UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE

UDDD1124

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1

EXPERMINET NO. (2)

EXPERIMENT TITLE

(INTRODUCTION TO CELLS, TISSUES AND ORGANS)

NO STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID

1. CHAI XIN YU 1406349

2. IRENE CHONG YAN LING 1406592

3. LANA UNG 1406899

4. TAN HUI YING 1406482

5. TAN SIOK TENG

LECTURAL : MISS ALICIA HO LAI YEE

PRACTICAL GROUP: 1

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 09/02/2015

CONTENT

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………1

Laboratory User……………………………………………………………………………..2

Equipment…………………………………………………………………………………..5

Daily Operation…………………………………………………………………….……….8

Laboratory Information System……………………….....…………………………………10

Management Team………………………………………………………………….……...12

Quality Management of Laboratory………………………………………………………..17

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….23

INTRODUCTION

Teaching laboratory classes provide students with first-hand experience in course-

related experiments and with more opportunities to learn more methods used by various

scientists in their discipline. There are challenges in leading teaching laboratory than a

standard classroom environment due to the differences. Different type of laboratory has

different requirements.

Teaching laboratory needs laboratory instruction to guide the users and brings

benefits to the learner from direct application and hands-on experience. D.S. Domin's (1999)

defined several methodologies which includes expository instruction, inquiry instruction,

discovery instruction, inquiry instructions and problem-based learning. Labs are often

presented boring when the students follow the procedures that lead to a conclusion whose

importance is not clear. The students must understand the concept, relationship and process to

know why the experiment is worth doing and what purpose it serves to make labs effective.

Labs actually combine many different aspects of teaching, including:

Lecturing

Organizing group work

Leading hands-on learning

Ask meaningful questions

Create assignments

Evaluating work

In this proposal, biochemistry teaching laboratory is chosen to be setup. To set up a

teaching laboratory, there are few aspects to be included. The aspects are users, management

team, equipment, daily operation, information system and quality management.

LABORATORY USER

RESPONSIBILITIES of LABORATORY USER

1. Leave on time. Do not work over time. All sections in a class should have same

working time. Begin cleaning early enough to leave on time.

2. Maintain cleanliness and orderliness. Make sure the laboratory is clean before leave.

Clean their work areas and instruments and assure that these chores are done before

leave.

3. Enforce safe lab procedures. Read through SOP before conducting any experiment.

4. Report all accidents. Report about injuries, breakage of equipment to supervisor

immediately no matter how minor it is.

5. Keep the bench clear. Place items in the drawer. Eg. Pencil case.

6. Long hair must be tied. To avoid catching fire or accident.

7. Do not taste or smell chemicals.

8. Wear safety goggles. To protect your eyes while heating substances.

9. Follow the standard operating procedure (SOP). Unauthorized experiments or

procedures must not be attempted.

10. Location of emergency apparatus. Confirm the location for fire extinguisher, eye

wash station, first aid kit and safety shower.

11. Follow all instructions. Follow the instructions given by supervisor.

12. No eating or drinking.

THE 10 COMMON EQUIPMENT IN LABORATORY

1. Biohazard Safety Cabinet (BSC)

They are primary containment devices utilized in laboratories for the handling of

biohazardous agents.

They are routinely used for a wide variety of applications

There are three classes of BSCs: Class I, II and III.

While all three classes afford personnel and environmental protection, only Class II

and III cabinets provide product protection thanks to the input of clean air from

supply HEPA filters.

2. Fume Hood

It can protect workers from inhaling chemical fumes by constantly pulling

contaminated air into the hood and exhausting it out of the building. 

It can also protect users in case of a fire or explosion by helping to physically contain

the event.

3. Spectrophotometer

It measures either the amount of light reflected from a sample object or the amount of

light that is absorbed by the sample object.

It’s a common tool used by various scientists to determine information about an

object or substances through the analysis of its light properties.

Unknown compositions broken down into basic elemental components or lights

emitted from far away galaxies can be used to determine information about space

objects, including their size and speed.

4. Microscope

A microscope is a scientific instrument which magnifies objects that are too small to

be seen by the naked eye.

There are two varieties: electron microscope (EM) and light microscope (L.M).

It uses combination of magnifying lenses with a rotator that can be used to adjust the

item view option.

5. Pipette

It is a type of chemical dropper used in laboratory experiments to measure and

transport fixed volumes of chemicals.

There are three kinds of pipettes: micropipettes, volumetric pipette and graduated

pipette.

All kinds of pipettes function in the same way.

The pipette is inserted into a liquid-filled container, where it creates a vacuum. The

vacuum suction draws up a designated amount of liquid and dispenses it into another.

6. Centrifuge

It’s a device for separating particles from a solution according to their sizes, shapes,

density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed.

It generally uses centrifugal force to separate the desired product, which can either be

proteins or nucleic acids, from the suspension made of insoluble fine solids in liquids.

The desired product can be either in the supernatant (the clear liquid obtained as a

result of centrifugation) or the pellet (residue from centrifugation sediment at the

bottom).

7. Laboratory Water Bath

It is a device used for regulating the temperature of substances subjected to heat.

It’s frequently used in chemistry labs for a number of temperature related

applications.

Water baths are used to heat those substances, which can't be heated directly on

Bunsen burner or hot plate or any other media. However only those materials can be

heated with water bath whose boiling point is less than that of water.

8. Petri Dish

A petri dish is a type of glass or plastic shallow round dish with a close fitting lid

which is a vital tool in scientific laboratories.

The uses for this piece of equipment are varied, but it is most well-known for holding

a culture medium upon which cells, bacteria, and viruses can be grown and studied.

9. Anaerobic Chamber

Anaerobic chambers, also known as anaerobic glove boxes.

They are atmosphere control units designed to be used when working with oxygen

sensitive materials, product containment needs, and/or general isolation control.

These units allow researchers to easily process, culture and examine samples without

exposure to atmospheric oxygen.

10. Autoclave

Autoclaves are used in sterilization.

It can reach temperatures higher than boiling water alone, so it can kill not only

bacteria but also bacterial spores, which tend to be resistant.

Autoclaves are used in laboratories to assure items such as glassware and surgical

equipment are sterile.

DAILY OPERATION

There may be some errors occur before a sample is analyzed that could potentially

affect the accuracy of the result, we called it as pre-examination error. Therefore, we need

pre-examination process to prevent from any serious patient misdiagnosis. Pre-examination

process involves a series of related processes such as request form that is given to the patient

to fill in, the collection and handling of the specimen, transportation of specimen, specimen

reception, specimen processing and lastly analysis of the specimen. Request forms from

clinicians are the most important means of communication. It includes the general

information of the patient such as the patient’s name, date of birth and date of collection, it

also includes clinical question and other information on the patient, thus to help the

laboratory professionals to choose the most suitable and appropriate test to be taken on that

patient.

There are many tests conducted in a laboratory, and some tests involve many types of

specimen, for example serum, blood, urine and plasma. So, in order to prevent the

phlebotomist from wrongly taken the specimens, a collection manual is very important.

Information in this collection manual helps the phlebotomist to obtain the right specimen.

The collection manual should contain information on the appropriate tubes, the amount of

specimen to collect, any need for immediate refrigeration, and any other factors that might

affect the quality of the test. Specimens must be collected in an appropriate specimen

container to maintain the integrity of the specimens. Besides, instructions of handling the

specimen should be also documented in the collection manual, and shall be available for all

the relevant personnel, so that they know how to handle those specimens. It is important to

follow the biosafety guidelines when handling those potentially infectious clinical specimens

in order to ensure a safety environment for patients, workers and all the laboratory occupants.

The process when transporting specimens is also very crucial, all specimens must be

constructed, filled, closed and secured so that under normal conditions of transportation,

public will not in contact with specimens that could endanger their health and safety.

Specimen reception play one of the most important roles, they sort and send all the relevant

information of the patient samples from different department, clinic and ward to the

appropriate laboratory for testing. Next, specimen processing is the section of the laboratories

where the specimens are received, sorted, and the specimen processor will enter the

information into the computer system. Processing a specimen including mixing the specimen

evenly to ensure that all the components are evenly distributed throughout the sample or in

some test, using a centrifuge to spin the specimen in order to separate the plasma layer from

the red blood cell. All the procedures are required to ensure that specimens sent to referral

laboratories are efficiently handled. Lastly, a laboratory report is necessary to jot down all the

procedures that are taken and the results regarding the test taken on the specimen.

LABORATORY INFORMATION SYSTEM

In Biochemistry laboratory, researchers may have to carry out experiment which

include spectrophotometric quantitation of DNA and proteins, yeast genomic DNA analysis

by restriction digest and PCR, yeast transformation with functional and genetic

complementation analysis and the like.A Laboratory Information System (LIS) is one of tool

that can receives, processes and store information that is developed in a medical or research

laboratory. It is a worldwide collection of the results found or actions performed in some

laboratories. Other than this, it is a highly organized and adaptable application that is used to

store several laboratory work-flow models simultaneously. With the implementation of LIS,

it helps the researcher as followed:

1. Information can be obtained with the click of a button rather than having to dig

through files.

Enable researcher to look for the information needed in a short time.

2. Years of data can be kept easily without the need for traditional archiving.

LIS contain flexible data storage approach that avoid constraining limits on

data size.

3. Improvement of data quality, automated quality control a daily quality reports.

Ability to record results in various data formats, including numbers, text with

extended characters, and images.

4. Automated log-in, tracking and management

Enable the technician to order the specimen, equipment and chemical needed

effectively.

Enable to maintain the management of the laboratory.

5. Easily accessible data via the web

It is an offsite backup.

Can view data that critical in time.

One of the LIS that can implement in biochemistry laboratory is LABVANTAGE.

LABVANTAGE utilizes a flexible approach to project management based on the Project

Management Institute's PMBOK methodology. Each engagement is managed according to

the most beneficial strategy for your unique specific requirements in the research. For

instance, projects with a pre-determined and well-defined end point may follow a waterfall

approach, while projects where the end is defined during execution may be managed

according to the relevant agile project management techniques. LABVANTAGE have the

most experienced deployment team.

When carry out an experiment, researcher will have to follow the sample lifecycle

using LIMS. First, sampling of samples which mean capture the valuable data. For instance,

sample date and time, distance travelled, field tests performed, sampling and field test

notes. Next, logging samples, analyzing and receiving of samples into the laboratory.

Samples are logged into LIMS via bar-code scanning or scheduling by assign a unique

sample number that can be used as a tracking or reference number as part of the ISO 17025

standards. Samples are scanned into the various laboratories for trace ability purposes.

Furthermore, authorizing of samples. Sample results are authorized by researcher who

evaluate the data against the prescribed specifications as set in LIMS. Researcher need to

interface handheld units with LIMS followed by scanning of samples into LIMS and

interfacing laboratory instruments with LIMS. Lastly, interfacing LIMS with various other

systems which improved the ability to transfer data among the different information

management systems and maintain a high level of data integrity.

MANAGEMENT TEAM

1. Laboratory Manager

Responsible for providing technical expertise, management and leadership for the

Biochemistry laboratory.

Responsibilities include:

Stability Management.

Analytical method validation, qualification and transfer.

Investigation of Out Of Specification Test (OOS).

Point of contact for Biochemistry deviations and problem solving

Managing the Biochemistry laboratory and stability programme function of Quality

Control.

The design and set-up of the Quality Control laboratories and associated activities,

including method transfer and selection/ implementation of laboratory instruments

and equipment.

Recruitment, development and coaching of laboratory staff.

Managing the stability programs for multiple manufacturing sites within the

organization.

Ensuring a safe working environment within the laboratory.

Providing technical support for chemistry and biochemistry methodology

Working with Quality Assurance on manufacturing and/or product investigations and

complaints; carrying out risk assessments, facilitate investigations and supply

investigation reports to assist Quality decisions.

To represent the QC Analytical Technical Services function during regulatory

inspections.

Serve as QC point of contact with company business partners and technical

representatives as required to meet objectives.

Preparing and presenting periodic management updates on Department activities to

senior management

Providing Quality Control review and approval of Policies, Operational Standards,

SOPs, validation protocols and reports.

2. Healthcare Scientist

Healthcare scientists analyse samples taken from patients' blood, urine or other bodily

fluids to help with the investigation, diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

They develop and implement new techniques, interpret results and liaise with and

advise clinical staff on the correct use of tests and any necessary follow up

investigations.

They are responsible for the evaluation and quality assessment of diagnostic tests and

play a role in developing and managing hospital and community analytical services.

Planning and organizing work in biochemistry laboratories, much of which is

automated and computer assisted;

Carrying out complex biochemical analyses on specimens of body fluids and tissues,

using spectrophotometry, mass spectroscopy, high performance chromatography,

electrophoresis, immunoassay and, increasingly, molecular biological techniques;

Identifying the cause of and resolving any poor analytical performance problems;

writing reports, funding bids and conducting research with clinical staff

3. Medical Laboratory Technicians (MLT)

Biochemistry technologists are a specific type of medical laboratory technologist that

assesses types and levels of chemicals present in bodily fluids.

They receive samples from doctors to carry out a specific test. They perform

various biochemical tests on various fluid samples, such as blood, to look for

abnormal or missing components as well as levels of particular elements, like sugars

or toxic chemicals.

They analyze and compile the data obtained before sending the information to the

doctor for a final diagnosis.

They need to ensure that samples are not contaminated and that they aren't infected

by the samples they work with.

To sample analysis, they could set up and maintain laboratory testing equipment,

such as a high-speed centrifuge, electron microscope or spectrophotometer. They

need to assure that procedures and testing standards are met to confirm the accuracy

of the results obtained using the equipment.

They might also train and supervise laboratory assistants and other technologists.

4. Laboratory Assistant

Laboratory assistants prepare, and in some cases process samples within

a biomedical laboratory.

They also utilise pre-analytical systems in order for biomedical scientists (BMS) or

Medical Laboratory Scientific Officers to process the biochemical tests requested on

the sample.

The majority of a medical laboratory assistant’s time is spent in

processing specimens.

They may undertake include, setting up blood analyzers, running Quality Controls

and manual controls prior to a biomedical scientist undertaking analysis on samples.

Maintenance and decontamination is essential for the function of the machinery

therefore the laboratory assistant carry out this role on a weekly or monthly basis.

5. Laboratory Supervisor

Set a standard for behavior and be a safety role model.

Provide safety oversight of day-to-day laboratory operations.

Incorporate safety discussions into lab group meetings for continuous improvement

of best safety practices.

Register the laboratory

Identify and control the hazards

Train and inform laboratory personnel

Prepare and maintain all safety documentation

Purchase chemicals

Label and store chemicals properly

Dispose of old, expired and waste chemicals

Ensure the proper clean-up and maintenance of the lab

Prepare for emergencies

Use sustainability and pollution prevention practices

6. Laboratory Safety Officer

Management of employee injuries and exposures, following up with occurrences,

looking at trends and making engineering or work practice control changes if

necessary, and requesting exposure monitors for those who work with specific

hazardous materials of concern.

Monthly lab safety inspections, including fire and electrical safety, ergonomics,

chemical hygiene, general housekeeping, waste management, personal protective

equipment, and infection prevention.

Making sure everyone in the lab has lab-specific training, emergency spill response

training, fire extinguisher training, knows what to do in an evacuation or fire drill, and

several other topics.

QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF LABORATORY

Objective of Quality Assurance

Quality Assurance in the biochemistry laboratory is intended to ensure the reliability of the

laboratory tests. The objective of quality assurance is to achieve reliable test results by: 

1. Accuracy

This refers to the closeness of the estimated value to that considered to be true. Accuracy

can, as a rule, be checked only by the use of reference materials which have been assayed

by reference methods.

2. Precision

This refers to the responsibility of the result, but a test can be precise without being

accurate. Precision can be controlled by replicate tests and by repeated tests on

previously measured specimens. And the test result or value which we get should be

closer to the previous one.

The Reason of Inaccuracy and/or Imprecision Occurred

Inaccuracy and/or imprecision occur as a result of using unreliable standards or

reagents ,incorrect instrument calibration, or poor technique.eg consistently faulty dilution or

the use of a method that gives a reaction that is incomplete or not specific for the test.

This can be done by:

1. Eliminating rework

2. Save time

3. Save labour

4. Save material e.g. reagent, specimen etc.

5. Patient care.

Quality Assurance Programme Includes

1. Internal quality control (IQC)

This is based on monitoring the Biochemistry test procedure that is performed in the

laboratory. It includes measurement on specially prepared materials and repeated

measurements on routine specimens as well as statistical analysis day by day of date

obtained from the test which has been routinely carried out. There is thus continuous

evaluation of the reliability of the work of the laboratory. Hence IQC primarily check

the precision of lab work.

2. External quality assessment (EQC)

This is the evaluation by an outside agency of the performance by a number of

laboratories on specially supplied samples. Analysis of performance is retrospective.

The objective is to achieve between lab and between method compatibility, but this

doesn’t guarantee accuracy unless the specimens have been assayed by a reference lab

alongside a reference preparation of known value. Schemes are usually organized on a

national or regional basis. Hence, EQA is mainly concerned with analytical part of the

test.

3. Proficiency surveillance

This is concerned with various aspect of laboratory apart from analysis part i.e. this

ensures adequate control of the pre and post analytical stages of test. It implies critical

supervision of all the aspects of laboratory tests. Such as,

Sample collection

Labeling

Delivering

Storage

Reading

Reporting

Establishment of normal reference values.

Maintenance and control of apparatus and instruments etc.

4. Standardization

This refers to both materials and reference methods:

A material standard or reference preparation is used to calibrate analytic

instruments and to assign a quantitative value to calibrators.

A reference method is an exactly defined technique which provides sufficiently

accurate and precise data for it to be used to assess the validity of other

methods. The main international authority concerned with material standards are

WHO and international council for standardization in hematology (ICSH). The

material prepared by these authorities are international standards(international

reference preparation)and are of primary standard. These international standards

are not freely available and are not intended for routine use, but this serve as

standards for assigning values to commercial standard which is of secondary

standard.

Error Can Be Easily Occurred during

In writing the order

Transcribing the order to lab.

The requisition from floor to the lab.

Collecting the sample (IQC, PS, and Std.)

Handling after collection(PS)

Running the test (predominantly to IQC).

Sending the data back to the floor.

Putting the data on the chart.

Awareness for Quality Control

Awareness that has to be adopted for quality control can be divided into 2 groups.

1. Primary Goals

To report out all correct data.

Not to report the incorrect patient values.

2. Error Detection

To detect error before it leaves the lab.

Errors in Quantitative System

There are two types of errors in quantitative system

1. Random error(Inherit Error, Noise Error, Background Error)

This is the error in which there will be variation in test result /data on either side of

mean. In other words the values obtained will be low as well as high to the mean

value or true value.

This may be due to

Slight variation in line voltage, lamp output or temperature.

Slight variation in pipettors and dispensers.

This error is measured by standard deviation (SD) and coefficient variation (CV).

2. Systematic error

This is the error in which variation occurs in one direction away from the true value i.e.

either value goes up or down. The difference between measured value and true value is

called Bias.

Systemic errors are errors within the test system or methodology.

Assigned value to calibrators.

Reagent composition

Antibody specificity.

Six components of error detection system

1. Patient identification, sample collection and handling.

2. Analytical method.

3. Instrument maintenance

4. Control material.-In build error detecting test, it is run as per the test and its value is

known so helps to detect whether our test is correct or not.

5. Quality control monitoring.

6. Clerical.

Quality control material

It is a known sample whose range of values has been established prior to the test

either by international authorities or by commercial firms.

This control sample is inserted into the testing process, being exposed to the same

condition as the patient sample and value is measured. If the values of control material

is within the range then it is said that the test procedure of the error detectors.

CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, lab management is important in setting up a laboratory. Proper

management ensures the laboratory operation can runs smoothly. Lab management includes

users, management team, equipment, daily operation, information system and quality

management. Each aspect has its own roles in maintaining system operation as mentioned in

the proposal. Different laboratory has different requirements therefore the management is set

up differently according to the purpose of the laboratory.