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Assignment #2Deadline changed to JUNE 4th
Will mostly focus on Ch 7Talk about that after the midterm on Monday
Topics will be announced on Monday
Operant Punishment
Response Rate:Increases Decreases
Rem
oved
Pre
sen t
ed
Res
pons
e C
ause
s S
tim
ulus
to B
e:
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
Lever press --> Food
Lever press --> Shock off
Lever press --> Shock
Lever press --> Food removed
ExamplesPositive
Aversive stimulus is ADDEDSpanking, shock
NegativeAppetitive stimulus is REMOVEDTime-outs, grounding, no dessert, food taken
away
Fines??
ContingencyCorrelation between behaviour & outcomeStrong contingency --> better learningRandom contingency --> no learningBoth reinforcement and punishment
ContiguityTime between behaviour & outcome
Shorter = better learningMore important for punishment
Distraction more likely in punishment than reinforcement
Common violations
Punisher CharacteristicsQualitative differences in punishers
Species & individual differencesIntensity of punisherIntroductory level of punishment
Similar (but opposite) to learned helplessness
Reinforcement of punished behaviourHow rewarding is the behaviour itself?Related to deprivation levelsAlternative sources of reinforcement
Real applications
Disruption TheoryIncompatible behaviourPunished behaviour is suppressedProblems
Intensity of punisherContingency
Two-Process Theory (revisited)Same theory we talked about for
escape/avoidanceClassical & OperantSame problems as before
Proximity to punished stimulus
One-Process Theory (revisited)Symmetry with reinforcementPremack principle
Low-probability behaviour punishes high-probability behaviour
BenefitsShort-term effectiveness
ReinforcingPowerful & Fast
Rapid and substantial reduction in behaviourBeneficial?
ProblemsApplication of punishersPunishment generally not used correctlyTolerance
Start with strong punisherGradually reduce
General reluctance to administer
Possible Consequences of PunishmentEscapeAggression
At punisher, self, otherApathy
General suppression of other behavioursAbuse
Permanent damageImitation
Response PreventionMake it impossible to do punishable
behaviourSubject can circumvent thisBest with younger children
ExtinctionIdentify reinforcer of behaviourWithhold reinforcer … extinction of
behaviourOften difficult to identify the reinforcerExtinction bursts problematicNot a rapid solution
Differential ReinforcementFour Types:
DRL: Differential reinforcement of low responses
DRO: Differential reinforcement of zero responses
DRI: Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviour
DRA: Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviour
DRLDifferential reinforcement of low responsesOnly reinforce behaviour when response
occurs at low frequencyGood for reducing RATE of behavioure.g. pigeon pecking at key light
Reinforce ONLY if at least 2 seconds in between pecks
e.g. too many compliments
DRODifferential reinforcement of zero responsesor DR of Omission of behaviourReinforcement contingent on not performing
behaviour at all (in some time period)Very similar to DRL, but goal is to eliminate
behaviour
DRIDifferential reinforcement of incompatible
behaviourReinforce behaviour incompatible with
undesired responsee.g. riding bike vs playing video game
DRADifferential reinforcement of alternative
behaviourReinforcer gained from undesired behaviour
now only available when some alternative behaviour done
Alternate source of reinforcementUsed more in cases where DRI is not an
option
Noncontingent ReinforcementProvide desired reinforcer on regular basis
regardless of what is being doneNo correlation between response and outcomeMay work because subject gets reinforcer for
“free”Problems if reinforcer comes after some other
undesired behaviour (new acquisition)
Chivalrous Charlie example (p. 87 of workbook)
Negative PunishmentRemoval of pleasant stimulusTime-outPopular in human behaviour modification
Other Techniques for Behavioural DecelerationOvercorrection
Repetitions of alternate, desired behaviour Restitution Positive practice
Technically, punishmentStimulus satiation
Latent LearningMotivationLearning behaviourPerforming behaviour
day 11
Ave
rage
Err
ors
Days
No food
Food reward
No food reward until day 11
Start BoxGoal