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CYCLICAL VISITS TO MARS VIA ASTRONAUT HOTELS Presentation to the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC) 3 rd Annual Meeting: Visions of the Future in Aeronautics and Space by Kerry T. Nock Global Aerospace Corporation http://www.gaerospace.com June 5-6, 2001 Global Aerospace Corporation

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CYCLICAL VISITS TO MARS VIAASTRONAUT HOTELS

Presentation to theNASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC)

3rd Annual Meeting:Visions of the Future in Aeronautics and Space

byKerry T. Nock

Global Aerospace Corporation

http://www.gaerospace.comJune 5-6, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 3 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation PHASE I STUDY CONTRIBUTORSGlobal Aerospace Corporation (GAC)

Dr. Kim M. AaronDale R. Burger

Dr. Angus D. McRonaldKerry T. Nock, Principal Investigator and NIAC Fellow

Susan L. NockBrenda Wistor-Linfield

Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)Alan L. Friedlander

Mark K. JacobsJerry A. Rauwolf

Planetary Resource Utilization ConsultantDr. Michael B. Duke

Solar Electric Propulsion Technical AdvisorDr. John R. Brophy, Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 4 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation

TOPICS

INTRODUCTIONORBIT ANALYSIS

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ARCHITECTURESYSTEM MODELING, ANALYSIS & COSTS

SIGNIFICANCE TO NASASUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 6 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation

BACKGROUND• 1985 National Commission on Space (NCOS)

– Mars transportation infrastructure for permanent Mars base– Use of cyclic orbits– Cycling vehicles (CASTLES), spaceports and taxis

• Revolutionary NIAC concept being studied by Global Aerospace– Reduce crew occupation to only 5 months– Increase systems autonomy– Eliminate artificial gravity from cycling vehicles– Reduce cycling vehicle size– Use solar energy for surface and space power systems– Employ solar-powered ion propulsion systems (IPS) throughout– Significantly reduce reliance on earth propellants, consumables and

refurbishment, repair and upgrade (RRU) cargo

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 7 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation

CONCEPT MOTIVATION

• Create permanent elements of a Mars transportation system• Take advantage of natural orbital physics to facilitate Mars

transportation• Eliminate need for new, expensive class of rockets and launchers• Offer environmentally safe technology, without political baggage,

for transportation to and from mars• Increase reliance on in situ resources for Mars transportation

architecture• Accelerate the timeframe for permanent inhabitation of Mars

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 8 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation KEYS TO THE CURRENT CONCEPT• Cycler orbits between Earth and Mars that enable fast, frequent

transfers between these planets

• Astronaut hotels, or Astrotels, which are small transportvehicles capable of carrying 10 people on cycling orbits betweenplanets

• Orbital spaceports at the planets and very small, fast,hyperbolic transfer vehicles, or taxis, between spaceports andastrotels.

• Propellant and life support in situ resource manufacturingplants

• Cargo vehicles that utilize low-energy, long-flighttime orbits totransport propellant and low value cargo to and from planets

• Shuttles to and from spaceports and planetary surfaces

ORBIT ANALYSIS

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 10 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation ALDRIN CYCLERS

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 11 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

CorporationEXAMPLE ALDRIN

UP-CYCLER SEQUENCE

E1E3

M2

M4

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 12 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation

UP-CYCLER LOW THRUSTTRAJECTORY SHAPING

Thrusting PhaseCoast Phase

• 2nd Correction of Up Orbit• Thrust Period 430 days• Coast Period 350 days• Uncrewed During Thrusting

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMARCHITECTURE

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 14 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

CorporationTRANSPORTATION ARCHITECTURE

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 15 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

CorporationDOWN-CYCLER

PLANETARY GEOMETRYPhobos

Mars

MarsSpaceport

Taxi

Aldrin Down Cycler

Trajectory

Propulsive Delta-Vs

Taxi

AerocaptureManeuver Earth

Moon

L1 Earth Spaceport

Astrotel

Aldrin Down CyclerMission Profile

ASTROTEL CONCEPT

XenonPropellant

Tank

Ion Engines(Eight, 50 cm,17 kW, 5000s)

Hab Module

Cargo Pod

Solar Array(160 kW)

Astrotel Mass: 69.1 mt

Eva

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 17 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation ION PROPULSION SYSTEM (IPS)

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 18 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation EXAMPLE AERO-ASSISTPROFILE AT MARS

Entry Interface 125 km

Scale ExaggeratedMars

40-50 kmAltitude

EntryL=0

InOrbit

Pitch Back to L=0Pitch Over to Lmax

Begin Aero-Cruise

ISS TRANSHAB CONCEPT(Courtesy NASA/JSC)

Modifications

• Expansion of crew from 6 to 10

• 6-times volume/crew as STS

• Expansion of radiation protection

• Added docking port

• Include Astrotel command andcontrol systems

Modifications

• Expansion of crew from 6 to 10

• 6-times volume/crew as STS

• Expansion of radiation protection

• Added docking port

• Include Astrotel command andcontrol systems

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 20 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation TAXI CONCEPT:LEAVING EARTH SPACEPORTCrew Module

Propellant Tanks

Rocket Engines(Extended Nozzle)

Aeroshell (EllipticalRaked Cone)

Taxi Dry Mass: 19.1 mt

SEAT ROTATION

Docking Port

Variableg-Vector

Seats (10)

Crew Space Equal to Apollo

TAXI CREW MODULE

TAXI IN AEROCRUISE OVER MARSTAXI IN AEROCRUISE OVER MARS

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 23 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation IN SITU RESOURCEUTILIZATION STRATEGIES• Moon --> Polar Ice

– Excavate regolith, heat and extract water (10.2 kg/hr)– Electrolyze some water into O2/H2 and liquefy to LOX/LH for lunar water tanker– Liquefy and transport most water to earth spaceport

• Earth Spaceport --> ~100% Sun– Electrolyze Lunar water Into O2/H2 and liquefy to LOX/LH (1.6 kg/hr)– LOX/LH storage for Taxi

• Phobos --> O2-Bearing Regolith– Carbon reduction of regolith to produce O2 (23.2 kg/hr)– Liquefy to LOX and transport to Mars spaceport for storage

• Mars Spaceport --> ~100% Sun– LOX/LH storage for Taxi

• Mars Surface --> Water-Bearing Regolith– Excavate regolith (dunes), heat and extract water (8.1 kg/hr)– Electrolyze water into O2/H2 and liquefy to LOX/LH for Mars shuttle

SYSTEM MODELING, ANALYSISAND COSTS

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 25 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation MAMA

Astrotels- Type 1- Type 2- Type n

OrbitalNodes

- Type 1- Type 2- Type n

SurfaceFacilities

- Type 1- Type 2- Type n

GroundFacilities(Earth)

- Type 1- Type 2- Type n

ISRUSystems

- Type 1- Type 2- Type n

LaunchSystems

- Type 1- Type 2- Type n

Transfer &ExcursionVehicles

- Type 1- Type 2- Type n

SYSTEM INTEGRATOR

INPUTS OUTPUTS* ELEMENT INTERFACES

* System Integrator Output includes a standard WBS-format for all architecture candidates

EL

EM

EN

TS

LaunchVehicles

SUP

PO

RT

AN

AL

YSE

S

TrajectoryAnalyses

PropulsionSystems

PowerSystems

Life SupportSystems

OtherSystems

EXAMPLE MAMA SYSTEM ELEMENTEXAMPLE MAMA SYSTEM ELEMENT

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Global Aerospace Corporation 27 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation

CARGO USE PROFILE SUMMARY

Location-------------> At LEO At Earth Spaceport

At Mars Spaceport

At Surface of Mars

At Surface of Moon

At Astrotels (2 vehicles)

Total Cargo Requirements

LOX 1 2 2 , 6 3 1 1 , 0 3 6 , 3 4 8 2 8 2 , 3 3 9L H 1 7 , 5 1 9 1 4 8 , 0 5 0 4 0 , 3 3 4

Water 1 5 7 , 6 6 9 3 6 3 , 0 0 7Xenon 2 4 5 , 1 0 6 5 , 7 5 1

Refurb Mass 1 4 9 , 8 6 3 3 7 , 8 0 0 8 0 , 2 5 9 5 4 , 0 6 1 5 6 7 1 4 , 6 9 2Augmentation Tanks 1 0 7 , 8 2 7 1 0 7 , 8 2 7

Crew Consumables 1 1 9 , 1 4 0 1 1 9 , 1 4 0 Communications Satellites

Total Mass Required 6 2 1 , 9 3 5 3 3 5 , 6 1 9 1 , 3 7 2 , 4 8 3 7 3 9 , 7 4 1 5 6 7 1 3 9 , 5 8 3

• Cargo requirements over 15-years• All masses in kg

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 28 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation CARGO DELIVERY SYSTEMSREQUIREMENTS SUMMARY

All masses in kg

Location-------------> At LEO At Earth Spaceport

At Mars Spaceport

At Surface of Mars

At Surface of Moon

At Astrotels (2 vehicles)

Delivery Systems

SEP Freighter Delivered Cargo 3 7 , 8 0 0 3 3 6 , 1 3 5 1 3 9 , 5 8 3

Cargo Freighter Each Trip 5,400 48,019 19,940

Lunar Water Tanker Total 1 5 7 , 6 6 9 5 6 7

Lunar Water Tanker Each Trip 22,524 81

Phobos LOX Tanker Total 1 , 0 3 6 , 3 4 8

Phobos LOX Tanker Each Trip 34,545

Mars Shuttle 5 4 , 0 6 1

Mars Shuttle Each Trip 7,723

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 29 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation NIAC / NCOS COMPARISONItem NCOS

StudyNIACStudy

Factor

Cyclic Transport VehicleSize, mt

460 70 7

Total 15-yearPropellant and

Consumables, mt

34,335 2,011 17

Lunar LOX ProductionRate, kg/day

4,014 73 55

Phobos LOX ProductionRate, kg/day

1066 189 6

Primary PowerGeneration Mode

Nuclear Solar --

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 30 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation

KEY COST ASSUMPTIONS

• FY 2000 dollars• Full cost accounting on all life cycle elements• Major cost elements include:

– Advanced Technology Development– Flight System Development– Launch (specific launch vehicle cost of $2000/kg)

– Operations (15 years, includes RRU & propellants/consumables)

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 31 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation SYSTEM INTEGRATOR OUTPUT:RECURRING COSTS

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

Ast

rote

l

Esc

ap

e P

od

Ea

rth

Sp

ace

po

rt

Ma

rs S

pa

cep

ort

Tax

i

Mar

s C

argo

Fre

ight

er

Ast

rote

l C

arg

oF

reig

hte

r

LE

O S

hu

ttle

Lu

na

r W

ate

r T

an

ker

Ma

rs S

hu

ttle

Ph

ob

os

LO

X T

an

ker

Ma

rs B

ase

Lu

na

r B

ase

Lu

na

r W

ate

r M

ine

L1

Ele

ctr

& S

tora

ge

Ph

ob

os

LO

X P

lan

t

Mar

s S

urf

Wat

erP

lan

t

Ma

rs S

pa

cep

ort

Sto

rag

e

$M

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 32 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation SYSTEM INTEGRATOR OUTPUT:LIFE CYCLE (15 YEARS) COSTS

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

Ad

v T

ech

De

v

Ad

v T

ech

Te

stin

g

Flig

ht

Sys

tem

De

sig

n

Flig

ht

Su

bsy

s F

ab

Sys

tem

Ass

y, I

nte

g,

Te

st

LV

Gro

un

d F

aci

lity

Pro

c

La

un

ch &

Ch

eck

ou

t

Orb

ital

Ass

y, I

&T

Sta

rtu

p O

ps

SS

Op

s

Re

furb

ish

me

nt

Ha

rdw

are

Dis

po

sal

$M

4.0 Operations

3.0 LaunchServices

2.0 FlightSystem Dev

1.0 AdvancedTechnology Dev

AdvTech DEVELOPMENT & LAUNCH OPERATIONS

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 33 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation SUMMARY OFCOST ESTIMATES

Development ~$50B*

Operations ~$40B†

Total Lifecycle ~$90B¥

____________________* - ~$5B/yr for 10 years† - ~$3B/yr for 15 years¥ - For reference, the “90-day Study” (1989) costs for human exploration to the

Moon and Mars was estimated at ~$400B and the NASA Mars ReferenceMission (1997) was estimated at ~$40B.

SIGNIFICANCE OF CONCEPT TO NASA

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 35 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation

SIGNIFICANCE TO NASA

• Facilitates human exploration to Mars and beyond

• Assists the expansion of scientific knowledge by providingready access to Mars by scientists

• Provides safe, frequent and affordable access to Mars

• Creates a significant element of the transportationarchitecture thus contributing to the establishment of apermanent human presence on Mars

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 36 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation

PHASE II

• Key Team Members– GAC– SAIC - MAMA development & costing, orbit analysis– Purdue (Dr. Longuski) - Orbit analysis– Colorado School of Mines (Dr. King) - ISRU Concepts– Dr. Michael Duke - ISRU

• Key Technical Tasks– Cyclic orbit concepts and research– Advanced aero-assist concepts– ISRU system concepts development– Develop and assess transportation options– MAMA development and costing

SUMMARY

Cyclical Visits To Mars via Astronaut Hotels

Global Aerospace Corporation 38 KTN - NIAC Annual Meeting - June 5, 2001

GlobalAerospace

Corporation

SUMMARY

• This transportation architecture, along with Astrotels, enablelow-cost, frequent access to Mars for scientists and explorers

• System concepts have been developed that could be utilized inexpedition phases of Mars exploration

• This architecture provides a framework and context for futuretechnology advance and robotic exploration

• The tools developed during this study can be used to analyzeand compare future technology and system options