Bellringer Get your folder Sit down Get out the LAB
FORMAT/GRAPHING PRACTICE sheet from Thursday
Slide 2
Bellringer What does it mean if something is organic? Do you
eat organic foods? Why or why not?
Slide 3
Agenda Objective: To introduce the organic macromolecules
Agenda: Bellringer/Discussion Notes Grade bonding WS Go over Data
for Field Trip assignment Go over lab for tomorrow Homework: QUIZ
FRIDAY over everything before water
Slide 4
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Life's molecular diversity is
based on the properties of carbon Organic compounds contain at
least one carbon atom Covalent bonding enables carbon to form
complex structures
Slide 5
Skeletons may be unbranched or branched. Skeletons may have
double bonds, which can vary in location Skeletons may be arranged
in rings
Slide 6
Molecule Types Monomer: A small organic molecule Polymer: A
longer chain (organic molecule) of connected monomers Monomers are
usually linked by dehydration reactions (a water molecule is
removed) Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse
process, hydrolysis (a water molecule is added)
Slide 7
Short polymerUnlinked monomer Dehydration reaction Longer
polymer Dehydration Reaction
Slide 8
Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Reaction
Slide 9
Biological Macromolecules Cells make an enormous number of
polymers from monomers, and most of these can be put into 1 of the
4 Biological Macromolecules: 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Proteins
4.Nucleic acids
Slide 10
Bellringer What is a healthy food you like? What is an
unhealthy food you like? What makes these foods
healthy/unhealthy?
Slide 11
Agenda Objective: To discuss nutrition Agenda:
Bellringer/Discussion Notes Grade Chart Introduce diet packet
Homework: Lab starts tomorrow! Packet due Monday River assignment
due tomorrow!
Slide 12
Food and Nutrition Everyone knows we need to eat, but why do we
need to? Food gives us nutrients Nutrients: Substances in food that
supply the energy/materials your body uses for growth, repair, and
maintenance Examples: Water, Proteins, Carbs, Fat, Vitamins and
Minerals
Slide 13
Food and Nutrition The energy we get from eating food is in the
form of calories CALORIE: The molecule we break down to give our
bodies energy Fats: give us 9 Calories/gram Proteins: give us 4
Calories/gram Carbs: give us 4 Calories/gram
Slide 14
Fats/Calories If we get calories from fats/carbs, then why do a
lot of people avoid these foods? Because most people eat more than
they need!!! If we eat more calories than we need, they stay in our
body as fat!!! This leads to lots of health risks, including
obseity, diabetes, heart disease
Slide 15
Water Every cell in the human body needs water!!! Most body
processes in the body need water Blood, lymph, and other bodily
fluids are mainly water We should drink around 1 liter (8 cups) a
day If you don t, dehydration can lead to many health problems
Slide 16
Bellringer Name me everything you consumed yesterday, in terms
of food, water, and other liquids
Slide 17
Agenda Objective: To work on the water lab Agenda:
Bellringer/Discussion Nutrition Packet Overview Lab Homework: River
Assignment due tomorrow! Nutrition Packet due Monday
Slide 18
Bellringer Name me everything you consumed yesterday, in terms
of food, water, and other liquids What topics are likely going to
be covered on the upcoming test?
Slide 19
Agenda Objective: To work on the water lab Agenda:
Bellringer/Discussion Lab Work on WS when you re done Homework: WS
due Friday
Slide 20
Bellringer Name me the monomer and polymer of the 4 organic
macromolecules Name me the main function/functions of each
Slide 21
Bellringer Name me a food that contains each of the
macromolecules. Name me an example of each. Draw me the following
bonds both pre and post bonding: Na and Cl CH 4
Slide 22
Bellringer What are you most concerned about for tomorrow s
test? If you took the test right now, what would you get? Name and
describe the 4 important characteristics of water.
Slide 23
Bellringer Is eating healthy and exercising worth it in your
opinion? Why or why not?
Slide 24
Bellringer Get out your materials/ supplies and get
started!!!
Slide 25
Study!!!
Slide 26
Bellringer What does it mean if something is organic? Do you
eat organic foods? Why or why not?
Slide 27
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Life's molecular diversity is
based on the properties of carbon Organic compounds contain at
least one carbon atom Covalent bonding enables carbon to form
complex structures
Slide 28
Skeletons may be unbranched or branched. Skeletons may have
double bonds, which can vary in location Skeletons may be arranged
in rings
Slide 29
Molecule Types Monomer: A small organic molecule Polymer: A
longer chain (organic molecule) of connected monomers Monomers are
usually linked by dehydration reactions (a water molecule is
removed) Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse
process, hydrolysis (a water molecule is added)
Slide 30
Short polymerUnlinked monomer Dehydration reaction Longer
polymer Dehydration Reaction
Slide 31
Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Reaction
Slide 32
Biological Macromolecules Cells make an enormous number of
polymers from monomers, and most of these can be put into 1 of the
4 Biological Macromolecules: 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Proteins
4.Nucleic acids
Bellringer Get out your study guide Circle the areas on the
study guide that you are worried about on the test
Slide 38
Agenda Objective: To study for tomorrow s test Agenda:
Bellringer/Discussion Go over lab rubric Study Homework: Test
tomorrow Lab due Monday
Slide 39
Bellringer STUDY
Slide 40
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Life
Slide 41
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Life's molecular diversity is
based on the properties of carbon Organic compounds contain at
least one carbon atom Covalent bonding enables carbon to form
complex structures Carbon skeletons vary in length
Slide 42
Skeletons may be unbranched or branched. Skeletons may have
double bonds, which can vary in location Skeletons may be arranged
in rings
Slide 43
Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of
small molecules Four main classes of biological macromolecules: 1.
Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids
Slide 44
Cells make the most of their large molecules by joining smaller
organic monomers into chains called polymers Monomers are usually
linked by dehydration reactions (a water molecule is removed)
Slide 45
Short polymerUnlinked monomer Dehydration reaction Longer
polymer
Slide 46
Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process,
hydrolysis (a water molecule is added)
Slide 47
Hydrolysis
Slide 48
CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides (single sugars) are carbohydrate
monomers A monosaccharide has a formula that is a multiple of CH 2
O
Slide 49
CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS Two monosaccharides can join to form a
disaccharide Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units Some
polysaccharides are storage molecules Starch in plants Glycogen in
animals Some polysaccharides serve as structural compounds
Cellulose in plants
Slide 50
Glucose Maltose
Slide 51
LIPIDS Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules
Consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Linked by nonpolar covalent
bonds Hydrophobic (water-fearing)
Slide 52
FATS Fats, also called triglycerides, are lipids whose main
function is energy storage Polymers of 3 fatty acids and one
glycerol molecule
Slide 53
Saturated fatty acids Contain the maximum number of hydrogens
Have no double bonds between carbons Unsaturated fatty acids
Contain fewer than the maximum possible hydrogens Have double bonds
between carbons Oils are liquid fats
Slide 54
OTHER TYPES OF LIPIDS Phospholipids Are a major component of
cell membranes Waxes Form waterproof coatings Steroids - Are often
hormones or the basis of hormones
Slide 55
PROTEINS Proteins are essential to the structures and
activities of life A protein is a polymer constructed from amino
acid monomers linked by peptide bonds The seven major classes of
proteins are 1. Structural: hair, cell cytoskeleton 2. Contractile:
producers of movement in muscle and other cells
Slide 56
3. Storage: sources of amino acids, such as egg white 4.
Defense: antibodies, membrane proteins 5. Transport: carriers of
molecules such as hemoglobin, membrane proteins 6. Signaling:
hormones, membrane proteins 7. Enzymes: regulators of the speed
biochemical reactions
Slide 57
AMINO ACID STRUCTURE Carboxyl (acid) group Amino group
Slide 58
PROTEIN POLYMERS Dipeptides are two amino acids long
Polypeptides are from several to more than a thousand amino acids
long Peptide bond
Slide 59
The folding of a polypeptide creates grooves that enable other
molecules to bind to it In denaturation, chemical or physical
changes can cause proteins to lose their shape and thus their
specific function
Slide 60
A protein's specific shape determines its function
Slide 61
PROTEIN STRUCTURE Primary structure: the unique sequence of
amino acids forming the polypeptide Secondary structure: the
coiling or folding of the chain, stabilized by hydrogen bonding May
be alpha helix or pleated sheet Tertiary structure: the overall
three- dimensional shape of the polypeptide Quaternary structure:
the association of two or more polypeptide chains (subunits)
Slide 62
Levels of Protein Structure Amino acids Hydrogen bond Alpha
helix Pleated sheet Polypeptide (single subunit of transthyretin)
Transthyretin, with four identical polypeptide subunits
Slide 63
NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acids are information-rich polymers of
nucleotides There are two types of nucleic acids-DNA and RNA
Slide 64
Nitrogenous base (A) Sugar Phosphate group
Slide 65
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Organic Molecules There are four groups of important
macromolecules (large organic molecules) in all living things:
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
Slide 67
Lipids Do not dissolve in water Three major groups:
Phospholipids Fats Steroids
Slide 68
Phospholipids Phospholipids have a phosphate head, which is
hydrophilic, and two fatty acid tails, which are hydrophobic
Slide 69
Phospholipids Phospholipids have a phosphate head, which is
hydrophilic, and two fatty acid tails, which are hydrophobic
TailsHead
Slide 70
How will phospholipids react in water? hydrophilic
hydrophobic
Slide 71
phospholipid bilayer
Slide 72
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Fluid mosaic model Realplayer video clip
Slide 74
Pgs. 85 - 87
Slide 75
Life begins at the level of the cell
Slide 76
How many cells are in an adult human body? A.A few, maybe 5 to
10 B.Around 1,000 C.Around 1 million (1,000,000) D.Trillions
(1,000,000,000,000)
Slide 77
How many cells are in an adult human body? A.A few, maybe 5 to
10 B.Around 1,000 C.Around 1 million (1,000,000) D.Trillions
(1,000,000,000,000) 60,000,000,000,000 cells
Slide 78
Are my cells bigger than Maddies?
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http://content.usatoday.com
Slide 81
All organisms are composed of cells. Human red blood cells (6
to 8 um) Bacterial cells (0.5 to 5 um)
Slide 82
Cell Theory 1.All living organisms are made up of one or more
cells. 2.All cells arise from other pre-existing cells. Pg. 79
Slide 83
What is the difference between a cell and a molecule? A.Cells
are functional living things, while molecules are not alive
B.Molecules are made up of cells C.Cells are made up of molecules
D.Both A and C are correct statements
Slide 84
The plasma membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell
Cytoplasm fluid
Slide 85
Cells All cells have: Plasma membrane DNA Cytoplasm Two types:
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Cytoplasm fluid
Slide 86
Cells All cells have: Plasma membrane DNA Cytoplasm Two types:
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Slide 87
Two types of cells Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells - Have a
nucleus where DNA is stored - Have membrane bound organelles No
nucleus No organelles
Slide 88
The cytoplasm is fluid inside the cell Organelles are
structures that carry out specific jobs in eukaryotic cells
Slide 89
The living tree 2 months 9 months 3 years 10 years 20
years
Slide 90
How do organisms so small eat logs so big? Things that eat
fallen logs Shelf fungi Molds, fungi, and bacteria too small to
see
Slide 91
How can a cell eat?
Slide 92
Carbohydrates The major source of energy for cells Made of
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Energy is stored in the chemical bonds
Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6
Slide 93
Which of these molecules contains the most energy?
A.B.C.D.
Slide 94
Which of these molecules contains the most energy? A.B.C.D.
More bonds = more energy
Slide 95
Glucose: a monosaccharideSucrose: a disaccharide
FructoseGlucose + Cellulose: a polysaccharide
Slide 96
Glucose: a monosaccharideSucrose: a disaccharide
FructoseGlucose + Cellulose: a polysaccharide
Slide 97
Carbohydrates Simple Single sugars Complex Many simple sugars
bonded together
Slide 98
How much food does the average American consume each year?
A.1,000 pounds B.1,500 pounds C.1,750 pounds D.2,175 pounds
Slide 99
How much food does the average American consume each year?
A.1,000 pounds B.1,500 pounds C.1,750 pounds D.2,175 pounds
Slide 100
You are what you eat Food is broken down and used by cells for
energy and to build other molecules
Slide 101
Mitochondria are organelles that convert food to ATP, the type
of energy a cell can use
Slide 102
The shape and function of a cell primarily depends on its
___________. A.Carbohydrates B.Nucleic acids C.Proteins
D.Lipids
Slide 103
Ribosomes are small structures where proteins are
assembled
Slide 104
The nucleus is a membrane structure that encloses the DNA
What characteristic of an atom gives it its chemical
properties? A. the number of protons B. the number of neutrons C.
the number of electrons D. the number of electrons in its outer
shell
Slide 108
2. How would Carbon react with Hydrogen to become the most
stable? C H 1. Draw the electrons around the nuclei of each of
these atoms. Carbon = 6 electrons Hydrogen = 1 electron
Slide 109
A molecule two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Carbon makes bonds with other atoms by sharing electrons This bond
type is called a covalent bond
Slide 110
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Slide 113
If life on Mars is fundamentally like life on Earth, its
molecules will be based on which element? A.carbon B.silicon
C.nitrogen D.oxygen
Slide 114
Where did the mass come from? TIME most of the mass of living
organisms is made up of the element Carbon A. Water B. Soil C. Air
CO 2 D. Sunlight
Slide 115
O - - - - - - O - - - - - - C - - - - -- -- - - Carbon Dioxide
(CO 2 )
Slide 116
Are molecules alive? A. Yes B. No C. Im not sure
Slide 117
Life begins at the level of the cell
Slide 118
Molecules are NOT alive Inorganic = nonliving Inorganic
molecules make up nonliving matter (water, carbon dioxide, salts)
Organic = living Organic molecules make up living matter and always
contain Carbon and Hydrogen
Slide 119
We are not talking about this kind of organic Organic food is
grown without the use of chemical pesticides
Slide 120
Organic Molecules There are four groups of important
macromolecules (large organic molecules) in all living things:
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids These are all based on
the element Carbon
Slide 121
Organic molecules are mostly made up of Carbon because...
A.Carbon atoms can form bonds with up to 4 other atoms. B.Only
Carbon atoms can form covalent bonds. C.Carbon does not have any
electrons. D.The protons in Carbon contain lots of energy.
Slide 122
Carbon is the foundation for life on earth because it can make
bonds with up to four other elements Carbon = 6 electrons C - - - -
--
Slide 123
Worksheet Review how Carbon shares electrons with Hydrogen to
form Methane Draw how Oxygen would form bonds with Hydrogen Answer
the questions on the back