atp & photosynthesis & respiration...6 Division Ave High School Ms. Foglia REGENTS Biology Regents Biology! Summary " Explain the 2 steps of photosynthesis in your own words Regents

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Division Ave High School Ms. Foglia REGENTS Biology

Regents Biology 2009-2010

ATP

I. What is energy in biology?

Whoa! HOT stuff!

Adenosine TriPhosphate

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ENERGY = ATP

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A. What is ATP? Adenosine Triphosphate is similar to a nucleotide but has three phosphates instead of one

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B. How is Energy stored in our cells? 1. In the chemical

bonds between the phosphates

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2. Opposites attract and like charges repel • The phosphate groups are negatively charged and require LOTS of energy to be held together.

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How do cells get the stored energy in ATP for use?

3. When chemical bonds between phosphate groups in ATP are broken, Energy is released

4. ATP becomes: ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

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C. Animals are energy consumers u  1. What do we need energy for?

§ To build more organelles, and large molecules § Cell reproduction

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§ To transport things in and out of the cell by active transport & bulk movement. § Movement of muscles, cilia, or flagella § temperature control (making heat)

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2. Where do we get energy? §  Energy is stored in organic molecules→ food

u digest food to get § fuels for energy (ATP) § raw materials for building the four biomolecules w carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic

acids

ATP

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D. Plants are energy producers §  Like animals, plants need energy to live

u unlike animals, plants don’t need to eat food to make that energy

§ Plants make both FOOD & ENERGY

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Summary § How is ATP’s energy released

and where do animals get ATP?

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II. Energy in Plants Photosynthesis: Life from Light and Air

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A. Who uses photosynthesis? AUTOTROPHS Like Plants

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ROOT CELLS DO NOT HAVE CHLOROPLASTS!!

THEY DO NOT GO

THROUGH PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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B. Where does photosynthesis occur?

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CHLOROPLASTS

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Chloroplasts are only in plants animal cells plant cells

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1. Why Are They Green? § Chlorophyll

u Pigment that absorbs all wavelengths of white light except for green. Green is reflected.

u In the fall plants absorb all of this pigment to conserve energy. Other pigments contained within the leaves are observed.

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C. What do plants need for photosynthesis?

§  The “factory” for making energy & sugars u chloroplast

§  Fuels u sunlight u carbon dioxide u water

§  The Helpers u enzymes H2O

sugars

ATP

Make ATP! Make sugar!

I can do it all… And no one

even notices!

enzymes

CO2

sun

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D. The EQUATION…..

6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2 sun

energy →

+ + +

→ glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide

sun energy + water +

Reactants Products

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E. How does photosynthesis occur?

2 steps 1.  Light dependent

reactions 2.  Calvin Cycle

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a. occurs in: the chloroplast b. Needs: Water and

Light

1. Light Dependent Reactions

• Photolysis- • Photo = light

• Lys = destruction • water molecules are

split using light energy

c. Gives off: O2

ATP & NADPH H2O

Photons

O2

From water

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2. Calvin Cycle: (aka Dark Reactions)

b. CO2, is needed a. Occurs in: the chloroplast

CO2 ATP & NADPH

C6H12O6 c. Glucose is

produced. Regents Biology

SUNLIGHT

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS

WATER CARBON DIOXIDE

CALVIN CYCLE

ATP NADPH

OXYGEN GLUCOSE

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F. Factors affecting photosynthesis 1. Temperature

Temperature

Gro

wth

Rat

e

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VI. Factors affecting photosynthesis 2. Amount of Oxygen

Amount of Oxygen

Gro

wth

R

ate

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VI. Factors affecting photosynthesis 3. Amount of Carbon dioxide

Gro

wth

Rat

e

Amount of Carbon Dioxide

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VI. Factors affecting photosynthesis 4. Light Intensity

Gro

wth

Rat

e

Light Intensity

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Summary § Explain the 2 steps of

photosynthesis in your own words

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III. ENERGY IN ANIMALS Cellular Respiration:

Harvesting energy stored in food

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A. Who uses Cellular Respiration?

§ Heterotrophs Like Animals § Plant ROOT cells

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B. What is Cellular respiration? u breaking down food to produce ATP

§  in mitochondria §  using oxygen

w “aerobic” respiration

u usually digesting glucose §  but could be other sugars,

fats, or proteins 1. The EQUATION

C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6CO2 6H2O → + + +

glucose + oxygen → energy + carbon + water dioxide

O2

food ATP

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3 Steps 1. Glycolysis 2. Kreb’s Cycle 3.  Electron

Transport Chain

C. How does Cellular Respiration Occur?

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1. Glycolysis a. Occurs in the CYTOPLASM NEEDS

Glucose GIVES OFF

Pyruvate 2 ATP

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2. Krebs Cycle a. Occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA

NEEDS Pyruvate

GIVES OFF Carbon Dioxide

2 ATP

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3. Electron Transport Chain a. Occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA NEEDS Oxygen

GIVES OFF Water

32 ATP

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Glucose

pyruvate 2 ATP

Oxygen

KREBS CYCLE

ELECTRON TRANSPORT

CHAIN

2 ATP Carbon Dioxide

Water 32 ATP

GLYCOLSYSIS

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What do we need to make energy? §  The “Furnace” for making energy

u  mitochondria §  Fuel

u  food: carbohydrates, fats, proteins §  Helpers

u  oxygen u  enzymes

§  Product u  ATP

§  Waste products u  carbon dioxide

§  then used by plants u  water

O2

food

ATP

Make ATP! Make ATP!

All I do all day… And no one

even notices!

enzymes

CO2 H2O

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Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells plant cells

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Oxygen is needed in the last step of cellular respiration to create the greatest amount of ATP

E. Why do we breathe???

A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second

ATP

ADP work

Whoa! Pass me the

glucose & oxygen!

Adenosine DiPhosphate

Adenosine TriPhosphate

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1. What if oxygen is missing? § No oxygen available = can’t complete

aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

a. also known as fermentation b. no oxygen or

no mitochondria (bacteria) c. can only make very little ATP d. large animals cannot survive

O2

yeast

bacteria Regents Biology

2. Types of Anaerobic Respiration

a. alcohol fermentation §  yeast

w glucose → 2 ATP + CO2+ alcohol w make beer, wine, bread

b. lactic acid fermentation §  bacteria, animals

w glucose → 2 ATP + lactic acid w bacteria make yogurt w animals feel muscle fatigue

O2

Tastes good… but not enough energy for me!

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Got the energy… Ask Questions!!

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IV. How are they connected?

glucose + oxygen → carbon + water + energy dioxide

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP → + + +

Respiration

Photosynthesis

6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2 light

energy → + + +

→ glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide

sun energy + water +

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H2O

Energy cycle

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

sun

The Great Circle of Life! Mufasa?

glucose sugars O2 CO2

plants

animals, plants

ATP Regents Biology

H2O

Another view…

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

sun

organic molecules

food O2 CO2

producers, autotrophs

consumers, heterotrophs

synthesis

capture light energy

digestion

release chemical energy ATP

waste waste waste

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The poetic perspective § All of the solid material of every plant

was built out of thin air § All of the solid material of every animal

was built from plant material

Then all the cats, dogs, mice, people & elephants…

are really strands of air woven together by sunlight!

sun air

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atp & photosynthesis & respiration...6 Division Ave High School Ms. Foglia REGENTS Biology Regents Biology! Summary " Explain the 2 steps of photosynthesis in your own words Regents