1

2

Associate Professor Dr Ibrahim Ngah

Head of Department

Department of Urban & Regional Planning

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

E-mail b-ibrhim@utm.my

/ibrhimn@yahoo.com.my

14 October 2010

Rural Development

in Malaysian

3

Contents

• Introduction

• Rural Development Strategy &

Programmes

• Development Outcomes

• New Challenges

• Future Direction

• Conclusion

4

Malaysia

Land area: 330,252 Sq Km

14 states

Population 2005: 26 millions

Rural population: 37 %

5

Total Population (Thousand) Growth rate (%)

States 1970 1980 1991 2000 2005 1970-

1980

1980-

1991

1991-

2000

Johor 1,277.2 1,580.4 2,069.7 2,565.7 3,101.2 2.15 2.48 2.41

Kedah 954.9 1,077.8 1,302.2 1,572.1 1,848.1 1.22 1.73 2.11

Kelantan 684.7 859.3 1,181.3 1,289.2 1,505.5 2.30 2.94 0.97

Melaka 404.1 446.8 506.3 602.9 713.0 1.01 1.14 1.96

Negeri Sembilan 481.6 551.4 692.9 830.1 946.3 1.36 2.10 2.03

Pahang 504.9 768.8 1,045.0 1,231.2 1,427.0 4.29 2.83 1.84

Perak 1,569.1 1,743.7 1,877.5 2,030.4 2,256.4 1.06 0.67 0.87

Perlis 121.1 144.8 183.8 198.3 224.5 1.81 2.19 0.85

Pulau Pinang 776.1 900.8 1,064.2 1,225.5 1,468.8 1.50 1.53 1.58

Sabah 636.4 955.7 1,734.7 2,449.4 2,931.7 4.15 5.57 3.90

Sarawak 976.3 1,235.6 1,642.8 2,012.6 2,312.6 2.38 2.62 2.28

Selangor 982.1 1,426.3 2,297.2 3,947.5 4,736.1 3.80 4.43 6.19

Terengganu 405.4 525.3 766.2 879.7 1,016.5 2.62 3.49 1.54

W.P Kuala

Lumpur 648.3 919.6 1,145.3 1,297.5 1,556.2 3.56 2.02 1.39

W.P Labuan 17.2 26.4 54.2 70.5 83.5 4.40 6.76 2.96

Malaysia 10,439.4 13,136.1 17,563.4 22,202.6 26,127.7 2.32 2.68 2.64

Malaysia: Population distribution and growth, 1970-2005

6

Population Area Density % Rural

(Thousand) sq km person/sq km Population

States 2005 2005 2005

Sarawak 2,312.6 124,450 19 50.5

Sabah 2,931.7 73,997 40 50.2

Pahang 1,427.0 35,965 40 56.5

Terengganu 1,016.5 12,955 78 50.2

Kelantan 1,505.5 15,020 100 66.6

Perak 2,256.4 21,005 107 42.7

Negeri Sembilan 946.3 6,657 142 43.7

Johor 3,101.2 18,987 163 33.6

Kedah 1,848.1 9,425 196 60.2

Perlis 224.5 795 282 64.9

Melaka 713.0 1,652 432 29.4

Selangor 4,736.1 7,930 597 11.6

W.P Labuan 83.5 92 908 22.4

Pulau Pinang 1,468.8 1,030 1426 20.2

W.P Kuala Lumpur 1,556.2 243 6404 0.0

Malaysia 26,127.7 330,252 79 37.0

Malaysia: Population Distribution, Density and Percentage of Rural

Population by State in 2005

7

Density Category Area Area (%) Pop (%)

Av Population

Growth

(person/ sq

km) (sq km) 2000 1991-2000

Below 40

Very

Rural 215,291 66.4 11.7 1.90

41-99 Rural 65,757 20.3 17.9 1.74

100-199

Semi

urban 23,679 7.3 15.6 2.01

200-499 urban 12,290 3.8 16.9 2.24

Above 500

High

Urban 7,191 2.2 37.9 3.82

Total 324,208 100.0 100.0 2.64

Population distribution and Growth according to density/rurality

8

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

STRATEGY & PROGRAMMES

9

Frontier Rural urban Metropolitan

Logging

Rubber Resource based Industry

Modern/estate

Traditional/ Peasants

Corporate/ Formal

Petty traders/ informal

Corporate/ formal

Orang Asli

Paddy farmers Small holders Fishermen Carpenter

Chinese petty traders/ workers

Manufacturing Retail Services Mining

Finance Manufacturing Administration Services

economic dualisme, underdeveloped traditional sector, low productuvity, poverty, lack of basic infrastructure and facilities, low standard of living

Forest Indians

Malays

Chinese

Chinese Chinese

Petty traders/ informal

Shifting cultivators

Initial condition after independence (1957)

10

Frontier Rural Urban Metropolitan

Tradisional/ Pekebun kecil

Corporate/ Formal

Korporat/ formal

Peniaga kecil/ informal

New land development

In-situ

Development

Focus of Rural Development Strategy and Programme

Export

oriented industrialisation

Modern/estate

Paddy farmers Small holders Fishermen Carpenter

Petty traders/ informal

Chinese petty traders/ workers

New Land Development

11

12

Development of New land

Objectives

• Rectify social and economic inequality

• Create employment opportunities

• Develop human resource

• Increase land productivity

• Increase national income

• Redistribute population to certain area

• Redistribute land to landless

13

Types of Public Land Schemes

Primary (involve full-time settlers)

• FELDA land scheme

• State youth land scheme

• Felcra youth land scheme

Additional schemes

• Fringe area land scheme; Felcra

• Cluster land scheme LKTN; Risda

• Rehabilitation scheme Felcra

• Estete plantation of the state government

14

FELDA (1956)

• FELDA was established on 1st July 1956 under Land Development Act 1956

• Leading agency in land development in rural areas.

• Purpose of FELDA:-

Assist government in implementing land

development in remote areas and improve economic and

living standard of rural society.

FELDA LAND DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES

15

LAYOUT OF FELDA SETTLEMENT

16

Distribution of Felda Schemes in 2006

17

Houses

Shops houses

Bus and Taxi stand

School

Mosque

Tadika / IT centre

Community Hall

Market

Agriculture area

ELEMENTS OF A FELDA

SETTLEMENT

Pelan Susun Atur Feldajaya Selatan Raja Alias 17

18

Untuk mencapai Dasar Ekonomi Baru melalui 7

Badan Berkanun. Bagi tahun 70-an, 5 Badan

Berkanun yang diperkenalkan adalah seperti

berikut:

Lembaga Kemajuan Wilayah Jengka

(JENGKA)-1971 (197,000 ha)

Lembaga Kemajuan Pahang Tenggara

(DARA)-1972 (1,012,000 ha)

Lembaga Kemajuan Johor Tenggara

[KEJORA] – 1972 (300,000 ha)

Lembaga Kemajuan Terengganu Tengah

(KETENGAH) – 1973 (444,000 ha)

Lembaga Kemajuan

Kelantan Selatan

(KESEDAR) -1978 (1,233,000 ha)

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITIES

19

Lembaga Kemajuan Pahang Tenggara (DARA)

20

INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

The IADP is an integrated package

programme providing capital intensive

measures such as providing irrigation,

farm machinery and high yielding

crop varieties and the provision of

infrastructure and services. The

objectives were to increase

agricultural productivity and farmers’

income, modernising agriculture,

improving extension services, uplifting

the standard of living of the rural

population and encouraging farmers

to work in groups or organisations.

MADA

IADA’s main objectives

• Increase productivity and maximize income for the targeted group

and concurrently reduce the income gap with other sectors.

• Modernize the agriculture sector and improves the system in order

to achieve efficient production, human capital optimization and the

competitive advantage to compete in both the local and international

market.

• Develop the target group en-route to become a more discipline,

independent, progressive and enterprise oriented society.

• Increase the average yield of paddy up to 6.5 metric ton per hectare

per harvest by year 2010.

21

22

Project Project Period Area

No of farm

Families

MADA 1965-1970 95,985 60,000

KADA 1967-1973 57,522 45,000

Besut 1971-1978 14,175 4,000

Kelantan Utara 1976-1983 307,600 108,000

Johor Barat 1974-1975 133,948 30,000

Barat Laut Selangor 1978-1985 100,073 100,073

MADAII 1979-1987 25,496 33,000

Kriang/Sg Manik 1979-1987 30,613 20,400

Negeri Sembilan Timur 1981-1987 513,000 34,000

Rompin-Endau 1981-1987 47,374 34,000

Kemasin Semerak 1981-1989 68,350 12,376

Melaka 1982-1988 93,150 8,300

Lembah Kedah 1982-1988 851,000 20,500

Perlis 1982-1990 49,000 10,100

Balik Pulau/S. Prai 1983-1990 95,532 4,000

Pahang Barat 1983-1990 2,270,000 8,000

List Of IADP Projects 1965-1990 (Source: Arkef, 1987)

23

High variety yield and

input

(cross-breed variety;

Chemical fertilizer)

IADP

Paddy

Irrigation (MADA, KADA, Besut,

Seberang Perak)

Marketing

(Bernas)

Subsidy (Paddy price subsidy)

Production credit

(Bank Pertanian)

IADP Program Paddy Sector

24

In-situ development rubber sector

Replanting Marketing

• Individual replanting scheme

• Group Replanting scheme

• Mini estete Program

• Rubber processing centre

based on cluster

• Rubber processing factory

MARDEC

25

Development of Orang Asli

26

Total population :-

1998 - 116,119 2000 - 132,000 2003 - 147,412 2004 - 149,723

0.58% of Total Malaysia Population

No. Of households = 23,155 (1998) 26,000 (2000) 29,873 (2003) 30,806 (2004)

Population growth (1998-2004) = 4.3%

Household size = 4.9

27

28

Melayu Asli (42.67%) 63,900

Senoi (54.0850 %)

80,972

Negrito (3.26%) 4,851

Ethnic Groups of Orang Asli

Total : 149,723 ORANG

Source : JHEOA 2004

29

NEGERI SENOI MELAYU ASLI NEGRITO JUMLAH

Johor 3 11,393 0 11,396

Kedah 0 0 232 232

Kelantan 8,820 0 1,098 9,918

Melaka 23 1,385 0 1,408

Negeri Sembilan 37 8,211 0 8,248

Pahang 22,586 31,788 1,360 55,734

Pulau Pinang 0 0 0 0

Perak 45,092 720 2,133 47,945

Perlis 0 0 0 0

Selangor 3,758 10,403 0 14,161

Terengganu 653 0 28 681

W .P. Kuala Lumpur 0 0 0 0

JUMLAH 80,972 63,900 4,851 149,723

PERATUS (%) 54.08% 42.68% 3.24% 100.0%

DISTRIBUTION OF ORANG ASLI ACCORDING TO

STATE AND ETHNIC GROUPS

Source : JHEOA 2004

30 30

Regrouping of the Orang Asli into a

centralised village within or close to

their traditional homeland. The

schemes include provision of basic

facilities such as a primary school,

health clinic, housing and some form

of income generating activities such

as rubber and palm oil cultivation

ORANG ASLI REGROUPING

SCHEMES

31

ORANG ASLI REGROUPING

SCHEMES

Two main objectives;

– Security

– Development

31

18 Schemes has been developed involving

10,000 Orang Asli

32

OTHER PROGRAMMES

• Economic Development (entrepreneurship, stalls, land/agriculture development)

• Social development (housing, social facilities, human development, health care)

32

33

1960 1970 1980 2000 1990 2010 2020

Malaysia Independence

Infrastructure

for resource

exploitation

Vision 2020: Fully Developed

Country Status

New

Development

Policy

(OPP2) New Economic Policy

(OPP1)

National

Vision

Policy

(OPP3) Economic

Growth

(Laissez-

faire

approach)

Colonial

policy of

resource

exploitation

Eradication of poverty &

restructuring of society

Growth

with equity

Building a

resilient

and

competitive

nation

OPP4 ?

Policy

Context

Rural

Development

Strategies &

Programs

New

Village

Schemes

Basic

infrastructure &

social facilities

Modernisation &

Diversification of

Crops

New land

schemes

Community

Development

Red Book

New land development

schemes

Regional development

Integrated in-situ

development

Orang Asli Regrouping

Schemes

New

Approach to

Village &

Rural

Development

Rural Growth

Centre

New

Philosophy &

Strategy of

Rural

Development

(A developed,

attractive and

profitable

rural)

Gerakan

Desa

Wawasan

Eradicate

hardcore

poverty

Gerakan

Daya

Wawasan

Improve

quality of life

Expand

infrastructur

e &

amenities to

remote

areas

Zero

hardcore

poverty

Agropolitan

Approach for

Hardcore

Poor

1st MP 1st 5YP 2nd 5YP 2nd MP 3rd MP 4th MP 6th MP 5th MP 7th MP 8th MP 9th MP

COMPONENT OF AGROPOLITAN PROJECT

INFRASTRUCTURE JALAN LUAR BANDAR

PROJEK JALAN

KAMPUNG

UTILITY AIR

ELEKTRIK

TELEFON

SOCIAL FACILITY RUMAH TASKA/TABIKA

MEDAN INFODESA

LADANG SEJAHTERA

COMMERCIAL FARM

COMMERCIAL ANIMAL FARMING

TOURISM

FISHERY

MARKETING

SMI

BUSINESS CENTRE

PROCESSING FACTORY

KITCHEN ORCHARD

CAPITAL

EKONOMY PHYSICAL

MIND DEVELOPMENT

EDUCATION EXCELLENCE

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

HUMAN CAPITAL

BIL NEGERI PROJEK LUAS

(Hektar)

PESERTA

(Orang)

KOS

(RM Juta)

1. Sabah Agropolitan Pulau Banggi 4,000 1,000 167.36

2. Kelantan Agropolitan RKT KESEDAR 2,542 381 57.17

3. Perak Agropolitan Wilayah Ganda 1,231 400 50.63

4.

Pahang

(i) Agropolitan Tg. Gahai 223 80 13.62

5. (ii) Agropolitan Pekan 1,000 200 30.00

6. (iii) Agropolitan Chemomoi 1,310 425 54.17

7. Terengganu Agropolitan Setiu 2,467 800 98.00

8. Sarawak

Lingga/Stumbin/Sembau/Sri

Aman

4,130

6,714 494.81 9. Kedah Lokasi sedang dikenalpasti -

JUMLAH 16,903 10,000 965.76

PROFIL PROJEK AGROPOLITAN MENGIKUT NEGERI

Kg.

Loh

Tohok

Kg.Kubong

Kg. LumaisKg.Batu Layar

Kg.Kuda-Kuda

Kg.Wak-Wak

Kg.Singgahmata

Kg.Batu Putih

Kg.Andalupih

Kg.Timbang Dayang

Kg.Contoh

Kg.Dogoton

Kg.Pengkalan Darat

Kg.Gagaud

Kg.Padang

Kg.Maliyu

Kg.Keligau

Kg.GaribKg.Laksian

Kg.KerosongKg.Modom

Kg.MamangKg.Laksian

Kg.Palak

Kg.Lumais Laut

Kg.Limbuak LautKg.Lampak

Kg.Balak-Balak

Kg.Palak Baru Kg.Lima

Pilak

Kg.MeligaiKg.Tembising

Kg.Baru

Kg.Limbuak

Kg.Damaran

Kg.Sabur Kg.SalanganKg.

Sobogoh

Kg.Balak Sibongor

Kg.Pondah Laut

Kg.Sigpitang KechillKg.Sigpitang Tengah

Kg.Sigpitang Besar

Kg.Sibongor Laut

Kg.Talutuh

Kg.Kalang Kaman

Kg.Kapitangan

Kg.Menyangit

Kg.Pasir Modom

Kg.Kapitangan

Kg.Nusa-Nusa

Kg.Kinabaan

Kg.Taguyuan

Kg.Saldang

Kg.Lok Agong

Kg.Sibumbung Kg.RahmatKg.Lakkoan

Kg.Darul IslamKg.Semayan LADANG - FASA I

U

PETUNJUK

Sungai

Jalan Tidak Berturap

Runut Kenderaan Bermotor

Laluan Pejalan Kaki

Pulau Maliangin Besar

Pulau Patanunan

Pulau Balak

Pulau

Panukaran

Pulau Pangasaan

Kg.Perpaduan

Kg.Damaran

Kg.Limbuak

Kg.Padang

Nusa

Tg. Semarang Kg. Dogoton

Kg.Kapitangan

PENEMPATAN

LADANG KOMERSIL

TERNAKAN IKAN SANGKAR Kg Timbang Dayang

SOLAR STAND ALONE

Kg. Damaran

Kg. Maliyu

Kg. Pengkalan Darat

Kg. Padang

Kg. Limbuak

Kg. Limbuak Laut

Kg. Batu Layar

Kg. Loh Tohok

Kg. Laksian

Kg. Garib

Kg. Palak

Kg. Palak Baru

BEKALAN AIR LUAR BANDAR

Kg. Kapitangan ke Karakit

Kg.Kapitangan

JALAN KAMPUNG Kg.Limbuak - Kg.Damaran

Kg. Kapitangan - Dogoton

Sempadan Tapak Projek

JALAN LUAR BANDAR Karakit Ke Kg. Limbuak

LADANG – FASA II

LADANG - FASA III

SOLAR HIBRID

Kg.Singgahmata

Kg.Perpaduan

Kg. Batu Layar

Kg. Lok Tohog

Pekan Karakit

PROJEK AGROPOLITAN

PULAU BANGGI

2. FIZIKAL 3. MODAL INSAN

BIL KOMPONEN

1. TASKA

2. Medan Info Desa

3. Program Pembangunan

Minda

4. Program Kecemerlangan

Pendidikan

5. Program Latihan Kemahiran & Keusahawanan

6. Latihan Usahawan Desa

7. Cawangan Kolej Komuniti

BIL KOMPONEN PENJELASAN

1. Jalan Kampung

Kg. Limbuak - Kg. Padang (1.4 km)

Kg Padang - Kg. Damaran (1.6 km)

2. Jalan Luar Bandar

Pekan Karakit ke Kg. Limbuak (15 km)

3. Bekalan Elektrik Luar Bandar

Sistem Solar Hibrid :

Kg. Karakit

Kg. Singgah Mata

Kg. Lok Tohok

Kg. Perpaduan

Kawasan Penempatan

4. Bekalan Air Luar Bandar

Paip Retikulasi (36 km)

Pekan Karakit ke Kg. Kapitangan

5. Jeti Kg. Timbang Dayang

6. Penempatan Bil Rumah 200 unit

7. Ameniti Sosial

Surau, Dewan, Taman Permainan, Padang, Stesyen TNB, Menara Tangki Air

KOMPONEN PROJEK AGROPOLITAN PULAU BANGGI

1. EKONOMI

BIL KOMPONEN PERINCIAN KOMPONEN

1. Ladang Sejahtera Keluasan : 4,000 hektar

Tanaman Getah

Bil peserta : 1,000 KIR MT

Hak agihan dividen bersamaan 4 hektar ladang bagi setiap peserta

2. Ladang Komersil Keluasan : 8,000 hektar

Kerjasama FELCRA Berhad dengan Lembaga Industri Getah Sabah (LIGS)

3. Projek Ternakan Ikan Dalam Sangkar

Lokasi di Kg. Timbang Dayang – kawasan seluas 499 ekar

400 unit sangkar dengan saiz (6m x 6m x 4m)

200 KIR MT menerima agihan dividen bersamaan 2 sangkar ikan setiap peserta dan 20 KIR MT ditawarkan pekerjaan tetap

4. Pertanian Berkelompok Keluasan : 50 hektar

Tanaman Campuran

Diuruskan oleh FELCRA Berhad

5. Pelancongan Pekan Karakit dan pantai

6. Industri Kecil Sederhana Pusat Agropolitan Karakit

7. Pusat Perniagaan Kawasan Penempatan – Kg. Batu Layar

8. Kilang Proses Getah Di Kawasan Ladang

9. Kebun Dapur Di Kawasan Perumahan

KOMPONEN PROJEK AGROPOLITAN PULAU BANGGI

39

Table 10.2 Average Gross Monthly Household Income by Urban and

Rural Areas (RM) 1970-2002

1970 1979 1990 1999 2002

Urban 428 587 1,606 3,103 3,652

Rural 200 331 957 1,718 1,729

Malaysia 264 417 1,169 2,472 3,011

Ratio urban/rural 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.8 2.1

Source: Min. of Rural and Regional

Development

40

Year Total Urban Rural

1976 37.1 15.4 45.7

1990 17.1 7.5 21.8

1999 8.5 3.3 14.8

2004 5.7 2.5 11.9

Malaysia Incidence of Rural Poverty 1976-2004

41

Urban (%) Rural (%)

States 1992 2000 1992 2000

Johor 98.9 100.0 96.4 98.2

Kedah 99.3 100.0 93.0 98.6

Kelantan 98.1 71.0 93.6 97.5

Melaka 99.7 100.0 98.1 99.3

Negeri Sembilan 98.9 100.0 95.2 98.6

Pahang 98.9 98.0 91.0 94.0

Perak 97.4 100.0 92.2 96.1

Perlis 97.9 100.0 95.0 99.2

Pulau Pinang 99.4 100.0 96.0 99.2

Sabah 99.4 88.0 65.3 67.1

Sarawak 89.3 100.0 76.5 66.9

Selangor 96.8 100.0 96.6 97.9

Terengganu 99.0 97.0 94.4 98.2

W.P Kuala Lumpur 98.9 99.8

Table 10.5: Malaysia: Percentage of Households with Electricity Supply by

Urban and Rural Areas According to States 1992 & 2000 Source: Economic Planning Unit (2005)

42

Percentage Rural Growth rate (%)

States 1970 1980 1991 2000 1970-80 1980-91 1991-2000

Johor 73.7 64.8 52.2 36.1 0.84 0.49 -1.70

Kedah 87.4 85.6 67.5 61.3 1.00 -0.44 1.02

Kelantan 84.9 71.9 66.5 66.5 0.61 2.18 0.97

Melaka 74.9 76.6 61.3 32.7 1.23 -0.89 -5.05

Negeri Sembilan 78.4 67.4 58.0 45.0 -0.15 0.71 -0.82

Pahang 81.0 73.9 69.6 57.9 3.28 2.25 -0.23

Perak 72.5 67.8 46.4 40.5 0.38 -2.78 -0.63

Perlis 100.0 91.1 73.4 66.2 0.85 0.21 -0.31

Pulau Pinang 49.0 52.5 25.0 20.5 -5.21 -0.65 -0.65

Sabah 83.1 79.4 66.8 51.7 3.42 4.02 0.99

Sarawak 84.5 82.0 62.5 52.1 0.12 0.25 0.25

Selangor 73.8 65.8 24.8 11.7 -4.53 -2.30 -2.30

Terengganu 73.0 57.1 55.5 50.6 0.14 3.18 0.51

W.P Kuala

Lumpur - - 0.0 0.0 1.39 1.39 0.00

W.P Labuan 100.0 53.7 51.6 23.2 -1.91 6.17 -5.96

Malaysia 71.6 65.8 49.3 38.2 1.45 0.02 -0.24

Table 10.6: Malaysia: Percentage of Rural Population and

Average Annual Growth Rate by State 1970-2000

43

Frontier Village Urban Metropolitan

Moden/estet

Tradisional/ Pekebun kecil

Kopporat/ Formal

Peniaga kecil/ informal

Korporat/ formal

Peniaga kecil/ informal

Destruction of bio-diversity Higher cost of living Out-migration Idle land Labour shortage

Perkhidmatan kurang cekap

New land development

In-situ

development

Outcomes of Strategy under DEB (1970-1990)

Export oriented industrialisation

Congestion population squatters High cost of living Social problems More balanced racial composition

High Population growth

Declining population

Pertumbuhan rendah

High population growth

44

Frontier Village Urban Metropolitan

Moden/estet

Tradisional/ Pekebun kecil

Kopporat/ Formal

Peniaga kecil/ informal

Korporat/ formal

Peniaga kecil/ informal

New land development

In-situ

development

Outcome of post DEB Strategy

Export oriented industrialisation

45

New Challenges

• Globalization

• Uneven development

• Rural Variation

46

Rural Variation

• Socio-cultural, economy, physical, values

and believe systemS

• Spatial/locational variationS

47

Future Direction

• Rural vision

• Rural resource management

• Local development and participation

• Bumiputera Agenda

48

Conclusion

• Rural development has been used as a

means to correct the failure of the market

mechanisms to trickle down the benefits of

development.

• Some success of new land development

schemes and in-situ rural development

• New challenges need for integration of

multi and inter disciplinary