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Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building for CDM 24-26 March 2004 Siem Reap, Cambodia

Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

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Page 1: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects

by

Dr. Govinda R. TimilsinaEnergy & Climate Change Specialist

Regional Workshop on Capacity Building for CDM

24-26 March 2004Siem Reap, Cambodia

Page 2: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

• Introduction

• New Baseline Methodologies (Submitted and Approved)

• Steps to adopt and develop baseline methodologies

• Examples of Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects

• Models for Baseline Emission Estimation

Presentation Outline

Page 3: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

• What is a baseline?

The Paragraph 5c of the Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol states that emission reductions from a CDM project should be additional to any that would occur in the absence of such activities.

The best guess as to what would have happened in the absence of a CDM project activity is referred to as baseline for the project.

The Marrakech Accord defines the baseline as the scenario that reasonably represents the anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases that would occur in the absence of the proposed project activity.

INTRODUCTION

Page 4: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

The paragraph 48 of the modalities and procedures for the clean The paragraph 48 of the modalities and procedures for the clean development mechanism suggests development mechanism suggests the following the following three three approaches for choosing a baseline methodology for a CDM approaches for choosing a baseline methodology for a CDM project activityproject activity::

• Existing actual or historical emissions, as applicable;

• Emissions from a technology that represents an economically attractive course of action, taking into account barriers to investment;

• The average emissions of similar project activities undertaken in the previous five years, in similar social, economic, environmental and technological circumstances, and whose performance is among the top 20 per cent of their category.

INTRODUCTION (Cont..)

Page 5: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

Since January 2003 to February 2004, a total 45 new baseline methodologies have been submitted to the CDM EB.

Of which nine are approved, nine are not approved and the rest 27 are under various stages of review process.

Types of Projects for New Baseline Methodologies Submitted:Biomass Fired Co-generationLandfill Gas CaptureWind Power HydropowerBiomass Fired Power generationFuel SwitchingEnergy EfficiencyWaste to EnergyTechnology Upgrading in Cement Industry HFC Control

NEW BASELINE METHODOLOGIES

Page 6: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

APPROVED BASELINE METHODOLOGIESLandfill Gas Capture

- Vale do Rosario Bagasse Cogeneration (VRBC) Project, Brazil

- Salvador Da Bahia Landfill Gas Project, Brazil - Nova Gerar landfill gas to energy project, Brazil - CERUPT Methodology for Landfill Gas Recovery Brazil- Durban landfill-gas-to-electricity project, South Africa

Biomass Power- Grid-connected Biomass Power Generation, Thailand

Hydropower - Mexico- El Gallo hydro power project, Mexico

HFC Control- HFC incineration in HCFC production Facilities, Republic of

KoreaFuel Switching

- Graneros plant coal to gas fuel switching project, Chile

Page 7: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

BASELINE METHODOLOGY OPTIONS

CDM Project developers have the following two options:

• Select a baseline methodology from the list of existing baseline methodologies maintained by the UNFCCC Secretariat

• Propose a new baseline methodology

Page 8: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

STEPS TO ADOPT EXISTING BASELINE METHODOLOGY

Justification of the choice of the methodology

Description of how the methodology is applied in the context of the project activity

Demonstration of emission reductions below that would occur in the absence of the CDM project

Defining system boundary

Assessment of the additionality

Page 9: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

STEPS TO DEVELOP NEW BASELINE METHODOLOGY

- Title of the proposed methodology

- Description of the methodology and its applicability

- Key parameters/assumptions and data sources

- Definition of the system boundary

- Assessment of uncertainties

- Calculation of baseline emissions and the determination of project

additionality

- Address any potential leakage of the project activity

- Transparency and conservatism

- Assessment of strengths and weaknesses of the baseline methodology

- National and Sectoral Policies

Page 10: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

EXAMPLES OF BASELINE METHODOLOGY AM0004: Grid-connected Biomass Power Generation that avoids Uncontrolled Burning of Biomass, Thailand

• This methodology is based on the A.T. Biopower Rice Husk Power Project in Pichit, Thailand whose Baseline study, Monitoring and Verification Plan and Project Design Document were prepared by Mitsubishi Securities.

• It follows Approach “B” stated in Paragraph 48 of the CDM M&P--emissions from a technology that represents an economically attractive course of action, taking into account barriers to investment--.

Page 11: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

EXAMPLES OF BASELINE METHODOLOGY AM0004: Grid-connected Biomass Power Generation that avoids Uncontrolled Burning of Biomass, Thailand

(Cont…)

• This methodology is applicable to biomass-fired power generation project displacing grid electricity in the following conditions:

– Use of biomass that would otherwise be dumped or burned in an uncontrolled manner

– Have an access to an abundant supply of biomass that is unutilized and is too dispersed to be used for grid electricity generation under business as usual (BAU)

– Have a negligible impact on plans for construction of new power plants

– Not be connected to a grid with suppressed demand

– Have a negligible impact on the average grid emissions factor

– Where the grid average carbon emission factor (CEF) is lower (and therefore more conservative) than the CEF of the most likely operating margin candidate

Page 12: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

EXAMPLES OF BASELINE METHODOLOGY AM0004: Grid-connected Biomass Power Generation that avoids Uncontrolled Burning of Biomass, Thailand

(Cont…)

Emissions Accounted for:

• Direct on site emissions:– Emissions within the physical boundary of the project in the baseline

that would be affected by the CDM project activities

– Emissions within the physical boundary of the actual CDM project activities

• Direct off site emissions:– Emissions outside the physical boundary of the CDM project but within

its system boundary in the baseline that would be affected by the CDM project activities

– Emissions beyond the physical boundary of the actual CDM project but within its system boundary

• Leakage:– Increase in emissions outside the system boundary due to the CDM

project activities

Page 13: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

EXAMPLES OF BASELINE METHODOLOGY AM0004: Grid-connected Biomass Power Generation that avoids Uncontrolled Burning of Biomass, Thailand

(Cont…)

Direct On Site Emissions Direct Off Site Emissions Baseline

CO2 from grid electricity generation and CH4 emissions from Open air burning of surplus rice husk N2O emissions from grid as well as from open air burning of surplus rice husk are not accounted for purpose of simplification and in favor of conservative baseline.

CO2 emissions from transportation of rice husk in the disposal site not accounted for purpose of simplification and in favor of conservative baseline.

Project CH4 emissions from rice husk-fuelled electricity generation N2O emissions from rice husk-fuelled electricity generation are not accounted CO2, CH4 and N2O from Transportation of rice husk in the project site CO2, CH4 and N2O from Start-up/auxiliary fuel

CO2, CH4 and N2O from transportation of rice husk from rice mill to project site

Page 14: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

EXAMPLES OF BASELINE METHODOLOGY AM0004: Grid-connected Biomass Power Generation that avoids Uncontrolled Burning of Biomass, Thailand

(Cont…)

Determination of Baseline

• The baseline assumes continued open air burning of the biomass used by the project activity and generation of electricity supplied by the project activity by other facilities.

• Since open air burning results in lower GHG emissions than decay of biomass, it is assumed for the baseline confirming that the baseline is conservative one.

• The baseline emissions (BLGHGy ) are then calculated as: 

BLGHGy = BBCH4y + EGCO2y 

BBCH4y = CH4 emissions during the year due to open air burning of the biomass used for electricity generationEGCO2y = CO2 emissions during the year due to generation of the electricity by other sources.

Page 15: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

EXAMPLES OF BASELINE METHODOLOGY AM0004: Grid-connected Biomass Power Generation that avoids Uncontrolled Burning of Biomass, Thailand

(Cont…)

Determination of Baseline (Continue)

BBCH4y = BFy * BCF * CH4F * CH4C * GWPCH4 

BFy = biomass used as fuel during the year (metric tonnes)

BCF = carbon fraction of the biomass fuel (tonnes of carbon/tonne of biomass)

CH4F = fraction of the carbon released as CH4 in open air burning

CH4C = mass conversion factor of CH4 (16/12)

 

EGCO2y = EGy * CEFy 

EGy = electricity supplied to the grid by the project during the year (MWh)

CEFy = CO2 emission factor for the electricity grid during the year (tCO2e/MWh)

Page 16: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

EXAMPLES OF BASELINE METHODOLOGY AM0004: Grid-connected Biomass Power Generation that avoids Uncontrolled Burning of Biomass, Thailand

(Cont…)

Determination of Baseline (Continue)

• The CEFy is the lower of the grid average CO2 emission factor or the operating margin CO2 emission factor calculated ex post for the year

• If the project is located in a country/region with suppressed demand, the project participants may use a CO2 emission factor based on the “build margin”

• For simplification and favoring conservative baselines, N2O emissions from open air burning of surplus biomass is excluded.

Page 17: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

EXAMPLES OF BASELINE METHODOLOGY AM0004: Grid-connected Biomass Power Generation that avoids Uncontrolled Burning of Biomass, Thailand

(Cont…)

Estimation of Emission Reductions 

• The project reduces CH4 emissions due to the decay or burning of the biomass as well as CO2 emissions due to generation of the electricity by other sources.

• The project activity generates CH4 emissions due to combustion of the biomass as well as CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions due to transportation of the biomass to the generation facility and on-site.

• The emission reduction by the project (ERy) during a given year is:  ERy = BLGHGy - BBEGCH4y - BTGHGy - OTGHGy - FFGHGy 

BLGHGy = Baseline GHG emissions during the year

BBEGCH4y = CH4 emissions from biomass combustion for electricity generation BTGHGy = CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from biomass transport to project site OTGHGy = CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from on-site biomass transportation FFGHGy = CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from auxiliary fuel consumption

Page 18: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

EXAMPLES OF BASELINE METHODOLOGY AM0004: Grid-connected Biomass Power Generation that avoids Uncontrolled Burning of Biomass, Thailand

(Cont…)

Estimation of Emission Reductions (Continue)

CH4 emissions from biomass combustion for electricity generation (BBEGCH4y)

BBEGCH4y = BFy * BFHV * EFCH4 * GWPCH4

 

BFy = biomass used as fuel (metric tonnes)

BFHV = heat value of the biomass fuel used (TJ/tonne)

EFCH4 = CH4 emission factor for the biomass fuel (tonnes CH4/ TJ)

GWPCH4 = Approved Global Warming Potential value for CH4 (21)

 

Page 19: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

EXAMPLES OF BASELINE METHODOLOGY AM0004: Grid-connected Biomass Power Generation that avoids Uncontrolled Burning of Biomass, Thailand

(Cont…)

Estimation of Emission Reductions (Continue)

CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from biomass transport to project site (BTGHGy)

BTGHGy = BFy/TC * AVDy * [VEFCO2 + VEFCH4 * GWPCH4 + VEFN2O * GWPN2O]

 

BFy = biomass used as fuel (metric tonnes)

TC = truck capacity (tonnes of biomass)

AVDy = average return trip distance between the biomass fuel supply sites and the electricity generating plant site (km)

VEFCO2 = CO2 emission factor for the trucks (tCO2/km)

VEFCH4 = CH4 emission factor for the trucks (tCH4/km)

VEFN2O = N2O emission factor for the trucks (tN2O/km)

GWPN2O = approved Global Warming Potential value for N2O (310)

Page 20: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

EXAMPLES OF BASELINE METHODOLOGY AM0004: Grid-connected Biomass Power Generation that avoids Uncontrolled Burning of Biomass, Thailand

(Cont…)

Estimation of Emission Reductions (Continue)

CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from on-site biomass transportation (OTGHGy)

OTGHGy = OFy * [VEFCO2 + VEFCH4 * GWPCH4 + VEFN2O * GWPN2O]

 

OFy = transportation fuel used on-site (kg)

VEFCO2 = CO2 emission factor for the transportation fuel (gCO2/kg)

VEFCH4 = CH4 emission factor for the transportation fuel (gCH4/kg)

VEFN2O = N2O emission factor for the transportation fuel (gN2O/kg)

  FF_GHGy = FFy * [GEF_CO2 + GEF_CH4 * GWP_CH4 + GEF_N2O * GWP_N2O]

 

Page 21: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

EXAMPLES OF BASELINE METHODOLOGY AM0004: Grid-connected Biomass Power Generation that avoids Uncontrolled Burning of Biomass, Thailand

(Cont…)

Estimation of Emission Reductions (Continue)

CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from auxiliary fuel consumption (FFGHGy)

  FFGHGy = FFy * [GEFCO2 + GEFCH4 * GWPCH4 + GEFN2O * GWPN2O]

 FFy = fossil fuel used by the electricity generating unit as start-up and auxiliary fuel (TJ)

GEFCO2 = CO2 emission factor for the generating unit (tCO2/TJ)

GEFCH4 = CH4 emission factor for the generating unit (tCH4/TJ)

GEFN2O = N2O emission factor for the generating unit (tN2O/TJ)

N2O emission from grid electricity generation is excluded for simplification and to favor the conservative baseline

Page 22: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

EXAMPLES OF BASELINE METHODOLOGY AM0004: Grid-connected Biomass Power Generation that avoids Uncontrolled Burning of Biomass, Thailand

(Cont…)

Additionality Testing

Barrier Analysis: The project could not be materialized in the absence of CDM due to the presence of following barriers:

Investment barriers

Technological barriers

Barriers due to prevailing practice

Other barriers

Page 23: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

EXAMPLES OF BASELINE METHODOLOGY AM0004: Grid-connected Biomass Power Generation that avoids Uncontrolled Burning of Biomass, Thailand

(Cont…)

Additionality Testing (Continue)

Investment barriers

– Return on equity is too low as compared to conventional projects

– Real and/or perceived risk associated with the unfamiliar technology or process is too high to attract investment

– Funding is not available for innovative projects

Technological barriers

– The project represents one of the first applications of the technology in the country, leading to technological concerns even when the technology is proven in other countries

– Skilled and/or properly trained labor to operate and maintain the technology is not available

Page 24: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

EXAMPLES OF BASELINE METHODOLOGY AM0004: Grid-connected Biomass Power Generation that avoids Uncontrolled Burning of Biomass, Thailand

(Cont…)

Additionality Testing (Continue)

Barriers due to prevailing practice– There is a lack of will to change the current biomass disposal

practice with or without regulations

– Developers lack familiarity with state-of-the-art technologies and are reluctant to use them

Other barriers– Management lacks experience using state-of-the-art

technologies, so such projects require too much management time and receive low priority by management

– The local community may fail to see the environmental benefits of biomass power generation and so may oppose the project

Page 25: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

MODELS FOR BASELINE EMISSION ESTIMATIONS

• A large number of commercially available energy models (e.g., MARKAL, ENPEP LEAP) are now adopted to estimate GHG emissions resulted from energy supply and demand activities.

• These models could be applicable in estimating baseline emissions in various types of CDM projects (e.g., . ENPEP for power sector projects; LEAP for demand side or energy efficiency improvements projects; MARKAL for supply side projects)

• These models are, however, more appropriate in setting baselines at the sectoral and national levels; their use for estimating baselines for a particular CDM project activity (or setting project specific baseline) depends on size of the project.

(GHG emissions from a CDM project activity could be negligible compared to sectoral or national level emissions)

Page 26: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

MODELS FOR BASELINE EMISSION ESTIMATIONS (MARKAL)

• MARKAL (acronym for MARKet ALlocation) is a bottom-up type model developed by the Energy Technology Systems Analysis Program (ETSAP) of the International Energy Agency (IEA)

• It is a linear programming type optimization model and based on Reference Energy System (RES) energy system from primary energy resources through conversion processes, to transport, distribution and end - use devices.

  Demand and supply are balanced through optimization

Detailed modeling of energy supply side

Detailed representation of resources is possible

Electricity sector is modeled (generation and transmission system expansion)    

Page 27: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

MODELS FOR BASELINE EMISSION ESTIMATIONS (MARKAL Cont…)

Source: Tseng, p. (2002), An Overview of US MARKAL-MACRO Model, US Department Of Source: Tseng, p. (2002), An Overview of US MARKAL-MACRO Model, US Department Of Energy, WashingtonEnergy, Washington

The MARKAL Energy PerspectiveThe MARKAL Energy Perspective

Industry, e.g.-Process steam-Motive power

Services, e.g.-Cooling-Lighting

Households, e.g.-Space heat-Refrigeration

Agriculture, e.g.-Water supply

Transport, e.g.-Person-km

Demand for Energy Service

Industry, e.g.-Steam boilers-Machinery

Services, e.g.-Air conditioners-Light bulbs

Households, e.g.-Space heaters-Refrigerators

Agriculture, e.g.-Irrigation pumps

Transport, e.g.-Gasoline Car-Fuel Cell Bus

End-UseTechnologies

ConversionTechnologies

Primary Energy Supply

Fuel processingPlants e.g.-Oil refineries-Hydrogen prod.-Ethanol prod.

Power plants e.g.-ConventionalFossil Fueled

-Solar-Wind-Nuclear-CCGT-Fuel Cells-Combined Heat

and Power

Renewables e.g. -Biomass-Hydro

Mining e.g.-Crude oil-Natural gas-Coal

Imports e.g.-crude oil -oil products

Exports e.g.-oil products-coal

Stock changes

(Final Energy) (Useful Energy)

Page 28: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

MODELS FOR BASELINE EMISSION ESTIMATIONS (ENPEP)

ENPEP MODEL

• ENPEP (Energy and Power Evaluation Program) is a set of 10 integrated energy, environmental, and economic analysis tools (developed for IAEA).

MACRO-E Economic impacts

MAED Energy demand forecasting

LOAD Hourly load profiles and load duration curves

PC-VALORAGUA Optimal generating strategy for hydro-thermal systems

WASP-IV Least-cost generating system expansion path

GTMAX Generation and transmission maximization module

ICARUS Costs and reliability in utility systems module

IMPACTS Physical and economic damages from air pollution

BALANCE Demand respond to price changes

DAM Decision analysis for technical, economic, and environmental tradeoffs

Page 29: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

MODELS FOR BASELINE EMISSION ESTIMATIONS (ENPEP Cont…)

• Detailed evaluation of the sectoral energy demands by sector, sub-sector, fuels and useful energy

• Representation of resource availability and costs

• Detailed evaluation of the power system configurations both current and future

• Equilibrium solution for total energy system, energy policy constraints can be imposed

• Environmental impacts under baseline and environmental scenarios   

Page 30: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

MODELS FOR BASELINE EMISSION ESTIMATIONS (ENPEP Cont…)

MAED

LOAD

WASP IV

BALANCE

WASP IV

MACRO-E

Capacity Expansion Plan

Load Dispatching

Electricity Generation

Fuel Consumption

Emissions

Emissions

Energy Demand (excluding electricity)

Emission Estimation Using ENPEP

Page 31: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

MODELS FOR BASELINE EMISSION ESTIMATIONS (LEAP)

• LEAP (Long Range Energy Alternatives Planning System) is developed by Stockholm Environmental Institute - Boston, USA.

• In contrast to MARKAL and ENPEP, LEAP is not an optimization model, rather it is a scenario-based energy accounting model.

• Detailed evaluation of the sectoral energy demands by sectors, sub-sectors end-uses and equipment.

• Simulation of any energy conversion sector (e.g., electric generation, oil refining, charcoal making)

• Detailed evaluation of supply configurations both current and future periods

• Iterative calculation of demand/supply balance

• It accommodates a Technology and Environmental Database

Page 32: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

MODELS FOR BASELINE EMISSION ESTIMATIONS (LEAP Cont..)

Dem ographicsMacro-

Econom ics

Dem andAnalysis

Transform ationAnalysis

StatisticalD ifferences

StockChanges

ResourceAnalysis

Inte

gra

ted C

ost-B

enefit A

naly

sis

Environm

enta

l Loadin

gs

(Pollu

tant

Em

issio

ns)

Non-Energy SectorEm issions Analysis

Environm entalExternalities

Page 33: Baseline Methodology for Energy Sector CDM Projects by Dr. Govinda R. Timilsina Energy & Climate Change Specialist Regional Workshop on Capacity Building

THANKTHANK

YOU !YOU !