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BASIC WATER COURSE

Basic Water Course

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Basic Water Course

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  • BASIC WATER

    COURSE

  • Introduction to Water Resources

    I. Water Cycle

    II. Typical Water Supply System

    i. Source

    ii. Treatment

    iii. Distribution

  • Water Cycle

  • The world's total volume of water is in many

    different forms:

    Liquid- oceans, rivers and rain

    Solid- glaciers

    Gas- invisible water vapor in the air

    Water changes states as it is moved

    around the planet by wind currents.

    Understanding the Water Cycle

  • When the sun heats

    the ocean and lakes,

    water evaporates and

    rises into the air.

    Evaporation

  • The water vapor cools

    and condenses to

    become droplets,

    which form clouds

    Condensation

  • If enough water

    condenses, the drops

    become heavy enough

    to fall to the ground as

    rain and snow.

    Rain

    Snow

  • Some rain collects in

    ground wells. The rest

    flows through rivers,

    including melted ice,

    back into the ocean

    Run-off

    Ground

    water

    Melting

    of ice

  • Typical Water Supply

    System

  • Typical Water Supply System

    TREATMENT DISTRIBUTION

    sources of water that are

    potentially useful

    process of making the water

    useful for end-users

    the end-users or

    the receiver

    SOURCE

  • Water Resources

    Fresh water

    3%

    Saline (Oceans)

    97%

    Earths water

    Groundwater

    30.1%

    Icecaps and Glaciers

    68.7%

    Surface water

    0.3% Others

    0.9%

    Freshwater

    Lakes

    87% Swamps

    11%

    Rivers

    2%

    Fresh surface water

    Source: en.wikipedia.org

  • Surface Water Groundwater Seawater Rainwater

    Sources of Natural Drinking Water

    - is water in a

    river, lake or

    fresh

    water wetland.

    Surface water is

    naturally

    - is fresh water

    located in

    the pore space

    of soil

    and rocks

    - water that is

    flowing within

    aquifers below

    the water table

    - is precipitation

    that is collected

    from relatively

    clean, above-

    ground

    surfaces -

    usually

    rooftops.

    - is water that

    has the

    property of

    salinity and

    temperature

    which controls

    the density of

    the water.

  • Water Resources for Metro Manila

    Laiban Dam Kanan Dam Agos Dam

    Kaliwa Low Dam Marikina River

    Wawa Dam Laguna Lake Angat Dam

    Source: en.wikipedia.org

  • Typical Water Supply System

    SOURCE TREATMENT DISTRIBUTION

    SOURCE TREATMENT STORAGE

  • Storage

    Dam is a solid barrier constructed at a suitable location across a river valley to store flowing water

    What are dams?

  • Types of dams

    Impound water in periods of surplus supply.

    Used for irrigation, and for diversion of water from streams to a storage reservoir

    Storage dam Diversion dam

  • GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

    UMIRAY Transbasin Tunnel ANGAT DAM

    IPO DAM

    LA MESA DAM

    LAGUNA LAKE

  • Umiray Angat Dam Ipo Dam

    Aqueducts

    Portal

    To La

    Mesa

    Dam

    To Treatment Plants

  • UMIRAY UMIRAY

    Tunnel 4.3 km

    Diameter 4.3 m

    Design 30cms

    Actual 9-16 cms

    LOCATION : Sitio Bituan, Barangay Umiray,

    General Nakar, Quezon Province

  • Multi Purpose Dam

    For potable water supply

    Electric power generation

    Irrigation

    Flood control

    Overflow Level:217 m

    Low water level: 180.00 m

    Critical low water level: 150.00 m

    Volume: 850 MCM

    Watershed: 62,000 Hectares

    ANGAT DAM

  • IPO DAM

    Mass concrete gravity dam with gated spillways, and diversion control

    Capacity: 5.9 MCM

    Operating level: 100.50 100.80 m

    Overflow Level: 101.0 m

    Watershed: 6,600 Hectares

    7units 12 m high Radial Gates

    IPO DAM IPO DAM

  • LA MESA DAM

    LA MESA DAM

    Overflow Level: 80.15 M

    Volume: 45.36 MCM (38 MCM Usable)

    Watershed: 2,700 Hectares

    3 Intake Structures

  • Typical Water Supply System

    SOURCE DISTRIBUTION

    -sources of water that are

    potentially useful

    -process of making the water

    useful for end-users

    -the end-users of

    the receiver

    TREATMENT

  • Why do we treat water?

    58% of ground water is contaminated with coliform 31% of illness for a 5-year period were water-borne diseases

  • Impurities in Water

    CLASSIFICATIONS

    I. Suspended

    II. Dissolved

    III. Living Organisms

  • Impurities in Water

    I. Suspended Solids

    Sand Silt Clay Debris

    Effects

    Increase in surface water temperature, thus decrease the

    dissolved oxygen

    Turbid water Discoloration

    Organic matter (e.g. leaves) Industrial/Domestic by-products

  • Impurities in Water

    II. Dissolved Solids

    Calcium Magnesium Chloride Manganese

    Sulfate Nitrate Carbonate

    Effects

    Cause metallic/bitter taste Discoloration/Staining (Brown,

    black or yellow)

    Cause hard water Rusty odor

  • Impurities in Water

    III. Living Organisms

    Fish Shrimps Worms

    Larvae Algae

    Effects

    Cause water-bourne diseases Cause taste and odor problems Clog filters, and produce slime

    growths on intake pipes and

    equipment

  • Impurities in Water

    IV. Dissolved Gases

    How it gets into the water

    Naturally occurs in atmosphere and photosynthesis Any equipment which is open to the atmosphere will permit

    gases to enter

    Effects

    Affects aquatic life Corrosion Rotten egg Odor

  • Water Quality

    - characteristics of water with respect to its suitability for drinking

    Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

  • Main water quality

    parameters:

    Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

    1. Turbidity

    2. pH

    3. Residual Chlorine

    4. Microbiological Quality

    5. Color

    6. Taste and Odor

    7. Total Dissolved Solids

    Parameter Maximum Level

    Color Apparent 10 PCU

    True 5 PCU

    Turbidity 5 NTU

    Chloride 250 mg/L

    Hardness 300 mg/L as CaCO3

    Hydrogen Sulfide 0.05 mg/L

    Iron 1 mg/L

    Manganese 0.4 mg/L

    pH 6.5 - 8.5

    Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

    500 mg/L

    Residual Chlorine 0.3 - 1.5 mg/L

    Total Coliform

  • 1. Turbidity

    Refers to cloudiness of water

    The higher the value, the more turbid the water is

    Removed through chemical application

    1,500

    Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

    Parameter Limit Turbidity 5 NTU

  • Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

    2. pH

    Measure of the basicity or acidity of a solution

    Indicates the effectiveness of coagulation/flocculation process

    Parameter Limit pH 6.5 - 8.5 mg/L

    Acidic Basic

    pH < 7 < pH

  • Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

    3. Residual Chlorine

    Remaining chlorine available for disinfection

    Indicator analysis for microbiological occurence

    Parameter Limit Residual Chlorine 0.3 - 1.5 mg/L

    Colorimeter

  • Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

    4. Microbiological Parameter

    Water contains potential pathogens that may be markers of risk

    These pathogenic organisms originate from the intestinal tract of warm blooded

    Pathogens: Salmonella

    Shigella

    enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

    Vibrio cholerae

    Yersinia enterocolitica

    Campylobacter fetus

    Legionella pneumophila

    Parameter Maximum Level

    Total Coliform

  • Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

    Minimum Frequency of Sampling for Drinking-Water Supply

    Systems for Microbiological Examination

    Source: PNSDW

  • 5. Color

    Green or blue water is usually caused by corrosion of copper

    plumbing.

    Red or dark brown water generally indicates iron rust or

    manganese in the water or pipe

    sediment

    Cloudy White is usually due to turbidity

    Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

    Parameter Maximum Level

    Color Apparent 10 PCU

    TRUE 5 PCU

  • 6. Taste and Odor

    Standard:

    Unobjectionable

    - Petroleum or solvent odor

    - Metallic taste

    - Chlorine, chemical or medicinal taste or odor

    - Rotten egg odor

    - Moldy, earthy, grassy, or fishy odor

    - Salty taste

    Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

  • 7. Total Dissolved Solids

    Measure of combined content of all organic and inorganic substances contained in a liquid

    Originate from natural sources, sewage, urban runoff and industrial wastewater.

    Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

    Parameter Maximum Level

    Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

    500 mg/L

    Parameter Operational

    Limit

    Iron (Total) 1

    Iron (Dissolved)

  • Introduction to Water Treatment Process

    Screening Aeration Coagulation Flocculation Sedimentation/ Clarification

    Flotation Filtration Membrane Reverse Osmosis Disinfection

  • Introduction to Water Treatment Process

    Prevents foreign objects such as grass, leaves, tree limbs and other large floatables to enter the process

    Prevents:

    Damage to treatment plant equipment

    Increase in chemical requirements

    impede hydraulic flow in open channels or pipes

    hinder the treatment process

    SCREENING

  • Introduction to Water Treatment Process

    Process of bringing water and air into close contact

    Removes remove dissolved/trapped gases, such as carbon dioxide

    Oxidize dissolved metals such as iron and manganese

    AERATION

  • Introduction to Water Treatment Process

    Promotes aggregation of small particles in to large particles by rapid mixing

    Uses coagulant chemicals

    Common coagulants are as follows:

    1. Aluminum Sulfate

    2. Sodium Aluminate

    3. Ferric Sulfate

    4. Ferrous Sulfate

    5. Ferric Chloride

    6. Polymers

    7. PolyAluminum Chloride

    Coagulant

    COAGULATION

  • Introduction to Water Treatment Process

    Formation of small particles into big ones (flocs), ready for sedimentation process

    Utilizes slow mixing

    FLOCCULATION

  • Introduction to Water Treatment Process

    Sedimentation basins are used to settle out the floc before going to the filters

    Water moves slowly through the sedimentation tank or basin with minimum turbulence at entry and exit points

    Flocs that formed into sludge settles at the bottom of the basin

    SEDIMENTATION / CLARIFICATION

  • Introduction to Water Treatment Process

    FLOATATION

  • Introduction to Water Treatment Process

    Separating suspended solid matter from a liquid, by causing the latter to pass through the pores of some substance, called a filter.

    The liquid which has passed through the filter is called the FILTRATE

    Filter Media

    Silica Sand

    Anthracite Coal

    Membrane Nanofilters

    Ultrafilters

    Microfilters

    Reverse Osmosis

    FILTRATION

    Raw water Filtrate

    Filter

    Filt

    er

    Filtrate

  • Conventional Filtration vs Membrane Filtration

    Conventional Granular / Mixed Media

    Irregular Pore Size Distribution

    Probable/ Filtration

    MF Membrane Media

    Controlled/Uniform Pore Size Distribution (0.1 micron)

    Absolute Filtration

    Better water quality

    Introduction to Water Treatment Process

  • Introduction to Water Treatment Process

    Relative Sizes of Small Particles

    Protozoa Giardia Cyst (5 - 15 m)

    Pencil Dot (40 m)

    Protozoa Cryptosporidium Oocysts (3 - 6 m)

    Microfiltration (0.1 m)

    Virus (0.3 m)

    Large Siliceous

    Bacteria (20 m)

    Particle (0.5 m)

    Can all particles be filtered?

  • Introduction to Water Treatment Process

    Filtering out harmful microbes by adding disinfectant chemicals in the last step of water purification

    Kills any pathogens which pass through the filters

    Possible pathogens include viruses, bacteria, and protozoa

    Common Disinfectant:

    Chlorine

    Chlorine Dioxide

    Chloramine

    Ozone

    Ultraviolet

    Hypochlorites

    Mixed Oxide

    PATHOGENS

    DISINFECTANT CHEMICAL

    DISINFECTION

  • La Mesa Treatment Plant 1

  • La Mesa Treatment Plant 1

    LMTP-1 commissioned in 1982, is a standard flocculation-

    settlement-rapid gravity filter plant

    Design Capacity: 1500 mld

    Overload Capacity: 1650 mld

    Type: Conventional

    Filters: Anthracite coal & sand

    ISO 9001:2000 Certified (Quality Management System)

    IMS Certified

    ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System

    ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management Systems

    ISO 18001:2007 Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series

  • Maynilad Water Services, Inc.

    Caustic Soda

    Potassium Permanganate

    LA MESA TREATMENT PLANT 1

    WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

    created by: Production Planning

    Raw water from LP-1 Open canal (Portal)

    Aluminum Sulfate

    Pre-chlorination

    Polymer

    Post Chlorination

    To Bagbag Reservoir

    Sedimentation Screening

    Junction Box Structure

    Flocculation Coagulation

    Recovery Lagoon

    Filtration

    Rapid Mixing

  • Water Source

    Rapid Mixing

    Flocculation Process

    Sedimentation Process

    Filtration Process

    Potable Water

    Sludge Lagoons Recovery

    Primary Coagulant

    Coagulant Aid

    La Mesa Treatment Plant 1

    Chlorine Application

    Coagulant Aid

  • La Mesa Treatment Plant 2

  • Maynilad Water Services, Inc.

    Commissioning Date: January 1995

    Design Capacity: 900 mld

    Overload Capacity: 990 mld

    Type: Pulsator

    Filters: Silica sand

    ISO 9001:2000 Certified ( Quality Management System )

    IMS Certified

    ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System

    ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management Systems

    ISO 18001:2007 Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series

    La Mesa Treatment Plant 2

  • Washwater

    Recovery

    Tank

    Raw water from LP-2 Open canal (Portal)

    Post Chlorination

    Pre- chlorination

    Caustic Soda Aluminum Sulfate Polymer

    Recovered Water

    Caustic Soda (if necessary)

    Effluent

    Potassium Permanganate

    Screening (Raw Water Inlet)

    Coagulation

    (Repartition

    Building) Pulsator-Clarifier

    Filtration

    LA MESA TREATMENT PLANT 2

    WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

  • La Mesa Treatment Plant 2

    Water Source

    Flash Mixing

    Pulsation/ Clarification Process

    Filtration Process

    Potable Water

    Sludge Management Facility Recovery

    Primary Coagulant

    Coagulant Aid

    To LMTP1 Sludge Lagoons

    Water Source

    Flash Mixing

    Pulsator Clarifier

    Filtration Process

    Recovery

    Primary Coagulant

    Chlorine Application

    Coagulant Aid

  • Putatan Water Treatment Plant

  • 07/08/10

    PWTP

    o Laguna lake consists of 21 major tributary rivers

    o Backflow of saltwater from Manila Bay when level of lake is lower

    than 10.5 meters

  • RAW WATER PUMPING STATION

    FOREBAY

    EXISTING NIA BLDG

    TRANSFORMER YARD

    PWPS MCC

    14ML RESERVOIR

    PRODUCT WATER PUMPING STATION

    PNR RAILWAY

    CHLORINATION BLDG

    SLUDGE DEWATERING BLDG

    GENSET HOUSE

    PRE-TREATED 1

    PRE-TREATED 2

    SUB STATION

    MFRO BLDG

    PERMEATE TANK

    DAF-2

    DAF-1

    CHEMICAL STORAGE 100 MLD PUTATAN WATER

    TREATMENT PLANT

  • When TDS > 400

    Putatan Water Treatment Plant

  • Typical Water Supply System

    SOURCE

    -sources of water that are

    potentially useful

    -process of making the water

    useful for end-users

    -the end-users of

    the receiver

    TREATMENT DISTRIBUTION

  • La Mesa Treatment Plant 1

    La Mesa Treatment Plant 2

    To Bagbag Reservoir

    Interconnecting Structure HGL = 74.48 m (as indicated in drawings) (Correct HGL = 73.16 to 73.18 m)

    ARPS

    2100 b. valve inside weir box

    2000 mm dia.

    1500 mm dia.

    3200 mm dia. 2500 mm dia. By-pass

    50 ML la Mesa Reservoir Overflow Weir Elev. = 73.74 m

    2800 mm dia.

    BV

    900 mm dia. BV

  • VELOCITY FLOW ROUGHNESS

    HEADLOSS

    ENERGYLOSS

  • trunk line

    lateral line

    Secondary/tertiary lines

    Physical NRW

    CommercialNRW

    WSC

    lateral line

    Hydraulic Grade Line

  • P.S.

    consumer

    Datum

    elev. 45m

    elev. 50m

    elev. 60m

    Reservoir

    Typical Distribution System

    Hydraulic Grade Line

    During night time low consumption

    During day time high consumption

  • What is the reason why

    reservoir is draining

    during peak

    demand/hour?

    Flow and Pressure on Pipes

  • P.S.

    consumer

    Datum

    elev. 45m

    elev. 50m

    elev. 60m

    Reservoir

    Hydraulic Grade Line

    During night time low consumption

    During day time high consumption

    1400mld

    1200 mld 1700 mld

    Typical Distribution System

  • What is the function of pump stations in the distribution system?

    Flow and Pressure on Pipes

  • P.S.

    consumer

    Datum

    elev. 45m

    elev. 50m

    elev. 60m

    Bagbag Reservoir

    Hydraulic Grade Line

    During night time low consumption

    During day time high consumption

    Typical Distribution System

  • BAGBAG

    RESERVOIR

    TREATMENT

    PLANT Typical Distribution System

    PRIMARY LINE

    PRIMARY LINE

    PUMPING

    STATION

    SECONDARY LINE

    SECONDARY LINE

    SECONDARY LINE

    SECONDARY LINE

    PE TUBING

  • P.S.

    consumer

    Datum

    elev. 45m

    elev. 50m

    elev. 60m

    Bagbag Reservoir

    Hydraulic Grade Line

    During night time low consumption

    During day time high consumption

    Typical Distribution System

  • BAGBAG

    RESERVOIR

    TREATMENT

    PLANT Typical Distribution System

    PRIMARY LINE

    PRIMARY LINE

    PUMPING

    STATION

    SECONDARY LINE

    SECONDARY LINE

    SECONDARY LINE

    SECONDARY LINE

    PE TUBING

  • WATER METER

  • 2m

    3m

    7 psi ~ 5m

    How high can 7 psi go?

  • PIPE NETWORK

  • Primary Line

    Secondary Line

    DMA

    Tertiary Line

    PRV

    District Meter

    Valves

    PRV

    Fire Hydrant

    Meter Set

    Assembly

    Pipe Fittings

    Air Valve Blow-off

    Check Valve Flow Meter

    GP

  • STEEL PIPES

    DUCTILE IRON PIPES

  • Asbestos Cement Pipe

    PVC Pipe

  • HDPE Pipe

    Galvanized Steel Pipe

  • Butterfly Valve Commonly used in large

    diameter pipes

    Small Gate Valve Commonly used in MSA

    and domestic plumbing

    Gate Valve Commonly used in MSA and domestic

    plumbing

    Cone Valve Commonly used in pumping stations Glove Valve Commonly

    used in pumping stations

  • Check Valve Permit water to flow in only one direction and are

    commonly used to to prevent

    reversal of flow when pumps are

    shutoff

    Air Valve are provided in long pipelines to permit release of air at

    high points and prevent negative

    pressures when lines get drained.

    Pressure Regulating Valve Automatically reduce the

    downstream pressure to any

    desired level..

  • District Meter Are used to measure supply and to

    calculate losses in a DMA.

  • Flow Meter Are used to measure supply and to

    calculate losses on

    distribution lines. Electromagnetic Flow Meter

    Ultrasonic Flow Meter

    Insertion Type Flow Meter

  • Blow-off valve Are designed to prevent

    contamination of water

    supplies. It is usually

    located at the lowest part

    of the pipeline.

  • Fire Hydrant Are designed for fire fighting

    and can be used as

    flushing point.

    Spring Fire Hydrant

    Traffic Type Fire Hydrant

  • Meter Set Assembly Are used to measure water

    consumption of

    costumers.

  • End Cap Tee Reducer

    STC

    Bend Elbow

    Adaptor