Bahir Dar Waste management - Resource Recovery · 2016-02-19 · Bahir Dar is the capital city of the Amhara National Regional State (one of the 9 national regional states of the

ASSESSMENT OF THE SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF BAHIR DAR TOWN

AND ITS STRATEGY

The City Administration envisions Bahir Dar city to be

A Clean and Healthy Bahir Dar which is Economically Dynamic and Globally

Competitive Tourist Destination

Develop, implement and maintain effective, efficient, affordable, sustainable

and accountable solid waste management system in order to ensure citizens’

good health and maintain the ecological balance of the city and its surroundings

through proactive, participatory, and socially responsible manners.

‐ Commitment to

• Environment and Public Health Safety

• Environmental Justice (equity)

• Cost Effectiveness

• Quality

• Public Private Partnership

• Innovation and appropriate technologies

• Learning by doing

• Resource Optimization

• Sustainability

Table of Contents

Introduction .............................................................................. Fehler! Textmarke nicht definiert.

1‐ Generation, Collection and Transportation............................................................................. 6

1.1 Waste Generation in Bahir Dar city, current status and future projection .......................... 6

1.2 Targets for Municipal Waste Segregation and Minimization ............................................. 12

1.3 Stakeholders’ Concerns – Waste Generation ..................................................................... 12

1.4 Strategies for Waste Reduction .......................................................................................... 15

1.5 Strategies for Source Separation ........................................................................................ 17

1.6 Collection (storage, transfer and transportation) of the generated waste ........................ 18

2. Sorting, Treatment and Disposal .............................................................................................. 24

2.1 Prevailing Systems, Targets and Stakeholders’ Concerns ................................................... 24

2.2 Policies and Strategies for Sorting, Treatment and Disposal .............................................. 30

2.3 Biological and Thermal Treatment and Resource Recovery ............................................... 31

2.4 Final Disposal ....................................................................................................................... 34

2.5 Environmental Benefits of ISWM Plan ................................................................................ 35

Bahir Dar is the capital city of the Amhara National Regional State (one of the 9 national

regional states of the Federal democratic republic of Ethiopia), located 560 Km Northwest of

Addis Ababa, and the capital city of Ethiopia. It covers an area of 16000 hectares and has a

population of 220, 000(as of 2010).

There are more than 800 hotels, juice houses and restaurants, over 200 Governmental and non-

Governmental institutions, around 70 clinics and drug shops, 2 universities, above 18,000

households and 7 industries in the city.

After 1992 Ethiopian calendar (after it has been chosen by the federal Government to be the

capital of the Amhara national regional state) the city is growing fast and the population is also

increasing alarmingly parallel to its growth.

Institutional Arrangement

� The current institutional arrangement of the Solid Waste Management of the Bahir Dar

city is depicted in the following figure (Figure 1).

ANRS Health Bureau

Amhara National

Regional State

ANRS Bureau of Works

and Urban

Development

ANRS Environmental

Protection & Land

Administration Bureau

BD City Administration

Health Office Bahir Dar City

Administration Ensuring Sustainable

Environmental Protection

Core Process

Keble Health and

Sanitation Unit

Health Extension Workers

• Establish and

publish

technical

standards for

pollution

control and

public health

protection

• Supervise

• Pollution

Control

• Execution

• Hazardous

waste in/out

Sanitation and

Beautification Core

Process

Private sectors

(Dream Light Plc.,

Million & Friends,

etc)

• clean

street

• Collection

• Transportat

ion

• Reuse

• Disposal

• Treatment

•

Administ

ration

• Legislati

on

• Program

ming

construc

tion

• Technical

Standard

s

• Training

Supervise

• Informat

ion

Western Gojjam

Environmental Protection

and Land Administration

Office

• Establish

and publish

technical

standards

• Supervision

• Pollution

Control

• Execution

• Solid Waste

in/out

Bihar Dar has evolved to be a major tourist hub of the country. Lake Tana (where the Blue Nile

River starts) and the monasteries in the islands of the lake are major truism attractions. Because

of this the hotel industry is the fast growing industry in the area. There are also few emerging

industries in Bihar Dar (textile, agro-processing, tannery and plastic industries). The construction

industry is also growing very fast. The observed multifaceted growth has shown a drastic

increase in the quality and quantity of wastes generated by different sources. This condition has

highlighted the need to look at waste management in an integrated manner; handling municipal,

healthcare and industrial wastes being generated in the city.

To address this situation, the city administration has identified a clear need to assess the current

practices of waste management, including quantification and characterization of waste generated

from all sources. Gaps in the current waste management system have been addressed by

identifying waste recycling and technologies options for treatment and disposal of waste. To

develop a supporting framework, there is a need to identify appropriate policy interventions,

including economic instruments, and build capacities at the local level for technology

specification, procurement and implementation, and monitoring. It is within the above context

that Forum for Environment (FfE) of Ethiopia and UNEP have agreed to launch the project on

"Development of an Integrated Waste Management Plan for Bahir Dar city". It aims at

developing an Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan (ISWMP) to address the issue of solid

waste being generated from municipal sources.

1- Generation, Collection and Transportation

1.1 Waste Generation in Bahir Dar city, current status and future projection

The solid waste generation rate at Bahir Dar is increasing at a relatively fast rate due to the

increase in population and related activities. The waste data collected as the baseline survey

clearly shows that waste quantity will be rapidly increasing in the coming 13 years; the current

(2010) waste quantity is expected to double by 2020 and organic waste is expected to remain the

dominant component of municipal waste composition. The survey result shows that municipal

waste contains higher percentage of recyclable wastes. The current and projected future solid

waste generation rates for municipal waste sources are shown in the following Table:

Table 1 population growth and waste generation and future projections (tons/day) for Bahir Dar

1 Guidelines for waste quantification and characterization and assessment of prevailing waste management system were prepared and local staff

of the stakeholders’ Project Team was trained for data collection and analysis through training workshops and field training. The Project Team collected the data and baseline reports for waste characterization and quantification, and prevailing waste management system were prepared accordingly. The future trends were calculated using population growth rate

Yea

r

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Pop

ulat

ion

218,

975

233,

427

248,

833

265,

256

287,

763

301,

425

321,

319

342,

526

365,

333

389,

232

414,

921

442,

306

471,

498

Mun

icip

al

Was

te

gene

ratio

n

(ton

s/da

y)1

98.5

105

112

119.

4

129.

5

135.

6

144.

6

154

164.

4

175.

2

186.

7

199

212.

2

Component Residential

(kg) from 34 samples

Commercial (kg) from 31

samples

Institutions

(kg) from 16 samples

Street sweeping (kg) from 5 samples

Total

(kg)

Percentage

Food waste 80.35 160.9 672.9 4.08 918.23 43.45%

Paper 18.226 15.85 161.66 2.8 198.536 9.4%

Plastic 23.76 11.82 31.885 1.81 69.275 3.28%

Textile 12.67 5.43 7.92 0.92 26.94 1.27%

Rubber 5.455 4.755 4.28 0.46 14.95 0.7%

Leather 2.971 0.55 0 0 3.521 0.2%

Yard waste 107.105 29.385 65.74 13 215.23 11.9%

Wood & Charcoal 19.045 5.625 11.18 0.5 36.35 1.7%

Glass 10.55 8.665 3.4 0.53 23.145 1.1%

Metals 7.78 5.505 12.685 0.4 26.37 1.25%

Ash & soil 310.1 43.29 73 24.92 451.31 24.36%

Stone 45.565 9.065 5.86 4.79 65.28 3%

Animal remain 0 37.85 0 0 37.85 1.8%

Hazardous 1.913 1.78 7.58 0 11.273 0.5%

E-waste 0.725 0.01 1.2 0 1.935 0.09%

Others 0 3.53 0.08 0 3.61 0.17%

Total 646.215 343.995 1059.37 63.63 2113.21 100%

Sector

daily total

tonnage(ton)

Residential 54

Commercial 24.2

Institutional 17

street sweeping 3.56

Total 98.8

The important quantitative and qualitative features of solid waste, from all MW sources,

are:

1) Per capita waste is 0.25 kg per day from residential source; however, it is about 0.45 kg per

day for combined municipal waste (from residential, commercial, institutional and street

sweeping sources) and it is 0.5kg per day for municipal and C&D wastes in general.

2) Future projections show the amount of municipal waste generation increase by 47% in 2016

from the current (2010) and further 47% increment from 2016 to 2022 (144.6 and 212.2 tons

per day respectively).

3) Municipal waste contains about 74% of organic waste, i.e. 74 tons/day and that will increase

to about 158 tons/day in 2020 and up to 194 tons/day in 2025. Other wastes, including paper

and plastics, are 25 tons/day and it will increase to about 54tons/day in 2020 and up to 66

tons/day in 2025(Table 1). This is based on the assumption that the content of organic waste

will remain at around 70 percent up to 2025(Table1).

4) Ash and soil is a major component in residential waste which constitutes 47 %( 25ton/day),

in street sweeping 39% (1.6ton/day) is soil and ash, in institutional it constitutes about 7%

(1.2ton/day)

5) Paper counts 6 percent in waste from residential and commercial sources, while it is about

15 percent from institutional sources.

6) Quantities of metal and glass waste is about 3% in municipal waste

7) Currently, out of 98.5tons/day of municipal waste, 70 tons/day is collected and transported

by a private company named Dream Light Solid Waste Cleaning and Recycling Plc.

utilizing seven trucks (open top not standard); there are no transfer stations in the city; the

company is directly transporting the waste from the source to the open dump site. The waste

collection is about 71 percent of the total municipal waste generated from domestic and

commercial sources.

8) Industrial waste is still managed by the generators (industries) themselves; they try to treat

the waste before disposing but not in a standard manner. The local governmental institution

only monitors if industries are not dumping the waste with the municipal waste. This area

needs a detail study and our next plan is to collect baseline information in the area.

9) Generally the construction and demolition waste is being reused and recycled outside the

municipal waste management system. It is assumed that the trend in C&D will remain the

same and municipal government may have the capacity to manage this waste at this

moment.

1.2 Targets for Municipal Waste Segregation and Minimization

1.2.1 Short-term Targets（2011-2016）

• Increase source minimization to 5% and segregation to 30%

� At Source minimization rate achieve 5%;

Actions to be taken (recommended)

� Integration of waste prevention measures and introduction of cleaner production

measures

� Awareness raising tools for waste minimization at source

� segregation at the source achieve 30%

� Distribute waste collection bags with different color (for organic and other wastes) at

a reasonable price to residents and commercial centers (ready to start at source level

segregation).

� Train generators about the importance of waste segregation

� Motivate generators who start segregation by reducing service fee to the service

providers

� 100 percent of hazardous/toxic municipal wastes segregated at source

1.2.2 Long-term Targets（2016-2023）

• 30 percent reduction in waste generation in each source category

• 100 percent of organic wastes (food and yard wastes) segregated at source

• 100 percent collection rate of municipal solid waste will be achieved

1.3 Stakeholders’ Concerns – Waste Generation

1.3.1 Municipal Waste Segregation

Waste Generators raised the following issues:

� It was suggested that to categorize the community into two groups: those who can and

can’t afford to buy the waste collection bags/bins and those who can afford. Then those

who can’t afford should be supported by city administration and other NGOs or

supporting group; but those who can afford should cover the cost of bags/bins.

� It was also suggested that generators should benefit from the primary sale of the

recyclable materials

� It was suggested the service fee to be reduced for those who segregate wastes at the

source.

� Organizations/institutions should cover the cost of bags/bins and should put in their

compound where it is necessary.

� Government (BoH, BoEPLAU, and City Administration), NGOs and other stakeholders

should cover the cost of awareness raisings and training on segregation and waste

management.

� Awareness raising programs should be coordinated by city administration.

� Projects should be designed and provided for possible donor for financial support on

awareness raising and delivering bags for those who can’t cover the cost of bags.

� Government should facilitate any support including training to the scavengers through

micro and small, to make them able to be small recycler groups

� The producers including the community should be involved in waste segregation.

� Segregation should be done at the sources by the producer/generator

� Awareness on waste segregation should be made for the community by NGOS,

associations and the city administration

� Three solid plastic containers (for organic, inorganic and hazardous wastes) with

different colors are proposed for segregation purposes in health institutes, in

organizations and residents. But sack/bags can also be used in residence depending on

their income level.

� As an alternative basket designed for waste collection can be used by the community in

order to reduce the cost and possible environmental impacts from plastic bags

� Experience sharing for technician in and outside the country on waste management

should be done

� Door to door inspection should be made once in a week on the management of the waste

and/or Monitoring and evaluation should be done by the city service and health

responsible

Service Providers

� City administration, BoEPLAU, BoH and NGOs should take part in building the

capacity of service providers through training so that service providers assist in

segregations

� The service providers (those who have been involved in the process) should be benefited

from the second level sale of recyclables

� The government should provide the necessary facilities to the service providers to make

them start recycling by themselves

� The community be aware to reduce cultural influence on waste segregation

� Service providers should be trained on segregation

� There should be appropriate waste transfer stations in the city to do further second level

segregation

� To minimize the possible impacts from odor and bad aesthetic values the bins/collection

bags should be closed and placed in a dry and clean places

Actors in Recycling & Resource Generation

� It was suggested to create jobs (alternative livelihoods) for the informal collectors and

scavengers who were benefited from the sales of the recyclables.

� It was recommended to have awareness raising on segregation by government and private

sectors

� It was also proposed to have a proper site for segregation

Community

� It was suggested that the cost of bins that are covered by the community for segregation

should be affordable (should be produced from low cost material)

� awareness campaign to reduce waste from source should be organized

� community awareness raising and using low cost materials for segregation of waste at

source

� It was strongly suggested that the segregation of food waste from other municipal wastes

� It was also suggested that if food wastes are segregated at source, then most recyclable

wastes may be recovered as clean waste, and food waste can be converted into compost

and/or biogas.

� It was also suggested to draw a detailed strategy to promote segregation of food waste

and hazardous waste at source by awareness-raising of households and through fiscal and

regulatory policies.

� With proper segregation, it would be easy to collect and transport wastes up to transfer

stations

� It was also suggested that with the segregation of food waste and with proper primary

collection, there may be fewer requirements for transfer stations, as the waste can be

directly transported for sorting/recycling and for treatment/disposal.

� There was a suggestion that with proper segregation and collection, scavengers will not

be scavenging near residential areas and they may be able to get jobs in the formal system

for material recovery and recycling. (Stakeholders’ concerns were identified during

Stakeholders Workshop in BHDR on 28 June 2010.)

1.4 Strategies for Waste Reduction

The targets indicated earlier in section 1.2 are set to reduce waste generation and reusing some

reusable materials repeatedly, with reference to current levels, through various policy and

voluntary measures. These measures are suggested at the waste generation level. The important

measures at generation level, to reduce the disposable waste, focus on the reduction and reuse of

waste. Policy measures, both regulatory and fiscal, are a vital part of these measures to address

all the waste generation sources including households, commercial sector and institutional

sectors. In addition to the policies, awareness raising leading to all sector participation and taking

actions is also a crucial measure for waste reduction and reuse at source; especially the waste

generators.

1.4.1 Policies for Waste Reduction and Reuse at Source

To encourage waste reduction and reuse, the specific regulations and/or fiscal policies are

required for different waste generation sources and type of waste. A combination of following

policy measures may encourage waste generators in Bihar Dar to segregate waste at source:

Municipal waste from residential areas:

The basic target is the source segregation of food waste and hazardous waste from other waste.

Policy measures, including regulations as well economic tools, can be designed to promote

segregation at source at household level:

� Regulations on source segregation of hazardous waste including batteries, tube lights,

containers for paint and other chemicals, etc

� Charge system based on the level of source-separation by residents’ committees,

while the local government and some responsible nongovernmental groups to supply

bags for food waste to promote source separation

� The policy-making is usually at national, provincial level. So Bihar Dar municipality

can adapt the provincial policies, if there are already on use or can recommend the

policy-making institutions to consider policies based on these experiences.

Municipal waste from commercial areas and institutions:

� Regulations on source separation of hazardous waste

� Regulations on source separation of food waste at food markets, restaurants and other

Food-related businesses

� Charge system for waste from commercial sector, including office buildings

� Subsidies to recycle organic waste at site, such as subsidies on composting plant and

Biogas plant for vegetable or food markets

1.4.2 Voluntary Actions for Waste Reduction and Reuse at Source

Voluntary actions, through awareness raising and capacity building, are useful to achieve the

targets for waste reduction and reuse at source by training the community about the importance

of waste redaction at source;

Awareness raising and capacity building:

� Awareness raising package for all the actors to raise the awareness on waste reduction

and reuse and to strengthen their understanding for their role to be part of waste reduction

and reuse strategies are necessary. Every responsible sector should play its active roll on

raising the awareness of the community

� Capacity building on various voluntary measures and actions for households, commercial

sector and industrial sector is also very important on the waste redaction.

1.5 Strategies for Source Separation

Municipal hazardous waste should be separated at source, as mixing of even a small quantity of

hazardous waste with non-hazardous may contaminate all the waste. The other approach is to

segregate organic waste from rest of the waste at source.

1.5.1 Policies for Source Separation

Based on the targets to separate hazardous and non-hazardous waste at source, and to separate

kitchen waste (organic waste) from other wastes, the following regulatory policies and fiscal

incentives and disincentives could be introduced:

� Enforcing Regulations banning mixing of hazardous waste with non-hazardous waste

� Regulations for disposing kitchen (food) waste in separate bags or bins

� Providing free collection system (bins) for hazardous waste from residential sources

� Collection of recyclable waste (plastic, paper, etc.) from households and after selling the

recyclable waste, some proportion of earnings can be handed over to residents’ in the

form of incentive or could be considered on the collection fee

� Providing free bags for collecting food waste and cost of the bags and transportation

could be recovered from bio-meth nation or compost plants – or cost of bags can be

cross-subsidized from the earnings for the waste bags for other waste.

� Establishment of monitoring system by residents’ committees for source separation

� Reduced monthly charges for households, practicing source-separation, by residents’

committees

1.5.2 Voluntary Actions for Source Separation

Voluntary actions are useful to compliment regulations and fiscal policies. These are also useful

as a transition towards implementation of regulations and fiscal policies. To promote voluntary

actions, awareness raising and training are very important to motivate the stakeholders and to

build their capacity for these actions. The following voluntary actions are suggested:

� to encourage waste generators to segregate waste according to organic (food and yard) waste,

mixed waste and hazardous waste

� Holding regular meetings and informal monitoring by the volunteer groups –awareness

raising for residents’ organizations

1.5.3 Technological Measures for Source Separation

Source separation requires proper bins or bags for each type of waste including hazardous waste,

organic (food and yard) waste, mixed waste and hazardous waste. The following technological

measures are designed for effective and efficient source separation:


� Three types of plastic bags by capable generators and for the residents who couldn’t buy

by themselves special plastic bags can be supplied by volunteers or the local government.

� Community bins/skips for collection of segregated waste for source separated waste

(hazardous, mixed and food waste) in housing complexes, should be places by the

residents committee by organizing the people living in the communal houses to put their

waste. The current waste collection points for new housing complexes can be upgraded

by fencing and partition for organic and nonorganic waste bags.

� Marked bins for hazardous waste at convenient points

1.6 Collection (storage, transfer and transportation) of the generated waste

Before 2009 the collection system was using 70 garbage containers which were situated in the

city. The generators were responsible to bring their waste up to the area where containers were

placed. And the secondary collection and transportation were the responsibilities of the city

service. But, after 2009 the collection system changed to door-to-door collection and all the

responsibility goes to a private company. The company’s waste collection coverage is most of

the residential and commercial sources, and some of institutional waste sources.

1.6.1 Current gaps on the collection system

� Since there is no segregation at source it is not possible to have timing for collection of

different waste types at different time schedules

� There are no standardized containers used at the source; and most generators use open

containers which result in dispersion of wastes and contamination of the environment

� There are no standard transfer stations in the city; waste is directly collected from the

source to the dump site with no segregation at all.

� Collection trucks are small in number and size (only 7 small size dump trucks are in use),

they are not a closed type and are not the appropriate types.

� The collection doesn’t cover all waste generation sectors

� Collected service fee is not adequate to cover the costs collection and transportation

� Even if there are some laws and acts at the federal and local level the enforcement level is

very low, almost no enforcement.

� Only 72% of the generated waste is collected properly and dumped in the dumping site

1.6.2 Targets for collection and transportation

� Short term(2011- 2016)

95 percent collection of all wastes generated by Increasing the door-to-door collection

rate of MSW from the current 72% to 95%;


� Set cost effective, area specific, material specific, time diversified collection system

� Set 4 appropriate transfer stations and ready for the secondary collection stations

� Study and improve the collection service fee (charge) balancing the interest of service

providers and generators

� Construct 700 standard dustbins in the main streets

� Raising the awareness of the community towards minimizing the throwing of food

scraps and other types of wastes on the streets.

� Effective regulations and enforcements to avoid throwing of waste on the streets

� Waste transportation from primary collection site and transfer stations achieve 100%

Actions to be taken

� In addition to the existing 7 dump trucks, purchase 8 more standard, closed and

crushing trucks for the transportation of the waste to dumping site

� Purchase and operationalize 9 three wheel waste collection vehicles which could

transport the waste to the transfer stations where secondary segregation take place.

1.6.3 Stakeholders’ Concerns – Waste Collection and transportation

� The collection fee for the service providers is similar to all residences. This should be

based on the type of family; for multi-family houses there should be an increase in

service fee.

� People who are living in the slum areas of the city should get subsidies and support from

the government at least to reduce their service charge

� It was suggested to train the community about proper waste collection and importance of

good waste management in order to increase the participation of the community in solid

waste management.

� The representative of a community mentioned that, if there are classified collection bins

in the district, the citizens are not throwing their solid waste into the right trash bins;

hence the government can improve the collection system by marking the bins in different

colors and persuading the citizens to classify their solid waste and throw them into the

right bins and this needs awareness creation to the community which should be done by

the government and service providers

� The service time should be fixed. At least 2 times per week for the residential areas

� City administration should supervise the safe collection of waste based on monthly

monitoring programs.

� The generators should pay enough and reasonable amount to service providers on waste

collection

� The government should support the service providers by providing some working

materials like (glove, clothes, push carts etc…

� One company, which provides collection and transportation service, mentioned that due

to high oil prices, high maintenance cost and high running cost of the service they

wanted to raise the collection price, but it is difficult to raise the price, especially for low

income residential areas; thus, they need some financial support from government until

the community awareness raises

� The company also requested the government to ask more solid waste generators to

transport their waste through this company to achieve economies of scale and to run the

transportation system at appropriate price for the customers

� The government should practice an enforcement and polluter-pay-policy in order to

reduce the amount of waste thrown on streets, to the drainages and public areas

� It was suggested to reduce the risk of pollution due to the poor quality of the road to the

disposal site

� It was suggested to use Personal Protective Equipment (mask, glove, etc.) and pregnant

women and children should not be involved in waste collection activities

� In order to increase the collection frequency and fix the collection time it needs additional

trucks with big holding capacity to replace or assist the trucks currently in use.

� The government should enforce the environmental protection laws, standards and

regulations

� The representative of a housing company mentioned that although there are classified

collection bins in the district, the citizens are not throwing their solid waste into the right

trash bins; hence the government can improve the collection system by marking the bins

in different colors and persuading the citizens to segregate their solid waste and throw

them into the right bins.

� It was suggested that the government to introduce a policy to increase service

(transportation) charges because the service price is too small and the current situation

requires higher charges to run waste transportation system smoothly.

� Support private sectors (through tax free, subsidiary etc.) to import appropriate

machineries and trucks

� Municipal and NGOs should subsidize private sectors by financial cases since the

business is new to the community and time taking to run by themselves, especially on

buying standard transporting vehicles.

� The government should support the private sectors through facilitating credits and duty

free importing for transportation facilities

� The time of transportation (possibly at night) or in less busy hours of the day should be

arranged to reduce the traffic congestions and reduce the odor problem

� Closed and appropriate waste transport truck should be used

� Maintenance facilities should be given to the trucks

� Road facilities should be improved (from gravel to asphalt road) by the city

administration/government

� Support private sectors (through tax free, subsidiary etc.) to import appropriate

machineries and trucks

1.6.4 Strategies for Collection and Transportation

Collection and transportation is the most crucial stage as most of the budget for solid waste

management could be spent on this activity, and deficiency in this activity could affect the

effectiveness and efficiency of whole solid waste management process. Keeping in view the

targets and stakeholders’ concerns, specific policies, voluntary actions and technological

measures may be required:

1.6.5 Policies for Collection and Transportation

Collection and transportation policies address various issues including frequency of collection,

timing of collection, type of collection vehicle and charges for collection for different type of

waste and for different waste sources:


� Daily collection of organic (food) waste from community skips/bins from all the

streets and from enclosed waste storage areas for housing complexes

� Weekly collection of recyclable, hazardous waste and other waste

� Big and heavy items to be collected based on the request with separate collection

charges payable to waste Collection Company

� Waste is collected early in the morning or late in the evening to avoid congestion on

the roads

� Waste collection vehicles from residential areas to transfer station or treatment plant:

rear loading commercial covered trucks

Municipal waste from commercial areas and institutional areas:

� Daily collection of all type of waste with separate vehicles for organic waste,

recyclable waste and non-recyclable waste

� Waste collection from commercial sources is preferred after the close of markets and

other commercial entities

� Collection and disposal charges based on number and size of skips/bins for non

recyclable waste – directly payable to Collection Company

� Higher collection and disposal charges for hazardous directly payable to the hazardous

waste management company

� Lower collection charges for organic and recyclable waste in accordance to earning

from sale of organic waste to organic waste treatment plant and sale of recycling waste

– directly payable to Collection Company

Overall – for all waste sources and types:

� National and local standards and regulation apply for collection vehicles for

transporting organic waste, recyclable waste, non-recyclable waste and hazardous

waste

� National and local regulations for safety and maintenance of vehicles, including noise

and air pollution, leakages and cleanliness of collection vehicles

(It is a usual practice in many places to collect daily all the waste after the closing of commercial

entities, including markets.)

1.6.6 Technological Measures for Collection and Transportation

Selection of appropriate collection equipment, including type of vehicles is important for better

efficiency and lower environmental impacts from waste transportation activities. Type of

vehicles may vary in accordance with the type of waste (organic, recyclable, non recyclable and

hazardous waste) and quantity of waste, which needs to be correlated with the frequency of

collection. This may need high investment and active participation of national government, local

government and privet sector.

� Waste collection vehicles for recyclable waste from residential, commercial and

institutions areas to transfer station or treatment plant: rear/side-loading commercial

covered trucks

� Waste collection vehicles for non- recyclable waste from residential, commercial and

institutional areas to transfer station or treatment plant: compactor trucks with leachate

leak proof system

2. Sorting, Treatment and Disposal

2.1 Prevailing Systems, Targets and Stakeholders’ Concerns

� Sorting:

Sorting of the collected waste is not in a significant amount. There is almost no sorting at

secondary collection level. All the collected waste transported and disposed mixed in to

the open field.

� Treatment: There is no any treatment activity for MSW. But some health care and governmental institutions have incinerators to burn their waste.

� Recycling and recovery: The recycling of the solid waste is insignificant. Most of the waste is disposed to the open

field disposal site; but there is a good start by the city administration (compost production

from the waste) and Dream Light started providing the waste papers to paper recycling

industries. There are also some scavengers who collect some goods for sale.

� Disposal facility: � Open field disposal (no sanitary landfill).

� Disposal site is close to rural settlements & 3-4 km from the center of the city. This is

affecting the community living near to the site and easy to access for domestic

animals. As a result of this farmers are losing their animals because animals eat the

plastic and die of it.

� There is no treatment at the disposal site

� There is no machinery to work regularly at the disposal site.

� About 72 % of the generated MSW(71 tons per day) is collected and disposed to the

disposal area in each day out of this only about 2% of waste(2 ton per day) is used to

produce compost in the city service compost site

The remaining 27.6% (27 ton) is not collected by the service provider company. The remaining

waste is either burned in incinerators, buried in their compound or disposed to lake side or to the

river.

2.1.2 Targets for sorting, treatment and disposal system

Following targets were set by Bihar Dar ISWM project team to improve current infrastructure

and to introduce new options for reusing and recycling the collected waste

� RESOURCE RECOVERY: Waste is sorted and processed for material recovery

(recycling and reuse where appropriate

� BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT: Organic wastes (food and yard wastes) are composted

and where feasible, biogas is extracted.

� HAZARDOUS WASTES: All municipal hazardous and toxic wastes are segregated at

source, treated and safely disposed

� TREATMENT: Incineration will be carried out in an environmentally sound manner in

some areas where that is the only way to treat the waste.

� DISPOSAL: Ensure that all landfill sites are sanitary landfills

Short term Quantitative targets (2011-2016)

� Safe disposal:

� The un-harmful disposal rate achieves 60%;

� 100% of non-hazardous waste, including residual waste from treatment plants, is

disposed in sanitary landfills (equipped with leach ate and methane collection and

treatment) and no waste is disposed of in illegal dumps or through illegal burning.


• Building (constructing) a standard sanitary land fill

• Introduction of policies, regulations and enforcements for un-harmful disposal

charges

� Treatment and resource recovery

� 50% of wastes at transfer stations are sorted for material recovery

� 40% of organic waste (food and yard wastes) is composted, bio-gas recovered and used

for briquette produced.

Actions taken (recommended)

� Construction of 6 compost pits to generate compost product

� starting secondary sorting (segregation) in the transfer stations for material

recovery and recycling

� Developing 2 biogas plants and 4 briquette production plants,

� Trading recovered resources, Compost to urban agriculture and biogas to bakery,

household supply and other small scale industries, briquette to household

consumption

� Building one common incinerator for the hazardous waste treatment

Food

security

Transfer

stations

701

Compost

pits

Commercial

centersresidents

Biogas

plants

10%

briquette

production

Long term Quantitative targets (2016 - 2023)

In the long term all targets set for the short term will be applicable but the difference is in

number or percentage. The focus will be on upgrading the amount of materials recovered and

reducing the amount of disposal rate to a very high amount

� Source segregation rate achieve 70%

� The collection rate of municipal solid waste will be 100%;

� The un-harmful disposal rate achieves 100%;

� Source reduction rate achieve 20%,

� Resource recovery rate achieve 80%;

� the remaining 15% of the waste would be disposed safely

2.1.3 Stakeholders’ concerns

Sorting and material recovery from municipal waste

It was suggested that:

� Service providers should cover the cost but the government should subsidize and facilitate

credit systems to establish recyclable plants.

� The economic benefit from the recycling should be service providers

� The government should support the private sectors through facilitating credits and duty free

importing for technological facilities

� Municipal and NGOs should subsidize private sectors by financial cases since the business is

new to the community and time taking to run by them selves

� The Government should Support private sectors (through tax free, subsidiary etc.) to import

appropriate machineries and trucks reduce the odor problem

� The government should support the private sector on build different recycling plants like

biogas plants, briquette plants and compost pits

� The government should finance and build the sanitary land fill based on the target

� The cost of landfill construction should be incorporated in the users’ charge in a long term

based

� The community in disposal areas is significantly affected by the waste. So

� the site should be fenced

� monitoring should be carried out avoid/minimize direct release of waste from factories to

rivers or they should dispose safely

� Service providers should cover the cost but the government should subsidize and facilitate

credit systems to establish recyclable plants.

� The economic benefit from the recycling should be service providers

� Improve the payment for private sectors involved in waste disposal through awareness

raising programs

� The identification of technology and skilled personnel and installation of the technology

should be supported by NGOs and international financial organizations.

� Training of service providers on the maintenance and operation of the technology should be

supported by the GOVT and NGOs

� The government should work in producing skilled man power on recycling and reusing

wastes integrated with educational institutional

� The local government expressed concern that targets for biological treatment to produce

compost/bio-gas or bio-diesel from food waste may be very high, as there is not much

demand for compost; costs to produce compost are high due to land costs nearby city, and

there are various environmental issues related with producing compost

� It was suggested that a study should be done to assess the technologies and feasibility for

biological treatment of food waste

� There should be operator of landfill and that could have a chance for selling carbon credits

based on methane recovery from the land fill.

2.2 Policies and Strategies for Sorting, Treatment and Disposal

2.2.1 Policies for Transfer Stations

Policies for transfer stations are aimed to achieve the desired objectives of setting up transfer

stations without harming environment and public health. The objectives of transfer station are as

follows:

• Hazardous waste is not allowed at transfer stations

• E-waste has to be separated carefully from the waste, which is bound for land filling and

incineration

• There should be a responsible on the transfer stations to regulate some illegal acts

• There should be a selected area for the transfer station and it should be fenced and have a

shading to protect the waste from exposure to direct sunlight

2.2.1.1Policies for Environment and Public safety

� National and local work related safety regulations should be followed at all transfer

stations. Accordingly, design of various facilities and installations should be in line

with national and local safety regulations

� Environmental safety regulations should be catered at all the transfer stations and

second level contamination should not be permitted. Accordingly, pollutant

emissions, noise and odor should be within the limits set by the standards/regulations

2.2.1.2 Policies for Traffic

� Select sites that have direct access to truck routes

� Provide adequate space within the facility site so that the vehicles waiting to use the

transfer station do not interrupt traffic on public roads or impact nearby residences or

businesses

� Design safe intersections with public roads

2.2.1.3 Policies for economic/fiscal efficiency

The government should support the most economic, efficient and environmental friendly

technologies based on the calculations of costs and benefits

2.2.2 Technological Measures at Transfer Stations

� Bulky items (appliances, furniture, etc.) should be manually removed from the waste

prior to mechanical processing

� Proper equipment for manual separation of materials should be installed. This usually

includes a sorting belt or table and containers for storing the separated materials

� Mechanical separation could be considered for the sake of higher efficiency and workers’

safety, efficient classification and screening.

� Selection of technology should be based on a structured methodology covering all aspects

(technical, economic, social and environmental).

� Waste compactors should be used at transfer stations to compact the waste before

transporting to treatment/disposal sites

2.2.3 Voluntary measures at transfer stations

� Awareness raising and environmental education facilities for communities

� Arrangement of visits for students and communities to know the process and benefit of

resource recovery and environmentally sound technologies

2.3 Biological and Thermal Treatment and Resource Recovery

Based on the target set on treatment, it is anticipated that by 2016 out of a total collected waste

per day, about 40% per day of organic waste will be diverted for biological treatment and

remaining 60% per day will be sent for landfill.

To achieve the benefits of energy recovery from waste through biological and thermal treatment,

following policy, technological and volunteer measures are recommended for Bahir Dar city:

2.3.1 Biological Treatment Plants

Bahir Dar city emphasizes on energy recovery as the top priority and using the waste as a

biological fertilizer in the second priority. Hence, biodegradable waste (food waste) will be

converted into biogas through anaerobic digester. Following strategies (policies, technological

measures and voluntary actions) cover all the major options for biological treatment of the waste.

2.3.1.1 Policies for Biological Treatment Plants

Biological treatment plants have to be coupled with energy recovery to improve their economic

viability. Generally, energy recovery may also attract national and international

financing/subsidies for renewable energy and reduction in global green house gas (GHG)

emissions.

To avoid odor and health safety concerns, the organic waste should be collected and treated in a

timely and efficient manner and in line with the following policies:

� Supportive policy framework to encourage modern anaerobic digesters for producing

biogas

� National and local work related safety regulations should be followed at all the treatment

and resource recovery plants (composting, biogas and ethanol). Accordingly, design of

various facilities and installations should be in line with national and local safety

regulations

� Environmental safety regulations should be enforced and second level contamination

should not be permitted at all the treatment and resource recovery plants (composting,

biogas and ethanol).

� No hazardous waste or contaminated waste should be treated at these plants

2.3.1.2 Technological measures

� Modern anaerobic digesters are recommended to maximize biogas recovery and to

minimize secondary contamination

� when composting plant is to be established, then the technology for compost should have

all the three important functions: “pre-processing” of food waste and to check any

contaminations, “processing” to convert waste into compost and safe and nuisance-free

storage and/or the upgrading of the product so as to enhance its utility and marketability

� A proper leachate collection and treatment system should be in operation and continuous

monitoring of soil and nearby water sources should be done to check leakage of leachate



2.3.2 Thermal Treatment Plants (Incinerators)

2.3.2.1 Policies for incineration plants

Incineration activity could bring serous environmental and health hazards if it is not properly

managed. Modern technology, especially sophisticated pollution control measures are very

essential to avoid any short-term and long-term impacts on environment and health of its workers

and the community. Modern technology requires skilled people and work related safety

procedures to operate and maintain the plant.

Incineration plants are now coupled with energy recovery to improve their economic viability.

Generally, this energy recovery attracts national and international financing/subsidies for

renewable energy and reduction in global green house gas (GHG) emissions.

Therefore, based on the critical issues involved with incineration, these plants should be in line

with the following policies:

� National and local work related safety regulations should be followed at all the treatment

and resource recovery plants (incinerators)

� Accordingly, design of various facilities and installations should be in line with national

and local safety regulations

� Environmental safety regulations should be catered at all the treatment and resource

recovery plants (incinerators)

� Second level contamination should not be permitted

� Incineration plants should not operate beyond their operational capacity

� A continuous pollution/emissions monitoring system should be in place

2.3.2.2 Technological measures

� All incineration activities should be coupled with waste to energy (WtE) for resource

recovery from waste

� All incineration plants should be designed on self-sustained combustion principles

� Modern equipment for air pollution control (APC system should be in place to keep

emissions levels within standards



2.4 Final Disposal

There is no any standard sanitary land fill in the city so building one standard sanitary land fill in

the short term target is planed, then the following policy and technological measures will be

followed on using the land fill.

2.4.1 Policies for landfills

Construction and operations of sanitary landfills for non-hazardous waste and controlled landfills

for hazardous waste will be in line with the following policy measures:

� Respective national and local work related safety regulations should be followed at all the

sanitary and controlled landfills. Accordingly, design of various facilities and

installations should be in line with national and local safety regulations

� Environmental safety regulations should be enforced and second level contamination

should not be permitted at all the sanitary and controlled landfills. Accordingly, pollutant

emissions, noise and odour should be within the limits set by the standards/regulations

� Sewage sludge, processed sewage sludge, etc should not be disposed at sanitary landfill,

except if specially permitted

� Chemical or petroleum spill clean-up materials should not be disposed at sanitary landfill

� Automobiles and E-waste should not be disposed of at sanitary landfill

2.4.2 Technological measures

� Sanitary landfill “cells” are covered completely (including working face) with a thin,

continuous and compacted layer of soil at the end of day

� The stability of slopes should be properly maintained/checked for protecting the safety of

landfill workers

� A proper leachate collection and treatment system, including reliable liners and effective

wastewater treatment system, should be in operation and continuous monitoring of soil

and nearby water sources should be done to check leakage of leachate

� Landfill gas should be recovered and converted into energy (gas or electricity) with

proper equipment to avoid second level contamination

� All the equipment for landfill operations should be appropriate type



2.5 Environmental Benefits of ISWM Plan

A separate manual could be developed to assess and quantify environmental benefits of

implementation of ISWM Plan in Bahir Dar. The major benefits will be gained in the following

areas:

1. Reduced amount of waste using 3R’s (reduce, reuse, and recycle)

2. Benefits in terms of reduction in local air pollution and GHG emissions

3. Increased level of material recovery (recycling) at transfer stations

4. Increased level of resource recovery such as compost

5. Increased level of energy recovery (gas/fuel/electricity) at treatment plants

6. Reduced level of waste disposal at landfill and landfill gas recovery

7. Gives an opportunity to create new jobs to the community and in-turn reduces

unemployment

FOTO ALBUMS

City Center

The Blue Nile Fall

Among the resort hotels

Bahir Dar town International Airport

Resort Hotel (Avanti Hotel) in bahir dar town

Sun set in Lake Tana

City Center

City Center

Documents

Bahir Dar Waste management - Resource Recovery · 2016-02-19 · Bahir Dar is the capital city of the Amhara National Regional State (one of the 9 national regional states of the