. I 1913 te per capita gnP Russia was 11.5% tat te USA. Apprxiate 2/3

te ppuati was cpete iiterate.


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re tat te iterrupti te 70-ear curse te istr te USSR

was ievitabe, is subjective ad cat be backed up b te acts.

We reject te teries tat cai tat tese scieties were se srt a new expoitative system r a r state capitaism, as varius

pprtuist currets cai.

furterre, te devepets d t vaidate te vera stace

te maist curret vis-a-vis te cstructi sciais i te USSR,

te caracterizati te USSR as scia-iperiaist, te rapprce-

et Cia wit te USA, as we as te icsistecies i atters

sciaist cstructi i Cia (e.. te reciti te atia bur-

eisie as a a i sciaist cstructi, etc.).

our w critica assesset csiders as ive te deece te

cstructi sciais i te USSR ad i te ter cutries.

{10 }Te cuter-revuti i te USSR did t resut r aiperiaist iitar iterveti, but rater r witi adr te tp, as a resut te pprtuist utati te C.P ad te

crrespdi pitica directi Sviet pwer. We assi pririt tte itera actrs, t te sci-ecic cditis tat reprduce

pprtuis te basis sciaist cstructi, witut curse

uderestiati te -ter eect ad te uti-aceted itererece

iperiais i te devepet pprtuis ad its evuti it

a cuterrevutiar rce.

Based te ter scietiic cuis we ruated a stud

a te wi ies:

Te ec, tat is, te devepets i te reatis prduc-ti ad distributi duri te udati te basis sciaisad its subsequet devepet, as te basis r te eerece

ad te resuti scia ctradictis ad dieretiatis.

Te perati te dictatrsip te pretariat ad te re teCP uder sciais, te wer stae cuis.

Te strate ad te devepets i te iteratia cu-ist veet.


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{11}Te curse buidi a ew sciet i te Sviet Ui wasdeteried b te abiit te Bsevik C.P t ui its rev-utiar, uidi re. first ad rest, t prcess ad ruate terequisite revutiar strate at eac step; t crt pprtuis

ad t prvide a decisive respse t te ew, eeri deads ad

caees devepi sciais-cuis.

Up uti Wrd War II, te bases r te devepet te ew

sciet were created. Te cass strue wic ed t te abiti

capitaist reatis ad te supreac te sciaized sectr pr-

ducti, te basis Cetra Pai, was bei carried ut wit

success. Ipressive resuts were acieved cceri te rwt

scia prsperit.

fwi Wrd War II ad te pst-war recstructi, sciaist

cstructi etered a ew pase. Te Part was aced wit ew de-

ads ad caees reardi te devepet sciais-c-

uis. Te 20t Cress te CPSU (1956) stads ut as a tur-

i pit, sice at tat cress a series pprtuist psitis were

adpted atters reati t te

ec, te strate te c-

uist veet ad iteratia

reatis. Te crreati rces i

te strue bei waed duri te

etire precedi perid was atered,

wit a tur i avr te revisiist-

pprtuist psitis, wit te resut

tat te Part radua bea t se

its revutiar caracteristics. I

te decade te 1980s, wit pere-

strika, pprtuis u deveped

it a traitrus, cuter-revutiar rce. Te csistet cuist

rces tat reacted duri te ia pase te betraa, at te 28 t

CPSU Cress, did t aae i a tie aer t expse it ad t

raize te revutiar reacti te wrki cass.


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Assessets te ec duri

te curse sciaist cstructi i te ussr

{12}Wit te ruati te irst Pa Cetra Pai, tewi issues reardi te ec aread cae t teceter te teretica debate ad pitica strue: Is sciaist pr-

ducti cdit prducti? Wat is te re te aw vaue,

cdit-e reatis uder sciaist cstructi?

It is icrrect t arue teretica tat te aw vaue is a aw

ti te cuist de prducti i its irst (sciaist) stae.Tis apprac becae diat sice te decade te 1950s i te

USSR ad i te ajrit C.Ps. Tis psiti was streteed due t

te reteti cdit-e reatis, duri te paed trasi-

ti r idividua t cperative prducti. Tis ateria base exac-

erbated teretica srtcis ad pitica weakesses i te ru-

ati ad ipeetati Cetra Pai. Duri te subsequet

decades pprtuist picies urter weakeed Cetra Pai, erded

scia wersip ad streteed cuter-revutiar rces.

{13}Te irst perid sciaist cstructi up uti Wrd WarII aced te basic, priar prbe abisi capitaistwersip ad adi i a paed asi te scia ad ecic

prbes tat ad bee ierited r capitais ad ad bee exacer-

bated b te iperiaist ecirceet ad iterveti. It was duri tis

perid tat Sviet pwer reduced draatica te deep ueveess

tat te revuti ad ierited r te tsarist epire.

Duri te 1917-1940 perid te Sviet pwer ted, r te st

part, successes. It carried ut te eectriicati ad idustriaizati

prducti, te expasi trasprt eas, ad te ecaizati

a are part aricutura prducti. It iitiated paed prducti

ad acieved ipressive rates i te devepet sciaist idustria

prducti. It successu deveped destic prductive capacities


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i a te idustria braces. Prducti cperatives (kkzes) ad

state ars (svkzes) were created, ad i tis wa te basis r te

expasi ad supreac sciaist reatis i aricutura prduc-ti was estabised. Te cutura revoution was reaized. Te ra-

ti a ew eerati cuist speciaists ad scietists was

beu. Te st iprtat acieveet is te cpete abiti

capitaist reatis prducti, wit te abiti ired abr pwer,

tus ai te udati r te ew sci-ecic rati.

{14 }Te ipeetati certai trasitia easures, wit-i te perspective te cpete abiti capitaist rea-tis, was ievitabe i a cutr ike Russia te ears 1917-1921.

Te actrs tat rced te Bsevik C.P t ipeet a teprar

pic preservati, t a certai extet, capitaist prducti rea-

tis were: te cass cpsiti, were te petit- bureis araria

eeet was i te ajrit, te ack a distributi, supp ad i-

tri ecais, te are scae te backward sa-sized prduc-

ti ad, ai, te draatic wrsei susteace ad ivi cdi-

tis, due t te destructi caused b te civi war ad te iperiaist

iterveti. A tese actrs ade te devepet ediu-ter

Cetra Pai diicut at tat pit.

Te new Ecic Pic (nEP), wic was ipeeted wi

te civi war, cstituted a pic teprar ccessis t capita-

is. It ad te basic a restri idustr r te ravaes war

ad, tis basis, t buid i te ied aricutura prducti reatis

tat wud attract arers it te cperatives. A uber eter-

prises were ive ver t capitaists r use (witut te avi w-

ersip rits ver te), trade was deveped, te excae betwee

aricutura prducti ad te sciaized idustr was reuated based

te ccept te tax i kid. Te pssibiit was prvided t te

peasats t put te arket te reaii prti teir aricutura

prducti.


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Te aeuveris ad teprar ccessis t capitaist reatis

tat are deaded uder certai circustaces ad specia cditis

are t i a wa a ievitabe caracteristic te prcess sciaistcstructi. It is presuptuus ad iseadi t utiize nEP, as was

de b te eadersip te CPSU wit perestrika duri te 1980s,

t justi te tur twards private prpert ad capitaist reatis.

{15}Te ew pase devepet te prductive rces at teed te decade te 1920s awed te repaceet nEP b te pic sociaisms attack against capitaism, tat ad as its

ai a te cpete abiti capitaist reatis. Te ccessis

twards te capitaists were witdraw ad te pic cectivizati

was deveped, tat is te cpete cperative raizati te ari-

cutura ec, ai i its deveped r, te kkz.13 At te sae

tie, te svkzes, te state-sciaist uits i aricutura prducti

tat were based te ecaizati prducti ad wse etire

prduct was scia prpert, were deveped (abeit i a iited wa).

Te irst ive-ear pa bea i 1928, 7 ears ater te victr

revuti (te civi war eded i 1921). Sviet pwer experieced di-

icut i ruati a cetra pa r te sciaist ec r te

ver beii, ai due t te ctiui existece capitaist rea-

tis (nEP) ad te exceptia are uber idividua cd-

it prducers, ai peasats. Weakesses were as evidet i te

13. A rietati tat was aid ut i te 15t Cress (1927). Te AUCP (b) ave

weit t te rise i prductivit sa ad ediu-sized useds ad i prviditec ad equipet. Te atiaizati ad did t ce i cict wit te

rits ad-usae sa ad ediu peasats. It beeited te sa aricutura

used ad te rs cperati te scattered aricutura useds r

te st sipe, te cpaisips, up t te arte. Te pic vis-a-vis te sa

aricutura used, te sa prducti, was e aid, t strue. It rejected te

destructi wer rs raizati prducti i te ae arer es. At

te sae tie, it prted te advataes te kkz ad te svkz. I parae, it

aied t deeat certai sectis te kuak i te viaes ad, subsequet, t eii-

ate te kuak cass as a cass.


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33

subjective actr, te Part, wic did t ave cadre speciaists t uide

te raizati prducti ad was tus bied r a certai tie t

deped ast excusive bureis speciaists.Te speciic cditis (iperiaist ecirceet, te treat war

i cbiati wit te extesive backwardess) rced te prti

cectivizati at acceerated rates, seti wic sarpeed te

cass strue, especia i te rura areas. Tere were curse is-

takes ad certai bureaucratic excesses i te devepet te c-

ectivizati veet i aricutura prducti, tat were pited-ut

b te Part itse i its decisis tat perid 14. hwever, te rieta-

ti Sviet pwer r te reirceet ad te eeraizati tis

veet were i te crrect directi. It aied at te devepet

a trasitia r wersip (cperative) tat wud ctribute

t te trasrati sa idividua cdit prducti it di-

rect scia prducti.

{16}Te pic sociaisms attack against capitaism was car-

ried ut uder cditis itese cass strue. Te ku-aks (te bureisie i te viae), scia strata tat beeited r te

nEP (nEPe) ad sectis te iteietsia tat riiated r te

d expiti casses reacted i a was, icudi acts sabtae

aaist idustr (e.. te Sakt aair15) ad cuter-revutiar

14. Decisi te CC, 15.3.1930 ad persa artice I.V. Stai (Dizz r suc-

cess, I.V. Stai, Cected Wrks, V.12, p. 218-227, greek editi), were istakes

wic aravated te stabiizati te wrker-peasat aiace were ted ad psi-tis were take i avur recizi errrs ad crrecti te, i as a areas

ad circustaces as pssibe, were te istakes ad t created irreversibe acts

r deviatis r a icrrect curse.

15. Te Sakt aair ccers te sabtae carried ut i te ca ii idustr

te Dbas area b bureis speciaists, cadre idustr w ad bee eped

b te sviet pwer i te raizati ad adiistrati prducti. Duri te tria

tat tk pace i 1928, it was prve tat tese executives ad cectis t te d

capitaist ca ie wers w ad et r abrad. Te sabtae was part a vera

pa t uderie sciaist idustr ad sviet pwer.


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34

activities i te viaes. Tese cass-based, ati-sciaist iterests were

reected witi te C.P, were pprtuist currets deveped.

Te tw basic ppsiti tedecies (Trtsk Bukari), tat p-erated duri tat perid, ad a c base i absutiizi te ee-

ets backwardess i Sviet sciet. Duri te 1930s teir views

cvered t te tesis tat te verci capitaist reatis i te

USSR was preature. Teir psitis were rejected b te AUCP (B-

sevik) ad were t cired b reait.

A te wa, severa pprtuist rces estabised ctacts wit

pe cuter-revutiar rces tat were raizi pas t ver-

trw Sviet pwer i cperati wit secret services r iperiaist

cutries.

Te prevaii cditis dictated te direct ad resute crta-

ti tese ceters wit te trias 1936 ad 1937, trias tat reveaed

cspiracies wit eeets i te ar (te Tukacevsk case, w

was reabiitated wi te 20t Cress), as we as wit te secret

services rei cutries, particuar gera.

Te act tat se eadi cadre te Part ad Sviet pwer

speareaded pprtuist currets prves tat it is pssibe eve r

vauard cadre t deviate, t bed we aced wit te sarpess te

cass strue ad t ia severe teir ties wit te cuist ve-

et ad pass ver t te side te cuter-revuti.


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35

{17}fwi Wrd War II, te debate te aws sciaistec, a debate tat ad subsided due t te war, wasitesiied ce aai. A crtati deveped arud speciic prb-es16 betwee tw basic teretica ad pitica currets, te ar-

keteers ad te ati-arketeers (tvariki ad ati-tvariki), a c-

rtati tat ivved Part cadre ad ecists.

I.V. Stai, as geera Secretar te C.C te Part, was i te

rert te raized itra-part discussi ad supprted te a-

ti-arket directi. he ctributed t te ruati pitica direc-

tives i tat directi, r exape te eri kkzes, te diss-

uti auxiiar eterprises i te kkzes (prducti buidi

aterias). he crted te curret tat pused r te strete-

i cdit-e reatis17, rejecti prpsas t ad-ver

eas ecaized prducti t te kkzes. he recized tat

sciaist prducti is t cdit prducti ad, tus, tat te aw

vaue cat be reccied wit its udaeta aws. he iited

te re Cetra Pai i te sciaist ec. he arued tat te

eas prducti are t cdities, despite te act tat te ap-pear as cdities in form, but not in content. Te bece c-

16. Despite te successes tat were acieved i te uiet te 4t 5-ear pa

(1946-1950), te CPSU eadersip ted te wi prbes duri tat perid: Sw

rates i te itrducti ew scietiic ad tecica acieveets i a series

braces idustr ad i aricutura prducti. factries wit d tecica equip-

et ad w prductivit, prducti t acier ad acies utdated tec-

. Peea swi dw, rutie, iertia i actr adiistrati, idier-

ece cceri te itrducti tecica prress as a cstat stiuus r tedevepet te prductive rces. Dea i te restrati aricutura prducti,

w prductivit per acre i weat cutivati, w prductivit i ivestck prducti, te

tta prducti wic ad t eve reaced pre-war eves, wit te resut tat tere

were srtaes eat, ik, butter, ruits ad veetabes tat aected te eera a

raisi te eve scia prsperit.

Surce: g. maekv, Reprt te CC te CP (Bsevik) te USSR at te 19 t

Cress te Part, CC KKE pubicati, p 48-64.

17. g. maekv, Reprt te CC te CP (Bsevik) te USSR at te 19t C-

ress te Part, CC KKE pubicati, p 60.


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dities i extera trade18. he as recized tat te perati

te aw vaue ( cdit-e reatis) i te USSR ad its

rts i cperative ad idividua aricutura prducti, tat te aw vaue des t reuate sciaist prducti ad its distributi.

Peics were waed aaist market ecists ad pitica

eaders w arued tat te aw vaue is i eera a aw te

sciaist ec as we. A crrect criticis was as raised aaist

tse ecists w supprted te cpete abiti distributi

i etar r, witut taki it accut te bjective iitatis

sti paced b te prductive base te sciet at te tie.

A weak spt i tis apprac was te tesis tat te eas c-

supti are prduced ad distributed as cdities19. Tis tesis

was crrect t te extet tat it ccered te prducts scia-

ist prducti tat were destied r te extera trade, as we as te

excae prducts betwee te sciaist idustr ad cperative

ad idividua prducti. It was icrrect as ar as it ccered te

reaii eas csupti sciaist prducti, wic are t

cdities, eve tu te are t distributed ree.

Tis apprac estiated crrect tat i te USSR cperative

wersip (kkz) ad te circuati prducts idividua c-

supti i te r cdities ad beu t act as a

brake te pweru devepet te prductive rc-

es, because te bcked te u devepet Cetra

Pai i te u spectru prductidistributi.

It utied te diereces betwee te tw cperati

casses, te wrki cass ad te kkz araria

cass, but as te eed t abis te tru te

paed abiti cdiicati aricutura

prducti ad te trasrati te kkzes

18. I.V. Stai, Ecic Prbes Sciais i te USSR, Scri Epci Pub-

icatis, 1988, pp. 77-78 (greek editi).

19. I.V. Stai, Ecic Prbes Sciais i te USSR, Scri Epci Pub-

icatis, 1988, p. 44 (greek editi).


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it scia prpert20. At te beii te 1950s, te Sviet eader-

sip estiated crrect tat te prbes at te ecic eve were

a expressi te sarpei te ctradicti betwee te pr-ductive rces tat were devepi ad te reatis prducti tat

were ai beid. Te devepet te prductive rces ad

reaced a ew eve ater te pst-war recstructi te ec. A

ew daic pus r te urter devepet te prductive rces

deaded a deepei ad extesi te sciaist (iature c-

uist) reatis. Te dea te ater ccered: te Cetra Pai,

te deepei te cuist caracter te reatis distribu-

ti, a re eeretic ad cscius wrkers participati i te ra-

izati abur ad i te ctr its adiistrati r te btt

up, te eradicati a rs idividua cdit prducti, te

subrdiati te re deveped cperatives t te direct scia

prducti.

Te eed ad atured r cuist reatis t be expaded, c-

scius, i a we-paed aer, tat is teretica ad pitica

20. Udubtedly, with the abliti f capitalis ad the explitig syste i ur

cutry, ad with the cslidati f the scialist syste, the atagis f iterests

betwee tw ad cutry, betwee idustry ad agriculture, was als bud t disap-

pear. Ad that is what happeed. of curse, the wrkers ad the cllective-far peas-

atry d represet tw classes differig fr e ather i status. But this differece

des t weake their friedship i ay way. o the ctrary, their iterests lie alg

e c lie, that f stregtheig the scialist syste ad attaiig the victry f

cuis. Take, fr istace, the disticti betwee agriculture ad idustry. I

ur cutry it csists t ly i the fact that the cditis f labur i agriculture

differ fr thse i idustry, but, aily ad chiefly, i the fact that whereas i idustrywe have public wership f the eas f prducti ad f the prduct f idustry, i

agriculture we have t public, but grup, cllective-far wership. It has already bee

said that this fact leads t the preservati f cdity circulati, ad that ly whe

this disticti betwee idustry ad agriculture disappears, ca cdity prducti

with all its attedat csequeces als disappear. It therefre cat be deied that the

disappearace f this essetial disticti betwee agriculture ad idustry ust be a

atter f paraut iprtace fr us.

I.V. Stai, Ecic Prbes Sciais i te USSR, Scri Epci Pubica-

tis, 1988, p. 50-52 (greek editi).


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prepared, ad t ai supreac i tse ieds scia prducti

were, i te previus perid, teir u diace was sti t ps-

sibe (r te pit view teir ateria aturit, te prductivit abur).

Te aturit te expasi cuist reatis i aricutura

prducti ccers t a siiicat extet te capacit idustr t

prvide crrespdi acier, te capacit Cetra Pai t

carr ut wrks r te aeirati aricutura prductivit, prtec-

ti r weater caaities, etc. Despite te act tat at te bei-

i te 1950s tere sti existed ueveess i te USSR, iprtat

pre-cditis ecaizati ad irastructure ad bee created

tat prvided te pprtuit t ve i suc a directi. Te Prress

Reprt te C.C te C.P (b) t te 19 t Cress etis a uber

data tat prve te areetied ccusi te existece

8,939 macie Tractr Statis, te icrease i tractr pui pwer

b 59% reative t te pre-war eve, te ipeetati irriati

ad ad recaati prjects duri te pst-war recstructi pe-

rid, te advaces i te eri kkzes it bier es duri

te 1950-1952 perid (97,000 kkzes i 1952 cpared t 254,000 i

1950), etc. 21

hwever, tere sti reaied sa kkzes22 wic ad t ere

it bier es i te directi te sciaizati aricutura pr-

ducti, as was supprted b te eadersip te Bsevik C.P. Te

a was set excudi te et-vers te prducti kkzes

r arket distributi ad teir trasiti t te sste excae

betwee te state idustr ad te kkzes. A discussi was as

iitiated te prspects creati a uiied ecic bd, wic

wud ctribute i te directi a a-ebraci prducti sec-

21. g. maekv, Reprt te CC te CP (Bsevik) te USSR at te 19 t C-

ress te Part, CC KKE pubicati.

22. Tere were a sa kkzes wit 10-30 useds sa pts ad,

were te tecica eas were t u utiized ad te adiistrative aaeria

csts were ver i.


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39

tr tat wud ave te respsibiit acati te etire prducti

csuer prducts.

Te part ad state eadersip tk a cear stad i te debate re-ardi te issue te ecessar prprtis betwee Departet I

scia prducti (prducti te eas prducti) ad De-

partet II (prducti eas csupti). It crrect std

r te essetia pririt Departet I i te paed prprtia

distributi abur ad prducti a te dieret braces

sciaist idustr. Expaded reprducti ad sciaist accuuati

(scia weat), ecessar r te uture expasi scia prsperit,

are depedet tis cater prducti (Departet I).

Te crrect psitis ad directives Stai ad te ati-arke-

teer ecists ad cadre te C.P did t aae t ead t te

eabrati a cpreesive teretica pa ad a crrespdi

pitica ie, capabe crti te arket-rieted teretica

psitis ad pitica cices tat were bei streteed. Pweru

scia pressures, as we as discrepacies, deiciecies ad uctuatis

tat existed witi te ati-arketeer curret, ctributed t tis.

{18 }Scia resistace (b kkz peasats, executives i ari-cutura prducti ad i idustr) t te eed r a ex-pasi ad deepei te sciaist reatis prducti was ex-

pressed, at a ideica ad pitica eve, tru a itera part

strue at te beii te 1950s. Te sarpeed debate, wic

eded wit te teretica acceptace te aw vaue as a aw

sciais, siiied pitica cices wit re iediate ad pweru

csequeces te curse sciaist devepet, i cparis

wit te pre-war perid, we te ateria backwardess ade te

eect tese teretica psitis ess paiu.

Tese rces were expressed pitica tru te psitis adpt-

ed i te decisis te 20t Cress te CPSU, a cress wic

prved t be e supreac te rit pprtuist deviati. Piti-


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40

ca cices were radua adpted tat expaded cdit-e

(ptetia capitaist) reatis, i te ae crrecti weakesses i

Cetra Pai ad i te adiistrati te sciaist prductive uits.I rder t sve te prbes tat arse i te ec, was

ad eas tat beed t te past were used. Wit te prti

arket picies, istead reirci scia wersip ad Cetra

Pai, te eizati te wrki cass (wit te widei

te abiities ad capacities r uti-speciaizati, r aterati i te

tecica divisi abur), wrkers participati i te raizati

abur, wrkers ctr r te btt up, te reverse tred bea

t strete itse. I suc a setti te eve scia csciusess

radua backsided. Te previus experiece ad te eectiveess

te actr sviet, te Stakavite veet i quait ctr, i

te re eective raizati ad adiistrati, i ivetis r te

cservati ateria ad abur tie, were st.

Te arket-rieted ecists (liebera, netsiv, Tra-

pezikv, etc.) istake iterpreted te existi prbes te

ec, t as subjective weakesses i pai23, but as cse-

queces stei r te bjective weakess Cetra Pai t

respd t te devepet te vue prducti, t te variet

sectrs ad te varieati prducts required r te uiet

ew scia eeds.

Te caied tat te teretica cause was te vutarist deia

te cdit caracter prducti uder sciais, te uder-

estiati te devepet aricuture, te verestiati te

pssibiit subjective iterveti i ecic adiistrati.

Te aitaied tat it was t pssibe r te cetra ras t de-

terie te quait, tec ad prices a cdities, te eve

saaries, but tat te use arket ecaiss was as required t

aciitate te as a paed ec.

23. Dea i te devepet a ecais tat wud reect i Cetra Pai

te rea ecessar prprtis betwee braces ad sectrs te ec.


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It was i suc a wa tat, at a teretica eve, teries sciaist

cdit prducti r sciais wit a arket, te acceptace

te aw vaue as a aw te sciaist (iature cuist) de prducti, wic perates eve i te pase sciaist devepet,

prevaied. Tese teries cstituted te basis r te ruati

ecic picies24.

{19 }Te pic weakei Cetra Pai ad scia wer-sip escaated ater te 20t Cress. I 1957, te braciistries tat directed idustria prducti acrss te etire USSR

ad at eac repubic were dissved ad te oras Reia Ad-

iistrati Sovnarkhoz (Reia Ecic Cucis) were red.

I tis wa te cetra directi pai was weakeed25. Istead

pai te trasrati te kkzes it svkzes, ad espe-

cia istead iitiati te paed traser te etire prducti

te kkzes t state ctr, i 1958 te tractrs ad ter aci-

er26 passed it te wersip te kkz27, a pic tat ad bee

rejected i te past. Tese caes t did t sve te prbes,

but, te ctrar, te brut ew prbes t te surace r cre-

24. It is iprtat t te w bureis rces caracterized at tat pit te re-

rs 1965:

1.) Bureis ecic tut caracterized te as a retur t capitais (pub-

ised ateria i te Ecist, fiacia Ties)

2.) Te ad te supprt Wester bureis ecists te Keesia sc

ad scia decrac, w caracterized te rers as a iprveet i paiwit a batte aaist bureaucrac.

25. Te Svarkz were abised i 1965 ad te separate miistries per sectr

were re-istated.

26. Te tractrs etc uti te ad bee state wersip. Te were ccetrated i

statis (acie-tractr statis - mTS) ad were perated b wrkers.

27. I februar 1958 a pear sessi te Cetra Cittee CPSU decided

te dissuti te mTS ad te sei teir tecica eas t te kkzes. Tis

pic resuted i a bi expasi te kkz wersip at te expese te scia

wersip.


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42

ated additia es, suc as a srtae i aia eed ad a reressi

i te tecica reewa i te kkz.

I te id 1960s, istakes a subjective ature i te adiistra-ti te aricutura sectr te ec were pipited as te

cause te prbes28. Subsequet rers icuded: Te reducti

i te state prcureet qutas r te kkzes29, te pssibiit

sei te surpus utput at ier prices, te iti te restrictis

te trasactis te idividua peasat useds ad te eii-

ati te tax private wersip aias. Debts te kk-

zes t te State Bak were erased, te deadies t pa debt r

etar advaces were exteded, te direct sae aia eed t

private aia wers was peritted. Tus, te prti aricutura

prducti wic riiated r idividua useds ad te kk-

zes ad wic was ree sd te arket30 was preserved ad

icreased, wie te ai beid ivestck prducti deepeed,

te ueveess i te satisacti te eeds r aricutura prducts

betwee te varius reis ad Repubics te USSR icreased.

A siiar pic reirci te cdit (at te expese te

direct scia) caracter prducti was ipeeted i idustr,

28. Peu te CC CPSU i marc 1965, wit a reprt l. Brezev te

subject: Uret easures r te urter devepet te aricutura ec

te USSR.

29. Up uti 1958, i te USSR, rs prcureet aricutura prducts r

te kkzes were bei used tat iited te arket eeet r retaied it i r,

but t i ctet; biatr prcureets at w supp prices, wic ad te rce

a tax, ctracts, i.e. sei prducts b te kkzes te basis a ctract wit

te supp raizatis, paet i kid r te wrk te mTS, purcases prductsabve te biatr prcureets at prices sit ier ta te prcureet prices.

Te prcureet sste was istituted i 1932-1933. Te ctract ade its appearace

earier ad was exteded t te supp tecica crps.

30. I 1970 te suppeetar used i te USSR prduced 38% veetabes,

35% eat ad 53% es. I a, te suppeetar used prduced 12% a

aricutura prducts wic were sd te arket (8% te cdit prduce

aricuture ad 14% aia breedi)

Surce: Ecic Sc lsv Uiversit, mscw: Pitica Ec,

guteber. Ates 1984. Vue 4, p. 319.


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43

kw as te Kosygin Reforms 31(te sste ecic accut-

i kzracet- eterprises, avi a substative ad t ra

caracter). It was arued tat tis wud cbat te reducti i teaua rate icrease abur prductivit ad aua prducti

i idustr, tat were bserved duri te irst ears te 1960s, as a

resut te easures wic uderied Cetra Pai i te direc-

ti te idustria sectrs (Svarkz-1957).

Te irst wave rers was pused rward i te perid betwee

te 23rd (1966) ad 24t (1971) Cresses. Accrdi t te new Ss-

te, te suppeetar paets (buses) te directrs wud be

cacuated t te basis te veruieet te pa i ters

vue prducti32, but rater te basis te veruieet

te saes pa ad wud be depedet te rate prit te eter-

prise. A part te additia paets te wrkers wud as ce

r prit, as wud te urter satisacti usi eeds etc. I tis

wa, prit was adpted as a tive r prducti. Te wae diere-

tias icreased. Te pssibiit was prvided r rizta cdit-

e trasactis betwee eterprises, r direct areeets wit

31. Peu te CC te CPSU, Septeber 1965 te subject fr te iprve-

et te aaeet idustr, r te perecti pai ad te stretei

te ecic drive idustria prducti. Te Ksi rers ciaxed i te

1970s.

32. I idustr, te rers were appied experieta i 1962, i te perati

tw cti prducti eterprises, accrdi t a sste adiistrati prpsed b

pressr liebera (kw as te Karkv Sste).

liebera arued tat te cacuati buses t directrs i prprti wit te

ver-uiet te Pa, itrduced a ctradicti betwee te iterests te direc-trs ad te iterest Sviet sciet as a we. Tis was because te directrs c-

ceaed te rea prductive capacit te eterprises, created stckpies raw aterias

ad ds ad were idieret t te disctiuati te prducti useess ds.

Te bcked te appicati ew tec i rder t t ater te rs, tat is te

idexes scia prducti, based wic te pas cverae was easured. I tis

wa, e.. te prduced tick paper, istead ti, because te rs were easured

b weit. he ade se crrect bservatis, but prpsed istake picies. It was

tis basis tat cuists ad wrkers were persuaded te ecessit tese

easures


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44

csuer uits ad cercia raizatis, r price-ixi, r te

rati prits te basis suc trasactis, etc. Te Cetra

Pa wud deterie te tta eve prducti ad ivestets r ew eterprises. mderisati d eterprises ad t be iaced

ut te prits te eterprises.

Tese rers ccered te etire sectr te s-caed prp-

ert te we pepe, i.e. icudi te perati te svkzes

(state ars) teseves. Wit a decisi te C.C te CPSU ad

te Cuci miisters te USSR (Apri 13 t, 1967), te svkzes

bea t pass it a reie u ecic accuti. B 1975 a te

svkzes were perati uder u ecic accuti33.

Te teretica sidi ad te crrespdi pitica retreat i te

USSR ccurred duri a ew pase, we te prductive rces ad

deveped at a ier eve ad ecessitated a crrespdi devep-

et Cetra Pai. I ter wrds, te eed r a deepei

sciaist reatis ad atured.

Te arket rers tat were cse were t a e-wa street.

Te crtati te ecic prbes required te eabrati

re eective icetives ad idices Cetra Pai, as we as

its sectra, crss-sectra ad eterprise - eve ipeetati. At

te sae tie, prpsas ad pas r te use cputers ad i-

rati tec34, wic cud ave ctributed t iprveets

i te tecica prcessi data, i rder t iprve te bservati

ad ctr te prducti use vaues tru quatit ad quait

idicatrs, were rejected.

Tru te arket rers, tru te detacet te scia-

ist prducti uit r Cetra Pai, te sciaist caracter w-

ersip ver te eas prducti was weakeed. Te pricipe

distributi accrdi t abur was viated.

Te 24t CPSU Cress (1971), wit its directives te rua-

33. Te great Sviet Eccpedia, V 30, p. 607, etr Svkz (greek editi).

34. See artices V.m guskv [pubised i KomEP (Cuist Review) 1/2005]

ad n.D. Pikrvic i KomEP 3/2005.


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ti te 9t 5-year pa (1971-1975), reversed te prprtia prir-

it Departet I ver Departet II. Te reversa tis prprti

ad bee prpsed at te 20 t Cress, but ad t bee accepted.Tis diicati was ratiaized as a cice reirci te eve

ppuar csupti. I reait, it was a cice tat viated sciaist

aw ad ad eative csequeces te rwt abur prductiv-

it. Te devepet abur prductivit a udaeta eeet

r te rwt scia weat, te satisacti scia eeds ad te

a-rud devepet a presuppses te devepet te

eas prducti. Pai sud ave deat wit reater eicac

wit te wi eed: te itrducti der tec i idus-

tr, i trasprt services, strae ad distributi prducts.

Te cice t vertur te prprtis did t ep t dea wit c-

tradictis tat ad bee expressed (e.. te excess ice i -

etar r ad te ack a adequate aut csuer ds,

suc as eectric used appiaces, cur TVs). o te ctrar,

it ved Cetra Pai awa r its basic a te rise scia

prsperit. It urter aravated te ctradicti betwee te eve

devepet te prductive rces ad te eve te cuist

reatis prducti-distributi.

Duri te 1980s, at te pitica eve, te decisis te 27t C-

ress (1986) cstituted a urter pprtuist cice. Subsequet, te

cuterrevuti was as prted tru te passi te aw

(1987), wic istitutia eitiised capitaist ecic

reatis, uder te uise te acceptace

te utipicit rs wersip.

At te beii te 1990s, te scia

decratic apprac te paed arket

ec (te patr te CC te CPSU

at te 28t Cress) was speedi abaded

i avur te psiti te reuated ar-

ket ec ad tis was urter repaced b

te ree arket ec.


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{20 }Te directi tat becae diat sud t be judedtda r a teretica perspective, but as b itspractica resuts. Ater tw decades te appicati tese rers,te prbes ad cear sarpeed. Staati reared its ead r te

irst tie i te istr sciaist cstructi. Tecica back-

wardess ctiued t be a reait r te are ajrit eterprises.

Srtaes appeared i a csuer prducts, as we as ter prb-

es i te arket, because eterprises were causi a artiicia rise

i prices, b ardi cdities i wareuses r b suppi te

i ctred quatities.

A iprtat idex te retreat te Sviet ec duri te

1970s was te decie i te USSRs sare i te wrd prducti

idustria raw aterias ad i auacturi.

Te ever icreasi ivveet arket eeets i te direct

scia prducti sciais was weakei it. It ed t a decie i

te daics sciaist devepet. Te srt-ter idividua ad

rup iterests (wit a icrease i ice dieretiati a te

wrkers i eac eterprise, betwee te wrkers ad te aaeria

apparat, betwee dieret eterprises) were streteed vis-a-vis te

vera iterests sciet. As tie passed, te scia cditis were

created r te cuterrevuti t uris ad t ia prevai usi

perestrika as its veice.

Tru tese rers te pssibiit was created r etar

auts wic ad bee accuuated, priari tru iea eas

(sui, etc), t be ivested i te back (iea) arket. Tese p-

prtuities ccered priari icias i te aaeet aers

eterprises ad sectrs, te cadre te kkzes ad rei trade.

Data reardi te s-caed Para-ec (parae ec) were

as prvided b te Prcuratr geera te USSR. Accrdi t tese

statistics, a siiicat prprti te cperative r state aricutura

prducti was as caeed t te csuers b iea eas.

Te ice dieretiati a te idividua aricutura prduc-

ers, te kkziks, wideed, as we as teir ppsiti t te tede-


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c t strete te direct scia caracter aricutura prducti.

A prti te peasats ad te aaeria cadre te kkzes

w were etti ric was streteed as a scia aer aperisciaist cstructi. Te scia dieretiati i idustr was eve

re pruced tru te ccetrati eterprise prits. Te

s-caed sadw capita, te resut t ericet tru

eterprise prits, but as te back arket, criia acts e-

bezzeet te scia prduct, sut its ea uctii as capita

i prducti, i.e. te privatisati te eas prducti, te res-

trati capitais. Te wers tis capita cstituted te drivi

scia rce te cuterrevuti. Te utiised teir psiti i te

state ad part ecaiss. Te ud supprt i sectrs te ppu-

ati wic were re vuerabe, due t teir bjective psiti, t te

iuece bureis ide ad t waveri, e.. a siiicat part

te iteietsia, sectis te ut, suc as te uiversit studets35.

Tese rces, direct r idirect, iueced te Part, stretei

its pprtuist ersi ad its cuterrevutiar deeerati, wic

was expressed tru te picies perestrika ad sut te i-

stitutia csidati capitaist reatis. Tis was acieved ater

perestrika, wit te vertrw sciais.

Ccusis te re te Cuist Part

i te prcess sciaist cstructi

{21}Te idispesabe re te Part i te prcess sciaistudati ad devepet is expressed i its eadersip wrki cass state-pwer, i te biisati te asses t partici-

pate i tis prcess.

35. See Dcuets te natia (Pa-heeic) Cerece KKE (1995) Tuts

te actrs tat deteried te vertrw te sciaist sste i Eurpe. Te eces-

sit ad reevace sciais, paes 23-24.


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Te wrki cass is red as te eadi rce tis ew state

pwer, irst ad rest tru its Part.

Te strue r te udati ad devepet te ew scietis carried ut b te revutiar wrkers pwer, wit te Cu-

ist Part, wic acts cscius te basis te aws ti

sciaist-cuist sciet, as its uidi uceus. Te ua bei,

beci te aster te scia prcesses, passes radua r te

kid ecessit t te kid reed. fr tis ws te

ier re te subjective actr, reative t a previus sci-ec-

ic ratis, were ua activit was diated b te sp-

taeus erceet scia aws te basis te sptaeus

devepet te reatis prducti.

Csequet, te scietiic ad cass ature te picies te

CP is a crucia precditi r sciaist cstructi. T te extet tat

tese eatures bece st, pprtuis rws ad, i it is t deat

wit, it radua deveps it a cuterrevutiar rce.

Te dut t devep te cuist reatis prducti - distri-

buti pre-suppses te devepet te ter scietiic c-

uis b te C.P, tru te uderstadi te aws ti

te cuist sci-ecic rati wit te utiisati scie-

tiic stud r cass rieted purpses. Experiece as sw tat te

veri parties, i te USSR ad i te ter sciaist states, did t

ui tis task successu.

Cass csciusess i te wrki cass as a we des t de-

vep sptaeus ad i a uiied aer. Te rise te cuist

csciusess te asses te wrki cass is deteried abve

a b te stretei te cuist reatis prducti ad

b te eve wrki cass participati, wit te eadersip te CP,

wic is te ai veice r te peetrati revutiar cscius-

ess ast te asses. It is tis ateria basis tat ideica

wrk, as we as te ipact te revutiar part wic csi-

dates its eadi re t te extet tat it biises te wrki cass t

cstruct sciais, ust bece rted.


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Te csciusess te vauard ust awas be aead te

csciusess saped a ass scae witi te wrki cass b

te ecic reatis. fr tis arises te ecessit r te Part tave a i teretica-ideica eve ad teacit, t be uwaver-

i i te strue aaist pprtuis, t uder te cditis

capitais, but eve re s uder te cditis sciaist c-

structi.

{22}Te pprtuist tur wic ed swa sice te 1950s, te

radua ss te revutiar caracter te Part,

cir tat i sciaist sciet te daer r te devepet devia-

tis ever disappears. Bed te iperiaist surrudis ad teir

udubted eative ipact, te scia base pprtuis reais, as

as rs private ad rup wersip, cdit-e rea-

tis ad scia dieretiatis reai. Te ateria basis pprtu-

is wi ctiue t exist r te etire durati sciaist cstructi

ad as as capitais, particuar i te re pweru capitaist

states, ctiues t exist eart.

Te ew pase, wi Wrd War II, ud te Part weakeed

ideica ad i cass ters, wit assive sses cadre experi-

eced ad ardeed i te cass strue, wit teretica weakesses

vis-a-vis te ew prbes wic were sarpei. It ud itse vu-

erabe t te ier-part strue wic reected te existi scia

diereces. Uder tese cditis, te scaes tipped i avur te

adpti pprtuist ad revisiist psitis, a wic ad

bee deeated duri previus pases te ier-part strue.

Te adpti revisiist ad pprtuist psitis b te ead-

ersip te CPSU ad te ter CPs i pwer, i te ed tras-

red tese parties it veices wic ed te cuterrevuti i

te 1980s.

Te 19t Cress (1952) iited te uderestiati ad t-

er serius prbes i te devepet te ideica wrk te


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Part36. Te icia data revea caes i te uber ad te cp-

siti te Part ebersip. At te 18t Cress (marc 1939) te C.P

(b) ubered 1,588,852 u ebers ad 888,814 cadidate ebers.Duri te curse Wrd War II, te u ebers exceeded 3,615,000

ad te cadidate ebers 5,319,00037. I te curse te war, te C.P

st 3 ii ebers38. At te 19t Cress i 1952, te CPSU u-

bered 6.013,259 u ebers ad 868,886 cadidate ebers39.

Te pprtuist tur wic tk pace duri te 20 t Cress

te CPSU (1956) ad te subsequet radua ss te revutiar

caracteristics te Part, a veri part wic was, at te sae

tie, te taret iperiaist aressi, ade te awakei ad

biizati csistet cuists re diicut. A strue was

waed witi te raks te CPSU bere, duri40 ad ater te 20t

Cress. Te perid we Adrpv was te gS te CC te CPSU

36. g. maekv, Reprt te CC te CP (Bsevik) te USSR at te 19 t C-

ress te Part, excerpts re-pubised i KomEP (Cuist Review) 2/1995.

37. Ibid

38. Te great Sviet Eccpedia, V 17, p. 671, etr CPSU (greek editi).39. g. maekv, Reprt te CC te CP (Bsevik) te USSR at te 19 t C-

ress te Part, excerpts re-pubised i KomEP (Cuist Review) 2/1995.

40. As it ca be deduced r te istr te CPSU, tere was a sarp strue

i te Presidiu te CC i Jue 1957, e ear ater te 20 t Cress. Te ebers

te Presidiu te C.C, maekv, Kaavitc ad mtv, ppsed te ie te

20t Cress bt itera ad extera picies: aaist expasi te pwers

te ui repubics i ecic ad cutura cstructi, aaist easures restricti

te state ecais ad reraizi te adiistrati Idustr ad Cstructi,

aaist te easure icreasi ateria icetives r te kkz arers, aaist

te abiti biatr prcureets aricutura prducts r te suppeetaruseds te kkziks. mtv as ppsed te expasi t viri ads. A

tree tk a stad aaist te iteratia pitica ie te Part. fia, maekv,

Kaavitc, mtv ad Sepiv were stripped teir rak i te CC ad te Presidi-

u te CC at te Pear Sessi te C.C i Jue. Buai was ive a severe rep-

riad wit a wari. oter ebers were as peaized. Pervuki was dwraded

r reuar t substitute eber te Presidiu te CC, Saburv was reved as

substitute eber te Presidiu. I octber 1957, te Presidiu ad te Secretariat

were eared wit ew ebers.

histr te CPSU, Pitica ad literar Editis, 1960, pp. 861-865.


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(nveber 1982-februar 1984), wic preceded te perid per-

estrika, is t brie t be deiitive juded. neverteess, i artices

ad dcuets te CPSU tis perid, reereces are bei adet te eed t itesi te strue aaist bureis ad rerist

views reardi te cstructi sciais, as we as t te eed r

viiace vis-a-vis te subversive activities iperiais.

Te csistet cuist rces tat existed witi te CPSU were

t abe t revea i tie te treacerus cuterrevutiar carac-

ter te ie wic t te upper ad at te Peu te C.C Apri

1985 ad at te 27 t Cress te CPSU (1986). histr as sw tat

at te 28t Cress (1990), te eve te ia assaut te cu-

terrevuti, tere c-existed witi te CPSU bureis, pprtuist

ad cuist rces. Te cuist rces did t

Documents

Assessments and conclusions on socialist construction during the 20th century, focusing on the USSR. KKE’s perception on socialism