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Solid State University Understand the following components:
Potentiometers Thermistors Capacitors
Diodes Zener Diodes Transistors
Potentiometers Differentiate between potentiometers
and rheostats
A rheostat changes current flow in a series circuit
A potentiometer is a voltage sensor in parallel
Rheostat
Less resistance
Rheostat
More resistance
Potentiometer
4 volt
PotentiometerVery low current
2 volt
PotentiometerUsed as a sensor
2.5 volt(should be 2 volt)
Potentiometerpoor ground
5 volt(should be 2 volt)
Potentiometeropen ground
Rheostats are wired in series with the load their purpose is to change amp flow
Potentiometers sense motion
check for: reference voltage good ground un-interrupted signal
5.03 V5.02 V4.51 V4.51 V0.01 V0.01 V
4.52 V0.52 V
0.52 V0.0 V MIL lamp lit. TPS code
What is wrong?
Thermistors
Thermistors change resistance with temperature
Negative Temperature Coefficient thermistors decrease in resistance when they heat
Commonly used to sense changing temperatures
High Resistance when Cold!
Low Resistance when Hot!
4.52 VHot or Cold?COLD!
1.53 VHot or Cold?HOT!
1.45 V1.15 V
Gauge reads colder than actual temperature
0.49 V0.02 V
Gauge reads colder than actual temperature
0.47 V
Gauge reads colder than actual temperature
Thermistors
Thermistors are checked with an Ohmmeter or a Voltmeter
A temperature probe or thermometer should be used when checking
Capacitors
Capacitors store an electrical charge
Capacitors provide an alternate path for electrons and act as a current “shock absorber”
Capacitors are commonly used to suppress noise alternators
coils motors
Capacitors
Capacitors are rated in microfarads
Capacitors are connected in parallel with a load
they can be checked with an ohmmeter for short or open circuits
Find the Capacitor
EMI & RFI
When coils turn off they self induce and create a voltage surge
this surge can create electromagnetic interference and radio frequency interference
capacitors absorb this surge to dampen interference
Semiconductors
Conductors have 3 or fewer electrons in the valence ring of the atom
copper has one aluminum has three
Insulators have 5 or more electrons in the valence ring of the atom
Semiconductors
Elements with four valence electrons are not good as insulators or conductors
Silicon, when is a crystal form, shares valence electrons to make a good insulator
Silicon can be “doped” to add electrons to the valence ring or remove electrons from the valence ring
Semiconductors
Silicon doped with phosphorous (which has five electrons in the valence ring) will create an “N” type semiconductor
Silicon doped with boron (which has three electrons in the valence ring) will create a “P” type semiconductor
Diodes
Placing an “N” type semiconductor with a “P” type will create a diode.
In a forward biased diode current will flow with a small amount of resistance
Too much current will overheat and destroy the diode
Diodes
Reverse biasing a diode will create very high resistance at the center of the diode and current will not flow
Too much voltage will overcome the internal resistance and the diode will short out
12.6 V 0.0 V
Arrow shows conventional theory (hole flow)
Diodes wired like this will block current
Arrow shows conventional theory (hole flow) Diodes wired like this will allow current to
flow with a slight voltage drop
12.6 V12.0 V 0.1 V
Testing Diodes
Diodes require .2 - .6 volts to forward bias
Digital ohmmeters may not supply this voltage with ohm check
use diode check feature when using DVOM
Testing Diodes
Shorted diodes on alternators will allow A/C voltage that may confuse a control module
Routine checks with oscilloscope are easy
Anti- Spike Diodes
Clamping or Anti-Spike diodes protect sensitive control modules
Anti- Spike Diodes
Functioning anti spiking diodes will exhibit un-equal resistance when reversing polarity (using an analogue meter)
Failure in Anti- Spike Diodes
An open, or shorted diode will damage computer control modules
Open diodes allow spike voltages to harm electronic components
Shorted diodes (and relay coil windings) will cause too much current to flow and burn out switching transistors in computers
Testing Anti- Spike Diodes
Open diodes will show equal resistance with reversed polarity (using an analogue meter)
Shorted diodes will show equal, and low resistance
Open Diode
Shorted Diode
Good Diode
Good Diode
Types of Diodes
Positive diode Negative diode
Zener Diode
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Transistors
Transistors can act as a relay they use a small signal current to control
a larger working current
Transistors can act as a signal amplifier
PNP transistor
Points In Permanently
Will conduct current when the base sees a Negative polarity
NPN transistor
Never Points In
Base must be Positive to allow transistor to conduct current
Transistors
Transistors are damaged by too much current
Transistors are damaged by high voltage