PRESENTED BY:PRESENTED BY:Prof. Shri Prakash SinghProf. Shri
Prakash SinghChair ProfessorChair ProfessorDr. Ambedkar Chair in
Social JusticeDr. Ambedkar Chair in Social JusticeIndian Institute
of Public Administration, Indian Institute of Public
Administration, New DelhiNew DelhiT! C"NSTIT#TI"N T! C"NSTIT#TI"N
"$ "$ INDIAINDIAINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONThe Constitution of India
was drafted by the ConstituentThe Constitution of India was drafted
by the Constituent Asseb!y" The Constituent Asseb!y he!d its #rst
sittin$ onAsseb!y" The Constituent Asseb!y he!d its #rst sittin$ on
the %th De&eber' (%)*" It reasseb!ed on the ()ththe %th
De&eber' (%)*" It reasseb!ed on the ()th Au$ust' (%)+' as the
so,erei$n Constituent Asseb!y forAu$ust' (%)+' as the so,erei$n
Constituent Asseb!y for the Doinion of India"the Doinion of India"
Constitution of India is the su-ree !aw of India" It
!aysConstitution of India is the su-ree !aw of India" It !ays down
the fraewor. de#nin$ fundaenta! -o!iti&a!down the fraewor.
de#nin$ fundaenta! -o!iti&a! -rin&i-!es' estab!ishin$ the
stru&ture' -ro&edures' -owers-rin&i-!es' estab!ishin$
the stru&ture' -ro&edures' -owers and duties' of the
$o,ernent and s-e!!s out theand duties' of the $o,ernent and s-e!!s
out the fundaenta! ri$hts' dire&ti,e -rin&i-!es and duties
offundaenta! ri$hts' dire&ti,e -rin&i-!es and duties of
&iti/ens" Passed by the Constituent Asseb!y on 0*&iti/ens"
Passed by the Constituent Asseb!y on 0* No,eber (%)%' it &ae
into e1e&t on 0* 2anuary (%34"No,eber (%)%' it &ae into
e1e&t on 0* 2anuary (%34" The date 0* 2anuary was &hosen to
&oeorate theThe date 0* 2anuary was &hosen to &oeorate
the de&!aration of inde-enden&e of (%54"de&!aration of
inde-enden&e of (%54" 6RITTEN CONSTITUTION6RITTEN
CONSTITUTIONThe written &onstitution is the one whi&h The
written &onstitution is the one whi&h you &an $et in
the for of a boo. and &an you &an $et in the for of a boo.
and &an be read" There are 5%3 Arti&!es' (0 be read" There
are 5%3 Arti&!es' (0 s&hedu!es and it has been di,ided into
00 s&hedu!es and it has been di,ided into 00 -arts and ti!!
date ore than (4) -arts and ti!! date ore than (4) aendents ha,e
been ade into it" The aendents ha,e been ade into it" The
Constitution' in its &urrent for' &onsists Constitution' in
its &urrent for' &onsists of a -reab!e' 00 -arts
&ontainin$ ))7 of a -reab!e' 00 -arts &ontainin$ ))7
arti&!es' (0 s&hedu!es' 3 a--endi&es and arti&!es'
(0 s&hedu!es' 3 a--endi&es and (47 aendents to date(47
aendents to date. . UN6RITTEN CONSTITUTIONUN6RITTEN CONSTITUTIONThe
&on,entions $row autoati&a!!y and a.eThe &on,entions
$row autoati&a!!y and a.e their s-e&ia! -!a&e in the
&onstitutiona! syste" Thetheir s-e&ia! -!a&e in the
&onstitutiona! syste" The i-ortant &on,entions of the
Indian Constitution : i-ortant &on,entions of the Indian
Constitution :Prie 8inister in 9o. Sabha and Chief inister inPrie
8inister in 9o. Sabha and Chief inister in State 9e$is!ati,e
Asseb!y is the !eader of theState 9e$is!ati,e Asseb!y is the !eader
of the a:ority -arty" a:ority -arty"The S-ea.er and De-uty S-ea.er
of !o. sabha areThe S-ea.er and De-uty S-ea.er of !o. sabha are
$enera!!y e!e&ted uno--osed" $enera!!y e!e&ted
uno--osed"The ;o,ernor is $enera!!y ta.en fro other stateThe
;o,ernor is $enera!!y ta.en fro other state and the Chief inister
of the &on&erned state isand the Chief inister of the
&on&erned state is &onsu!ted at the tie of his
a--ointent" &onsu!ted at the tie of his
a--ointent"PreamblePreamble%!, T! P!"P&! "$ INDIA, ha'ing
solemnl( resol'ed to constitute India%!, T! P!"P&! "$ INDIA,
ha'ing solemnl( resol'ed to constitute India into a S")!*!I+N
S"CIA&IST S!C#&A* D!,"C*ATIC *!P#-&ICinto a S")!*!I+N
S"CIA&IST S!C#&A* D!,"C*ATIC *!P#-&IC and to secure to
all its citi.ens/and to secure to all its citi.ens/ JUSTICE
JUSTICE, social, economic and 0olitical1 , social, economic and
0olitical1LIBERTY LIBERTY of thought, e20ression, belief, faith and
worshi01 of thought, e20ression, belief, faith and worshi01EQUALITY
EQUALITY of status and of o00ortunit(1 of status and of
o00ortunit(1and to 0romote among them all and to 0romote among them
allFRATERNITY FRATERNITY assuring the dignit( of the indi'idual and
the unit( andassuring the dignit( of the indi'idual and the unit(
and integrit( of the Nation1 integrit( of the Nation1IN "#*
C"NSTIT#!NT ASS!,-&3 this twent(4si2th da( of No'ember,IN "#*
C"NSTIT#!NT ASS!,-&3 this twent(4si2th da( of No'ember, 5676,
do !*!-3 AD"PT, !NACT AND +I)! T" "#*S!&)!S TIS5676, do !*!-3
AD"PT, !NACT AND +I)! T" "#*S!&)!S TIS C"NSTIT#TI"N.
C"NSTIT#TI"N.So,erei$n 'So&ia!ist' So,erei$n 'So&ia!ist'
Se&u!ar' Deo&rati&' Se&u!ar' Deo&rati&'
Re-ub!i&Re-ub!i&India has been de&!ared a so,erei$n'
se&u!ar'India has been de&!ared a so,erei$n' se&u!ar'
Deo&rati&' Re-ub!i& throu$h the Preab!e of
theDeo&rati&' Re-ub!i& throu$h the Preab!e of the
Constitution of India" Constitution of India"So,erei$n State
-!oitation of an by an and in whi&h so&ia! e&onoi&
and -o!iti&a! :usti&eby an and in whi&h so&ia!
e&onoi& and -o!iti&a! :usti&e is -ro,ided to a!!"
is -ro,ided to a!!"Se&u!ar State= The state has no re!i$ion of
its own' itSe&u!ar State= The state has no re!i$ion of its own'
it does not dis&riinate a$ainst any re!i$ion by i-osin$does not
dis&riinate a$ainst any re!i$ion by i-osin$ restri&tions
u-on it restri&tions u-on it)" Deo&rati& State =The
-reab!e )" Deo&rati& State =The -reab!e a!sode&!ares
India to be a a!sode&!ares India to be a deo&rati&
state in whi&h the deo&rati& state in whi&h the
su-ree -ower rests in the hands of su-ree -ower rests in the hands
of the -eo-!e"the -eo-!e"3" Re-ub!i&= The President of India is
3" Re-ub!i&= The President of India is e!e&ted for a
#>ed ter by the e!e&ted for a #>ed ter by the
indire&t ,ote of the -eo-!e"indire&t ,ote of the
-eo-!e"CONSTITUTION DRA6N CONSTITUTION DRA6N ?RO8 @ARIOUS
SOURCES?RO8 @ARIOUS SOURCESThe ob:e&ti,e of the Constituent
Asseb!y was not toThe ob:e&ti,e of the Constituent Asseb!y was
not to ena&t an ori$ina! &onstitution rather to ena&t a
$oodena&t an ori$ina! &onstitution rather to ena&t a
$ood and wor.ab!e &onstitution" The asseb!y e,a!uated theand
wor.ab!e &onstitution" The asseb!y e,a!uated the
&onstitutions of other &ountries and whate,er
$ood&onstitutions of other &ountries and whate,er $ood they
found in these &onstitutions' they in&!uded in theirthey
found in these &onstitutions' they in&!uded in their own
&onstitution" own &onstitution"Par!iaentary ;o,ernent and
Ru!e of 9aw are thePar!iaentary ;o,ernent and Ru!e of 9aw are the
inAuen&es of the British Constitution" inAuen&es of the
British Constitution"The ?undaenta! Ri$hts and the s-e&ia!
-osition of theThe ?undaenta! Ri$hts and the s-e&ia! -osition
of the :udi&iary is the inAuen&e of the &onstitution of
U"S"A :udi&iary is the inAuen&e of the &onstitution of
U"S"AThe Dire&ti,e Prin&i-!es of State Po!i&y ha,e
beenThe Dire&ti,e Prin&i-!es of State Po!i&y ha,e been
borrowed fro the &onstitution of Ire!and" borrowed fro the
&onstitution of Ire!and")"The ?edera! syste of India is the
)"The ?edera! syste of India is the inAuen&e of Canadian
Constitution"inAuen&e of Canadian Constitution"3"The ethodof
the aendent of the 3"The ethodof the aendent of the
&onstitution and the ethod of the &onstitution and the
ethod of the e!e&tion of the ebers of Ra:ya Sabha e!e&tion
of the ebers of Ra:ya Sabha ha,e been borrowed fro the
&onstitution ha,e been borrowed fro the &onstitution of
South Afri&a"of South Afri&a"*"The Eer$en&y -owers of
the President *"The Eer$en&y -owers of the President are the
inAuen&e of the 6eier are the inAuen&e of the 6eier
Constitution of ;erany"Constitution of ;erany"?UNDA8ENTA9
RI;BTS?UNDA8ENTA9 RI;BTS?undaenta! ri$hts ha,e been in&!uded
?undaenta! ri$hts ha,e been in&!uded into the &ha-ter 5rd
of the &onstitution into the &ha-ter 5rd of the
&onstitution fro Arti&!e= (0 to 53fro Arti&!e= (0 to
53Ri$ht to ECua!ityRi$ht to ECua!ityRi$ht to ?reedo Ri$ht to ?reedo
Ri$ht A$ainst E>-!oitationRi$ht A$ainst E>-!oitationRi$ht to
Re!i$ious ?reedoRi$ht to Re!i$ious ?reedoCu!tura! and
Edu&ationa! ri$htsCu!tura! and Edu&ationa! ri$htsRi$ht to
Constitution ReediesRi$ht to Constitution ReediesRI;BT TO PROPERTY
'AN RI;BT TO PROPERTY 'AN ORDINARY RI;BTORDINARY RI;BTTi!! (%+%
Ri$ht to Pro-erty was Ti!! (%+% Ri$ht to Pro-erty was in&!uded
in the !ist of ?undaenta! in&!uded in the !ist of ?undaenta!
Ri$hts" But throu$h )0nd Ri$hts" But throu$h )0nd aendent has been
ade an aendent has been ade an ordinary ri$ht and for this -ur-ose
ordinary ri$ht and for this -ur-ose Arti&!s=544 A has been
in&!uded into Arti&!s=544 A has been in&!uded into the
&onstitution"the &onstitution"T! DI*!CTI)! P*INCIP&!S
"$ T! DI*!CTI)! P*INCIP&!S "$ STAT! P"&IC3STAT!
P"&IC3The Directi'e Princi0les of State Polic(, embodied in
PartThe Directi'e Princi0les of State Polic(, embodied in Part
I)oftheconstitution,aredirectionsgi'entothecentralI)oftheconstitution,aredirectionsgi'entothecentral
andstatego'ernmentstoguidetheestablishmentofaandstatego'ernmentstoguidetheestablishmentofa
8ustsociet(inthecountr(.
Accordingtotheconstitution,8ustsociet(inthecountr(.
Accordingtotheconstitution, the go'ernment should kee0 them in mind
while framingthe go'ernment should kee0 them in mind while framing
laws,e'enthoughthe(arelaws,e'enthoughthe(arenon48usticiable
non48usticiableinnature.innature.
Directi'ePrinci0lesareclassifiedunderthefollowingDirecti'ePrinci0lesareclassifiedunderthefollowing
categories/categories/+andhian
+andhian,social,economic,0olitical,,social,economic,0olitical,
administrati'e,legal,en'ironmental,0rotectionofadministrati'e,legal,en'ironmental,0rotectionof
monuments, 0eace and securit(. monuments, 0eace and
securit(.S"CIA&IST P*INCIP&!SS"CIA&IST
P*INCIP&!SArticle9:oftheConstitutionofIndiashall
Article9:oftheConstitutionofIndiashall endea'our to formulate such
social s(stem which endea'our to formulate such social s(stem which
willsecuresocial,economicand0olitical8ustice
willsecuresocial,economicand0olitical8ustice to all in all the
s0heres of life.to all in all the s0heres of life.Article96;a and
ra&es et&"' and they wi!! e!e&ta &oon
re-resentati,e"&oon re-resentati,e"SPECIA9 PRO@ISIONSSPECIA9
PRO@ISIONSSPECIA9 PRO@ISIONS ?OR SPECIA9 PRO@ISIONS ?OR
TBEPROTECTION O? TBE INTERESTS O? TBEPROTECTION O? TBE INTERESTS O?
SCBEDUE9ED CASTES' SCBEDU9ED SCBEDUE9ED CASTES' SCBEDU9ED TRIBES'
BACJ6ARD C9ASSES AND TRIBES' BACJ6ARD C9ASSES AND
8INORITIES8INORITIESE,erybody is $i,en the Ri$ht to
ECua!ityE,erybody is $i,en the Ri$ht to ECua!ityUntou&habi!ity
has been -rohibited Untou&habi!ity has been -rohibited Under
Arti&!e 0% and 54 s-e&ia! Under Arti&!e 0% and 54
s-e&ia! -ro,isions for the ade for the interests -ro,isions for
the ade for the interests and -rote&tion of inorities"and
-rote&tion of inorities"NATI"NA& C",ISSI"N $"* NATI"NA&
C",ISSI"N $"* SCBEDU9EDSCBEDU9ED CAST!SCAST!SThe *7The *7th th
Constitutiona! aendent Constitutiona! aendent ade in (%%4' it was
-ro,ided for the ade in (%%4' it was -ro,ided for the a--ointent of
the Nationa! a--ointent of the Nationa! Coissionfor the
s&hedu!ed Coissionfor the s&hedu!ed &astes for the
-rote&tion of their &astes for the -rote&tion of their
interests" In 0440' the $o,ernent interests" In 0440' the $o,ernent
&onstituted two se-arate &onstituted two se-arate
&oissions for s&hedu!ed &astes &oissions for
s&hedu!ed &astes and s&hedu!ed tribes"and s&hedu!ed
tribes"C"NSTIT#TI"NA& C"NSTIT#TI"NA& RECO;NITIONRECO;NITION
T" &"CA& S!&$4T" &"CA& S!&$4+")!*N,!NT
INSTIT#TI"NS+")!*N,!NT INSTIT#TI"NS#nder @9#nder @9rd rd and @7and
@7th th constitutional constitutional amendments 0assed in A0ril
,5669.amendments 0assed in A0ril ,5669.Constitutional recognition
was granted to Constitutional recognition was granted to the
0ancha(ati *a8 Institutions in the the 0ancha(ati *a8 Institutions
in the 'illages and the urban local bodies in the 'illages and the
urban local bodies in the cities and for this 0ur0ose 0art 6 and
0art cities and for this 0ur0ose 0art 6 and 0art 6A and 556A and
55th th and 5>and 5>th th schedules wereschedules wereadded
to the constitution.added to the constitution.PRO@ISIONS O? 9IBERA9
PRO@ISIONS O? 9IBERA9 DE8OCRACYDE8OCRACYThe Constitution of India
a.es -ro,isions for theThe Constitution of India a.es -ro,isions
for the estab!ishent of !ibera! deo&rati& $o,ernent
inestab!ishent of !ibera! deo&rati& $o,ernent in India"
India"(" (" Pro,ision of uni,ersa! adu!t features has beenPro,ision
of uni,ersa! adu!t features has been ade and e,erybody is $i,en the
ri$ht to ,oteade and e,erybody is $i,en the ri$ht to ,ote without
a.in$ any dis&riination" without a.in$ any dis&riination"0"
0"Due res-e&t is $i,en to o--osition and the !eaderDue
res-e&t is $i,en to o--osition and the !eader of the o--osition
is $i,en re&o$nition in both theof the o--osition is $i,en
re&o$nition in both the houses of Union Par!iaent and
Stateshouses of Union Par!iaent and States 9e$is!atures"
9e$is!atures"5" 5"India is de&!ared a Se&u!ar state" India
is de&!ared a Se&u!ar state")" )"There is -ro,ision of
Indi,idua! :udi&iary" There is -ro,ision of Indi,idua!
:udi&iary"3" 3"There is Ru!e of !aw in India" There is Ru!e of
!aw in India"TANC 3"#TANC 3"#
