Battery Electric Cars

8/14/2019 Battery Electric Cars

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Battery electriccars The beginning of a new era


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History1. Between 1832 and 1839 Scottish businessmanRobert Anderson invented the first crude electric

carriage.2. The improvement of the storage battery, by

Frenchmen Gaston Plante in 1865 and CamilleFaure in 1881, paved the way for electric vehicles

to flourish.


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3.BEVs, produced in the USA byAnthonyElectric,Baker,Detroit,Edison,Studebae

r,and others during the early 20th Century for atime out-sold gasoline-powered vehicles.Thetop speed of these early electric vehicles waslimited to about 32 km/h (20 mph).Electrics didnot require hand-cranking to start.


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4. The introduction of the electric starter by Cadillac in 1913simplified the task of starting the internal combustionengine, formerly difficult and sometimes dangerous. Thisinnovation contributed to the downfall of the electric vehicle.

5. The 1947 invention of the point-contact transistor marked the beginning of a new era for BEV technology.Within a decade,Henney Coachworks had joined forces with National Union

Electric Company to produce the first modern electric car based on transistor technology.


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Comparision to internal

combustible vehicle1. While it is a dream of ICEVs

to reach 75 or 100 mpg(3L/100 km), electric vehicles

naturally reach the equivalentof 200 mpg (1.5 L/100km)with their typical cost of twoto four cents per mile.

2. The total cost of ownership

for modern BEVs depends primarily on the batteries thatis less than ICEVs whencompared to refuelling cost.

Tzero an oldermodel electricvehicle on a dragrace with a DodgeViper left behind
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tzeroviper.jpg


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3.Ownership costs for BEVsare higher thanICEVequivalents, primarily because their

purchase price is higher to begin with.4. Fuel costs are very low due to the competitive

price of electricity - fuel duty is zero-rated

- and to the high efficiency of the vehiclesthemselves. Taking into account the highfuel economy of BEVs, the fuel costs can

be as low as 1.0-2.5p per mile (dependingon the tariff).

Dynasty EV 4(aCanadian BEV)


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Energy efficiency andcarbon dioxide

emissionsProduction and conversion BEVs typically use0.17 to 0.37 kilowatt-hours per mile (0.1 0.23 kWh/km).Nearly half of this power consumption is due to inefficiencies incharging the batteries.Tesla Motors

indicates that the well to wheels power consumption of their li-ion poweredvehicle is 0.215 kwh per mile. The USfleet average of 23 miles per gallon of gasoline is equivalent to 1.58 kWh per mile and the 70 MPG Honda Insight uses0.52 kWh per mile,so hybrid electricvehicles are relatively energy efficient and

battery electric vehicles are much moreenergy efficient.

Sources of electricityin the U.S. 2005


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Generating electricity and providing liquid fuels for vehicles aredifferent categories of the energy economy, with different inefficienciesand environmental harms. A 55 % to 99.9 % improvement in CO 2emissions takes place when driving an EV over an ICE (gasoline, diesel)vehicle depending on the source of electricity.Comparing CO 2 emissionscan be done by using the US national average of 1.28 lbs CO

2/kWh for

electricity generation, giving a range for BEVs from zero up to 0.2 to0.5 lbs CO 2/mi (0.06 kg/km to 0.13 kg/km). Since 1 gal of gasoline

produces 19 lbs CO 2 the average US fleet produces 0.83 lbs/mi

(0.23 kg/km) and the Insight 0.27 lbs/mi (0.08 kg/km).CO 2 and other greenhouse gases emissions do not exist for BEVs powered fromsustainable electricity sources (e.g. solar energy), but are constant per gallon (or litre) for gasoline vehicles


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Table showing Carbon

emmisionsMODEL Carbon emissionsfor conventionalelec. production

Carbon emissionsfor

Renewable elec.production

Toyota RAV4-EV (BEV) 3.8 3.1

Toyota RAV4 2wd (ICE) 7.2 7.2

Nissan Altra EV(BEV) 3.5 0.0


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HYBRID VEHICLES

MODEL Carbon emissionsfor conventionalelec. production

Carbon emissionsfor

Renewable elec.production

2001 Honda Insight 3.1 3.1

2005 Toyota Prius 3.5 3.5

2005 Ford Escape H 2x 5.8 5.8

2005 Ford Escape H 4x 6.2 6.2


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Maintenance and

performanceMaintenance

1. EVs, particularly those usingAC or brushless DC motors,

have far fewer mechanical partsto wear out. An ICEV on theother hand will have pistons,valves, camshafts, cambelts,gearbox and a clutch, all of which can wear out.

2. Both hybrids and EV's useregenerative braking, whichgreatly reduces wear and tearon friction brakes

Venturi Fetish - a limitedproduction electric car

capable of reaching 0 to100

km/hr in 4.5 seconds


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Performance1. Although some electric vehicles

have very small motors, 20 hp or less and therefore have modest

acceleration, the relativelyconstant torque of an electricmotor even at very low speedstends to increase the acceleration

performance of an electricvehicle for the same ratedmotor

power.

Eliica prototype


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2.Electric vehicles can also utilize a direct motor-to-wheel configuration which increases theamount of available power. Having multiple motors connected directly to the wheels

allows for each of the wheels to be used for both propulsion and as braking systems,thereby increasing traction. In some cases, the motor can be housed directly in the wheel,such as in the Whispering Wheel design, which lowers the vehicle's center of gravity andreduces the number of moving parts.

3. When not fitted with an axle, differential, or transmission, electric vehicles have less drivetrainrotational inertia.

4. A gearless or single gear design in some BEVs eliminates the need for gear shifting, givingsuch vehicles both smoother acceleration and smoother braking.

5. Because the torque of an electric motor is a function of current, not rotational speed, electricvehicles have a high torque over a larger range of speeds during acceleration, as comparedto an internal combustion engine.

So it can be truly said these are high perforfance BEVs that can give ICEVs(supercars) run for their money.


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Charging1. Batteries in BEVs must be periodically recharged . BEVs most commonly charge from

the power grid(at home or using a street or shop recharging point).Home power such asroof top photovoltaic solar cell panels, microhydro or wind may also be used .2. Charging time is limited primarily by the capacity of the grid connection. Even if the

supply power can be increased, most batteries do not accept charge at greater than their charge rate ("C1".).

3. In 1995, some charging stations charged BEVs in one hour. In November 1997, Ford purchased a fast-charge system produced by AeroVironment called "PosiCharge" which

charged their lead-acid batteries in between six and fifteen minutes. In February 1998,General Motors announced a version of its "Magne Charge" system which could recharge NiMH batteries in about ten minutes, providing a range of sixty to one hundred miles.

4. In 2005, handheld device battery designs by Toshiba were claimed to be able to accept an80% charge in as little as 60 seconds.

5. In 2007, Altairnano's NanoSafe batteries are rechargeable in a few minutes, versus hoursrequired for other rechargeable batteries. A NanoSafe cell can be charged to over 80%

charge capacity in about one minute.


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ConnectorsThe charging power can be connected tothe car in two ways (electric coupling).The first is a direct electrical connectionknown as conductive coupling. Thismight be as simple as a mains lead into

a weatherproof socket through specialhigh capacity cables with connectors to protect the user from high voltages.Thesecond approach is known as inductivecoupling. A special 'paddle' is insertedinto a slot on the car. The paddle is onewinding of a transformer, while theother is built into the car. When the

paddle is inserted it completes amagnetic circuit which provides power to the battery pack.

The General Motors EV1

had a range of 75 to150 miles with NiMH

batteries in 1999 .


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Batteries used

Rechargeable batteries used inelectric vehicles include lead-acid ("flooded" and VRLA ),

NiCd, nickel metal hydride,lithium ion, Li-ion polymer,and, less commonly, zinc-air and molten salt batteries. Theamount of electricity stored in

batteries is measured in kWh .

75 watt-hour/kilogramlithium polymer battery

prototypes


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Lead-acid batteries are the most available and

inexpensive. Such conversions generally have arange of 30 to 80 km (20 to 50 miles). ProductionEVs with lead-acid batteries are capable of up to130 km (80 miles) per charge.

NiMH batteries have higher energy density and maydeliver up to 200 km (120 miles) of range.

New lithium-ion battery -equipped EVs provide400-500 km (250-300 miles) of range per charge. [19] Lithium is also less expensive than nickel.

An alternative to recharging is to exchange drainedor nearly drained batteries (or battery rangeextender modules) with fully charged batteries.

The Toyota RAV4 EVwas powered bytwenty-four 12 voltbatteries, with anoperational costequivalent of over 165miles per gallon at


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SafetyThe safety issues of battery electric vehicles are largely dealt with by the

international standard ISO 6469. This document is divided in three parts dealing with specific issues.

On-board electrical energy storage, i.e. the battery.2. Functional safety means and protection against failures.3. Protection of persons against electrical hazards

While BEV accidents may present unusual problems, such as firesand fumes resulting from rapid battery discharge, there isapparently no available information regarding whether they areinherently more or less dangerous than gasoline or diesel internalcombustion vehicles which carry flammable fuels.


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Future of BEVsThe future of battery electric vehicles depends primarily upon the cost and availability of batteries with

high energy densities, power density, and long life, as all other aspects such as motors, motor controllers, and chargers are fairly mature and cost-competitive with internal combustion enginecomponents. Li-ion, Li-poly and zinc-air batteries have demonstrated energy densities high enoughto deliver range and recharge times comparable to conventional vehicles.

Bollor a French automative parts group developed a concept car the "Bluecar using Lithium metal polymer batteries developed by a subsidiary Batscap. It had a range of 250 km and top speed of 125km/h."Bluecar"The cathodes of early 2007 lithium-ion batteries are made from lithium-cobalt metaloxide. This material is pricey, and can release oxygen if its cell is overcharged. If the cobalt is

replaced with iron phosphates, the cells will not burn or release oxygen under any charge. The price premium for early 2007 hybrids is about US $5000, some $3000 of which is for their NiMH battery packs. At early 2007 gasoline and electricity prices, that would break even after six to ten years of operation. The hybrid premium could fall to $2000 in five years, with $1200 or more of that beingcost of lithium-ion batteries, providing a three-year payback


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Disadvantages of BEVs Electricity is produced using such methods as nuclear fission, with its attendant

regulatory and waste issues, or (more often) by burning coal, the latter producing about0.97 kg of CO 2 (2.1 pounds) per kilowatt-hour plus other pollutants and strip-miningdamages: electric vehicles are therefore not "zero emissions" in any real-world sense,except at their point of use unless renewable energy(solar, wind, wave, tidal, geothermal,or hydro power) is employed; Zero emission electrical sources such as solar panels muststill be manufactured, producing various pollutants.

Limited driving range available between recharging (using certain battery technologies)

Expensive batteries, which may cost US$2,000 (lead acid) to $20,000 (li-ion) to replace;Poor cold weather performance of some kinds of batteries. Danger of electrocution and electromagnetic interference. Poor availability of public charging stations reduces practicality and may hinder initial

take-up. People who live in flats or houses without private parking may not have anoption to charge the vehicle at home


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Camille Jenatzy in

electric car La JamaisContente, 1899

Thomas Edison andan electric car in1913 (courtesy of the NationalMuseum of AmericanHistory )

Some BEV

vintage cars
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ed_d22m.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jamais_contente.jpg

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Battery Electric Cars