Basic Concepts

Concepts of State and GovernmentConcepts of State and Government

Objectives:Objectives:

a) Familiarity with basic concepts a) Familiarity with basic concepts related to state and governmentrelated to state and government

b) Familiarity with the profile of the b) Familiarity with the profile of the Philippines as a statePhilippines as a state

CONCEPTS OF STATECONCEPTS OF STATE

StateStateA community of persons more or less numerous, A community of persons more or less numerous,

permanently occupying a definite portion of permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render which the great body of inhabitants render obedience and enjoying freedom from external obedience and enjoying freedom from external control. control.

Elements of the StateElements of the Statea) People b) Territory c) Government d) a) People b) Territory c) Government d)

SovereigntySovereignty

Elements of the StateElements of the Statea)a) People: the mass of population living within the People: the mass of population living within the

statestate

PopulationPopulation97,976,603 (July 2009 est.)97,976,603 (July 2009 est.)

Age structureAge structure0-14 years:0-14 years: 35.2% (male 17,606,352/female 16,911,376) 35.2% (male 17,606,352/female 16,911,376) 15-64 years:15-64 years: 60.6% (male 29,679,327/female 29,737,919) 60.6% (male 29,679,327/female 29,737,919) 65 years and over:65 years and over: 4.1% (male 1,744,248/female 2,297,381) 4.1% (male 1,744,248/female 2,297,381)

Median ageMedian agetotal:total: 22.5 years 22.5 years male:male: 22 years 22 years Female:Female: 23 years 23 years

Population growth ratePopulation growth rate1.957%1.957%

Ethnic groupsEthnic groups

Tagalog 28.1%, Cebuano 13.1%, Ilocano 9%, Bisaya/Binisaya 7.6%, Hiligaynon Ilonggo Tagalog 28.1%, Cebuano 13.1%, Ilocano 9%, Bisaya/Binisaya 7.6%, Hiligaynon Ilonggo 7.5%, Bikol 6%, Waray 3.4%, Kapampangan 3%, other 25.3% (2000 census)7.5%, Bikol 6%, Waray 3.4%, Kapampangan 3%, other 25.3% (2000 census)

Elements of the StateElements of the State

b) Territory: it includes not only the b) Territory: it includes not only the land over which the jurisdiction of land over which the jurisdiction of the state extends but also the rivers the state extends but also the rivers and lakes therein, a certain area of and lakes therein, a certain area of the sea which abuts upon its coasts the sea which abuts upon its coasts and the air space above it. and the air space above it.

Elements of the State: TerritoryElements of the State: Territory Area:Area:

total:total: 300,000 km2 300,000 km2land:land: 298,170 km2 298,170 km2water:water: 1,830 km2 1,830 km2

Coastline:Coastline: 36,289 km 36,289 km Maritime claims:Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

continental shelf:continental shelf: to depth of exploitation to depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone:exclusive economic zone: 200 nautical miles (370 km) 200 nautical miles (370 km)territorial sea:territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nautical miles (185 km) from coastline as irregular polygon extending up to 100 nautical miles (185 km) from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nautical miles (528 km) in breadth.Sea up to 285 nautical miles (528 km) in breadth.

Natural resources:Natural resources: timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper Land use:Land use:

arable land:arable land: 19% 19%permanent crops:permanent crops: 12% 12%permanent pastures:permanent pastures: 4% 4%forests and woodland:forests and woodland: 46% 46%other:other: 19% (1993 est.) 19% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:Irrigated land: 15,800 km2 (1993 est.) 15,800 km2 (1993 est.) Distances from Manila:

10,000 km – San Francisco 8,000 km – Honolulu, Hawaii 3,400 km – Micronesia 2,900 km – Tokyo 2,400 km – Singapore 1,000 km – Taiwan and Hong Kong

Elements of the State: TerritoryElements of the State: Territory

The Philippines is divided into three island The Philippines is divided into three island groups: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. groups: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. These are divided into 17 regions, 80 These are divided into 17 regions, 80 provinces, 120 cities, 1,511 municipalities provinces, 120 cities, 1,511 municipalities and 42,008 barangays. The Philippines is an and 42,008 barangays. The Philippines is an archipelago comprising 7,107 islands with a archipelago comprising 7,107 islands with a total land area of 300,000 km2. The 11 total land area of 300,000 km2. The 11 largest islands contain 94% of the total land largest islands contain 94% of the total land area. The largest of these islands is Luzon area. The largest of these islands is Luzon at about 105,000 kms. The next largest at about 105,000 kms. The next largest island is Mindanao at about 95,000 km. The island is Mindanao at about 95,000 km. The archipelago is around 800 kms from the archipelago is around 800 kms from the Asian mainland and is located between Asian mainland and is located between Taiwan and Borneo.Taiwan and Borneo.


The islands are divided into three groups: The islands are divided into three groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Luzon Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Luzon islands include Luzon itself, Palawan, islands include Luzon itself, Palawan, Mindoro, Marinduque, Masbate and Mindoro, Marinduque, Masbate and Batanes Islands Batanes Islands . The Visayas is the group . The Visayas is the group of islands in the central Philippines, the of islands in the central Philippines, the largest of which are: Panay, Negros, Cebu, largest of which are: Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte and Samar. The Mindanao Bohol, Leyte and Samar. The Mindanao islands include Mindanao itself, plus the islands include Mindanao itself, plus the Sulu Archipelago, composed primarily of Sulu Archipelago, composed primarily of Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi. The island of Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi. The island of Romblon lies exactly at the center of the Romblon lies exactly at the center of the Philippine archipelago.Philippine archipelago.

Region Designation Regional center

Ilocos Region Region I San Fernando, La Union

Cagayan Valley Region II Tuguegarao, Cagayan

Central Luzon Region III San Fernando, Pampanga

CALABARZON Region IV-A Calamba City, Laguna

MIMAROPA Region IV-B Calapan, Mindoro

Bicol Region Region V Legazpi, Albay

Western Visayas Region VI Iloilo City

Central Visayas Region VII Cebu City

Eastern Visayas Region VIII Tacloban

Zamboanga Peninsula Region IX Pagadian, Zamboanga del Sur

Northern Mindanao Region X Cagayan de Oro City

Davao Region Region XI Davao City

SOCCSKSARGEN Region XII Koronadal, South Cotabato

Caraga Region XIII Butuan

Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ARMM Cotabato City

Cordillera Administrative Region CAR Baguio

National Capital Region NCR Manila

Elements of the State: TerritoryElements of the State: TerritoryList of Landlocked provinces in the PhilippinesList of Landlocked provinces in the Philippines

A landlocked province is one that has no coastline, meaning no A landlocked province is one that has no coastline, meaning no access to sea or ocean. There are 16 landlocked provinces in the access to sea or ocean. There are 16 landlocked provinces in the Philippines:Philippines:

All provinces of Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR): Apayao, All provinces of Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR): Apayao, Abra, Kalinga, Mt. Province, Ifugao and Benguet. Abra, Kalinga, Mt. Province, Ifugao and Benguet.

Two provinces of Cagayan Valley (Region II): Nueva Vizcaya and Two provinces of Cagayan Valley (Region II): Nueva Vizcaya and Quirino Quirino

Two provinces of Central Luzon (Region III): Nueva Ecija and Tarlac Two provinces of Central Luzon (Region III): Nueva Ecija and Tarlac Four provinces of Mindanao: Four provinces of Mindanao:

Bukidnon of Northern Mindanao (Region X) Bukidnon of Northern Mindanao (Region X) Cotabato Province of Soccsksargen Cotabato Province of Soccsksargen (Region XII) (Region XII) Agusan del Sur of Caraga (Region XIII), and Agusan del Sur of Caraga (Region XIII), and Maguindanao of Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). Maguindanao of Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM).

Similarly, Laguna and Rizal Province and of Calabarzon (Region Similarly, Laguna and Rizal Province and of Calabarzon (Region IV-A) have coastlines on Laguna de Bay. Since lakes do not allow IV-A) have coastlines on Laguna de Bay. Since lakes do not allow access to seaborne trade, these provinces are still considered to access to seaborne trade, these provinces are still considered to be landlocked.be landlocked.


List of island provinces in the PhilippinesList of island provinces in the Philippines

An island province completely surrounded by water, is the opposite of An island province completely surrounded by water, is the opposite of a landlocked one. There are 15 island provinces in the Philippines:a landlocked one. There are 15 island provinces in the Philippines:

One province of Cagayan Valley (Region II): Batanes One province of Cagayan Valley (Region II): Batanes Three provinces of MIMAROPA (Region IV-B): Marinduque, Three provinces of MIMAROPA (Region IV-B): Marinduque,

Romblon and Palawan Romblon and Palawan Two provinces of Bicol (Region V): Catanduanes and Masbate Two provinces of Bicol (Region V): Catanduanes and Masbate One province of Western Visayas (Region VI): Guimaras One province of Western Visayas (Region VI): Guimaras Three provinces of Central Visayas (Region VII): Cebu, Bohol and Three provinces of Central Visayas (Region VII): Cebu, Bohol and

Siquijor Siquijor One province of Eastern Visayas (Region VIII): Biliran One province of Eastern Visayas (Region VIII): Biliran One province of Northern Mindanao (Region X): Camiguin One province of Northern Mindanao (Region X): Camiguin Three provinces of Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Three provinces of Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

(ARMM): Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi (ARMM): Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi One province of Caraga Region: Dinagat Islands One province of Caraga Region: Dinagat Islands

Elements of the State: TerritoryElements of the State: TerritoryTen largest citiesTen largest cities

The following is a list of the ten largest cities in the country in terms of The following is a list of the ten largest cities in the country in terms of population, with their population according to the 2007 census. Component population, with their population according to the 2007 census. Component cities and municipalities of Metro Manila and Metro Cebu are taken as one cities and municipalities of Metro Manila and Metro Cebu are taken as one to show the extent of urbanization.to show the extent of urbanization.

Rank City Population in 2007 Rank City Population in 2007

1. Metro Manila 11,553,4271. Metro Manila 11,553,4272. Metro Cebu 2,314,8972. Metro Cebu 2,314,8973. Davao City 1,363,3373. Davao City 1,363,3374. Zamboanga City 774,4074. Zamboanga City 774,4075. Antipolo City 633,9715. Antipolo City 633,9716. Cagayan de Oro City 553,9666. Cagayan de Oro City 553,9667. General Santos City 529,5427. General Santos City 529,5428. Bacolod City 499,4978. Bacolod City 499,4979. Iloilo City 418,7109. Iloilo City 418,71010. Iligan City 308,04610. Iligan City 308,046

Elements of the State: GovernmentElements of the State: Government

It refers to the agency through which the will of It refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carried the state is formulated, expressed and carried out. out.

Forms of government may be classified Forms of government may be classified according to the according to the number of personsnumber of persons exercising exercising authority (monarchy, aristocracy and authority (monarchy, aristocracy and democracy); democracy); extent of powersextent of powers exercised by exercised by central or national government (unitary or central or national government (unitary or federal); federal); relationship between executive and relationship between executive and legislativelegislative branches (parliamentary and branches (parliamentary and presidential)presidential)


ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF PERSONS ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF PERSONS EXERCISING SOVEREIGN POWEREXERCISING SOVEREIGN POWER

Monarchy: one in which the supreme and Monarchy: one in which the supreme and final authority is in the hands of a single final authority is in the hands of a single personperson

Kinds of monarchy:Kinds of monarchy:a)a) Absolute monarchy – one in which the Absolute monarchy – one in which the

ruler rules by divine rightruler rules by divine rightb)b) Limited monarchy – one in which the ruler Limited monarchy – one in which the ruler

rules in accordance with the constitutionrules in accordance with the constitution

Elements of the State: GovernmentElements of the State: GovernmentAristocracy: one in which political power is exercised Aristocracy: one in which political power is exercised

by a few privileged class by a few privileged class

Democracy: one in which political power is exercised Democracy: one in which political power is exercised by a majority of the peopleby a majority of the people

a)a) Direct or pure democracy: one in which the will of Direct or pure democracy: one in which the will of the State is formulated or expressed directly and the State is formulated or expressed directly and immediately through the people in a mass meeting immediately through the people in a mass meeting or primary assemblyor primary assembly

a)a) Indirect, representative or republican democracy or Indirect, representative or republican democracy or one in which the will of the state is formulated and one in which the will of the state is formulated and expressed through the agency of a relatively small expressed through the agency of a relatively small and select body of persons chosen by the people to and select body of persons chosen by the people to act as their representativesact as their representatives

Elements of the State: GovernmentElements of the State: GovernmentACCORDING TO THE EXTENT OF POWERS ACCORDING TO THE EXTENT OF POWERS

EXERCISED BY THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENTEXERCISED BY THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

Unitary government: one in which the control Unitary government: one in which the control of national and local affairs is exercised by of national and local affairs is exercised by the central or national governmentthe central or national government

Federal government: one in which the powers Federal government: one in which the powers of government are divided between two of government are divided between two sets of organs, one for national affairs and sets of organs, one for national affairs and the other for local affairs. the other for local affairs.


ACCORDING TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACCORDING TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EXECUTIVE AND THE LEGISLATIVE THE EXECUTIVE AND THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

Parliamentary: one in which the state confers Parliamentary: one in which the state confers upon the legislature the power to terminate upon the legislature the power to terminate the tenure of office of the real executivethe tenure of office of the real executive

Presidential government: one in which the Presidential government: one in which the state makes the executive constitutionally state makes the executive constitutionally independent of the legislature as regards independent of the legislature as regards his policies and actshis policies and acts

Elements of the State: GovernmentElements of the State: GovernmentThe politics of the Philippines takes place in an The politics of the Philippines takes place in an

organized framework of a organized framework of a presidential, representative presidential, representative and democratic republicand democratic republic whereby the president is whereby the president is both the head of state and the head of government both the head of state and the head of government within a pluriform multi-party system. This system within a pluriform multi-party system. This system revolves around revolves around three separate and sovereign yet three separate and sovereign yet interdependent branchesinterdependent branches: the : the legislative branch (the legislative branch (the law-making body),law-making body), the the executive branch (the law-executive branch (the law-enforcing body),enforcing body), and the and the judicial branch (the law-judicial branch (the law-interpreting body).interpreting body). Executive power is exercised by Executive power is exercised by the government under the leadership of the the government under the leadership of the president. Legislative power is vested in both the president. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two-chamber congress -- the government and the two-chamber congress -- the Senate (the upper chamber) and the House of Senate (the upper chamber) and the House of Representatives (the lower chamber). Judicial power Representatives (the lower chamber). Judicial power is vested in the courts with the Supreme Court of the is vested in the courts with the Supreme Court of the Philippines as the highest judicial body.Philippines as the highest judicial body.

Theories on Origin of the StateTheories on Origin of the State Divine Right Theory: the state is a divine creation Divine Right Theory: the state is a divine creation

and the ruler is ordained by God to rule the people.and the ruler is ordained by God to rule the people.

Necessity or force theory: state was created Necessity or force theory: state was created through force through force

Paternalistic theory: state developed from a single Paternalistic theory: state developed from a single nuclear family under the authority of a single parentnuclear family under the authority of a single parent

Social contract theory: state must have been Social contract theory: state must have been formed by deliberate and voluntary contract among formed by deliberate and voluntary contract among the people to form a society and organize the people to form a society and organize government for their own goodgovernment for their own good

Important DistinctionsImportant Distinctions

State: a political concept (see the previous State: a political concept (see the previous definition) definition)

Nation: an ethnic concept; a group of people Nation: an ethnic concept; a group of people bound by common social and cultural originbound by common social and cultural origin

Government: an agency through which the Government: an agency through which the state expresses its will; its main purpose is state expresses its will; its main purpose is the promotion of common good or public the promotion of common good or public welfarewelfare

Documents

Basic Concepts