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Mag. Jessica Ríos Sosa
CICLO 2013-III Módulo: I Unidad: 3 Semana: 5
INGLES IX
STUDY THIS EXAMPLE
The past perfect tense
Look at this sentence .
I had eaten my breakfast before I
went to school.
How is the past perfect formed?
. Ali had played football
before he went back home
Had+PP.
Look at this example.
he made a telephone call.
After he had taken his
music lesson,
What had Ali done before he went
fishing?
before he went fishing.
Ali had repaired his car,
The key words of this tense are:
After / as soon as {had+PP} Past simple
The key words of this tense are:
By the time + past simple + Had +PP
Before
The use of the past perfect tense.
We use the past perfect to
talk about an action which
happened before another
action in the past.
Make similar sentences using:
after and before.
Finish work-watch TV
After I had finished work ,I
watched TV
Before I watched TV ,I had
finished my work.
Make similar sentences using by the
time and as soon as
Eat breakfast-go to school
By the time I went to school,I had
eaten my breakfast.
As soon as I had eaten my
breakfast,I went to school
Make similar sentences using by the time and
as soon as
Police arrive-thief escape
By the time the police arrived,the
thief had escaped.
As soon as the thief had escaped ,the
police arrived.
Affirmative sentences
We use an auxiliar: Had
I
You
He
HAD She
It
We
They
Subject + had + past participle
CONTRACTIONS
• I HAD ---- I’D
• YOU HAD ---- YOU’D
• HE HAD ----- HE’D
• SHE HAD ----- SHE’D
• IT HAD ----- IT’D
• WE HAD ---- WE’D
• YOU HAD ---- YOU’D
• THEY HAD ---- THEY’D
Negative sentences
Carlos hadn’t slept well these days.
Interrogative Sentences
AUXILIAR PRONOUN VERB (PAST PARTICIPLE) COMPLEMENT ?
- HAD HE PLAYED SOCCER ?
YES, HE HAD.
NO, HE HADN’T.
- HAD THEY PLAYED WITH THE BALL?
YES, THEY HAD.
NO, THEY HADN’T.
Exercise 1:
Put the verbs into the correct form (Past Perfect simple
A. My little brother ate all of the cake that I _________________ (make).
B. The waitress brought a dish that we _________________ (not / order)
C. Last night I couldn't get in because I ________________ (forget) my keys.
D. When we arrived at the station, the train _____________________ (go).
E. They didn't have any money because they ___________ (pay) all the bills.
F. We had a big party because we ___________________ (pass) all our exams.
G. I got to the cinema at 6.30 but fortunately the film ___________ (not start) .
H. I was exhausted because I _________________ study) too much.
LET’S PRACTICE
Exercise 2:
Put the Past Simple or the Past Perfect.
1. When their mum _______ (come) home last night, the children
_____________at) their dinner.
2. Yesterday I _________ (see) a woman who _____________ (be) at school
with my grandfather. Isn't it strange?
3. It started to rain and I _______________ (remember) that I _______________
(forget) to close my bedroom window.
4. I _______________ (find) a book that I ______ never ______________ (read)
5. We _____ (try) to change the plane tickets but it was too late they _____
already ___________ (edit) the boarding pass.
6. I _______________ (think) I _______________ (met) this girl before.
Exercise 3:
Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets using the Past Perfect.
1. By the time we got to the cinema the film _________________ (start), so we missed
the first five minutes.
2. When I rang the bell there was no answer. The neighbour told me that they
__________________ (go) about half an hour ago.
3. I saw New York for the first time last night. I __________________ (not see) it before.
4. There was so much to see in London. I ___________________ (plan) to see a lot of
things but there wasn't enough time. I'll have to come back.
5. If she _______________________ (take) my advice, it wouldn't have happened.
6. We wouldn't have had an argument, if they _______________ (not mention) politics.
7. If you _______________ (not park) there, you wouldn't have got a parking fine.
8. John told me he _______________ (buy) a new car.
9. When we arrived in Ireland, the airline company _______________ (lose) our luggage,
so we had to wait two days to get it back. Fortunately they delivered it to the hotel.
Exercise 4:
Circle the correct answers:
1. I didn't recognise / hadn't recognised Sue, because she cut / had cut her
hair.
2. I arrived / had arrived at the shop at 6.45, but it already closed / had
already closed.
3. David didn't play / hadn't played the match because he hurt / had hurt his
leg.
4. When I looked / had looked everywhere for my car keys, I started / had
started to panic.
5. When he had finished / finished his dinner he sat down / had sat down to
watch TV.
6. It was / had been a film I didn't see / hadn't seen before.
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• Reported Speech
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I´m feeling
tired
You want to tell someone else what Ann said.
There are two ways of doing this:
You can repeat Ann´s words (direct speech) :
Ann said “I´m feeling tired”.
Or you can use reported speech:
Ann said ( that ) she was feeling tired.
Compare the two sentences :
direct Ann said “ I am feeling tired “.
reported Ann said (that) she was feeling tired.
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Statements in indirect speech : tense changes necessary
• Indirect speech can be introduced by aq verb in a present tense:
he says that.... This is usual when we are:
1 reporting a conversation that is still going on.
2 reading a letter and reporting what it says.
3 reading instructions and reporting them.
4 reporting a statement that someone makes very often.
• But indirect speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense.
Verbs in the direct speech have then to be changed into a corresponding
past tense.
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Tense changes
The changes are shown in the following table
Direct speech Indirect speech
SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST
“ I never eat meat, “ he explained He explained that he never ate meat.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS
“ I´m waiting for Ann,” he said He said he was wating for Ann.
PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT
“ I have found a flat, “he said He said he had found a flat.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
He said, “ I´ve been wating for ages” He said he had been wating for ages.
SIMPLE PAST PAST PERFECT
“ I took it home with me,” he said He said he had taken it home with him.
FUTURE CONDITIONAL
He said, “ Ann will be in Paris on Monday” He said that Ann would be in Paris on Monday.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS
“ I´ll be using the car myself on the 24th,” he said He said he´d be using the car himself on the 24th.
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Other changes necessary when turning direct speech into indirect speech.
THIS used in time expressions usually become THAT :
He said, “ She is coming this week” / He said that she was coming that week.
Otherwise THIS and THAT used as adjectives usually change to THE :
He said, “ I bought this pearl/ these pearls for my mother”
He said that he had bought the pearl/pearls for his mother.
THIS,THESE used as pronouns can b ecome IT,THEY/THEM
Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time change as follows:
Direct Indirect
Today that day
Yesterday the day before
The day before yesterday two days before
Tomorrow the next day/the following day
The day after tomorrow in two days´time
Next week/ year etc. The following week/year
Last week/ year etc. The previous week/year etc.
A year etc ago a year before/the previous year
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Infinitive and gerund constructions in indirect speech
A agree,refuse,offer, promise,threaten + infinitive can sometimes be used
instead of say (that)...
Paul : I´ll help you if you like.
Paul offered to help her/me or Paul said that he´d help her/me.
B accuse+object+of, admit, deny,apologize for, insist on+gerund can sometimes
be used instead of say that :
“ You took the money!” might be reported by He accused me of taking the money.
C other useful verbs are : add, admit, answer, argue, assure +object, complain,
deny, explain, observe, point out, promise, remark, remind + object, reply.
These can be used with direct or indirect speech.
“ It won´t cost more,”said Tom “ But it will take longer “, said Bill
Tom assured us that it wouldn´t cost more. But Bill objected that it would take longer.
Say, tell
Say can introduce a statement or follow it :
Tom said, “ I´ve just heard the news” or “ I´ve just heard the news,” Tom said.
say+to+person addressed is posible, but following the direct statement
tell requires the person addressed: tell me he told us
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Questions in indirect speech
Direct : He said, “ Where is he going?” Indirect : He asked where she was going.
A Tenses, pronouns and possessive adjectives, and adverbs of time and place change in statements.
The interrogative form of the verb changes to the affirmative form The question mark (?) is therefore omitted in indirect questions :
B If the introductory verb is say, it must be changed to a verb of inquiry, e.g. Ask, inquire, wonder, want to know etc.:
He said, “ Where is the station? “ = He asked where the station was.
C ask can be followed by the person addressed (indirect object).
He asked, “ What have you got in your bag?”= He asked (me) what I had got in my bag.
But inquire, wonder, want to know cannot take an indirect object, so if we wish to report a question where the person addressed is mentioned, we must use ask :
He said, “ Mary, when is the next train?”= He asked Mary when the next train was.
D If the direct question begins with a quqestion word ( when, where, who, how, why etc. ) the question word is repeated in the indirect question :
He said, “ What do you want?” = She asked (them) what thet wanted.
E If there is no question word, if or whether must be used:
“Is anyone there? He asked = He asked if/whether anyone was there.
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Requests for instructions or advice:
“ What shall I do with it? = “ Tell me what to do with it.”
Offers :
“ Shall I bring you some tea? He offered to bring me some tea.
Suggestions :
“ Shall we meet at the theatre? “ He suggested meeting at the theatre.
Commands, requests, advice in indirect speech
He said, “ Lie down, tom “ He told Tom to lie down.
The following verbs can be used: advise, beg, command, encourage, entreat, forbid
forbid, implore, invite, order, recommend, remind, request, urge, warrn.
Negative commands, requests etc. Are usually reported by not + infinitive :
“Don´t swim out too far, boys,” I said I warned/told the boys not to swim out too far “
Exclamations and yes and no
He said, “ What a dreadful thing! Or “ How dreadful !” = He said that it was a dreadful thing.
He said, “ Thank you!” = He thanked me.
He said,” Happy Christmas!” = He wished me a happy Christmas.
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“ How much do you think it will cost ? “ He said.
A: He asked how much I think it would cost.
B: He asked how much I thought it would cost.
C: He asked how much I thought it will cost.
1.- Which of the following answers : A, B, C, is correcct ? CLICK the picture you think is the correct one according to its transformation into reported speech.
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“I´m leaving tomorrow”.she said”
“by the 4.30 from Victoria”.
She said ” she was leaving tomorrow by the 4.30 from
Victoria”.
She said she was leaving the following day by the
4.30 from Victoria
She said I wsas leaving today by 4.30
from Victoria
2.- CLICK the picture you think is the correct one according to its transformation into reported speech.
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3.- Choose the best alternative according to the usage of the verb tenses. A.- The clerk said it would / will take a little time to look up her file.
B.- She reminded me to insure / insuring my luggage. C.- She told him not to put / to put not sticky things in his pocket.
4.- You have to read a sentence and write a new sentence with the same meaning. 1.- “ Listen carefully”, he said to us.
He told ..............................................................................................................................
2.- “ Don´t wait for me if I´m late”, Ann said.
Ann said.............................................................................................................................
3.- “ Can you speak more slowly? I can´t understand”, he said to me.
He asked..........................................................................because....................................
4.- “ Read the instructions before you switch on the machine”, he said to me.
He told ...............................................................................................................................
5.- “ Don´t come before 6 o´clock”, I said to him.
I told .................................................................................................................................
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1 I´m thinking of going to live in Canada. 2 My father is in hospital.
4 Margaret has had a baby.
5 I´ll tell Jim I saw you.
3 I´ve been playing tennis a lot recently.
6 I don´t know what Fred is doing.
Later that day you tell another friend what Charlie said. Use reported speech.
1 Charlie said that....................................................................................................
2 Charlie said...........................................................................................................
3 Charlie...................................................................................................................
4 Charlie...................................................................................................................
5 Ch..........................................................................................................................
6 ...............................................................................................................................
5.- Yesterday you met a friend of yours, Charlie. Charlie told you alot of things. Here are some of the things he said to you :
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4.- Key
1 He told us to listen carefully.
2 Ann said not to wait for her if she was late.
3 He asked me to speak more slowly because he couldn´t understand.
4 He told me to read the instructions before I switched on yhe machine.
5 I told him not to come before 6 o´clock.
5.- Key
1 Charlie said that he was thinking of going to live in Canada.
2 Charlie said that his father was in hospital.
3 He said ( that) he had been playing tennis a lot recently
4 He said (that) Margaret had had a baby.
5 He said (that) he would tell Jim he had seen me./ ... He saw me.
6 He said (that) he didn´t know what Fred was doing.
Thank you
