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Bellringer • Get your folder • Sit down • Get out the LAB FORMAT/GRAPHING PRACTICE sheet from Thursday

Bellringer Get your folder Sit down Get out the LAB FORMAT/GRAPHING PRACTICE sheet from Thursday

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  • Slide 1
  • Bellringer Get your folder Sit down Get out the LAB FORMAT/GRAPHING PRACTICE sheet from Thursday
  • Slide 2
  • Bellringer What does it mean if something is organic? Do you eat organic foods? Why or why not?
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  • Agenda Objective: To introduce the organic macromolecules Agenda: Bellringer/Discussion Notes Grade bonding WS Go over Data for Field Trip assignment Go over lab for tomorrow Homework: QUIZ FRIDAY over everything before water
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  • INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Life's molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon Organic compounds contain at least one carbon atom Covalent bonding enables carbon to form complex structures
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  • Skeletons may be unbranched or branched. Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location Skeletons may be arranged in rings
  • Slide 6
  • Molecule Types Monomer: A small organic molecule Polymer: A longer chain (organic molecule) of connected monomers Monomers are usually linked by dehydration reactions (a water molecule is removed) Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis (a water molecule is added)
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  • Short polymerUnlinked monomer Dehydration reaction Longer polymer Dehydration Reaction
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  • Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Reaction
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  • Biological Macromolecules Cells make an enormous number of polymers from monomers, and most of these can be put into 1 of the 4 Biological Macromolecules: 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Proteins 4.Nucleic acids
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  • Bellringer What is a healthy food you like? What is an unhealthy food you like? What makes these foods healthy/unhealthy?
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  • Agenda Objective: To discuss nutrition Agenda: Bellringer/Discussion Notes Grade Chart Introduce diet packet Homework: Lab starts tomorrow! Packet due Monday River assignment due tomorrow!
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  • Food and Nutrition Everyone knows we need to eat, but why do we need to? Food gives us nutrients Nutrients: Substances in food that supply the energy/materials your body uses for growth, repair, and maintenance Examples: Water, Proteins, Carbs, Fat, Vitamins and Minerals
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  • Food and Nutrition The energy we get from eating food is in the form of calories CALORIE: The molecule we break down to give our bodies energy Fats: give us 9 Calories/gram Proteins: give us 4 Calories/gram Carbs: give us 4 Calories/gram
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  • Fats/Calories If we get calories from fats/carbs, then why do a lot of people avoid these foods? Because most people eat more than they need!!! If we eat more calories than we need, they stay in our body as fat!!! This leads to lots of health risks, including obseity, diabetes, heart disease
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  • Water Every cell in the human body needs water!!! Most body processes in the body need water Blood, lymph, and other bodily fluids are mainly water We should drink around 1 liter (8 cups) a day If you don t, dehydration can lead to many health problems
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  • Bellringer Name me everything you consumed yesterday, in terms of food, water, and other liquids
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  • Agenda Objective: To work on the water lab Agenda: Bellringer/Discussion Nutrition Packet Overview Lab Homework: River Assignment due tomorrow! Nutrition Packet due Monday
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  • Bellringer Name me everything you consumed yesterday, in terms of food, water, and other liquids What topics are likely going to be covered on the upcoming test?
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  • Agenda Objective: To work on the water lab Agenda: Bellringer/Discussion Lab Work on WS when you re done Homework: WS due Friday
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  • Bellringer Name me the monomer and polymer of the 4 organic macromolecules Name me the main function/functions of each
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  • Bellringer Name me a food that contains each of the macromolecules. Name me an example of each. Draw me the following bonds both pre and post bonding: Na and Cl CH 4
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  • Bellringer What are you most concerned about for tomorrow s test? If you took the test right now, what would you get? Name and describe the 4 important characteristics of water.
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  • Bellringer Is eating healthy and exercising worth it in your opinion? Why or why not?
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  • Bellringer Get out your materials/ supplies and get started!!!
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  • Study!!!
  • Slide 26
  • Bellringer What does it mean if something is organic? Do you eat organic foods? Why or why not?
  • Slide 27
  • INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Life's molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon Organic compounds contain at least one carbon atom Covalent bonding enables carbon to form complex structures
  • Slide 28
  • Skeletons may be unbranched or branched. Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location Skeletons may be arranged in rings
  • Slide 29
  • Molecule Types Monomer: A small organic molecule Polymer: A longer chain (organic molecule) of connected monomers Monomers are usually linked by dehydration reactions (a water molecule is removed) Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis (a water molecule is added)
  • Slide 30
  • Short polymerUnlinked monomer Dehydration reaction Longer polymer Dehydration Reaction
  • Slide 31
  • Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Reaction
  • Slide 32
  • Biological Macromolecules Cells make an enormous number of polymers from monomers, and most of these can be put into 1 of the 4 Biological Macromolecules: 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Proteins 4.Nucleic acids
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  • Carbohydrates Monomer: Monosaccharide (simple) Polymer: Polysaccharide (complex)
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  • Lipids Monomer: Fatty Acid Polymer: Triglyceride
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  • Proteins Monomer: Amino Acid Polymer: Polypeptide
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  • Nucleic Acid Monomer: Nucleotide Polymer: Nucleic Acid
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  • Bellringer Get out your study guide Circle the areas on the study guide that you are worried about on the test
  • Slide 38
  • Agenda Objective: To study for tomorrow s test Agenda: Bellringer/Discussion Go over lab rubric Study Homework: Test tomorrow Lab due Monday
  • Slide 39
  • Bellringer STUDY
  • Slide 40
  • Chapter 3 The Molecules of Life
  • Slide 41
  • INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Life's molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon Organic compounds contain at least one carbon atom Covalent bonding enables carbon to form complex structures Carbon skeletons vary in length
  • Slide 42
  • Skeletons may be unbranched or branched. Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location Skeletons may be arranged in rings
  • Slide 43
  • Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules Four main classes of biological macromolecules: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids
  • Slide 44
  • Cells make the most of their large molecules by joining smaller organic monomers into chains called polymers Monomers are usually linked by dehydration reactions (a water molecule is removed)
  • Slide 45
  • Short polymerUnlinked monomer Dehydration reaction Longer polymer
  • Slide 46
  • Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis (a water molecule is added)
  • Slide 47
  • Hydrolysis
  • Slide 48
  • CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides (single sugars) are carbohydrate monomers A monosaccharide has a formula that is a multiple of CH 2 O
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  • CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS Two monosaccharides can join to form a disaccharide Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units Some polysaccharides are storage molecules Starch in plants Glycogen in animals Some polysaccharides serve as structural compounds Cellulose in plants
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  • Glucose Maltose
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  • LIPIDS Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules Consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Linked by nonpolar covalent bonds Hydrophobic (water-fearing)
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  • FATS Fats, also called triglycerides, are lipids whose main function is energy storage Polymers of 3 fatty acids and one glycerol molecule
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  • Saturated fatty acids Contain the maximum number of hydrogens Have no double bonds between carbons Unsaturated fatty acids Contain fewer than the maximum possible hydrogens Have double bonds between carbons Oils are liquid fats
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  • OTHER TYPES OF LIPIDS Phospholipids Are a major component of cell membranes Waxes Form waterproof coatings Steroids - Are often hormones or the basis of hormones
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  • PROTEINS Proteins are essential to the structures and activities of life A protein is a polymer constructed from amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds The seven major classes of proteins are 1. Structural: hair, cell cytoskeleton 2. Contractile: producers of movement in muscle and other cells
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  • 3. Storage: sources of amino acids, such as egg white 4. Defense: antibodies, membrane proteins 5. Transport: carriers of molecules such as hemoglobin, membrane proteins 6. Signaling: hormones, membrane proteins 7. Enzymes: regulators of the speed biochemical reactions
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  • AMINO ACID STRUCTURE Carboxyl (acid) group Amino group
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  • PROTEIN POLYMERS Dipeptides are two amino acids long Polypeptides are from several to more than a thousand amino acids long Peptide bond
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  • The folding of a polypeptide creates grooves that enable other molecules to bind to it In denaturation, chemical or physical changes can cause proteins to lose their shape and thus their specific function
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  • A protein's specific shape determines its function
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  • PROTEIN STRUCTURE Primary structure: the unique sequence of amino acids forming the polypeptide Secondary structure: the coiling or folding of the chain, stabilized by hydrogen bonding May be alpha helix or pleated sheet Tertiary structure: the overall three- dimensional shape of the polypeptide Quaternary structure: the association of two or more polypeptide chains (subunits)
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  • Levels of Protein Structure Amino acids Hydrogen bond Alpha helix Pleated sheet Polypeptide (single subunit of transthyretin) Transthyretin, with four identical polypeptide subunits
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  • NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides There are two types of nucleic acids-DNA and RNA
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  • Nitrogenous base (A) Sugar Phosphate group
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  • Organic Molecules There are four groups of important macromolecules (large organic molecules) in all living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
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  • Lipids Do not dissolve in water Three major groups: Phospholipids Fats Steroids
  • Slide 68
  • Phospholipids Phospholipids have a phosphate head, which is hydrophilic, and two fatty acid tails, which are hydrophobic
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  • Phospholipids Phospholipids have a phosphate head, which is hydrophilic, and two fatty acid tails, which are hydrophobic TailsHead
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  • How will phospholipids react in water? hydrophilic hydrophobic
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  • phospholipid bilayer
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  • Fluid mosaic model Realplayer video clip
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  • Pgs. 85 - 87
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  • Life begins at the level of the cell
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  • How many cells are in an adult human body? A.A few, maybe 5 to 10 B.Around 1,000 C.Around 1 million (1,000,000) D.Trillions (1,000,000,000,000)
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  • How many cells are in an adult human body? A.A few, maybe 5 to 10 B.Around 1,000 C.Around 1 million (1,000,000) D.Trillions (1,000,000,000,000) 60,000,000,000,000 cells
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  • Are my cells bigger than Maddies?
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  • http://content.usatoday.com
  • Slide 81
  • All organisms are composed of cells. Human red blood cells (6 to 8 um) Bacterial cells (0.5 to 5 um)
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  • Cell Theory 1.All living organisms are made up of one or more cells. 2.All cells arise from other pre-existing cells. Pg. 79
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  • What is the difference between a cell and a molecule? A.Cells are functional living things, while molecules are not alive B.Molecules are made up of cells C.Cells are made up of molecules D.Both A and C are correct statements
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  • The plasma membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell Cytoplasm fluid
  • Slide 85
  • Cells All cells have: Plasma membrane DNA Cytoplasm Two types: Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Cytoplasm fluid
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  • Cells All cells have: Plasma membrane DNA Cytoplasm Two types: Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
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  • Two types of cells Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells - Have a nucleus where DNA is stored - Have membrane bound organelles No nucleus No organelles
  • Slide 88
  • The cytoplasm is fluid inside the cell Organelles are structures that carry out specific jobs in eukaryotic cells
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  • The living tree 2 months 9 months 3 years 10 years 20 years
  • Slide 90
  • How do organisms so small eat logs so big? Things that eat fallen logs Shelf fungi Molds, fungi, and bacteria too small to see
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  • How can a cell eat?
  • Slide 92
  • Carbohydrates The major source of energy for cells Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Energy is stored in the chemical bonds Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6
  • Slide 93
  • Which of these molecules contains the most energy? A.B.C.D.
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  • Which of these molecules contains the most energy? A.B.C.D. More bonds = more energy
  • Slide 95
  • Glucose: a monosaccharideSucrose: a disaccharide FructoseGlucose + Cellulose: a polysaccharide
  • Slide 96
  • Glucose: a monosaccharideSucrose: a disaccharide FructoseGlucose + Cellulose: a polysaccharide
  • Slide 97
  • Carbohydrates Simple Single sugars Complex Many simple sugars bonded together
  • Slide 98
  • How much food does the average American consume each year? A.1,000 pounds B.1,500 pounds C.1,750 pounds D.2,175 pounds
  • Slide 99
  • How much food does the average American consume each year? A.1,000 pounds B.1,500 pounds C.1,750 pounds D.2,175 pounds
  • Slide 100
  • You are what you eat Food is broken down and used by cells for energy and to build other molecules
  • Slide 101
  • Mitochondria are organelles that convert food to ATP, the type of energy a cell can use
  • Slide 102
  • The shape and function of a cell primarily depends on its ___________. A.Carbohydrates B.Nucleic acids C.Proteins D.Lipids
  • Slide 103
  • Ribosomes are small structures where proteins are assembled
  • Slide 104
  • The nucleus is a membrane structure that encloses the DNA
  • Slide 105
  • Animal Cell MITOCHONDRION RIBOSOMES NUCLEUS PLASMA MEMBRANE
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  • RIBOSOMES NUCLEUS CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRION PLASMA MEMBRANE CELL WALL Plant Cell
  • Slide 107
  • What characteristic of an atom gives it its chemical properties? A. the number of protons B. the number of neutrons C. the number of electrons D. the number of electrons in its outer shell
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  • 2. How would Carbon react with Hydrogen to become the most stable? C H 1. Draw the electrons around the nuclei of each of these atoms. Carbon = 6 electrons Hydrogen = 1 electron
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  • A molecule two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds Carbon makes bonds with other atoms by sharing electrons This bond type is called a covalent bond
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  • If life on Mars is fundamentally like life on Earth, its molecules will be based on which element? A.carbon B.silicon C.nitrogen D.oxygen
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  • Where did the mass come from? TIME most of the mass of living organisms is made up of the element Carbon A. Water B. Soil C. Air CO 2 D. Sunlight
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  • O - - - - - - O - - - - - - C - - - - -- -- - - Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 )
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  • Are molecules alive? A. Yes B. No C. Im not sure
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  • Life begins at the level of the cell
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  • Molecules are NOT alive Inorganic = nonliving Inorganic molecules make up nonliving matter (water, carbon dioxide, salts) Organic = living Organic molecules make up living matter and always contain Carbon and Hydrogen
  • Slide 119
  • We are not talking about this kind of organic Organic food is grown without the use of chemical pesticides
  • Slide 120
  • Organic Molecules There are four groups of important macromolecules (large organic molecules) in all living things: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids These are all based on the element Carbon
  • Slide 121
  • Organic molecules are mostly made up of Carbon because... A.Carbon atoms can form bonds with up to 4 other atoms. B.Only Carbon atoms can form covalent bonds. C.Carbon does not have any electrons. D.The protons in Carbon contain lots of energy.
  • Slide 122
  • Carbon is the foundation for life on earth because it can make bonds with up to four other elements Carbon = 6 electrons C - - - - --
  • Slide 123
  • Worksheet Review how Carbon shares electrons with Hydrogen to form Methane Draw how Oxygen would form bonds with Hydrogen Answer the questions on the back