BENIGN PROSTATE HYPERPLASIA

http://generalsurgery-fkui.blogspot.com/2011/12/pembesaran-prostat-jinak.html

Novrizal Saiful Basri, Margaretta Limawan, Odetta Natatilova, Rachmawati 

Translator: Adrian Salim, Andrio Wishnu Prabowo, Arnetta Naomi L. Lalisang, Julistian,

Muliyadi, Sony Sanjaya, Stefanny, Zamzania Anggia Shalih.  

Surgery Department FMUI – Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, December 2011 

CASE ILLUSTRATION

A 73 year old male came to the hospital with chief complaint of changes in urinary flow. He

noticed weaker urinary flow with incomplete emptying of the bladder and occasional dribbling

since two years prior hospital visit. There was history of red-colored urine, pain in the end of

urination and an increased frequency of urination, especially at night. Assessment with IPSS

showed a score of 27. There was no history of flank pain, cloudy urine, fever, nausea and

vomiting. The patient had two episodes of stroke, but no history of diabetes mellitus and

hypertension.

Physical examination demonstrated hypertension of 160/90 mmHg with no palpable mass or

tenderness on Costo Vertebro Angle (CVA). No palpable mass and pain with palpation on the

suprasymphisis area, bladder is empty. No stenosis was found at the external urethral orifice.

Digital rectal examination showed normal resting anal sphincter tone, smooth and symmetrical

prostate gland with firm consistency, no tenderness or nodule found. Prostate was estimated to

weigh around 40 grams.

Laboratory tests showed normal levels of full blood count and kidney function, uric acid 9.4

mg/dl, total PSA 10.01 mg/dl. Urinalysis results are within normal values. Abdominal

radiography revealed an apparent bladder stone of 35 x 25 mm , while sonography found bladder

stone and left kidney stone. Uroflowmetry test showed Qmax value of 6.7 ml/sec; Q average 4.7

mL/sec; Void Volume 72 cc. Sonography of the prostate found the Rest Volume is 30 cc;

Prostate Protrusion 9.59 mm; Prostate Size 110 cc (figure 1). Pathology report showed findings

consistent with prostate hyperplasia.

The patient is then diagnosed with Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) and vesicolithiasis; and is

planned to undergo cystoscopy and biopsy, sectio alta, and open prostatectomy.

Figure 1. Sonography of the Prostate  

LITERATURE REVIEW

DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a histopathologic term used to describe a true hyperplasia

of the cells in the transitional zone of the prostate. The incidence of BPH is age-related with an

estimated incidence of 70% in male above age 60 years; this number increases up to 90% in male

above 80 years. Urology Department Cipto-Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) reported 200-300

cases of BPH annually. While not immediately life-threatening, BPH may cause lower urinary

tract symptoms (LUTS) that interfere with activity of daily living, thus significantly reduce

patient’s quality of life.

DIAGNOSIS

Diagnosis of BPH is usually made using initial assessment with additional tests. One of the tool

widely used to guide the identification of LUTS in BPH is the International Prostate Symptom

Score (IPSS) (Figure 2). Digital rectal examination (DRE) may help assess the size and

consistency of the prostate gland, while simultaneously detect any nodules that are suspicious for

malignancy and assess anal sphincter tone and bulbocavernous reflex that indicate abnormalities

in sacral reflex arc.

Figure 2. The Questionnaire for International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)

After the initial assessment, there are several tests available that help the diagnosis and

management of BPH patients, including kidney function tests, prostate specific antigen (PSA)

level, urinalysis, voiding diary, uroflowmetry, post voiding residual urine (PVR), urinary tract

imaging, urethrocystoscopy, and urodynamic (pressure flow) study. The diagnosis of BPH

usually consists of clinical examination (including DRE), urinalysis and sonography of the

prostate.

MANAGEMENT

The goal of therapy in BPH focused mainly in improving patient’s quality of life. There are three

different approaches available, each with its own modalities: (1) watchful waiting, (2) medical

treaments, and (3) surgical intervention. Doctors will choose which approach is used based on

the degree of symptoms, patient’s general health condition and the objective findings caused by

the disease and other comorbidities.

Watchful waiting is advised for patients with an IPSS score below 7, which indicates mild

symptoms with no interference on activity of daily living. Patient will not get any medical or

surgical intervention, but advised of what kind of changes that prompt immediate consult to

doctor. Doctor will also monitor the patient closely for any changes in the severity of the signs

and symptoms.

At some point, patients will need medication to help ease the symptoms. As a general rule,

patients with IPSS score >7 will need medical treatment with/or other interventions. The goal of

medical treatment is to (1) reduce the prostate smooth muscles resistance (dynamic component)

and (2) reduce the size of the prostate (static component).

Surgical intervention can be classified into two groups: ablative technique of the prostate gland

(open prostatectomy, TURP, TUIP, TUVP, laser prostatectomy) and instrumentation technique

(interstitial laser coagulation, TUNA, TUMT, baloon dilatation, urethral stent).

Figure 3. Open Prostatectomy with Suprapubic Approach

Open prostatectomy (figure 3) is the oldest, most invasive yet the most efficient way of surgical

intervention with reported improvement of symptoms 98%. This open prostatectomy is done

either with transvesical or retropubic approach. Prostate, internal urethral orifice and ureter

orifice are then identified. Mucosa is then incised beside the internal urethral orifice at the 6 to

12 o’clock, followed by fracturation and prostate enucleation. 

Glossary

Nocturia              : [nox night + -uria] excessive urination at night 

Urgency              : the sudden irresistable urge to void

Prostatectomy :[prostate + -ectomy] the removal of whole/part of the prostate gland 

Cystoscopy        : direct visual examination of the urinary tract using cystoscope

REFERENCES:

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