HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

15%C 12M 1 5Ni St i l t l i i15%Cr-12Mn-1.5Ni Stainless steels were in use in Germany in 1940’s

Used in dairy industry, beer industry and house hold appliances

In early 50’s during Korean War US Gov. restriction of 1% Ni max for stainless steel in certain applications

Following grade developed by

A A 201Cr i

Mni

C Ni N Substitute f AISI

Allegheny termed IA 201

min. min max max max for AISI14.5 15 0.15 0.99 0.25 301

P t K W S iPost Korean War Scenario

Softer Alloys Preferredy

Half of Nickel only replaced by Mn & N

AISI Designation in 1955 to 201 & 202

Grade C Cr Mn N Ni201 0.15 max 16.0-18.0 5.5-7.5 0.25max 3.5-5.5202 0.15 max 17.0-19.0 7.5-10.0 0.25max 4.0-6.0

During 50’s and early 60’s , 200 series required expensive

low carbon ferro- manganeseNitrided ferro-chromeorNitrided electrolytic manganese

EAF

With advent of Argon-Oxygen-Decarburisation:

cheaper high carbon ferromanganese and

gaseous nitrogen for alloyinggaseous t oge o a oy g

Lower argon consumption in Cr-Mn

Early 1970’s ~ 40,000 tons/year 200 Series Worldwide

Improvement in drawability of AISI 201 on alloying with copper

By addition of 1.5-2% copper to AISI 201, a stainless y pp ,steel with even superior drawability emerged

Type 211 / JSL – AUS / NIPPON NAR 200

C Mn Cr Ni Cu N SType 211 0.07 5.5-6.5 16-17 5.0-6.0 1.5-2.0 0.05 0.03JSL-AUS 0.08 6.0-8.0 16-18 4.0-6.0 1.5-2.0 0.1 0.005

Nippon NAR 200 0.07 5.5-6.5 16-17 5.5-6.5 1.8-2.3 N.A. 0.03pp

WITH

ARGON OXYGEN DECARBURISATION

LADLE FURNACELADLE FURNACE

CONTINUOUS CASTING

ROLLING TEMP. CONTROL

Leaner Alloys produced successfully: y p y

C Mn Cr Ni Cu N SJ-4 0.1 8.5-10.0 15.0-16.0 1.5-2.0 1.5-2.0 0.2 0.008

204 Cu 0.1 6.5-9.0 16.0-17.5 1.5-3.5 2.0-4.0 0.1-0.2 0.008

These alloys are endowed with high hese alloys are endowed w th h gh strength, good drawability, weldability and corrosion resistance

D i f th d l t f 200 S iDrivers for the development of 200 Series

WEAR GALLING RESISTANCESTRENGTH

DUCTILITY

FORMABILITY WELDABILITYCORROSION RESISTANCE

TOUGHNESS

OXIDATION

MATERIAL COST

DENSITYRESISTANCEABOVE 8000C

Cost per Kg of Input Materials Cost per Kg of Input Materials (current price)

As a consequence 304 stainless steel price closely follows the nickel price p

37,230

35,000

40,000

24,219 24,118 25,000

30,000

ne

GermarnCR SS (304) $/tonne

Nickel $/tonne

13 83814,748

21,112

14,654

21,917

20,000

,

rice

in $

/ton

5,222

8,642

5,950 6,768

9,632

13,838

10,000

15,000Pr

1,906 1,483 1,625 2,0302,802 2,637

3,5535,222

4,1382,850

3,709 4,187

0

5,000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Data: CRU Analysis

YEAR

Global Stainless Steel Production‐Series WiseYear 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Total

120.0%

Total Production (MMT)

19.17 20.67 22.86 24.06 23.76 27.8 27.67 25.91 24.57 30.69

100.0%

23 2% 22 1% 21 8%

5.3% 5.7% 7.4% 9.6% 10.0% 9.6% 11.6% 11.4% 11.6% 12.0%

60.0%

80.0% 23.2% 22.1% 21.8% 23.5% 25.4% 23.5%30.0% 28.1% 27.8% 30.3%

20.0%

40.0%71.5% 72.2% 70.8% 66.9% 64.6% 66.9%

58.4% 60.5% 60.6% 57.7%

0.0%

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

11

Year

300 Series 400 Series 200 Series

TYPICAL COMPOSITIONS OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS

GRADEELEMENTS, WEIGHT-PERCENT

C Mn S P Si Cr Ni N CuC Mn S P Si Cr Ni N CuJSL U 0.09 9.5 0.008 0.06 0.35 14.6 0.5 0.12 1.7

J4 0.09 9.3 0.008 0.05 0.35 15.1 1.1 0.13 1.7

204Cu 0.09 8.4 0.008 0.05 0.35 16.2 1.6 0.17 2.1

201 0.07 7.3 0.008 0.05 0.35 16.2 4.1 0.12 -

S A SJSLAUS 0.07 7.3 0.008 0.05 0.35 16.2 4.1 0.08 1.7

304 0.06 0.92 0.008 0.035 0.35 18.1 8.1 0.05 -

CORROSION IN FOOD APPLICATION MEDIA

Corrosion tests have been conducted in NaClsolution and organic food mediasolution and organic food media.

S di Chl id l ti l t dSodium Chloride solution was selected as oneof the media as chloride ion is notorious for itsability to penetrate passive films and cause

ittipitting.

S di hl id i l i diSodium chloride is also a common ingredientin food preparations. Brackish water whichcarries 3% NaCl, which is selected fori iimmersion tests.

Contd….

CORROSION IN FOOD APPLICATION MEDIA

Acetic Acid is present in vinegar and it iscommon to use vinegar in kitchen. When milkdeteriorates, Lactic Acid is produced. Hence amixture of Lactic Acid and Acetic Acid wasmixture of Lactic Acid and Acetic Acid waschosen as second medium.

Citric Acid is commonly present in Fruit juicesand Tartaric Acid is an ingredient in Tamarindand Tartaric Acid is an ingredient in Tamarindextracts. Hence, the concentration of 10000 ppm(1%) of a mixture of two acids was chosen to getaccelerated results.

CORROSION IN FOOD APPLICATION MEDIA

Corrosion rate (mmpy)

Test Media304

(UNS S30400)

301 (UNS

S30100)

J201 (UNS

S20100)

JSL AUS (201

M difi d)

J204Cu (S20430)

J4 (UNS S20430

M difi d)JSL U

S30400) S30100) S20100) Modified) (S20430) Modified)

3% NaCl for 720 hrs at RT (25 Deg. C) A A A A A A A

3% NaCl for 100 hrs at Boiling Temp. A A A A A A A

0.5% Citric + 0.5 % Tartaric for 720 hrs at RT A A A A A A A

0.5% Citric + 0.5 % Tartaric for 100 hrs Boiling A A A A A A A

0 5% Acetic + 0 5% Lactic) for 720 hrs 0.5% Acetic + 0.5% Lactic) for 720 hrs at RT A A A A A A A

0.5% Acetic + 0.5 % Lactic for 100 hrs at Boiling Temp. A A A A A A A

A < 0.1 mmperyr B 0.1 - 1 mmperyr C 1 -3 mmperyr D 3 - 10 mmperyr E > 10 mmperyr

g p

INTERGRANULAR CORROSION TEST AS PERINTERGRANULAR CORROSION TEST AS PER ASTM A262 – PRACTICE E

304 301 J201 JSL AUS J4 (UNS Test Media

304 (UNS

S30400)

301 (UNS

S30100)

J201 (UNS

S20100)

JSL AUS (201

Modified)

J204Cu (S20430)

J4 (UNS S20430

Modified)JSL U

Cu-CuSO4+16% H2SO4 Passed Passed Passed Passed Passed Passed Passed

Performance 304 301(UNS

J201(UNS

JSL AUS(201

J204Cu(UNS

J4(S20430

JSL U(UNS

S30100)(UNS

S20100)(201

Modified)(UNS

S20430)(S20430

Modified)

StrengthStrength

Good Slightly better

Slightly better

Slightly better

Slightly better

Slightly better

Slightly better

Formability Slightly Good Good Slightly Slightly Good Goodbetter Good Good better better Good Good

Weldabilty Slightly better Good Good Slightly

better Good Good Good

Corrosion Crevice Slightly better Good Good Good Good Good Good

Pitting Slightly G d G d G d G d G d G dg ybetter Good Good Good Good Good Good

860 880

700

800

900

665710

860 880

500

600575 545

390460 470

200

300

400

225 225

335

0

100

304 304L JSL AUS 204Cu J4 JSL U

59 58 56 54 52 48

While Cr-Mn stainless steels are thus generally stronger UTS (MPa) YS (MPa) % El

g y gthan 300 series, with suitable composition design they can be equally soft

CATERING & FOOD PROCESSING

Deep Drawn Utensils, Pressure Cookers, Cook Line, Hot Food Wells, PROCESSING Cookers, Cook Line, Hot Food Wells, Beverage Dispensers, Ice-makers

CONSUMER DURABLES

Spin Driers Of Washing Machines, Dishwashers

ARCHITECTURE BUILDING &

Elevators, Column Claddings, Steel Furniture Structural Members BUILDING &

CONSTRUCTIONFurniture, Structural Members, Thermal Window Spacers, Handrails, Structural Support Framework,

l l d fContd….

Internal Panels And Roofing

TRANSPORT Automotive Trim, Wheel Caps, Wiper Arms Rims Auto Accessories Truck Arms, Rims, Auto Accessories, Truck Parts, Cargo Container, Bus Bodies, Truck Trailers, Rail Cars.

INDUSTRY Beer, Wine, Beverage & Dairy Equipment, Food Processing And Packing Equipments Hose Clamps Packing Equipments, Hose Clamps, Piston Rings

Beverage Dispensers

Subways & Trolleys

Toasters Disposals

Industrial WashersWashers

Source: Allegheny Ludlum

Specialty Clamps Hot Food Wells

Trucks / Trailers Ice & Water Dispensers

Source : www.stainless-steel-world.net

SOFTENING EFFECT OF COPPER

N

10%Ni 0 %N

304

+1.6CuCu :Aust. Stabiliser

Ni

N

7.5 0.1304

* less nitrogen: J1impr.drawability

Cr

5 0.2J1202201

* or less nickel: J4cost reductions

--

2 5 0 3

J1

+ % N2.5 0.3

214J4 204

+ % NHigher Strength.

lower Ni/costs

011 13 15 17 19 %Cr

0.4

Influence of Cu aditions on mechanical propertiesInfluence of Cu aditions on mechanical properties

Austenite stabilizer Reduces drawing load

200 series

300 i/c

m3 )

series

Duplex

avity

(g/

ecifi

c gr

aSp

e

Wear in Material HandlingWear in Material Handling

10000000l

8000000

10000000

n co

a

6000000

d cl

ea

2000000

4000000

, Siz

ed

0

2000000

Tons

,

1/4" 304 SS 1/4" Nitronic 30

DRY ABRASIVE WEAR OF ALLOYS MATEDTO TUNGSTEN CARBIDETO TUNGSTEN CARBIDE

12

9.8 9.9

8

10

R cles

)

4.2

6.26W

EA

R

0000

Cyc

0.1

1.92

4

(mm

3 /1

0.10

4340 NITR-ONIC30

NITR-ONIC 32

304 431 17-4PH

C 52 B 93 B 95 B 85 C 42 C 42Hardness

(Ref: A.K.Steel)

METAL TO METAL WEAR UNDER SLIDING 244R

PM)

METAL TO METAL WEAR UNDER SLIDING

CONDITIONS

244cl

es 1

05 R 52.8

30

50

mg/

1000

cy

0.71.2 3.3

7.412.8

10

30

4340Had-field Mn

NITR-ONIC

30

NITR-ONIC

304 17-4PH

410

Wea

r (m 0

Mn 30 32

C 52 B 95 B 93 B 95 B 85 C 43 C 40

HARDNESS

Self mated cylinders unlubricated in air at room temperatureSelf-mated cylinders, unlubricated in air at room temperature

Corrosive Wear in Coal Preparation Plant

41

40

45

ar)

25

30

35

met

er/y

ea

8 10 1013 15

10

15

20

(mic

ron

m

8

0

5

10

Met

al lo

ss

Nitronic

30304 316 410 301 Ni hardM

B 94 B 90 B 85 B 81 C 36Hardness

Alloys

B 94 B 90 B 85 B 81 C 36 C 55

Hardness(Ref: A.K.Steel

CATERING & FOOD PROCESSING

Extra Deep Drawn Utensils, Pressure Cookers, Cook Line, Hot Food Wells, Beverage DispensersBeverage Dispensers

CONSUMER DURABLES

Spin Driers Of Washing Machines, DishwashersKit h Si k El t E l t ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION

Kitchen Sinks, Elevators, Escalators, Door And Window Frames, Column Claddings, Telephone Booths, Steel FurnitureFurniture

TRANSPORT Automotive Trim Wheel Caps Wiper TRANSPORT Automotive Trim, Wheel Caps, Wiper Arms, Rims, Auto Accessories, Truck Parts, Cargo Container, Bus Bodies, Truck Trailers, Rail Cars

INDUSTRY Beer, Wine, Beverage & Dairy Equipment Food Processing And Equipment, Food Processing And Packing Equipments

CATERING & FOOD Deep Drawn Utensils, Cookware, PROCESSING Industrial Kitchen Equipment, Flasks,

Milk Cans, Ice & Water Dispensers, Water FiltersWater Filters

CONSUMER DURABLES

Toasters, Microwave Ovens, Thermo Wares, Baking Ovens

ARCHITECTURE BUILDING &

Handrails For Staircase, Elevators, Escalators, Internal Panels, Springs, BUILDING &

CONSTRUCTIONEscalators, Internal Panels, Springs, Door Window Frames, Thermal Window Spacers

TRANSPORT Structural Material For VehiclesTRANSPORT Structural Material For Vehicles

INDUSTRY Tobacco Processing Industryg y

CATERING & FOOD Shallow/medium drawn utensils, PROCESSING Tableware, Cutlery, Stands for water

filters, In-house water tanks, Dog pots pots

CONSUMER DURABLES

Steel furniture, Fruit stands, Flower vases, Decorative pipes and tubes, Gas stoves, Gift items

ARCHITECTURE BUILDING &

In-house panels, Handrails and structural support framework BUILDING &

CONSTRUCTIONstructural support framework, Doorknobs, Hinges, Dustbin

TRANSPORT Roll formed sections ConveyorsTRANSPORT Roll formed sections, Conveyors

INDUSTRY Material handling equipments g q p

Since apart from attributes such as strength, formability and

weldability, the corrosion resistance of candidate materials

should be suitable for intended use, PREN (Pitting Resistance

Equivalent Number) has emerged as a measure of resistance to

corrosion in many environments. It has been found that the

following relationship provides a good comparative assessmentfollowing relationship provides a good comparative assessment

PREN= % Cr+ 3.3 x % Mo + 16 x %N

Super Duplex

Resistance to corrosion Super austenitics

3842 20Mo-6

Super Duplex

%N

Super austenitics

2507

3438

446

2205

o+16

X%

2630

Sea Water 20 oC216

6317LN

23043X%

Mo

2226

Industrial Env.

Sea Water Env.

202219

439434

444

304

316 21012304

%C

r+3.

3

1418

Water & Interiors

& Exteriors

J4

J1 201

420430439

301304

PRE

N=%

1014

409410P Dry Applications, Automotive Exhaust System,

Railway Wagons, Cutlery, Razorblade

Item PRENmore than

SubstitutionFrom To

Food & BeveragesShallow/medium drawn utensil J4 430Tableware, Stands for water filter >16 304 J4, 430,

JSL U

Deep drawn utensils CookwareDeep drawn utensils, CookwareMilk cans, Water filters

>16 304 J 204 Cu

Extra deep drawn utensils, p ,Pressure cooker, Hot food wells, Industrial kitchen equipment, Beverage Dispenser

>16 304 JSL AUS

Beverage Dispenser

Item PRENmore than

SubstitutionFrom To

Consumer DurablesSteel Furniture, Fruit Stands,Flower vases, Gas Stoves, Gift Items

>16 304 J4, 430

Toasters, Microwave ovens, Thermoware, Baking Ovens >16 304 J204Cu,

201, 430 Spin driers of washing machines JSL AUSSpin driers of washing machines, Dish washers >16 304 JSL AUS,

430

Item PREN more than

SubstitutionFrom Tomore than From To

Architecture Building & ConstructionIn-house panels J4 JSL UIn house panels

>16 304 J4, JSL U, 430

Handrails and Structural support 304/Handrails and Structural support framework, Door knobs, Hinges >16

304/301

J4, JSL U

Door window frames, Thermal >16 304 J204Cu, ,window Spacers >16 304 ,

201

Kitchen sinks >16 304 JSL AUS

Overhead water tank >17 304, 316

439

Exterior panels signs >18 304 202Exterior panels, signs >18 304 202

Exterior near sea coast >22 316 444,446

Item PRENmore than

SubstitutionFrom To

Transport & Automotive Interior decorative >16 301, 304 J4, 430 Roll formed sections, conveyers

>16 301, 304 J4, JSL U

Structural Material for Vehicles >17 301, 304 J204Cu, 201

Wheel caps wiper arms Bus 201 JSLWheel caps, wiper arms, Bus Bodies, Truck Trailers, Rail cars, >17 301, 304 201, JSL

AUS

Thank You for

Your Attention!!