Bell Ringer

What is at the beginning of eternity, the end of time, the beginning of every end, and the end of every place?

Answers to Paper 2 Problem 3

a. The [view that a right to health is one of the fundamental human rights] is seriously mistaken.

b. Any of the three reasons would gain pointsa. It is impossible for us to have a duty to preserve healthb.A right to health would claim too muchc. They [all the kinds of welfare provision that support health]

are too diverse to be brought together as a single entitlementd.That [the UNIC’s definition of the right to health] is ridiculouse.They [governments] do not infringe anyone’s rights when they

limit their spending on health

Answers to Paper 2 Problem 3c. Indicative content

• The example in paragraph 1 effectively illustrates the point being made.• The argument in paragraph 1 depends on the controversial assumption that rights

exist only where some specific person in institution has a corresponding duty.• The argument in paragraph 1 also depends on the assumption that it is impossible

for anyone to have a duty to do something which they are not capable of doing, but this is not controversial

• The argument in paragraph 2 is probably based on a straw person – the right to health which the UN and others allege probably refers to major, long-term, disabling diseases, not minor temporary afflictions such as colds.

• The argument in paragraph 3 depends on the assumption that diverse goods cannot be the object of a human right, but no argument is offered to support this assumption.

• The examples given at the end of paragraph 4 strengthen the claim that governments have many calls on them which are not obviously inferiour to the support of health.

Answers to Paper 2 Problem 3D. This is indicative of a 5 point answer

• It can scarcely be doubted that preserving the health of its citizens is an important task of government, within the limits of the resources available. However, it should not necessarily be their first priority.

• Philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke have argued that the most basic duty of a government is to provide security. It protects against internal threats by providing a police force and against external enemies by means of an army. Governments which fail to protect their citizens in these ways have lost validity. Health therefore cannot be the first priority of a government, since security is.

• It can also be argued that education is even more important than health, because whereas health is temporary, the benefits of education are long term. Governments often have to make hard choices between competing calls on their resources, and in doing so they should take the long view. Providing primary education to all of their citizens and opportunities for higher education to those who can benefit from it should be a core strategy.

• Important though it is, therefore, preserving the health of its citizens should not be any government’s first priority.

1.1 Thinking as a skill

What is a skill?

• Skills are ______________, _______________ and _______________ by performance.

• In judging any skill, there are two key criteria– The ____________ with which a task is carried out– The ____________ of the task

Reasoning

• The ability to __________ is what makes the difference between humans and other animals

• Reasoning is the process by which we advance from what we _________ already to _______ knowledge and ___________________

• Being rational is understanding that from some facts or beliefs others ___________, and using that understanding to make ___________ or form judgments

Creative Thinking

• There are two distinct ways of thinking– Cold hard _______________– Free-ranging _________________

• Although a flash of genius seems to come ‘out of the blue’, it actually comes on the back of a lot of careful and methodical work.

Reflection

• Reflecting means giving __________ or ____________ or ______________ thought to something, beyond the immediate response to stimuli

• Reflecting on the way we think helps us to evaluate how __________ our thinking is, what its ____________ are, where it sometimes goes ___________ and, most importantly, how it can be _________________.

The Jailhouse Key• Two prisoners are held in a dungeon. One night a mysterious visitor appears in their cell and offers them a chance to escape. It is only a chance because they

must first reason to a decision which will determine whether or not they actually do go free.

• Their cell is at the bottom of a long flight of steps. At the top is the outer door. Three envelopes, marked X, Y, and Z, are placed on the table in the prisoners’ cell. One of them, they are told, contains the key to the outer door, but they may take only one envelope when they attempt to leave the cell. If they choose the wrong one, they will stay locked up forever, and the chance will not come again. it is an all-or-nothing decision.

• There are six clues, A to F, to help them--or puzzle them, depending on how you look at it. Two are printed on each envelope. There is also a general instruction, on a separate card, which stipulates:

• No more than one of the statements on each envelope is false.

• On envelope X it says:• A The jailhouse key is solid brass.• B The jailhouse key is not in this envelope.

• On envelope Y it says:• C The jailhouse key is not in this envelope either.• D The jailhouse key is in envelope Z.

• On envelope Z it says:• E The jailhouse key is solid silver.• F The jailhouse key is not in envelope X.

• They have five minutes to make up their minds. • Decide which envelope the prisoners should choose in order to escape from the cell. Then answer the following question:• Why is the envelope you have chosen the right one; and why can it not be either of the others? Be prepared to share your solution with the class.

Exit Questions

• What is creative thinking?

• What is reasoning?

• Is there a difference between the two?