Unconventional Petrophysical Analysis in Unconventional Reservoirs

Putting the Puzzle Together in Gas Shales

Lee Utley

Intuitively, it is my belief that this magnitude of money could be better spent on other projects.

Executive with Mitchell Energy in his recommendation for attempting the first completion in the Barnett Shale discovery well (Slay #1) - 1982

Why are we spending all this money to find out how much gas is in the Barnett? If we really want to know what will happen in Johnson County, we just need to drill some damn wells!

Engineering executive with Mitchell Energy upon finding out the magnitude of our planned spending on coring and analysis to reevaluate the gas content of the Barnett - 1999

Introduction

Has this happened to you?

Somebody just dumped some stuff in your office

Large stack of logs

Several CDs/DVDs of digital data

Core reports

Several maps and cross-sections

You are told that your company wants to get into this Barnett Shale play everyone is talking about so you need to figure this out.

Problems

General Goals

Areal extentThicknessType of hydrocarbonPossible production mechanismsBarriers to economic production

Evaluate the resource

Specific Goals to Achieve Using Log Analysis

Gas Content Analysis of conventional formationsMaturityTotal Organic ContentPorosityWater saturationLithologyRock PropertiesFracture types

Why is this so hard to do?

Old logs with limited informationLittle or no core dataComplex lithologies cause problems with typical methodsTOC calculation is difficult at bestPorosity determination is complicated by presence of TOC

Useful Core Data

Geochemical analysis (Ro, TOC, etc)PorosityWater saturationGas content (including adsorption isotherm information)Mechanical properties

Gas Content

Gas Storage Sites

Sorption TOCPore spaceOpen natural fractures

Most gas is stored in the pore space and the TOC. Fracture storage is usually minimal and probably cant be quantified.

Calculation of Gas Content

For sorption, relate TOC to gas content usually through Langmuir parameters.

Dont forget about non-methane adsorption

For pore space, use conventional gas-in-place equations.

TOC and porosity are two of the biggest keys in looking at gas shales.

Conventional Analysis

Why look at conventional areas

Production pathwaysUnfavorable porosityStimulation barriersUphole bail-out zones

Maturity

Log Indicators of Maturity

ResistivityDensity Neutron Separation

Use averages of these values in very well defined geologically correlative areas to compare to core vitrinite reflectance data.

Use resistivity as a predictor

(OGJ Morel 1999)

Use Old Resistivity Logs Too

Use resistivity inversion modeling to get old ES logs and induction logs up to modern standards compare apples to apples

1940s

1980s

Modern

Density Neutron Separation

Gas Shale Well One

Gas Shale Well Two

Lower Vitrinite Reflectance

Higher Vitrinite Reflectance

117.psd118.psd119.psd126.psd127.psd128.psd129.psd131.psd

TOC

Four main methods

Use average TOC from published accounts and apply it to every wellDensity log regressionDelta log R

Passey, et al AAPG 1990

Neural Networks

Porosity

Standard Porosity Transform

Core matrix numbers exclude organic material.Normal log presentations show very high apparent porosities. These porosities are closer to the volume of pore space and organic material combined.

Basic Porosity Equation

Rock contribution

Fluid contribution

Porosity Equation with TOC

Rock contribution

Fluid contribution

TOC contribution

Solved for Porosity

Water Saturation

What are the correct parameters?

n

t

m

w

w

R

a

S

f

=

R

?

Pickett Plot

Calculate Water Saturation

Lithology

Two most common methods

Probabilistic methodologyIntegrated neural network solution

Neural Network Solution

Rock Properties

Standard Rock Mechanic Equations

Use Lithology to Correlate with Rock Properties

Neural Network of Youngs Modulus in Two Permian Basin wells using a Fort Worth Basin Model

Neural Network Computed Youngs Modulus

Rock Properties Computed Youngs Modulus

Fractures

Imaging Logs

Fracture SizeDirection(s)ComplexityOpen/ClosedInduced fracture direction (stress field)

Barnett Shale Case Study

Core Data Acquired

Conventional and pressure cores Extensive data suite

Porosity

Water Saturation

TOC

XRD

Canister desorption

Adsorption isotherms

Capillary pressures

CEC

Integrate Core Data

Printable Weight %Depth,QuartzPlagioclaseCalciteDolomiteApatite/PyriteIllite/KaoliniteChloriteIllite/Total OrganicTotal BulkTotalTotalfeetSideriteMicaSmectiteCarbonMineralsClaysWeight767338.41.011.86.90.00.08.13.50.026.93.4958.138.4100.0768140.04.015.04.01.01.06.74.81.918.62.9565.032.0100.0768835.02.022.04.01.01.07.02.60.022.42.9265.132.0100.0769622.12.046.24.02.02.00.00.00.021.10.4778.421.1100.0770812.91.043.722.80.00.03.63.60.010.71.7680.417.9100.0771512.02.061.817.91.01.00.00.00.04.00.3595.74.0100.0772424.12.035.15.00.00.02.22.21.626.01.7766.232.1100.0773310.11.074.611.10.00.03.00.00.00.00.1896.83.0100.0774030.50.026.49.10.00.01.03.74.424.50.4566.033.5100.0775417.01.024.015.00.00.04.22.14.231.51.1156.942.0100.0800232.53.011.83.91.01.03.10.02.239.02.4053.244.4100.0801135.22.018.613.72.02.02.40.00.521.52.3473.224.4100.0803215.11.015.143.21.01.012.50.00.010.60.5276.423.1100.0803836.34.98.84.91.01.04.40.00.035.82.9856.840.2100.0804749.02.94.92.01.01.019.00.01.814.54.0260.735.3100.0805450.61.99.71.91.01.013.70.02.912.54.6966.129.2100.0805853.72.94.92.91.01.014.60.00.014.64.3366.429.3100.0818435.47.93.93.91.01.016.50.02.123.74.6953.142.3100.0818837.73.97.71.91.91.922.20.01.216.25.2755.139.6100.0819039.40.02.96.71.01.027.00.01.713.56.8650.942.2100.0819445.53.86.60.90.90.95.30.03.226.66.2358.735.0100.0819844.76.81.01.91.01.018.20.00.020.64.8756.338.8100.0AveragesUpper Barnett24.21.636.110.00.50.53.62.21.218.61.572.925.6100.0Low Resistivity Barnett Shale29.82.713.616.41.21.25.60.00.726.72.164.933.0100.0'Normal' Barnett Shale44.53.85.22.81.11.117.10.01.617.85.158.436.5100.0Total32.62.620.88.50.80.88.91.01.319.82.966.230.9100.0Bulk & Clay Analysis is from Core Labs (Malcolm Jones)TOC is from Humble GeochemBulk & Clay Minerals were normalized by weight keeping TOC constant.Depth's are shifted based on core gammas performed by Omni. Core 1 was moved 6' up. Core's 2 & 3 were moved up 3'. Pressure Cores 1 & 2 were moved 21' down.&C&"Arial,Bold"&16Kathy Keele #3&12Normalized Weight % Core Analysis&R&D&FPrintable VolumesDepth,QuartzPlagioclaseCalciteDolomiteApatite/PyriteIllite/KaoliniteChloriteIllite/Total OrganicCrushed'Apparent'WaterBulk VolumeTotal BulkTotalfeetSideriteMicaSmectiteCarbonPorosityXRD PorositySaturationWaterMineralsClays767334.50.910.45.70.00.07.43.10.024.26.17.74.454.24.251.534.7768136.73.813.53.40.60.56.34.51.517.15.27.04.946.33.258.529.3768831.81.919.53.40.60.56.52.40.020.45.18.06.049.74.057.629.3769622.62.146.13.81.41.10.00.00.021.60.90.40.675.70.377.121.6770812.51.041.520.50.00.03.53.50.010.53.23.83.636.81.475.517.5771512.22.161.416.80.70.50.00.00.04.10.71.62.131.80.593.74.1772422.92.032.74.40.00.02.22.21.324.93.24.31.956.22.462.030.5773310.21.073.910.40.00.03.10.00.00.00.31.00.467.20.795.53.1774030.10.025.58.30.00.01.03.73.624.30.92.60.389.02.364.032.6775416.41.022.613.30.00.04.12.13.430.52.14.61.975.03.553.340.0800230.72.910.93.40.60.53.00.01.737.04.44.81.269.93.449.141.7801133.71.917.412.11.31.02.40.00.420.74.34.82.773.93.567.423.5803215.41.115.140.80.70.513.00.00.010.91.01.40.178.91.173.723.9803835.14.98.44.40.60.54.40.00.034.85.41.51.1100.01.553.939.2804743.82.74.31.60.60.517.30.01.313.07.08.04.323.21.953.431.6805446.31.88.71.60.60.512.80.02.211.58.05.96.133.62.059.526.5805847.92.74.32.40.60.513.30.00.013.17.37.97.021.31.758.326.4818432.57.43.53.30.60.515.40.01.621.88.25.03.535.81.847.938.9818834.63.66.91.61.20.920.70.00.915.09.15.45.527.41.548.936.6819035.60.02.55.60.60.524.90.01.312.311.94.93.429.51.444.838.4819441.03.55.80.80.60.54.80.02.424.110.66.06.017.01.052.231.3819840.56.30.91.60.60.516.80.00.018.78.55.74.024.91.450.335.5AveragesUpper Barnett23.01.634.79.00.30.33.42.11.017.72.84.12.658.22.268.924.3Low Resistivity Barnett28.82.712.915.20.80.65.70.00.525.93.83.11.380.72.461.032.1'Normal' Barnett40.33.54.62.30.70.515.80.01.216.28.86.15.026.61.651.933.2Total30.32.519.87.70.50.48.31.01.018.75.24.73.250.82.061.328.9Grain Density for Mineral2.652.592.712.873.945.012.612.613.192.641.41Bulk & Clay Analysis is from Core Labs (Malcolm Jones), Porosity and Sw is from Core Labs (John Kieschnick), & TOC is from Humble Geochem.Bulk, Clay & TOC were normalized by weight and converted to volume %. Difference between 'apparent' XRD porosity and core porosity was minimized by adjustingmineral grain densities (subject to constraints). Core porosity & TOC were then kept constant and the volumes were normalized to 100% total volume.Depth's are shifted based on core gammas performed by Omni. Core 1 was moved 6' up. Core's 2 & 3 were moved up 3'. Pressure Cores 1 & 2 were moved 21' down.&C&"Arial,Bold"&16Kathy Keele #3&12Normalized Volumetric Core Analysis&R&D&FXRD Core ResultsDepthVQTZCVPLGCVCALCVDOLCVAPSCVPYRCVILMCVKAOCVCHLCVILSCVTOCCPHICSWCBVWCTOCCN7673.00.344660.009040.103700.057120.000060.000050.073630.031490.000000.242170.061080.077000.542000.041733.490007681.00.367380.037590.134720.033920.006180.004860.062780.044760.014650.171110.052050.070000.463000.032412.950007688.00.317850.018580.195370.033540.006110.004800.065040.023610.000000.204200.050900.080000.497000.039762.920007696.00.225710.020990.461490.037890.013800.010850.000000.000000.000000.216270.008990.004000.757000.003030.470007708.00.125320.009860.414760.204720.000060.000050.035300.035240.000000.104500.032180.038000.368000.013981.760007715.00.121520.020720.613970.168310.006810.005360.000000.000000.000000.040660.006650.016000.318000.005090.350007724.00.229250.019550.326920.044100.000000.000000.021770.021720.012700.248520.032480.043000.562000.024171.770007733.00.102140.010450.739070.103740.000000.000000.031170.000000.000000.000000.003440.010000.672000.006720.180007740.00.301130.000100.255200.083410.000000.000000.010110.037000.035770.242730.008550.026000.890000.023140.450007754.00.163820.009860.226150.133460.000000.000000.041170.020550.033620.304690.020690.046000.750000.034501.110008002.00.307180.028570.109230.034380.006260.004920.029830.000000.017400.370010.044220.048000.699000.033552.400008011.00.337330.019170.174090.121130.012600.009910.023830.000000.003890.206930.043110.048000.739000.035472.340008032.00.154330.010530.150910.408490.006920.005440.129990.000000.000000.109260.010130.014000.789000.011050.520008038.00.351490.048600.083610.043860.006390.005020.043580.000000.000000.347960.054480.015001.000000.015002.980008047.00.437540.026860.042780.016160.005890.004630.173050.000000.013080.129650.070360.080000.232000.018564.020008054.00.462970.018220.087060.016440.005990.004710.127700.000000.022190.115290.080430.059000.336000.019824.690008058.00.479420.026760.042620.024150.005860.004610.133010.000000.000000.131250.073330.079000.213000.016834.330008184.00.325310.073970.035350.033380.006080.004780.154160.000000.016140.218420.082420.050000.358000.017904.690008188.00.345950.036300.069390.016380.011930.009380.207180.000000.009060.149680.090750.054000.274000.014805.270008190.00.356060.000090.025480.056130.005840.004590.248770.000000.012700.122740.118610.049000.295000.014466.860008194.00.409980.034960.058470.007890.005740.004520.048220.000000.023630.241090.105510.060000.170000.010206.230008198.00.404630.063000.008600.016240.005920.004650.168220.000000.000000.187190.084550.057000.249000.014194.87000Raw DataWhole Rock CompositionRelative Clay Abundance(weight %)(Normalized to 100%)Depth,QuartzK feldsparPlagioclaseCalciteDolomiteApatite/PyriteTotalIllite/KaoliniteChloriteSmectiteIllite/TOCClaysWRfeetSideriteClaysMicaSmectite7679.03901127003921900703.491001027687.040041541132211560582.951001007694.03502224113222800702.921001007702.02202464222100001000.47100997714.0130144230018202000601.761001017721.01202621811400001000.351001007727.0240235500327750811.771001007736.01001741100310000000.18100997743.030002690033311130730.45100987757.0170124150042105100751.111001008005.0330312411457050882.401001018014.036021914222510020882.341001028035.015011543112354000460.521001008041.0370595114111000892.981001028050.0500352113654050414.021001028057.052021021130470100434.691001038061-61.6550353113050000504.331001028163.0360844114339050564.691001028167.0390482224156030415.271001038169.0410037114464040326.861001048173.0480471113715090766.231001058177.0460712114047000534.87100103Raw Data - NormalizedWhole Rock CompositionRelative Clay Abundance(weight %)(Normalized to 100%)Depth,QuartzK feldsparPlagioclaseCalciteDolomiteApatite/PyriteTotalIllite/KaoliniteChloriteSmectiteIllite/TOCClaysWRfeetSideriteClaysMicaSmectite7679.038%0%1%12%7%0%0%38%8.1%3%0%0%27%3.4938%100.00%7687.040%0%4%15%4%1%1%32%7%5%2%0%19%2.9532%100.00%7694.035%0%2%22%4%1%1%32%7%3%0%0%22%2.9232%100.00%7702.022%0%2%46%4%2%2%21%0%0%0%0%21%0.4721%100.00%7714.013%0%1%44%23%0%0%18%4%4%0%0%11%1.7618%100.00%7721.012%0%2%62%18%1%1%4%0%0%0%0%4%0.354%100.00%7727.024%0%2%35%5%0%0%32%2%2%2%0%26%1.7732%100.00%7736.010%0%1%75%11%0%0%3%3%0%0%0%0%0.183%100.00%7743.030%0%0%26%9%0%0%34%1%4%4%0%24%0.4534%100.00%7757.017%0%1%24%15%0%0%42%4%2%4%0%31%1.1142%100.00%8005.033%0%3%12%4%1%1%44%3%0%2%0%39%2.4044%100.00%8014.035%0%2%19%14%2%2%24%2%0%0%0%21%2.3424%100.00%8035.015%0%1%15%43%1%1%23%12%0%0%0%11%0.5223%100.00%8041.036%0%5%9%5%1%1%40%4%0%0%0%36%2.9840%100.00%8050.049%0%3%5%2%1%1%35%19%0%2%0%14%4.0235%100.00%8057.051%0%2%10%2%1%1%29%14%0%3%0%13%4.6929%100.00%8061.054%0%3%5%3%1%1%29%15%0%0%0%15%4.3329%100.00%8163.035%0%8%4%4%1%1%42%16%0%2%0%24%4.6942%100.00%8167.038%0%4%8%2%2%2%40%22%0%1%0%16%5.2740%100.00%8169.039%0%0%3%7%1%1%42%27%0%2%0%14%6.8642%100.00%8173.045%0%4%7%1%1%1%35%5%0%3%0%27%6.2335%100.00%8177.045%0%7%1%2%1%1%39%18%0%0%0%21%4.8739%100.00%Raw VolumesRhoGR2.652.592.712.873.945.012.60507320482.613.1922.641.4112159058Weight FractionApatite/Illite/KaoliniteChloriteSmectiteIllite/Volume FractionApatite/Illite/KaoliniteChloriteSmectiteIllite/DepthQuartzPlagioclaseCalciteDolomiteSideritePyriteMicaSmectiteTOCTotalRhoBCQuartzPlagioclaseCalciteDolomiteSideritePyriteMicaSmectiteTOCLeftover PhiCore PhiTotal767438%1%12%7%0%0%8%3%0%0%27%3%100%2.470.360.010.110.060.000.000.080.030.000.000.250.0695.6%4.4%7.7%103.3%768340%4%15%4%1%1%7%5%2%0%19%3%100%2.490.380.040.140.030.010.000.060.050.010.000.180.0595.1%4.9%7.0%102.1%769035%2%22%4%1%1%7%3%0%0%22%3%100%2.460.330.020.200.030.010.000.070.020.000.000.210.0594.0%6.0%8.0%102.0%769822%2%46%4%2%2%0%0%0%0%21%0%100%2.70.230.020.460.040.010.010.000.000.000.000.220.0199.4%0.6%0.4%99.8%771013%1%44%23%0%0%4%4%0%0%11%2%100%2.580.130.010.420.210.000.000.040.040.000.000.100.0396.4%3.6%3.8%100.2%771712%2%62%18%1%1%0%0%0%0%4%0%100%2.680.120.020.610.170.010.010.000.000.000.000.040.0197.9%2.1%1.6%99.5%772324%2%35%5%0%0%2%2%2%0%26%2%100%2.590.240.020.340.050.000.000.020.020.010.000.250.0398.1%1.9%4.3%102.4%773210%1%75%11%0%0%3%0%0%0%0%0%100%2.70.100.010.740.100.000.000.030.000.000.000.000.0099.6%0.4%1.0%100.6%773930%0%26%9%0%0%1%4%4%0%24%0%100%2.680.310.000.260.090.000.000.010.040.040.000.250.0199.7%0.3%2.6%102.3%775317%1%24%15%0%0%4%2%4%0%31%1%100%2.630.170.010.230.140.000.000.040.020.030.000.310.0298.1%1.9%4.6%102.7%800333%3%12%4%1%1%3%0%2%0%39%2%100%2.60.320.030.110.040.010.010.030.000.020.000.380.0498.8%1.2%4.8%103.6%801235%2%19%14%2%2%2%0%0%0%21%2%100%2.60.340.020.180.120.010.010.020.000.000.000.210.0497.3%2.7%4.8%102.1%803315%1%15%43%1%1%12%0%0%0%11%1%100%2.750.160.010.150.410.010.010.130.000.000.000.110.0199.9%0.1%1.4%101.3%803936%5%9%5%1%1%4%0%0%0%36%3%100%2.580.350.050.080.040.010.010.040.000.000.000.350.0598.9%1.1%1.5%100.4%804849%3%5%2%1%1%19%0%2%0%14%4%100%2.470.460.030.040.020.010.000.180.000.010.000.140.0795.7%4.3%8.0%103.7%805551%2%10%2%1%1%14%0%3%0%13%5%100%2.420.460.020.090.020.010.000.130.000.020.000.120.0893.9%6.1%5.9%99.8%805954%3%5%3%1%1%15%0%0%0%15%4%100%2.390.480.030.040.020.010.000.130.000.000.000.130.0793.0%7.0%7.9%100.9%816335%8%4%4%1%1%16%0%2%0%24%5%100%2.480.330.080.040.030.010.000.160.000.020.000.220.0896.5%3.5%5.0%101.5%816738%4%8%2%2%2%22%0%1%0%16%5%100%2.430.350.040.070.020.010.010.210.000.010.000.150.0994.5%5.5%5.4%99.9%816939%0%3%7%1%1%27%0%2%0%14%7%100%2.440.360.000.030.060.010.000.250.000.010.000.120.1296.6%3.4%4.9%101.5%817345%4%7%1%1%1%5%0%3%0%27%6%100%2.390.410.030.060.010.010.000.050.000.020.000.240.1194.0%6.0%6.0%100.0%817745%7%1%2%1%1%18%0%0%0%21%5%100%2.450.410.060.010.020.010.000.170.000.000.000.190.0896.0%4.0%5.7%101.7%3.2%4.7%1.4%0.7161496535Raw Volumes - NormalizedIllite/KaoliniteChloriteSmectiteIllite/DepthQuartzPlagioclaseCalciteDolomiteSideritePyriteMicaSmectiteTOCCore PhiTotal76740.340.010.100.060.000.000.070.030.000.000.240.060.077100.00%76830.370.040.130.030.010.000.060.040.010.000.170.050.070100.00%76900.320.020.200.030.010.000.070.020.000.000.200.050.080100.00%76980.230.020.460.040.010.010.000.000.000.000.220.010.004100.00%77100.130.010.410.200.000.000.040.040.000.000.100.030.038100.00%77170.120.020.610.170.010.010.000.000.000.000.040.010.016100.00%77230.230.020.330.040.000.000.020.020.010.000.250.030.043100.00%77320.100.010.740.100.000.000.030.000.000.000.000.000.010100.00%77390.300.000.260.080.000.000.010.040.040.000.240.010.026100.00%77530.160.010.230.130.000.000.040.020.030.000.300.020.046100.00%80030.310.030.110.030.010.000.030.000.020.000.370.040.048100.00%80120.340.020.170.120.010.010.020.000.000.000.210.040.048100.00%80330.150.010.150.410.010.010.130.000.000.000.110.010.014100.00%80390.350.050.080.040.010.010.040.000.000.000.350.050.015100.00%80480.440.030.040.020.010.000.170.000.010.000.130.070.080100.00%80550.460.020.090.020.010.000.130.000.020.000.120.080.059100.00%80590.480.030.040.020.010.000.130.000.000.000.130.070.079100.00%81630.330.070.040.030.010.000.150.000.020.000.220.080.050100.00%81670.350.040.070.020.010.010.210.000.010.000.150.090.054100.00%81690.360.000.030.060.010.000.250.000.010.000.120.120.049100.00%81730.410.030.060.010.010.000.050.000.020.000.240.110.060100.00%81770.400.060.010.020.010.000.170.000.000.000.190.080.057100.00%Chart10.04385409630.049298860.05998485990.00556990720.03613867870.02073833930.01932503060.00424617420.00345727850.01914205460.01249229830.02748508710.00079485610.01095758760.0433086060.06112088070.07047280640.03474302080.05463255550.03405569320.05988686850.0396032791PorosityXRD PhiCrush Phi0.0770.070.080.0040.0380.0160.0430.010.0260.0460.0480.0480.0140.0150.080.0590.0790.050.0540.0490.060.057Printable Volumes (2)Depth,QuartzPlagioclaseCalciteDolomiteApatitePyriteIllite/KaoliniteChloriteIllite/TotalTotal OrganicPorosity'Apparent'WaterBulk VolumeTotal BulkTotalBulk VolumefeetMicaSmectiteClaysCarbonXRD PorositySaturationWaterMineralsClaysHydrocarbon76733411060073024356845445135476813741331064117295754635829476883222031072020295865045829476962324641100022221017607722077081314120004401018344371751827715122611711000441223219441772423233400221253034256262302773310174100030003010671963077403002680014424331308926433077541612313004233040252753534018002313113103023742451703494218011342171211200212345374467231803215115411113001124110791742408038355841140035395211002543908047443421017011332784232533268054462921013021227866342602748058483421013001326787212582668184337431015022239853362483938188354721121011537955271493748190360361025011238125330145383819441361105022431116617152315819840612101700193686425150364AveragesUpper Barnett23.01.634.79.00.30.33.42.11.017.72.84.12.658.22.268.924.3Low Resistivity Barnett28.82.712.915.20.80.65.70.00.525.93.83.11.380.72.461.032.1'Normal' Barnett40.33.54.62.30.70.515.80.01.216.28.86.15.026.61.651.933.2Total30.32.519.87.70.50.48.31.01.018.75.24.73.250.82.061.328.9Grain Density for Mineral2.652.592.712.873.945.012.612.613.192.641.41Bulk & Clay Analysis is from Core Labs (Malcolm Jones), Porosity and Sw is from Core Labs (John Kieschnick), & TOC is from Humble Geochem.Bulk, Clay & TOC were normalized by weight and converted to volume %. Difference between 'apparent' XRD porosity and core porosity was minimized by adjustingmineral grain densities (subject to constraints). Core porosity & TOC were then kept constant and the volumes were normalized to 100% total volume.Depth's are shifted based on core gammas performed by Omni. Core 1 was moved 6' up. Core's 2 & 3 were moved up 3'. Pressure Cores 1 & 2 were moved 21' down.&C&"Arial,Bold"&16Kathy Keele #3&12Normalized Volumetric Core Analysis&R&D&F

Train a Volumetric Neural Network

Apply integrated solution to all wells

Fort Worth Model Applied to Permian Basin Well

132.psd

Comparison

133.psd

Conclusions

Gas shales can be effectively analyzed

Maturity, TOC, and porosity are some of the keys to gas shale analysis and can be determined from logs.Even without extensive core data, gas shales can still be analyzed, at least in a relative sense. Other gas shales can be evaluated from log data and core data using these techniques. An integrated study is required for full evaluation.

Unconventional Petrophysical Analysis in Unconventional Reservoirs

Putting the Puzzle Together in Gas Shales

Lee Utley

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QuartzPlagioclaseCalciteDolomiteApatitePyriteTotalTotal OrganicPorosityWaterBulk VolumeBulk Volume

ClaysCarbonSaturationWaterHydrocarbon

3411060035685444

3741331029574634

3222031029585044

2324641122107600

13141200018343712

1226117114123211

2323340030345622

1017410003016710

3002680033138920

16123130040257531

3131131042457031

34217121123457441

15115411124117910

3558411395210020