BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS - GTG India · 2019-01-04 · BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS A UTILITY PERSPECTIVE –PART I NOVEMBER 23, 2018. ... TECHNOLOGIES –ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM

/ ©2018 NAVIGANT CONSULTING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED1

BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS

A UTILITY PERSPECTIVE – PART I

NOVEMBER 23, 2018


Notice Regarding Presentation

This presentation was prepared by Navigant Consulting, Inc. (Navigant) for informational purposes only. Navigant makes no claim to any

government data and other data obtained from public sources found in this publication (whether or not the owners of such data are noted in this

publication).

Navigant does not make any express or implied warranty or representation concerning the information contained in this presentation, or as to

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conjunction with the oral briefing provided by Navigant. No part of it may be circulated, quoted, or reproduced for distribution without prior written

approval from Navigant.

DISCLAIMER


INDUSTRY CONTEXT Page 04

SECTION 1 Primer: Available Battery Technology Page 06

SECTION 2 BESS System Modelling; Integration into Utility Resource

Planning

Page 18

SECTION 3 Utility T&D Specific Use Cases Page 22

TABLE OF CONTENTS


ENERGY CLOUD 4.0


SECTION 1

PRIMER: AVAILABLE

BATTERY

TECHNOLOGY


TECHNOLOGIES – ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM COMPONENTS

• A typical storage system contains storage technology, thermal management system, power conversion system

and software & controls.

Image Source: REneweconomy, AVL, Energy Storage Report, Free-SQL

Energy Storage System

Storage Technology

Thermal Management / Balance of System

Power Conversion

Software & Controls


Electrical energy is stored through mechanical, chemical, thermal or electro-chemical means.

STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES – HIGH LEVEL OVERVIEW

Source: www.ZBBenergy.comSource: SAFTSource: Beacon Power

Mechanical BatteriesFlow

Batteries

• Pumped Hydro

Storage (PHS)

• Compressed Air

Energy Storage

(CAES)

• Flywheel

• Lead Acid

• Advanced Lead

Acid

• Zinc Air

• Sodium Sulfur

• Sodium Metal

Halide

• Sodium Ion

• Other

Lithium-Ion

• Iron Phosphate

• Manganese Oxide

• Titanate

• Cobalt

• Nickel Cobalt

Aluminum

• Nickel Manganese

Cobalt

• Zinc Bromine

• Vanadium Redox

• Iron Chromium

• Other

Other

Thermal

• Ice Based

• Thermal Molten Salt

Power To Gas

• Hydrogen

• Synthetic Natural Gas

Capacitors

• electric double-layer capacitors, or

“supercapacitors” or “ultracapacitors”

Source: www.smartgrid.gov


Lead acid technologies are well established, but have a low cycle life when operated to a high depth of discharge,

or at partial state of charge.

TECH. CHARACTERISTICS & DIFFERENTIATORS – ADVANCED LEAD ACID

Metric Current Status

Energy Density 40-80 Wh/kg

Max. Discharge Time 4-8 hrs

Cycle Life 1000-40,000 cycles

Calendar Life 8-15 years

Round Trip Efficiency 60-80%

2018 Price $500-$1,200/kWh

Advantages Low cost

Disadvantages Low energy density

Manufacturers

Ecoult/EastPenn/Furukawa,

Exide, EnerSys, Axion,

Trojan, Atraverda

Typical Applications

Load Leveling,

Grid Operational Support,

Grid Stabilization,

Advanced Technologies

Carbon Enhanced Lead Acid:

Doping carbon on the electrodes reduces the

accumulation of lead sulfate deposits that

inhibit the performance of lead-acid batteries.

Supercapacitor Integration:

Pairing a carbon supercapacitor plate with the

cathode reduces the stress due to load

cycling and increases cell life.

Bipolar Cells:

Using bi-polar plates allows for reduced

ohmic losses, reduced weight and higher

power density than traditional cells.


Smaller zinc bromine systems have been deployed in remote locations and demonstrations with larger systems

are on going.

TECH. CHARACTERISTICS & DIFFERENTIATORS – ZINC BROMINE




Cycle Life 5,000-7,000 cycles

Calendar Life 15 years


2018 Price $500-750/kWh

Advantages Modular, scalable

DisadvantagesLow efficiency, membrane

degradation

ManufacturersRedflow, ZBB,

Primus Power

Typical Applications Load Leveling

Redflow Storage System

Source: Redflow Advanced Energy Storage


Vanadium systems have higher efficiencies for flow batteries and are targeting price decreases to $350/kWh.

TECH. CHARACTERISTICS & DIFFERENTIATORS – VANADIUM REDOX







2014 Price $400-$750/kWh

AdvantagesLong life, higher efficiencies

(for flow)

Disadvantages System costs

Manufacturers

Prudent Energy, UniEnergy,

Imergy, Gildemeister,

Sumitomo, Vionx


Source: CleanTechnica, Dec 1, 2014

Imergy ESP30 Containerized Module


Iron chromium systems are able to operate at a range of voltages and currents, which allows more flexibility in

terms of controls.

TECH. CHARACTERISTICS & DIFFERENTIATORS – IRON CHROMIUM







2018 Price $3,000/kWh*

Advantages Operating flexibility

Disadvantages Limited vendors

Manufacturers EnerVault


Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook

Iron-chromium Operation Schematic

Note: * Cost taken from EnerVault DE-DOE0000225 Grant Final Technical Report


The advanced technologies allow for an increased cell life and can also increase power and energy density.

TECH. CHARACTERISTICS & DIFFERENTIATORS – ADVANCED LEAD ACID

Source: The Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium, ECOULT

Traditional, Bipolar, and Super Capacitor


NGK has installed over 300MW of sodium sulfur (NaS) packs. A fire in 2012 lead to redesigns to improve safety.

TECH. CHARACTERISTICS & DIFFERENTIATORS – MOLTEN SALT/SODIUM SULFUR





Calendar Life 5 -15 years


2014 Price $450-$800/kWh

Advantages Long operating record

Disadvantages No longer dropping in cost

Manufacturers NGK


Source: NGK

NGK Sodium Sulfur System


Sodium metal halide batteries (previously known as ZEBRA), have been around since the 1970s, but were revived

by FIAMM and GE.

TECHNOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS & DIFFERENTIATORS – SODIUM METAL HALIDE







2014 Price $500-$1,200/kWh

Advantages Relatively cheap materials

DisadvantagesNot yet at production

volumes

ManufacturersFIAMM,

GE Durathon


Source: Green Car Congress, May 2015

GE Durathon Basic Chemistry


Lithium ion cells are gaining market share due to a drop in price and their relatively flexible operating

characteristics.

TECHNOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS & DIFFERENTIATORS – LITHIUM ION




Cycle Life 300-25,000 cycles



2018 Price $300-2000/kWh

AdvantagesHigh power density,

rapidly decreasing costs

Disadvantages Potential thermal runaway

Manufacturers

Saft, Toshiba, AltairNano,

Electrovaya, Xalt, LG Chem,

BYD, Tesla, Alevo, and others

Typical Applications

Load Leveling,

Grid Operational Support,

Grid Stabilization, Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook

Illustrative Lithium Ion Cells


TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION

Solid-state batteries are expected to reach higher energy density than conventional Li-ion cells, with the

added value of greater safety.

SOLID STATE BATTERIES GAINING MOMENTUM

Source

Investments in solid-state batteries

• Louisville, Colorado-based Solid Power, closed $20 million in a series A investment round in September 2018.

• The series A syndicate investors include Hyundai CRADLE, Samsung Venture Investment Corp., SanohIndustrial Co., Solvay Ventures, and A123 Systems.

• In June 2018, Volkswagen invested $100 million in QuantumScape, a solid-state battery startup.

• The car company is considering building a factory in Europe to produce solid-state batteries to power its EVs.

• Companies like Toyota, Nissan, Dyson, and BMW have made similar investments.

Advantages of solid-state batteries

• 2-3 times higher energy versus current Li-ion

• Improved safety due to the elimination of the volatile, flammable, and corrosive liquid electrolyte used in Li-ion.

• Low cost battery pack designs through:

- Minimization of safety features- Elimination of pack cooling- Simplified cell, module, and pack designs through the elimination of

liquid containment- High manufacturability due to compatibility with automated,

industry-standard, roll-to-roll production


Within lithium ion, different cell chemistries result in varying energy densities, power densities and cell costs.

TECHNOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS & DIFFERENTIATORS – LITHIUM ION

Lithium Ion Variants

Source: Navigant Consulting

TechnologyEnergy Density

(Wh/kg)

Cost Range

($/kWh)Manufacturers

Lithium Cobalt (LCO) 140-210 220-350Samsung SDI, LG Chem,

Panasonic

Lithium Polymer 120-190 320-500Samsung SDI, LG Chem, BYD,

ATL, Lishen

Lithium Manganese Spinel

(LMO)180-220 380-600

Samsung SDI, LG Chem,

AESC

Lithium Nickel Cobalt

Aluminum (NCA)160-240 180-700 Panasonic, Saft

Lithium Nickel Manganese

Cobalt (NMC)160-220 600-900 Johnson Controls, Xalt Energy

Lithium Titanate (LTO) 60-110 950-1400 Toshiba, Leclanché, ATL

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) 90-140 400-800 BYD, Lishen, A123 Systems


• There are notable differences in terms of energy density, discharge time, cycle life and round trip efficiency for

various technologies.

TECHNOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS & DIFFERENTIATORS – TYPICAL SYSTEM

PARAMETERS

Source: Navigant

Notes: *CAES energy density varies based on the pressure vessel or cavern used. Flywheel systems are generally sized based on power, not energy density.

** Source of costs is the EnerVault DE-DOE0000225 Grant Final Technical Report

Technology

Energy

Density

(Wh/kg)

Maximum

Discharge

Time

Round-trip

Efficiency

2018 Installed

System Cost

($/kWh)

2018 Installed

System Cost

($/kW)

CAES N/A* 12-20 hrs 50-70% 120-500 1,200-4,000

Flywheel N/A* 30sec.-30min. >85% >3,000 1,100-2,000

Advanced Lead Acid 60-80 4-8 hrs 60-80% 500-1,200 1,600-4,400

Sodium Sulfur 110-240 4-8 hrs 75-90% 450-800 4,200-4,800

Sodium Metal Halide 60-120 4-8 hrs 75-85% 500-1,200 2,000-5,000

Lithium Ion 60-240 4-12 hrs 90-95% 300-2,000 1,000-4,000

Flow - Zinc Bromine 50-100 1-5 hrs 60-70% 500-750 2,000-3,200

Flow - Vanadium Redox 10-100 4-12 hrs 65-80% 400-750 1,600-3,200

Flow - Iron Chromium** 140-1200 4-10 hrs 60-70% 3,000 12,000


Application

CapacityRequirement Classification

Discharge Cycles Per Year

Applicable Storage

Technologies

Generation Capacity 2-6 hours Bulk Storage 200-600• Advanced BESS (All)

• Compressed Air Energy

Storage (CAES)• Pumped Storage

Transmission and

Distribution (T&D) AssetOptimization

2-4 hours Bulk Storage 201-600 • Advanced BESS (All)

• CAES

Frequency Regulation 1-15 mins Ancillary/PowerServices

1,000-20,000 • Advanced BESS (All)

• Flywheels• Ultracapacitors

Volt/VAR Support 1-15 mins Ancillary/PowerServices

1,000-20,000 • Advanced BESS: Lithium ion,

Advanced Lead-Acid


RenewablesRamping/Smoothing 1-15 mins

Ancillary/PowerServices

500-10,000 • Advanced BESS (All)


SYSTEM USE CASES

Source: Navigant Research


SECTION 2

BESS SYSTEM

MODELLING;

INTEGRATION INTO

UTILITY RESOURCE

PLANNING


• In order to fully capture the value of Storage, system

modelling/dispatch analysis is needed to generate

an accurate and precise net-cost/benefit analysis of

Storage

– Capturing the exact impact of the flexibility benefits from

Storage allows for a better, more accurate comparison of

storage resources against traditional sources

– Sub hourly metering is absolutely necessary in order to

capture the value of grid flexibility and its ability to off-

load these requirements from conventional generation

• In the United States, Combined Cycle generation is

providing a certain much of the grid flexibility;

however, they were not intended for the purpose:

– CCGT has factored-fire hour start limitations per LTSA;

ramping the unit has implications on the warranties and

long-term reliability of the resource

• Utilities and system operators must first include a full

range of resource options that consider not only the

direct cost impacts, but also externalities as well:

– GHG/Carbon Impacts

– Economic Development

• Accordingly, Storage be captured as a potential

resource option, to meet a full range of reliability

needs, including as a capacity resource

• However, in the process of resource planning, it is

important to identify what the exact need is:

– Availability

– Capacity

– Operational Flexibility

INTEGRATION INTO RESOURCE PLANNING


• The value of Storage prospectively can only be

discerned through more accurate and precision

modelling and forecasting

– Several system models will have to be integrated into an

approach that would lead to the development of an

overall Storage target for India

• Production Cost Simulation: Hourly and subhourly

dispatch module to minimize overall system

generation costs – relies on detailed generation unit

profiles and transmission constraints.

– Conditions will include even greater variability in energy

supply during the operating hour from wind and solar

generation, creating the requirement of increased “net”

load following.

– BESS has value through its ramping capability,

regulation and load-following to balance variable energy

resources.

CAPTURING STORAGE BENEFITS THROUGH SYSTEM MODELLING

Source: Navigant report to Energy Storage Association

Source: PLEXOS by EnergyExemplar


• Distribution System Planning

– Predicts circuit and loading under normal and emergency

conditions

– Analyzes circuit voltage performance to detect violations

and mitigation options

– Analysis of circuits to identify efficiency improvements

– Circuit analysis of capability to integrate DER (limited and

capped out prematurely unless BESS is integrated)

• Transmission System Planning

– Analysis of steady state and contingency line flows,

voltage conditions

– Reviews the short and long term dynamic stability from

major system disturbances

– Assesses the extent to which BESS can avert operating

limitations and violations under defined system dispatch

profiles/logic

– BESS is modelled as negative and positive load,

depending on if they are charging or discharging

– Results of transmission planning software analyses can

determine the ability to aid in system frequency

mitigation and its potential to support the daily volatile

operations of renewable generation.

– Short-term dynamic stability results can also be

calculated. The information gained from these analyses

will aid in sizing the BESS system appropriately to meet

voltage and frequency stability concerns

CAPTURING STORAGE BENEFITS THROUGH SYSTEM MODELLING

Source: Navigant report for ESA, Integral Analytics

Source: LoadSEER by Integral Analytics


SECTION 3

UTILITY T&D SPECIFIC

USE CASES


• Energy storage is increasingly viewed as a viable alternative to traditional T&D investments and a tool to

maximize the efficiency of existing grid systems

• In this use case, T&D system investments are reduced, deferred, or eliminated through implementation of BESS

at the BTM and substation level to manage peak demands, reducing the need for additional transmission

capacity and associated infrastructure

T&D SYSTEM USE CASES – T&D SYSTEM UPGRADE DEFERRAL/OFFSET

Source: ConEd BQDM FAQs, 2019 BQDM Program Extension Auction Requirements


BESS T&D System Deferral Criteria:

• T&D system upgrade costs are significant: An economic analysis may show a significant Benefit-Cost

Assessment (BCA) in implementing a BESS “Non-Wires Alternative” as driven by the avoided or deferred

transmission costs

• Peak-to-average demand ratio is high: a shorter peak demand period only needs a shorter duration ESS, which

reduces BESS implementation cost and improves BCA metrics

• Modest projected load growth rate over the coming years: T&D system upgrades deferred by 10 to 20 years+

• Uncertainty regarding the timing or likelihood of major load additions: Allows for flexible planning, removes

sunk/stranded costs

• Delays in T&D construction or construction resource constraints: Footprint unavailable

• Limited capital available for T&D projects that must compete with other important investments: BESS has

deferred, in some instances, $1B+ T&D CapEx expenditures

• BESS is able to realize additional benefits or avoided costs over standard wires alternatives, which improves the

economic assessment

T&D SYSTEM USE CASES – T&D SYSTEM UPGRADE DEFERRAL/OFFSET

Source: Navigant Research


NEW YORK – INTEGRATING LARGE SCALE RENEWABLE RESOURCES

• New York’s transmission lines are significantly constrained

from North to South

• Most renewable resource potential is in Upstate-NY, with

Wind contributing a significant amount of Off-Peak production

• Limitations in Transmission will lead to increasing curtailment

of renewable resources; could be addressed through Storage

• To achieve NY’s Clean Energy Standard, Storage is

recognized as an integral component to shift Wind production

to On-Peak – adopting a “Clean Peak Standard” AND offset

the need for reconductoring transmission

– The combination of these two value streams, which are often not

considered jointly in standard planning processes, is significant

• Many states have adopted this concept, that additional

credits should be provided to resources that are able to shift

its clean energy production during the locational system peak

or system-wide peak to reduce firing of emissions heavy

Simple Cycle units, Diesel and Steam boilers


• Managing load patterns have proven particularly

challenging for grid operators in areas where there is a

growing penetration of both distributed solar PV and EVs

– Excess solar PV generation reduces the demand for electricity

from the bulk system significantly during the daytime

– EV charging patterns are, in turn, coincident with Solar PV

production decrease, depending on the season, and exacerbate

rapid load shifting; Solar PV decline alone creates a need for a

high-ramp rate

• This dynamic results in the well-known duck curve and can

require a large capacity of conventional generators to start-

up and remain on standby to meet the ramp-up in demand

– reducing overall system efficiency

• Grid operators are also faced with the potential back-

feeding of excess solar upstream on the grid, which can

damage infrastructure beyond certain limits, which results

in denials for additional DER/Solar PV applications.

T&D SYSTEM USE CASES – HIGH SOLAR/EV/DER PENETRATION MANAGEMENT

Source: CAISO, Navigant

Source: California ISO


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Cell: 001 516.424.1720

[email protected]

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BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS - GTG India · 2019-01-04 · BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS A UTILITY PERSPECTIVE –PART I NOVEMBER 23, 2018. ... TECHNOLOGIES –ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM