Bellringer Who wrote The Communist Manifesto? Who wrote The Communist Manifesto? Who were the bourgeoisie? Who were the bourgeoisie? Who were the proletariat?

BellringerBellringer

Who wrote Who wrote The Communist The Communist ManifestoManifesto??

Who were the bourgeoisie?Who were the bourgeoisie? Who were the proletariat?Who were the proletariat?

Chapter 13Chapter 13Mass Society and Mass Society and

DemocracyDemocracySection 2Section 2

The Emergence of Mass The Emergence of Mass SocietySociety

The New Urban The New Urban EnvironmentEnvironment

By the end of the 19By the end of the 19thth century, mass century, mass society had emerged, and the society had emerged, and the concerns of the majority – working concerns of the majority – working class – were important.class – were important.

This change coincided with the This change coincided with the growth of cities.growth of cities.


B/w 1800 & 1900 the B/w 1800 & 1900 the population of London population of London grew from 960,000 grew from 960,000 to 6,500,000. to 6,500,000.

Urban residents Urban residents grew from 40% to grew from 40% to 80% of the 80% of the populationpopulation

LondonLondon


Cities grew because of rural migration to Cities grew because of rural migration to urban centers.urban centers.

Lack of jobs in the country and the Lack of jobs in the country and the improvement of living conditions in cities improvement of living conditions in cities led to this rural migration.led to this rural migration.

Its all about the Its all about the


Following the advice of urban social Following the advice of urban social reformers, city gov’t created boards reformers, city gov’t created boards of health to improve the quality of of health to improve the quality of housing.housing.

Medical officers and other officials Medical officers and other officials inspected the buildings for public inspected the buildings for public health hazards.health hazards.


Essential to public health of the modern Essential to public health of the modern European city were clean water and proper European city were clean water and proper sewage systems.sewage systems.

A system of dams, reservoirs, aqueducts, A system of dams, reservoirs, aqueducts, and tunnels provided the water. and tunnels provided the water.

Social Structure of Mass Social Structure of Mass SocietySociety

Even through the Even through the rising standard of rising standard of living after 1870, living after 1870, great poverty great poverty remained.remained.

Also, several Also, several middle-class middle-class groups existed b/w groups existed b/w the few rich and the few rich and many poor.many poor.

The New EliteThe New Elite

A wealthy elite made up A wealthy elite made up 5%5% of of European societyEuropean society

Controlled up to Controlled up to 40%40% of the wealth of the wealth The aristocratic and upper middle The aristocratic and upper middle

class members of the elite were class members of the elite were gov’t and military leaders. gov’t and military leaders.

Marriage sometimes served to unite Marriage sometimes served to unite these 2 groups.these 2 groups.

The Middle ClassesThe Middle Classes

The middle class The middle class included:included: LawyersLawyers DoctorsDoctors Members of civil Members of civil

serviceservice Engineers Engineers ScientistScientist


Beneath the solid Beneath the solid middle class was a middle class was a lower middle class:lower middle class: ShopkeepersShopkeepers SecretariesSecretaries ClerkClerk


The European middle class was The European middle class was identified with certain values, which it identified with certain values, which it preached to others:preached to others:

Hard work – paid off with enough laborHard work – paid off with enough labor

Churchgoers – moral way of doing thingsChurchgoers – moral way of doing things

This gave way to etiquette books such This gave way to etiquette books such as as The Habits of Good SocietyThe Habits of Good Society..

The Working ClassThe Working Class

Made up Made up 80% 80% of European of European population.population.

IncludedIncluded Skilled artisansSkilled artisans Semi-skilled laborersSemi-skilled laborers Unskilled laborers – day laborers & Unskilled laborers – day laborers &

domestic servantsdomestic servants

Urban WorkerUrban Worker

Life improved after 1870 due to:Life improved after 1870 due to: ReformsReforms

Rising wagesRising wages Lower pricesLower prices

Could even afford some leisure Could even afford some leisure activities, and strikes were leading activities, and strikes were leading to 10 hour workdays and Saturday to 10 hour workdays and Saturday afternoons off.afternoons off.

The Experiences of The Experiences of WomenWomen

In 1800 family In 1800 family roles defined roles defined women.women.

Women were Women were legally inferior to legally inferior to and economically and economically dependent on men.dependent on men.

The good ole’ days!

New Job OpportunitiesNew Job Opportunities

The Second Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution opened the door to new jobs for opened the door to new jobs for women.women.

Many worked as low-paid, white Many worked as low-paid, white collar workers.collar workers. SecretariesSecretaries ClerksClerks TypistsTypists

Marriage and FamilyMarriage and Family

Throughout the 1800s marriage was Throughout the 1800s marriage was the only honorable and available the only honorable and available career for most women.career for most women.

However, the birthrate did drop due However, the birthrate did drop due to better economic conditions and to better economic conditions and birth control.birth control.

First birth control clinic opened in First birth control clinic opened in Amsterdam in 1882.Amsterdam in 1882.

Marriage and FamilyMarriage and Family

Middle-class family Middle-class family fostered the idea of fostered the idea of family togetherness.family togetherness.

Victorians created the Victorians created the family Christmas.family Christmas.

By the 1850s, Fourth of By the 1850s, Fourth of July celebrations in the July celebrations in the U.S. had changed from U.S. had changed from wild celebrations to wild celebrations to family picnics.family picnics.

The Movement for Women’s The Movement for Women’s RightsRights

Modern feminism, Modern feminism, the movement for the movement for women’s rights, women’s rights, began during the began during the Enlightenment.Enlightenment.

The movement in The movement in the 1800s began the 1800s began with a fight for the with a fight for the right of women to right of women to own property.own property.

The Movement for Women’s The Movement for Women’s RightsRights

Women sought access to universities Women sought access to universities and traditionally male fields of and traditionally male fields of employment.employment.

****Don’t Write********Don’t Write**** This was shown by the women leaders This was shown by the women leaders

in various fields as you will see on the in various fields as you will see on the next few slides: Hold your breath next few slides: Hold your breath because here they are!because here they are!

Amalie SievekingAmalie Sieveking

Entered the Entered the medical field by medical field by becoming a nurse.becoming a nurse.

Founded the Founded the Female Association Female Association for the Care of the for the Care of the Poor and SickPoor and Sick

Florence Nightingale & Florence Nightingale & Clara BartonClara Barton

During the During the U.S. Civil U.S. Civil War they War they transformed transformed nursing into nursing into a profession a profession of trained, of trained, middle class middle class “women in “women in white”white”

Emmeline PankhurstEmmeline Pankhurst

She and her She and her daughters founded daughters founded the Women’s Social the Women’s Social and Political Union.and Political Union.

Its members Its members chained themselves chained themselves to lampposts, to lampposts, pelted politicians pelted politicians with eggs, and with eggs, and smashed windows.smashed windows.

Pankhurst and SuffragePankhurst and Suffrage

Suffragists – people who wanted the vote Suffragists – people who wanted the vote extended to all adults – believed in the extended to all adults – believed in the right of women to full citizenship in the right of women to full citizenship in the nation-state.nation-state.

Universal EducationUniversal Education

U.E. was a product of mass society of the U.E. was a product of mass society of the late 19late 19thth century and early 20 century and early 20thth centuries. centuries.

B/w 1870 and 1914 most Western B/w 1870 and 1914 most Western governments began to set up state-governments began to set up state-sponsored primary schools.sponsored primary schools.

Children 6-12 were required to attend.Children 6-12 were required to attend. States trained teachersStates trained teachers 11stst female colleges were teacher-training female colleges were teacher-training

institutes.institutes.


The reason for a commitment to The reason for a commitment to public education was?????public education was?????

INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION

The chief motive for education?????The chief motive for education?????

POLITICALPOLITICAL


Extending the right to vote called for Extending the right to vote called for a better-educated public.a better-educated public.

Primary schools instilled Primary schools instilled ppaattrriioottiissm.m.


Increased education increased Increased education increased literacy, or the ability to read. literacy, or the ability to read. (Which is why you can read this!)(Which is why you can read this!)

In countries where there was no In countries where there was no universal education (Russia, Serbia universal education (Russia, Serbia for example) 80% could not read.for example) 80% could not read.

Increased literacy helped spread Increased literacy helped spread newspapers.newspapers.

New Forms of LeisureNew Forms of Leisure

The leisure allowed by the Second The leisure allowed by the Second Ind. Rev. entertained people and Ind. Rev. entertained people and distracted them from the realities of distracted them from the realities of their work lives.their work lives.

New Forms of LeisureNew Forms of Leisure

Amusement Parks gave people new Amusement Parks gave people new experiences and showed them new experiences and showed them new technology.technology.

Team sports developed.Team sports developed. Public transportation allowed the Public transportation allowed the

working class to attend games and working class to attend games and other leisure venues.other leisure venues.

ReviewReview 1. Cities grew because of rural migration to 1. Cities grew because of rural migration to

___.___.

2. Who made up 5% of European cities?2. Who made up 5% of European cities?

3. What were the job opportunities for 3. What were the job opportunities for women in the Second Industrial Revolution?women in the Second Industrial Revolution?

4. What was the movement for women’s 4. What was the movement for women’s rights?rights?

End of Section 2End of Section 2

Next: Section 3Next: Section 3

The National State And The National State And DemocracyDemocracy

Documents

Bellringer Who wrote The Communist Manifesto? Who wrote The Communist Manifesto? Who were the bourgeoisie? Who were the bourgeoisie? Who were the proletariat?