211
BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, DROSICHA MANGIFERAE GREEN IN MANGO ORCHARDS OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN By HAIDER KARAR Reg. No. 84-ag-853 M.Sc .(Hons.) Agriculture A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD (PAKISTAN) 2010

BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    10

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG,

DROSICHA MANGIFERAE GREEN IN MANGO

ORCHARDS OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

By

HAIDER KARAR

Reg. No. 84-ag-853 M.Sc .(Hons.) Agriculture

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN

AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD (PAKISTAN)

2010

Page 2: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

D E D I C A T E D

To

My Mother MY HEAVEN LIES BENEATH HER FEET

&

My Wife Raeesa Haider

FOR HER SERVICES TO MY MOTHER

& LOOKING AFTER THE CHILDREN

Page 3: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

OH! MY ALMIGHTY ALLAH,

MAKE ME

AN INSTRUMENT OF YOUR PEACE

WHERE, THERE IS HATRED , LET ME SOW LOVE,

WHERE THERE IS INJURY, PARDON WHERE THERE IS DOUBT, FAITH WHERE THERE IS DESPAIR, HOPE

WHERE THERE IS DARKNESS, L IGHT AND WHERE THERE IS SADNESS, ENJOY.

Page 4: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

CONTENTS

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE

LIST OF TABLES ------------------------------------ -------------------- i LIST OF FIGURES ------------------------------------------------------- v LIST OF APPENDICES ------------------------------------------------- vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ----------------------------- -------------- vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ----------------------------------- ------------ viii ABSTRACT ----------------------------------------------------------------- ix

I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Agriculture in Pakistan ___________________________________1 1.2 The importance of fruits to Pakistan _________________________1 1.3 Importance of mango ____________________________________2 1.4 Insect pest of mango _____________________________________2

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Survey ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 2.2 Population Dynamics ------------------------------------------------------- 4 2.3 Cultivar Resistance --------------------------------------------------------- 5 2.4 Effect of host plant ---------------------------------------------------------- 6 2.5 Biology ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 2.6 Selectivity Studies ---------------------------------------------------------- 7

2.6.1 Cultural control ------------------------------------------------------- 7 2.6.2 Mechanical control --------------------------------------------------- 8 2.6.3 Chemical control ----------------------------------------------------- 9

2.7 Sustainable management approach for the control of mango mealybug --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

III PROBLEM ORIENTATION

STUDIES Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 3.1 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------- 13 3.2 Materials and Methods --------------------------------------------------- 14

3.2.1 Study Sites and its Climate ----------------------------------------- 14 3.2.2 Preliminary Survey --------------------------------------------------- 14 3.2.3 Comprehensive Survey ---------------------------------------------- 14

Page 5: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Contents

3.3 Results and Discussion ---------------------------------------------------- 16 3.3.1 Preliminary Survey --------------------------------------------------- 16

3.3.1.1 Awareness among Farmers about Insect Pests ------- 16 3.3.1.2 Relationship between Pest and Yield Losses --------- 17 3.3.1.3 Dominance Factors of Mango Mealybug -------------- 18

3.3.2 Comprehensive Survey ---------------------------------------------- 19 3.3.2.1 Respondent’s Knowledge about Resistant and Susceptible

Cultivars of Mango -------------------------------------- 19 3.3.2.2 Awareness Regarding Methods of Spreading of

Mealybug --------------------------------------------------- 20 3.3.2.3 Awareness among Respondents Regarding Hibernation

Places of Mango Mealybug ----------------------------- 21 3.3.2.4 Practices Adopted by the Farmers for the

Control of Mango Mealybug ---------------------------- 22 3.3.2.4.1 Cultural Practices ------------------------------ 22 3.3.2.4.2 Mechanical Practices -------------------------- 23 3.3.2.4.3 Response of Chemical Insecticide ---------- 24

3.3.2.5 Practices Adopted by the Farmer to Control the Fertilized Female of Mango Mealybug Coming down the Tree --------------------------------------------- 25

3.3.2.6 Yield Losses by Mango Mealybug --------------------- 26 3.3.2.7 Major Problems Faced by the Farmers ---------------- 27

3.4 Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 IV POPULATION DYNAMICS, CULTIVAR

RESISTANCE AND BIOLOGY Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 31

4.1 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------- 32 4.2 Materials and Methods --------------------------------------------------- 34

4.2.1 Population dynamics of Mealybug on Chaunsa Cultivar of Mango ------------------------------------------------- 34

4.2.2 Population of mango Mealybug on different Cultivars of Mango ------------------------------------------------------------ 34

4.2.3 Methodology to Study the Biology of Mango Mealybug under Field Conditions ------------------------------- 35 4.2.3.1 Collection of eggs ----------------------------------------- 36 4.2.3.2 Hatching of Eggs ------------------------------------------ 36

4.3 Results and Discussion ---------------------------------------------------- 38 4.3.1 Population of mango mealybug versus plant sides -------------- 38

4.3.1.1 Population of Mango Mealybug on Leaves on Various Plant Sides --------------------------------------- 38

4.3.1.2 Mango Mealybug on Inflorescence -------------------- 40 4.3.1.3 Mango Mealybug on Branches ------------------------- 41 4.3.1.4 Population of Mango Mealybug on Trunk

and Weeds-------------------------------------------------- 42

Page 6: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Contents

4.3.1.5 Predation, Parasitization and Fungal Attacked Population of Mango Mealybug ------------------------ 42

4.3.2 Graphical interaction between weather factors and population of mango mealybug during 2005- 2006 and 2006-2007 ----------------------------------------------------------- 43 4.3.2.1 Population of Mango Mealybug versus Weather

Factors during 2005-2006 ------------------------------- 43 4.3.2.2 Population of Mango Mealybug versus Weather

Factors during 2006-2007 ------------------------------- 44 4.3.2.3 Population of Mango Mealybug versus Weather

Factors on an Average Basis of Both Years Data --------------------------------------------------------- 45

4.3.3 Role of weather in population fluctuation of mango mealybug ------------------------------------------------------------ 47 4.3.3.1 Simple Correlation Between Weather Factors

and Population of Mango Mealybug ------------------- 47 4.3.3.2 Multiple Linear Regression Models ------------------- 47

4.3.4 Active period of nymphs moving up the trees at various day times --------------------------------------------------- 49

4.3.5 Population of mango mealybug on different cultivars of mango ------------------------------------------------------------ 50 4.3.5.1 Population of Mango Mealybug During 2005-

2006 --------------------------------------------------------- 50 4.3.5.1.1 Cultivars Resistance --------------------------- 51 4.3.5.1.2 Plant Direction --------------------------------- 52 4.3.5.1.3 Period of Abundance of Mango

Mealybug --------------------------------------- 52 4.3.5.2 Population of Mango Mealybug During 2006-

2007 --------------------------------------------------------- 53 4.3.5.2.1 Cultivars Resistance --------------------------- 54 4.3.5.2.2 Plant Direction --------------------------------- 54 4.3.5.2.3 Period of Abundance -------------------------- 54

4.3.5.3 Population of Mango Mealybug on Cumulative Basis of Both Years Studies ----------------------------- 57

4.3.6 Antibiosis Resistance Against Mango Mealybug in Different Cultivars of Mango ------------------------------------ 59 4.3.6.1 Number of Eggs Laid Per Female ---------------------- 59 4.3.6.2 Weight of Female ----------------------------------------- 60 4.3.6.3 Length of Female ----------------------------------------- 60 4.3.6.4 Width of Female ------------------------------------------ 62 4.3.6.5 Length of Ovisac ------------------------------------------ 62 4.3.6.6 Width of Ovisac ------------------------------------------- 62

4.3.7 Biology of mango mealybug on susceptible cultivar Chaunsa -------------------------------------------------------------- 63 4.3.7.1 First Stadium ---------------------------------------------- 63 4.3.7.2 Second Stadium ------------------------------------------- 63

Page 7: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Contents

4.3.7.3 Third Stadium --------------------------------------------- 64 4.3.7.4 Females ----------------------------------------------------- 64 4.3.7.5 Males ------------------------------------------------------- 65

4.3.8 Study on the behaviour of the pest ------------------------------ 65 4.3.8.1 Speed of Nymphs ---------------------------------------- 65 4.3.8.2 Removal of Whitish Cocoon ---------------------------- 65 4.3.8.3 Egg Laying Behaviour ----------------------------------- 66 4.3.8.4 Nymphs Live Without Food ----------------------------- 66 4.3.8.5 Copulation Time ------------------------------------------ 66

4.4 Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------- 68 Biology and Behaviour of Mango Mealybug on Chaunsa Cultivar ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 70 Period of abundance -------------------------------------------------------- 70

V CULTIVAR RESISTANCE BASED ON BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS IN LEAVES AND INFLORESCENCE

Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 71

5.1 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------- 72 5.2 Materials and Methods --------------------------------------------------- 73

5.2.1 Moisture Content ----------------------------------------------------- 73 5.2.2 Total Minerals -------------------------------------------------------- 73 5.2.3 Nitrogen --------------------------------------------------------------- 74 5.2.4 Crude Protein --------------------------------------------------------- 74 5.2.5 Fat Contents ----------------------------------------------------------- 74 5.2.6 Crude Fibre ------------------------------------------------------------ 74 5.2.7 Soluble Carbohydrates ---------------------------------------------- 75 5.2.8 Sample Digestion for Macro Nutrients ---------------------------- 75

5.2.8.1 Phosphorus ------------------------------------------------- 75 5.2.8.2 Potassium and Sodium ----------------------------------- 75

5.2.9 Statistical Correlations ----------------------------------------------- 75 5.3 Results and Discussion ---------------------------------------------------- 77

5.3.1 Chemical Factors in Leaves of different Cultivars of Mango ---------------------------------------------------------------- 77 5.3.1.1 Nitrogen ------------------------------------------------------ 77 5.3.1.2 Potassium --------------------------------------------------- 78 5.3.1.3 Crude Fiber -------------------------------------------------- 78 5.3.1.4 Fat Contents ------------------------------------------------- 78 5.3.1.5 Sodium Contents -------------------------------------------- 80 5.3.1.6 Ash Contents ------------------------------------------------ 80 5.3.1.7 Carbohydrate ------------------------------------------------ 80 5.3.1.8 Phosphorus --------------------------------------------------- 81 5.3.1.9 Moisture ------------------------------------------------------ 81 5.3.1.10 Crude Protein ---------------------------------------------- 81

5.3.2 Chemical Factors in Inflorescence in Different Cultivars of Mango -------------------------------------------------------------- 82

Page 8: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Contents

5.3.2.1 Nitrogen ------------------------------------------------------ 82 5.3.2.2 Potassium ---------------------------------------------------- 82 5.3.2.3 Crude Fibre -------------------------------------------------- 83 5.3.2.4 Fat Contents ------------------------------------------------- 83 5.3.2.5 Sodium ------------------------------------------------------- 83 5.3.2.6 Ash Contents ------------------------------------------------ 84 5.3.2.7 Carbohydrate ------------------------------------------------ 84 5.3.2.8 Phosphorus --------------------------------------------------- 86 5.3.2.9 Crude Protein ------------------------------------------------ 86

5.3.3 Impact of Various Chemical Factors on the Population of Mango Mealybug ------------------------------------------------- 86 5.3.3.1 Simple Correlation ------------------------------------------ 86 5.3.3.2 Multiple Linear Regression Models --------------------- 87

5.3.3.2.1 Impact of Chemical Factors in Population Fluctuation of Mango Mealybug on Leaves ------------------------------------------ 87

5.3.3.2.2 Impact of Chemical Factors in Population Fluctuation of Mango Mealybug on Inflorescence --------------------------------------------------- 89

5.4 Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------- 91 VI LOSSES IN MANGO YIELD CAUSED BY MANGO

MEALYBUG Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 93 6.1 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------- 94 6.2 Materials and Methods --------------------------------------------------- 95 6.3 Results and Discussion ---------------------------------------------------- 95

6.3.1 Initial Mango Fruits in Treated and Untreated Trees ----------- 96 6.3.2 Mango Fruits Obtained at Maturity in Treated and Untreated Trees

------------------------------------------------------------------------ 97 6.3.3 Population of Mango Mealybug recorded per

Inflorescence in Treated and Untreated Trees ----------------- 99 6.4 Discussion ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 101 VII SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF MANGO

MEALYBUG ON MANGO TREES ABSTRACT ----------------------------------------------------------------- 102 7.1 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------- 103 7.2 Materials and Methods --------------------------------------------------- 106

7.2.1 Selectivity Studies ---------------------------------------------------- 106 7.2.1.1 Cultural Control ------------------------------------------- 106

7.2.1.1.1 Hoeing/Ploughing ----------------------------- 106

Page 9: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Contents

7.2.1.1.2 Earthing/Mounding the tree trunk with fine soil ----------------------------------------- 106

7.2.1.1.3 Earthing/Mounding the tree trunk with clods, fallen leaves and debris --------------------- 107

7.2.1.1.4 Mounds of clods, fallen leaves and debris on plastic sheet ------------------------ 107

7.2.1.1.5 Removal of soil from the orchard ----------- 107 7.2.1.1.6 Intercropping ----------------------------------- 107 7.2.1.1.7 Unploughed orchard--------------------------- 108

7.2.1.2 Mechanical control --------------------------------------- 108 7.2.1.3 Chemical control ------------------------------------------ 115

7.2.1.3.1 Control of mango mealybug under laboratory -------------------------------------- 115

7.2.1.3.2 Control of mango mealybug under field conditions ------------------------------- 116

7.2.2 Sustainable management of mango mealybug ------------------- 117 7.2.2.1 Cultural practices ----------------------------------------- 117 7.2.2.2 Mechanical practices ------------------------------------- 118 7.2.2.3 Chemical practices --------------------------------------- 118 7.2.2.4 Mechanical x chemical practice ------------------------ 118 7.2.2.5 Cultural x mechanical practice -------------------------- 118 7.2.2.6 Cultural x chemical practice ----------------------------- 119 7.2.2.7 Cultural x mechanical x chemical practices ---------- 119 7.2.2.8 Control ------------------------------------------------------ 119

7.2.3 Management of Males of Mango Mealybug --------------------- 119 7.2.3.1 Management through Light traps ----------------------- 119 7.2.3.2 Management through cultural practices --------------- 119

7.3 Results and Discussion ---------------------------------------------------- 120 7.3.1 Cultural Methods for the Control of Mango Mealybug -------- 120 7.3.2 Mechanical methods of control ------------------------------------ 124

7.3.2.1 Effect of Bands on the Nymphs of Mango Mealybug During 2006 ---------------------------------- 124

7.3.2.2 Effect of Bands on the Nymphs of Mango Mealybug during 2007 ----------------------------------- 126

7.3.2.3 Average Effect of Bands on the Nymphs of Mango Mealybug During 2006 and 2007 ---------------------- 127

7.3.3 Chemical Control of Mango Mealybug -------------------------- 129 7.3.3.1 In Vivo Mortality of First Instar Mango Mealybug One

Day After Treatment ------------------------------------- 129 7.3.3.2 Mortality of Mango Mealybug Two Days After

Treatment -------------------------------------------------- 129 7.3.3.3 Mortality of Mango Mealybug Three Days After

Treatment -------------------------------------------------- 130 7.3.3.4 Mortality of Mango Mealybug 4 Days After

Treatments ------------------------------------------------- 130

Page 10: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Contents

7.3.3.5 Mortality of Mango Mealybug 5 Days After Treatment -------------------------------------------------- 132

7.3.3.6 Mortality of Mango Mealybug 6 Days After Treatment -------------------------------------------------- 132

7.3.3.7 Mortality of First Instar Mango Mealybug under Field Conditions ------------------------------------------- 132 7.3.3.7.1 Mortality of First Instar Mango Mealybug

24 Hours After Spray ------------------------ 132 7.3.3.7.2 Mortality of First Instar Mango Mealybug

72 Hours After Spray ------------------------ 133 7.3.3.7.3 Mortality of First Instar Mango

Mealybug 168 Hours After Spray ---------- 133 7.3.3.8 Mortality of Second and Third Instars Mango Mealybug

--------------------------------------------------------------- 134 7.3.3.8.1 Mortality of Second and Third Instars

Mango Mealybug 24 Hours After Spray -------------------------------------------- 134

7.3.3.8.2 Mortality of Second and Third Instars Mango Mealybug 72 Hours After Spray -------------------------------------------- 136

7.3.3.8.3 Mortality of Second and Third Instars Mango Mealybug 168 Hours After Spray -------------------------------------------- 136

7.3.3.9 Mortality of Adult Female of Mango Mealybug at Various Post Treatments Intervals -------------------------------- 136 7.3.3.9.1 Mortality of Adult Female of Mango Mealybug

24 Hours After Spray ------------------------- 137 7.3.3.9.2 Mortality of Adult Female of Mango Mealybug

72 Hours After Spray ------------------------- 137 7.3.3.9.3 Mortality of Adult Female of Mango Mealybug

168 Hours After Spray ------------------------ 137 7.3.3.10 Sustainable management approach for the

control mango mealybug --------------------------------- 138 7.3.3.11 Management of Mango Mealybug Males ------------ 140

7.4 Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------- 144 7.4.1 Control of Mango Mealybug through Cultural

Practices -------------------------------------------------------------- 144 7.4.2 Control of Mango Mealybug Through Mechanical

Methods --------------------------------------------------------------- 145 7.4.3 Control of Mango Mealybug Through Insecticides ------------ 145 7.4.4 Sustainable Management Approach for the Control of

Mango Mealybug ---------------------------------------------------- 146 7.4.5 Management of Males of Mango Mealybug --------------------- 147

VIII SUMMARY

Page 11: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Contents

Population Dynamics _____________________________________________149 Cultivar Resistance _______________________________________________150 Biology and Behaviour of the pest ___________________________________151 Effect of Environment on the population of Mango mealybug __________________________________________________________151 Period of abundance ______________________________________________152 Biochemical analysis of leaves and inflorescence _______________________152 Losses caused by Mango mealybug __________________________________152 Sustainable Management of Mango mealybug __________________________153

8.1 Recommendations --------------------------------------------------------- 155 8.2 Condition of the Pest and Recommended Practices ---------------- 156 8.3 Precautionary Measures ------------------------------------------------- 157

LITERATURE CITED -------------------------------- ------------------- 158 APPENDICES -------------------------------------------------------------179

Page 12: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

i

LIST OF TABLES

Chapter III

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1. AWARENESS OF THE RESPONDENTS ABOUT DIFFERENT

INSECT PESTS OF MANGO ---------------------------------------------------- 17 2. PESTWISE EXTENT OF DAMAGE TO MANGO FRUIT AS

TOLD BY THE RESPONDENTS ----------------------------------------------- 18 3. VIEWS OF THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING MANGO

MEALYBUG AS A VERY SERIOUS PEST --------------------------------- 18 4. AWARENESS AMONGST THE RESPONDENTS

REGARDING SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANT MANGO CULTIVARS AGAINST MANGO MEALYBUG --------------------------------------------- 20

5. AWARENESS AMONGST THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING METHOD OF SPREADING OF MANGO MEALYBUG -------------------------------- 21

6. AWARENESS AMONGST THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING PLACES OF HIBERNATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ---------------------------- 22

7. AWARENESS AMONGST THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING CULTURAL PRACTICES OF MANGO MEALYBUG ------------------- 23

8. AWARENESS AMONGST THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING MECHANICAL PRACTICES OF MANGO MEALYBUG -------------- 24

9. AWARENESS AMONGST THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MANGO MEALYBUG --------------------- 25

10. AWARENESS AMONGST THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING FERTILIZED FEMALE OF MANGO MEALYBUG COMMING DOWN THE TREES ----------------------------------------------- 26

11. AWARENESS AMONGST THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING LOSSES AND YIELD OF MANGO MEALYBUG ------------------------ 26

12. AWARENESS AMONGST THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING MAJOR PROBLEMS FACED BY MANGO GROWERS ----------------- 27

Chapter IV

1. POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON CULTIVAR CHAUNSA ON VARIOUS PLANT PARTS DURING 2005-06 AND 2006-07--------------------------------------------------------------39 2. EFFECT OF WEATHER FACTORS ON THE POPULATION

FLUCTUATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG DURING THE STUDY YEARS 2005-2006 AND 2006-2007. ------------------------------- 47

Page 13: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

List of Tables

ii

3. MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS BETWEEN POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG AND WEATHER FACTORS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48

4. ACTIVATION TIME OF MANGO MEALYBUG NYMPHS DURING THE DAY------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 50

5a. MEANS COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO AT VARIOUS PLANT SIDES DURING 2005-06. ------------------------------------------------------------------ 51

5b. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON DIFFERENT DATES AT VARIOUS PLANT SIDES DURING 2005-2006. ---------------------- 53

6a. MEANS COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO AT VARIOUS PLANT SIDES DURING 2006-2007. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55

6b. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON DIFFERENT DATES OF OBSERVATION AT VARIOUS PLANT SIDES DURING 2006-2007 --------------------------------------------------------------- 56

7a. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO AT VARIOUS PLANT SIDES (AVERAGE OF BOTH YEARS) ------------------------------------------------ 58

7b. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON DIFFERENT DATES OF OBSERVATION AT VARIOUS PLANT SIDES (AVERAGE OF BOTH YEARS) ----------------------------------------------- 59

8. MEANS COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF MANGO MEALYBUG FEEDING ON DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO UNDER FIELD CONDITION --------------------------------------------------- 61

9. LIFECYCLE OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON CHAUNSA MANGO ON AN AVERAGE ---------------------------------------------------- 64

Chapter V

1. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS (%) OF LEAVES IN DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO ------------------------------------- 78

2. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS (%) OF INFLORESCENCE IN DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO ------------------------------------------------------- 85

3. SIMPLE CORRELATION BETWEEN POPULATION OF MEALYBUG ON MANGO LEAVES AND INFLORESCENCE

ALONG WITH BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS --------------------------------- 87 4. MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS BETWEEN POPULATION

OF MEALYBUG ON MANGO LEAVES AND BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS ALONG WITH COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION VALUES ---- 89

Page 14: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

List of Tables

iii

5. MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS BETWEEN POPULATION OF MEALYBUG ON MANGO INFLORESCENCE AND BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS ALONG WITH COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION VALUES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 90

Chapter VI

1. MEANS COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING NUMBER OF

MANGO FRUITS PER INFLORESCENCE IN TREATED AND UNTREATED TREES AT INITIAL STAGE ON DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97

2. MEANS COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING NUMBER OF MANGO FRUITS OBTAINED IN UNTREATED AND TREATED TREES AT MATURITY ON DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO --------- 98

3. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG RECORDED PER INFLORESCENCE IN DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO ------------------------------------- 99

Chapter VII

1. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING REDUCTION

PERCENTAGE OF NYMPHS OF MANGO MEALYBUG IN DIFFERENT TREATMENTS AND MONTHS OF THE YEAR DURING 2006 AND 2007 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 121

2. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING REDUCTION IN PERCENTAGE OF NYMPHS OF MANGO MEALYBUG IN DIFFERENT

TREATMENTS DURING 2006 AND 2007 ----------------------------------- 122 3 MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING PERCENT

REDUCTION OF FIRST INSTARS NYMPHS OF MANGO MEALYBUG IN DIFFERENT TREATMENTS DURING 2006 AND 2007 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 123 4. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING PERCENT

POPULATION CROSSED THE TESTING BAND DURING 2006 ----- 125 5. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING PERCENT

POPULATION CROSSED THE TESTING BAND DURING 2007 ----- 127 6. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING PERCENT

POPULATION CROSSED THE TESTING BAND DURING 2006 AND 2007 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 128

7. MEAN COMPARISON OF FIRST INSTAR MANGO MEALYBUG PERCENT MORTALITY UNDER LABORATORY CONDITION DURING 2006 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 131

8. MEAN COMPARISON OF CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MANGO MEALYBUG FIRST INSTAR, SECOND AND THIRD INSTAR AND ADULT FEMALE UNDER FIELD CONDITION DURING 2006-2007 (AVERAGE OF BOTH YEARS) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 135

9. MEANS COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING PERCENT REDUCTION OF MANGO MEALYBUG IN DIFFERENT IPM METHODS DURING 2006 TO 2008------------------- 139

Page 15: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

List of Tables

iv

10. COST BENEFIT RATIO IN DIFFEREENT TREATMENTS REGARDING CONTROL OF MANGO MEALYBUG -------------------- 140

11. COST BENEFIT RATIO ---------------------------------------------------------- 140 12. MEAN COMPARISON REGARDING PUPAE OF MANGO MEALYBUG

900 CM2 IN ORCHARD IN DIFFERENT PLACES DURING 2007 ---------------------------------------------------------- 140

13. MEAN COMPARISON OF POPULATION OF ADULT MALE MANGO MEALYBUG ATTRACTED TO DIFFERENT LIGHTS DURING

2007 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 140

Page 16: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

v

LIST OF FIGURES

Chapter VI

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO 1. POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON LEAVES PER

30-CM BRANCH LENGTH OF MANGO CULTIVAR CHAUNSA AT VARIOUS SIDES DURING 2005-06 AND 2006-07 ------------------ 38

2. POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON INFLORECENCE OF MANGO CULTIVAR CHAUNSA AT VARIOUS SIDES DURING 2005-06 AND 2006-07 ----------------------- 40

3. POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON BRANCH OF MANGO CULTIVAR CHAUNSA AT VARIOUS SIDES DURING 2005-06 AND 2006-07 ------------------------------------------------------------- 41

4. POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON TRUNK AND WEEDS 900 CM2 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 42

5. POPULATION OF PREDATORS, PARASITES AND FUNGUS ATTACKED NYMPHS PER 30 CM BRANCH AND 900 CM2 ON TRUNK OF MANGO CULTIVAR CHAUNSA DURING 2005-06 AND 2006-07 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 43

6. POPULATION DYNAMIC AND WEATHER FACTORS DURING THE YEAR 2005-2006 ON CHAUNSA CULTIVAR ---------------------- 44

7. POPULATION DYNAMIC AND WEATHER FACTORS DURING THE YEAR 2006-2007 ON CHAUNSA CULTIVAR --------------------- 45

8. POPULATION DYNAMIC AND WEATHER FACTORS ON CHAUNSA CULTIVAR COMMULATIVE FOR THE YEAR 2005 TO 2007 (Graphically shown) ---------------------------------------------------------------- 46

9. AVERAGE NUMBER OF EGGS LAID PER FEMALE AND AVERAGE MATING TIME WITH STANDARD DEVIATION -------- 67

Chapter VI

1. INITIAL AND FINAL FRUIT LOSS IN DIFFERENT CULTIVARS

OF MANGO AND POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG -------- 100

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SCHEDULE FOR MANGO

MEALYBUG DROSICHA MANGIFERAE GREEN IN MANGO ORCHARDS ------------------------------------------------------------ 155

Page 17: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

vi

LIST OF APPENDICES

APP. NO. TITLE PAGE NO 1. DATA REGARDING FIRST STADIUM DURATION -------------------- 179 2. DATA REGARDING SECOND STADIUM DURATION ---------------- 180 3. DATA REGARDING THIRD STADIUM DURATION ------------------- 181 4. DATA REGARDING FEMALE DURATION ------------------------------- 182 5. DATA REGARDING MALES CAME DOWN THE TREE--------------- 183 6. DATA REGARDING DISTANCE COVERED IN CENTIMETER BY

FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD STADIUM IN ONE MINUTE ON TREE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 183

7. DATA REGARDING REMOVAL OF FUZZ FROM THE PUPA ONCE ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 184

8. DATA REGARDING REMOVAL OF FUZZ FROM THE PUPA TWICE A TIME -------------------------------------------------------------------- 184

9. DATA REGARDING REMOVAL OF FUZZ FROM THE PUPA THRICE TIME ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 185

10. DATA REGARDING NUMBER OF EGGS LAID BY FEMALES DAILY --------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ 186

11. DATA REGARDING FIRST STADIUM LIVE WITHOUT FOOD ----------------------------------------------------------------- 187

12. DATA REGARDING SECOND AND THIRD INSTAR STADIUM LIVE WITHOUT FOOD ---------------------------------------------------------- 188

13. DATA REGARDING ADULT FEMALE LIVE WITHOUT FOOD-189 14. DATA REGARDING TIME TAKEN BY THE MALE S FOR MATING WITH

THE FEMALES --------------------------------------------------------------------- 190

Page 18: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

• Cv Coefficient of Variation

• CBR Cost Benefit Ratio

• Cf Crude fibre

• CHO Carbohydrates

• cm Centimeter

• cm2 Centimeter square

• Cp Crude protein

• FD Frequency of Distribution

• Fig. Figure

• g Gram

• ha-1 Per hectare

• K Potassium

• LSD Least Significant Difference

• M Moisture

• m Meter

• MMB Mango Mealybug

• N Nitrogen

• Na Sodium

• P Phosphorus

• LSD Least Significant Difference

• IPM Integrated Pest Management

• BZU Bahaudin Zakariya University

• °C degree Celsius (=degree centigrade)

• RH Relative Humidity

• Av. Average

Page 19: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

8

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All the prayers and praises are for ALMIGHTY ALLAH (Jalla- Jalalaho), The

Unique, The Merciful, The Compassionate, The Provider and the source of all knowledge and guidance who never spoils the efforts. I consider it as my foremost duty to acknowledge the Omni-present kindness and love of Almighty Allah, who made it possible for me to complete the writing of this thesis. I consider it is my utmost duty to express gratitude and respect to Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) and Ahlebait who are forever a torch of guidance and knowledge for humanity as a whole.

I express my gratitude to my worthy supervisor Dr. Muhammad Jalal Arif, Associate Professor of Agri. Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for his keen and potential interest, valuable suggestions, consistent encouragement, dynamic supervision and sympathetic attitude during the course of this research endeavor.

I feel great pleasure to express deep sense of gratitude to members of my supervisory committee Dr. Muhammad Ashfaq (T.I), Professor and Chairman, Department of Agri. Entomology, Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan, Professor and Chairman, Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Dr. Hussnain Ali Sayyed, Department of Biotechnology, B.Z. University, Multan and Dr. Shafqat Saeed, Assistant Professor B. Z. University, Multan for their positive attitude and providing me laboratory facilities and man powers during the course of the research work.

I express my heartiest gratitude and sense of obligation to Dr. Amjad Ali, Entomologist, Entomological Research Institute, AARI Faisalabad, for his skilful and marvelous guidance and positive attitude during the whole period of research.

Thanks are also due to my father in law Professor (R), Malik Ghulam Asghar, their moral support and continuous encouragement, brothers and sisters in their prayers and friends, colleagues who provided technical support and facilitated in the field surveys, particularly Syed Zaffar Yab Haider (EDO), Qaisar Abbas, Zaka Sayyed and Tahir Mahmood bhatti A.O. etc.

I don’t have words at command to acknowledge the moral support of my wife, Raeesa Haider, who always prayed for my success and look after children in my absence. I also pay thanks to my children, Safeer Hussain, Muneeba Haider, Najeeba Haider, M. Ammar Haider, M. Ali Haider and Labiba Haider who had to suffer the care and affection they deserved in my absence from home.

Finally I apologize if I have caused anger or offence to anybody.

Page 20: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

9

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted on bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug Drosicha mangiferae (Green) in mango orchards of Punjab Pakistan from 2004 to 2008 in District Multan, Muzzaffar Garh, Bahawalpur and Rahim yar Khan. It was concluded from the growers’ survey that among various insect pest of mango, mango mealybug was found to be the major pest followed by hoppers, fruit fly, scales, mango leaf galls Amaraemyia spp. and midges. The farmers also reported that mango mealybug caused 25-100% loss. Further the respondents indicated that ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar was the most susceptible to mango mealybug followed by ‘Fajri’, ‘Langra’ and ‘Black Chaunsa, whereas ‘Dusehri’ was resistant. Irrigation was the major source of flare up of the pest as viewed by the majority of the respondents. The practices like hoeing, ploughing, irrigation, removal of weeds, grease bands and insecticides were adapted by the respondents with variable results. The satisfaction level for the control of mango mealybug was unsatisfactory. South, East, West directions of trees showed maximum population of mango mealybug on leaves and inflorescence, whereas North direction of the plant showed minimum population. The maximum peak population of mango mealybug was observed to be 26.63 per 30-cm branch at maximum temperature of 24.64°C, minimum temperature of 10.36°C and RH 78.86%. Among twelve cultivars under study, the ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar of mango showed maximum population of mango mealybug in both the study years (104.90 and 69.83 during 2005-2006 and during 2006-2007, respectively as well as on an average of both study years (87.38), whereas ‘Tukhmi’ cultivar was found comparatively resistant with minimum population of mango mealybug i.e. 14.20, 15.86 and 18.27. On an average of both the study years, the following ranking positions towards susceptibility of mango cultivars were as under. ‘Chaunsa’ > ‘Black Chaunsa’ > ‘Malda’ > ‘Fajri’ > ‘Ratul-12’ > ‘Langra’ > ‘Sensation’ > ‘Sindhri’ > ‘Dusehri’ > ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ > ‘Anwar Ratul’ and >‘Tukhmi’. All the chemical plant factors on leaves and inflorescence differed significantly among various cultivars of mango. Maximum carbohydrates contents was observed in the cultivar ‘Chaunsa’ (susceptible to the pest), whereas minimum carbohydrates contents were observed in the cultivar ‘Tukhmi’ resistant to the pest. All the other factors did not show any specific sequence with the population of the pest in all the cultivars. The maximum decrease in number of fruits was recorded 11 percent on cultivar ‘Anwar Ratul’, whereas ‘Langra’ cultivar showed minimum decrease in number of fruits i.e., 3 percent over untreated trees (no control practices were applied with these trees to control mango mealybug at initial stage of the experiment). At final stage of the experiment the maximum decrease in fruits was 81 percent on cultivar ‘Chaunsa’ and minimum on cultivar ‘Tukhmi’ i.e., 22 percent. Maximum population recorded on ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar was 18/inflorescence and minimum on ‘Anwar Ratul’ was 10/inflorescence. A combination of mounds on the plastic sheet, Haider’s band and application of acetamiprid were found to be the most effective treatment resulted in 98% reduction of first instars of mango mealybug. It is further stated that the Haider’s band was the most effective and cheaper which was a new addition in the mechanical control management of mango mealybug on mango trees. The males of mango mealybug were attracted to mercury light and no males were attracted to yellow, green, red, blue lights. Male preferred to pupate in wet places near the ‘kacha’ (mud) water which can be exposed to sunlight by hoeing. This research project demonstrates the complete management programme for the control of mango mealybug under field condition for mango growers.

Page 21: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

10

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Agriculture in Pakistan

Pakistan is located in South Asia, between the latitudes 23° 35’ to 37° 05’ North

and longitudes 60° 50’ to 77° 50’ East (GOVPK, 2008). It is one of the most important

agricultural countries in the world. Agriculture is the largest economic sector in the

economy of Pakistan, and a dominant driving force for growth, poverty reduction and the

main source of livelihood for 66 percent of the population (FBS, 2007). Agriculture

sector contributes 25 percent to GDP of Pakistan. Of this vegetables and fruits contribute

up to Rs. 5.4 billions /year (Himayatullah, 1999).

1.2 The importance of fruits to Pakistan

Fruit is an important sector in the agriculture of Pakistan. Among the major fruits,

mango occupies the second position after citrus in terms of acreage and production: date

palm (42 thousand hectares), guava (47 thousand hectares), mango (86 thousand

hectares) and citrus (173 thousand hectares) (Khushk and Smith, 1996). Mango is the

most popular fruit amongst millions of people in the Orient, particularly in Indo-Pakistan

Sub-continent. Pakistan is the 4th largest mango producer in the world (0.8 million tones)

after India (10.0 million tonnes), China (1.18 million tonnes) and Mexico (1.09 million

tonnes) http://www.panhwar.com/ Article79. htm. Among mango exporting countries,

Pakistan is also the 4th largest exporter of mango fruit in the world and exported about

82,059 tons, worth US$ 23.77 million during 2004 (Anonymous, 2004). Mango is one

of the main foreign currencies earning fruit crop of Pakistan, but exports to many

countries, especially Dubai, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, Germany, France,

Switzerland, Holland, Singapore, Itly and Malaysia.

Mango is cultivated mostly in the Punjab and Sindh provinces. But Southern

Punjab is considered good for its cultivation due its favourable climatic conditions. The

main mango growing districts in the Punjab province are Multan, Muzaffargargh,

Bahawalpur, and Rahim yar khan. (http://www.pakissan.com/english/ allabout/orchards/

Page 22: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 1 Introduction

11

mango/index.shtml). More than 70 percent of the mango orchards grown in this province

of Pakistan are being cultivated in Multan and Bahawalpur Divisions (Anonymous,

2002).

1.3 Importance of mango

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is known as “king of fruits”. It belongs to family

Anacardiaceae (Singh, 1968; Litz, 1997). It is one of the most important trees on the earth

and is now consumed worldwide (http://mgonline.com/mango.html). Mango is an

important tropical fruit, which is being grown in more than 100 countries of the world

(Sauco, 1997). But its original home is South Asia where it has been grown for the last

four thousand years (Salunkhe and Desai, 1984). It is an ancient fruit of Indo-Pakistan

sub-continent and is of great importance for millions (Singh, 1968; de Laroussilhe, 1980;

Litz, 1997). It is nutritionally rich in carbohydrates and vitamins A and C.

(http://www.pakissan.com/english/advisory/mango.diseases.andtheir.management. shtml)

and also has iron, potassium, calcium, or small quantity of protein (http://recipesnmore.

blogspot.com /2007/05/ sevai.html).

Mango is a valuable ornamental plant. It is a shade tree which also protects soil

against erosion and different medicinal virtues of mango are also known (D’ Almeida,

1995). After cotton and rice, mango is the third most important cash crop of Pakistan,

which helps to improve livelihoods of resource poor farmers. Mango is cultivated over an

area of 95,000 ha with production of 100,000 tones / annum, however, the average

productivity is only 80 mounds/acre (Anonymous, 2006), which is lower than most of the

mango growing countries of the world. The low yield could be attributed to different

biotic constraints, as insect pests.

1.4 Insect pest of mango

A number of insect pests attacked the mango crop and deprive the trees of its

important nutrients. Among these pests, mango mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae G.) is

one of the destructive pests attacking the fruit trees in Pakistan (Yousuf, 1993; Prassad

and Singh, 1976). In case of fruit trees, the yield is reduced severely. Tandon and

Verghese 1985 reported that D. mangiferae is dangerous for mango crop. It is not only

pest of mango but it attacks more than 70 other host plants (Tandon and Lal, 1978;

Narula, 2003). Mango mealybug Drosicha mangiferae Green is a pest of mango and

Page 23: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 1 Introduction

12

other orchards, known as giant mealybug (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Monophlebidae).

The overall goal of this study was to develop a complete management practices against

this notorious pest of mango crop.

The present project consists of

• Problems orientation studies

• Population dynamics, cultivar resistance and biology of mango mealybug

• Cultivar resistance based on biochemical analysis in leaves and inflorescence

• Losses in mango yield caused by the mango mealybug

• Sustainable management of mango mealybug on mango trees

Page 24: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

13

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 SURVEY

Conventional methods of pest management have been investigated for different

crops, and used as input for development of integrated pest management packages

(Norton et al.,; 1999; Bently and Baker, 2002). It is well established that evaluation of

farmers’ perception and knowledge about the pests and their existing natural enemies is

the important tool for the planning of campaign, research agendas and development of

messages for communication (Fujisaka, 1992; Escalada and Heong, 1993). The lack of

full knowledge of mango insect pests and their ecology however, is the main obstacle in

pest management strategies (Van Huis and Meerman, 1997). For example, the farmers

usually are unable to differentiate between the damaged caused by seed borer Deanolis

aibizonalis (Hamson) from fruitflies Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Van Mele et al., 2001).

It is also important for improving crops and plant protection to recognize those

constraints which are faced by the farmers’ and their existing technical skills (Kenmore,

1991; Bentley, 1992; Morse and Buhler, 1997).

2.2 POPULATION DYNAMICS

Variation in population density of phytophagous insects among conspecific trees

is known to be very high (Price et al., 1990). This variation in susceptibility may be

genetic, or phenotypic due to differences in environmental factors such as the nutritional

status of the soil (Dale, 1988) or air pollution (Riemer and Whittake, 1989), as well as

variation in plant age or seasonal phenology (Marino and Cornell, 1993). In tropical

forests, for instance, a strong correlation was observed between renewal of foliage

(flushing) and abundance of herbivores, especially Homoptera (Wolda, 1978).

Temperature and relative humidity have been reported to play an important role in

development of D. stebbingi (Singh, 1946; Yousuf and Gaur, 1993; Yadav et al., 2004).

However Matokot et al., (1992) have shown that fluctuations in populations of mango

mealybug (Rastrococcus. invadens Williams.) on mango are linked to the physiological

Page 25: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 2 Review of Literature

14

and phenological characteristics of the host plant than to climatic factors. Seasonal

changes play an important role on population fluctuations of mango mealybug

(Rastrococcus invadens Williams.) its population, which decreased during the rainy

season and peaked during dry season (Bovida and Neuenschwander, 1995; Dwivedi et

al., 2003).

2.3 CULTIVAR RESISTANCE

Host-plant characteristics may influence the herbivore’s developmental rate, and

indirectly benefit natural enemies (Godfray, 1994). According to “slow-growth-high-

mortality” theory of Benrey and Denno (1997), most herbivorous insects have a

vulnerable stage to parasitism, and development of herbivores on a plant with weak

nutritional status takes longer and thus parasitoids can take advantage of the presence of

prey over a prolonged period. The host plant species on which larval development is

delayed, the window of vulnerability (time spent in the first two larval instars) will be

prolonged and rates of parasitism will be increased (Benrey and Denno, 1997). For

example, Pereyra and Sanchez (1998) have shown that the variations in nutritional

quality of host plant causes different growth rate of herbivores like budborer, Epinotia

aporema feeding on these plants. Similarly Karar et al., (2007) reported that the mango

mealybug (D. mangiferae) preferred to feed on ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar. The female mango

mealybug fed on ‘Chaunsa’ (‘Sammar Bahist’) cultivar was broader and laid more

number of eggs with more weight and size.

The plants which show more damage are called susceptible plants and those

plants which show lesser damage are called resistant. The resistance in plants is the result

of interaction between two biological entities, the plant and the insect under influence of

various environmental factors (Dhaliwal et al., 1993). The resistance was studied early in

England on apple cultivar ‘Winter Majetin’ against wooly aphid and was found to be

resistant to the woolly aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann). The studies have led to

the development of resistant cultivars against 50 key insect pests on different crops and

released world-wide. Another example of resistance in mango, the cultivar ‘mango-3’was

developed which have resistance against leaf cutting weevil, Deporaus marginatus P.

(Uddin et al., 2003). So the resistant cultivars are grown by the farmers and save

insecticides costs which are billion dollars (Pathak and Dhaliwal, 1986; Angeles, 1991;

Page 26: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 2 Review of Literature

15

Dhaliwal et al., 1993; Dhaliwal and Dilawari, 1996; Carvalho et al., 1996; Salem et al.,

2006).

Mango cultivars grown in India and Hawaii are equally susceptible to mango seed

weevil (Bagle and Prasad, 1984; Hansen et al., 1989) while, the cultivar ‘Itamaraca’ has

shown some resistance to mango weevil (Block and Kozuma, 1964).

2.4 EFFECT OF HOST PLANT

Host plant has great effect on the fecundity and survival of R. invadens (Bovida

and Neuenschwander, 1995) for example it was observed that the population of mealybug

was higher on infested trees because it has good conditions for feeding and having low

escape. Further it is noted that the pre-reproductive period of mealybugs was shorter on

heavily infested trees and offspring production was also higher than uninfested tree.

2.5 BIOLOGY

The mango mealybug (D. mangiferae) nymphs started to hatch out at end of Dec.

or beginning of Jan. (Chandra et al., 1987; Mohyuddin, 1989). A single female lays up to

400-500 eggs (Haq and Akmal, 1960). The duration of 1st instar vary from 45-71 days;

second 18-38 days; third instar for female 15-26 days, whereas duration for males 5-10

days. The total duration 77-135 days for female and 67-119 days for male and 78-135 for

females and 77-134 days for males on mango (Rahman and Latif, 1944; Haq and Akmal,

1960) whereas on citrus the total duration was 169-304 days for female and 165-290 days

for male (Saxena and Rawat, 1968). A female took 7-16 days to lay its full quota of eggs

(Rahman and Latif, 1944; Chandra et al., 1987). First instars of mango mealybug D.

stebbingi crawled a distance of about 40 ft and 2nd instars 150 ft. as reported by Latif

(1940). Males have ability to reconstruct the cocoon if it is damaged in any way. The

copulation time of male with female was 4-10 minutes (Rahman and Latif, 1944) and the

ratio of males to females was 1:19 (Chandra et al., 1987).

Resistance in mango to pests has been previously reported (e.g. Hansen 1989)

however additional results are needed to assess further to confirm the tolerance reported

previously. Determining the tolerance to insect in mango cultivars should be performed

in natural conditions. Therefore, experiment for resistance in mango against insect pest

should include possible exposure of insects under different conditions. There are few

reports where nutrients levels were tested in natural field conditions. For example Avilan

Page 27: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 2 Review of Literature

16

(1971), Singh (1978) and Hussain (2004) reported that NPK levels were the highest

before flowering, fell at flowering and fruit formation but it increased again at fruit

maturity. In contrast C/N ratio was the highest in flower bud differentiation and declined

and remained lower in off-season in Pakistani cultivars ‘Dusehri’ and ‘Langra’ (Hussain,

2004). Similarly, Ca level was low before flowering but increased during fruit formation

and lowered subsequently. Similarly, high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and Zn were

associated with off-season (Mishra and Dhillon, 1978; Chadha et al., 1984; Mishera and

Dhillon, 1982). Similarly Thakur et al., (1981) shown that N, P and Ca contents were

significantly higher in the leaves, which emerged from fruiting terminal but K, S and Zn

contents were very low. The leaf position on the shoot, leaf age, sampling height and

sampling direction could also affect the mineral contents (Chadha et al., 1981). In older

leaves the K and P content decreased, while Mg, Ca, Mn and S, contents increased

significantly. The P, Ca, K, Fe and Mn content changed with sampling direction, while

Fe, Zn, S, Ca, Cu and K contents were significantly more in the leaves of the lower part

of the tree than from the upper part.

The nymphs and female scales suck sap from shoots, tender leaves and fruit

peduncles but prefer to feed on inflorescence (Tandon and Lal, 1979). The affected

panicles shrivel and dry. Severe infestation affects the fruit set and causes fruit drop

(Khan, 1989) and this ultimately affects the yield.

Yields losses due to infestations and damage caused by mealybug on mango plant

can rise up to 80 percent (Entomological Society of Nigeria, 1991; Moore, 2004; Karar et

al., 2007). The damage due to mealybug could be as high as 80 percent of all losses

(Nwanze, 1982). Similarly Tobih (2002) observed that the infestation due to mango

mealybug caused significant loss in size and weight of fresh mango fruits.

2.6 SELECTIVITY STUDIES

2.6.1 Cultural control

Destruction of eggs of mango mealybug by digging them out with spades from

the soil is not an encouraging practice (Rahman and Latif, 1944), whereas this way of

destroying the eggs is an effective practice as reported by (Singh, 1947; Mohyuddin and

Mahmood, 1993). Similarly the use of burlap band, burning of gravid females and

removal of soil contaminated with eggs of mango mealybug gave complete control of

Page 28: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 2 Review of Literature

17

mango mealybug without the use of pesticides (Sial, 1999). Burning of rubbish, scraping

of soil at the bases of fruit trees and root opening are very useful practices for the

destruction of eggs (Haq and Akmal, 1960). Also pruning of trees (Sandhu et al., 1980)

and cutting down of damaged trees and their destruction (Agricola et al., 1989) were the

most effective practices for the control of mango mealybug. Further, it was suggested that

a 30 cm deep trench dug in a radius about 50 cm around tree trunk filled with decoys

vegetation ideal for egg laying of Drosicha corpulenta (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) and

should be destroyed in autumn (Xu et al., 1999).

2.6.2 Mechanical control

The grease band is effective for checking the migration of mango mealybug

(Stebbing, 1902; Lal, 1918) whereas cotton wool dusted with DDT are effective controls

(Haq and Akmal, 1960). The band prepared by using sann fibre soaked in mixture of

crude oil emulsion and coal tar at the ratio of 1:1 can be quite effective for the control of

Drosicha stebbingi (Dutt, 1925). Similarly Rosin + Toria oil and Rosin + Neem oil +

Vaseline band were absolutely effective (Chopra, 1928; Richards and Sharma, 1934). The

sticky materials used in the bands act as repellent (Latif, 1940). In the past, black oil cloth

was also used as barrier for controlling the upward movement of mango mealybug, e.g.

Rahman and Latif (1944) found that black oil cloth was effective against 2nd and 3rd instar

nymphs of D. mangiferae but less effective against the nymphs of 1st instar. Namhar

bands were found effective against nymphs of mango mealybug for 51-78 days in shade,

42-58 days when partially exposed to sun depending upon climatic conditions (Lakra et

al., 1980). Sand was also used as barrier for upward migrating nymphs of D. mangiferae

as reported by Birat (1964). Ostico was more effective tree banding material than either

Esso fruit tree grease + Coal Tar mixture for the control of D. stebbingi (Bindra et al.,

1970; Ali, 1980; Sen, 1955). Similarly, polyethylene sheeting is an effective barrier to

prevent the upward moving nymphs of mango mealybug and was much cheaper, easily

accessible and practical (Bindra and Sohi, 1974; Yousuf, 1993; Abrar-ul-Haq et al.,

2002) whereas alkathene sheeting was more effective than polyethylene against upward

crawling nymphs (Lakra et al., 1980; Tandon and Lal, 1981; Chandra et al., 1991;

Narula, 2003). Double girdle band of alkathane sheeting was the more effective than

single girdle alkathene bands (Srivastava, 1980 a). Plastic slippery bands were used on

Page 29: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 2 Review of Literature

18

the base of trees against the nymphs of D. mangiferae gave best control (Sandhu et al.,

1980, 1981; Singh et al., 1988, 1991; Hashmi, 1994). Similarly, Esso tree grease bands

were found to be more effective than Nimhar band against 1st instar nymphs of the

polyphagous margarodid, Perissopneum tectonae (Morr.) on guava trees (Singh, 1980)

ineffective (Chandra et al., 1991). D. corpulenta is controlled by using plastic strips of

16.5 cm wide covered with a mixture of DDVP [dichlorovos] machine oil and grease in

the proportion 0.5:2:5 at 1 meter above ground level and found >90 percent mortality of

the pest (Chen, 1984). Khan and Ashfaq (2004) reported that Funnel Type Trap was an

effective barrier for mango mealybug nymphs and also worked for collecting the egg

carrying female. Further they suggested that powdered un-slaked lime was placed in the

funnels to kill females which entrapped during coming down trees via stems. Machine oil

and wool grease were more effective than other blocking methods (Xie et al., 2004).

Karar et al., (2007) recently tested nine tree bands to check the upward movement of

mango mealybug (D. mangiferae) and found a new band named Haider’s band (plastic

sheeting having a layer of 3.8 cm of grease in middle) proved most effective for the

preventing insects reaching the tree canopies.

2.6.3 Chemical control

The results of experiments and its analysis implies that management of this pest is

more effective when the pest is in initial instars than later instars, so it would be useful to

adopt the management strategies when mango mealybug is in early instars. It has already

been reported by previous research workers who worked on management of this pest. The

spray of insecticides parathion, Benzene Hexa Chloride (BHC) and

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was found effective against 1st, 2nd instar,

whereas for 3rd instar nymphs and adult females Folidol, Nematox, Hanane, Diazinon and

Pestox proved effective (Latif and Ismail, 1957) whereas malathion was found effective

for controlling mango mealybug as told by Bindra 1967. Good control of 1st and 2nd instar

nymphs of mango mealybug i.e. 91 percent could be attained by using Formothion

(Anthio) and it is decreased up to 63 percent against 3rd instar nymphs (Atwal et al.,

1969). The insecticides malathion, diazinon or dimethyldichlorovinyl phosphate (DDVP)

gave best control of mango mealybug (Srivastava and Butani, 1972). Mealybugs

(Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green) on mesta (Hibiscus cannabinus) were controlled

Page 30: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 2 Review of Literature

19

through the application of Roger (dimethoate) or Metasystox (methyl demeton) is

effective (Pushpa, 1973). High volume application of insecticides was very important to

ensure coverage and reach the mealybugs in crevices and cracks on the bark, for example

diazinon, quinalphos and parathion-methyl have been shown to suppress the pest quite

effectively both at nymph and adult stages (Lakra et al., 1980). The chemicals like

diazinon, quinalphos and parathion-methyl (methyl-parathion) were highly effective

against 1st instar nymphs that were gathered below the bands (Lakra et al., 1980). The

fenitrothion was recorded as the most effective insecticides and malathion least effective

for the control of mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae Green. on guava (Dalaya, 1983).

Hostathion was found the effective insecticide for the control of the mealybugs Icerya

aegyptiaca (Douglas) (Rojanavongse and Charernson, 1984). The carbophenothion was

the most effective insecticides against gravid females and first instar nymphs of mango

mealybug (D. mangiferae) under laboratory and field conditions (Spectrum Chemical

Fact Sheet). The mango pest for example mango mealybug, mango hoppers, mango shoot

gall psyllid, mango fruit weevil and mango stem borer could be controlled through the

application of insecticides like lebaycid, dimecron or malathion (Azim, 1985).

2.7 Sustainable Managemnet Approach for the Control of Mango

Mealybug

Mango mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae Green.) is considered the most important

pest of mango, so for its control, the use of chemicals should be justified and restricted. It

should spare the destruction of non-target insects and useful fauna. Normally it attacks

the mango trees in flowering season. Flooding in the month of Oct. often destroys the

eggs buried in the soil and remaining eggs are exposed to sun heat by ploughing in the

Nov. Polyethelene bands of 400 mil gauge and 25 cm width fastened around the tree

trunk are another effective way of managing mealybug ascent to the trees. The sticky

bands with grease material or slippery bands with alkathene or plastic sheets around the

trunk at about one meter above ground level in 2nd week of Dec. could also prevent the

upward movement of nymphs (Atwal, 1963). Similarly Tandon and Verghese (1995)

suggested that exposure of eggs to sun, removal of alternative host plants and

conservation of natural enemies by using garlic oil or neem seed extract around the trunk

of trees and application of alkathane bands could also eliminate mango mealybug

Page 31: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 2 Review of Literature

20

population. Bajwa and Gul (2000) reported that Drosicha stebbingii could be managed

through destruction of eggs, banding of trees and spray of insecticides v.z., Bulldock

25EC, Endon 35EC and Mepra 50EC on trees of Paulownia tomentosa and Paulownia

fortunei. Whereas, Jia et al., (2001) achieved good control of Drosicha corpulenta, a

walnut pest through dusting parathion in micro capsules form or phoxim on the ground

before the soil freezes in winter, painting mixture of 1 kg omethoate + 5 kg mineral oil

and spraying 300 times, solution of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) or a 2000- times solution of

20% fenpropathrin from mid Feb. to mid Mar. for the control of nymphs.

The application of insecticides like Mepra 50EC and Endon 35EC along with

banding tree trunks, ploughing soil to destroy eggs could also be an effective strategy for

mealybug control (Gul et al., 1997). Insecticides and parasitoids together could also be an

important strategy to manage mealybug. For example, prepupal parasites have been

shown to parsitoids female of D. mangiferae (Kalia, 1995). Ishaq et al., (2004) worked

on the management of mango mealybug (D. stebbingi) and concluded that the mortality

only with insecticide sprays were up to 55 percent, whereas sticky bands along with

burying and burning treatments significantly reduced the extent of infestation by mango

mealybug (0.00-15.79 percent) and burlap bands reduced population of mango mealybug

nymphs by 78.98 percent. So it was concluded that for the control of mealybug

integration of insecticides with bands along with burning and burying treatments gave

good control.

Page 32: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

21

ABSTRACT

About 141 mango growers’ were interviewed during peak activity of mango

mealybug in southern Punjab, Pakistan during 2004-05, to know the farmers’ knowledge,

perceptions and practices in the management of mango mealybug. It was observed during

survey that most of the farmers (94.3 percent) reported that Chaunsa cultivar (king of all

mango cultivars) was susceptible to mango mealybug and irrigation water was the major

source of flare up of this pest. Diazinon and methidathion were the most commonly used

insecticides as 72.9 and 51.8 percent farmers gave positive response and grease bands

were applied for the control of mango mealybug by the majority of the respondents.

Hundred percent yield losses was told by 22.7 percent respondents whereas 75 percent,

50 percent and 25 percent losses were reported by 39.7, 31.9 and 14.2 percent

respondents, respectively. Burning of females, application of grease bands and

insecticidal spray did not show satisfaction to the respondents for the control of fertilized

females of mango mealybug coming down from the trees. Lack of knowledge about the

pest, lack of money, adulteration and shortage of pesticides, lack of unity amongst

farmers and small land holdings were the main constraints for the control of mango

mealybug. The observations made in the field corroborated the views of farmers

regarding spread of this pest through irrigation water.

Key words: Mango, Indigenous knowledge, Drosicha mangiferae, Pest management.

Page 33: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 3 Problem Orientation Studies

22

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The mango crop is attacked by 500 insect pests due to the vast range of agro-

ecosystems and climatic conditions in which it is grown (Tandon and Varghese, 1985).

However, the severity of the pest can be identified through the growers’ survey to

develop management practices. Knowledge of pests varies from farmer to farmer and to

identify farmers’ problems and their existing knowledge, surveys are considered

important. The biggest constraints in the establishment of an Integrated Pest Management

program is lack of proper information about growers’ knowledge and perceptions, mango

pests and their ecology and practices in pest management (Morse and Buhler, 1997;

Teng, 1987; Heong, 1985). There is a need to integrate the farmer’s techniques and their

indigenous knowledge about the insect pest in the development processes to improve

farmers’ pest management practices (Nyeko et al., 2007). The growers have two

advantages over scientists, a life-long experience of growing their crops, a the system of

passing their knowledge to the next generations through exchange of information, that

has been built up through regular observations through informal and formal actor

networks (Van Mele and Van Chien, 2004). However, some scientists disagree with these

findings and their point of view is that scientist are trained to test the validity of

conclusions without bias, whereas growers generally have a great deal of bias in the way

they interpret results (Toews, 2010, per. com.). The present survey was therefore

conducted with the objective to identify the insect pest problems at farmers’ fields.

The main aims of the survey were

(i) To identify the insect pests problem in mango orchards

(ii) To determine and identify the most serious pest of the mango orchards

(iii) To determine the infestation of the most serious pest and identify the

problems faced by growers to manage the pest

(iv) To identify the alternate host plants and the means of dispersal of the

most serious pest

(v) To compare the recommended and farmers’ adapted management

strategies for the most serious pest

Page 34: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 3 Problem Orientation Studies

23

3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.2.1 STUDY SITES AND ITS CLIMATE

Multan Muzzaffargarh Bahawalpur R.Y.Khan

Latitude 30-12N 30-12 N 29-25 N 29-12 N

Longitude 71-30 E 71-14 E 71-4 E 70-30 E

Altitude (ft) 0121 0124 0115 0120

Mean Annual Temp (°C) 26.50 26.50 26.50 26.00

Mean Annual

Rainfall (mm)

168 160 162 160

A survey was conducted in the main mango growing districts of the Punjab

province (Pakistan) and the results were used to set the research objectives.

3.2.2 Preliminary Survey

In the preliminary survey, 25 (n=25) mango growers were selected randomly,

during Dec., 2004 to know farmers’ knowledge, perceptions and practices regarding

insect pest problems of mango crops in district Multan. A short list of questions was

prepared to collect information and to identify the major insect pests of mango orchard in

mango growing areas of Punjab.

3.2.3 Comprehensive Survey.

After the preliminary survey, a questionnaire was revised for conducting a

comprehensive and detailed survey during Jan., 2005 in the major mango growing

districts of the Punjab viz., Multan, Muzzaffar Garh, Bahawalpur and Rahim Yar Khan.

The mentioned districts of southern Punjab are considered a favourable for its cultivation

and higher yield. In the preliminary survey mango mealybug was identified to be a

serious pest of mango orchard in southern Punjab therefore a detailed and comprehensive

survey was planned to identify the reasons for its spread and establishment as a serious

pest of mango. The questionnaire was prepared to achieve the following major objectives.

Page 35: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 3 Problem Orientation Studies

24

• To determine the mango mealybug infestation and the major problems in

management being faced by the mango growers of the Punjab.

• To know alternate host plants and the means of dispersal of mealybug to other

host plants.

• To compare the recommended and farmer’s adopted management strategies

for mango mealybug.

In this study, only those growers were interviewed whose mango trees were

infested with mango mealybug. A total of 141 (n=141) mango farmers were interviewed.

The information regarding the attack of this pest was collected from the Department of

Pest Warning and Quality Control, Agriculture Extension, Ayub Agricultural Research

Institute, Faisalabad and persons related to the purchase of mango in markets, pesticides

dealers, contractors, nursery growers and fellow farmers in different districts. To evaluate

farmer’s perception, they were first asked about the most important insect pest problems

of mango crop including major pests, pest incidence, pest severity, estimated yield losses

and management practices to control the insect pests. Interviews were conducted either in

the farmer’s house or in their orchards. Each farmer was interviewed for 25-30 minutes.

The survey data were encoded, entered into Excel sheets and verified prior to analysis.

SPSS program (release 10 for windows) (Bryman and Cramer, 2001) was applied for

used to calculate the frequency distributions of of the responses.

Page 36: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 3 Problem Orientation Studies

25

3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The study was comprised of the problems of insect pests in the mango orchards

and farmer’s views regarding various aspects relating to their mango cultivars in relation

to resistance susceptibility against insect pests, particularly mango mealybug, its mode of

spread, hibernation places, comparison of recommended and farmer’s management

practices and losses caused by the insect pests. The study was conducted in two phase

viz., preliminary survey and comprehensive survey. The results are described below:

3.3.1 PRELIMINARY SURVEY

The study was conducted in district Multan with the following objectives.

a) To know awareness among farmers about insect pests of mango.

b) To observe the most damaging insect pests in term of yield losses.

c) To identify the reasons of seriousness of the pest.

3.3.1.1 Awareness among Farmers about Insect Pests.

The results (Table 1) reveal that amongst the respondents, 88 percent knew about

the mango mealybug followed by 80 percent who had the knowledge each about hoppers

and fruit fly. The minimum awareness was 8 percent only. Amongst the respondents, 44

percent and 24 percent of the farmers indicated that they knew about scales and mango

midges, respectively. From these results, it was observed that the greatest proportion of

respondents knew about the mango mealybug and thus this species was considered to be

the most important insect pest of mango.

Page 37: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 3 Problem Orientation Studies

26

Table 1. AWARENESS OF THE RESPONDENTS ABOUT DIFFERENT INSECT PESTS OF MANGO

Name of Insect Yes

F.D. Percent English Name Scientific Name

Mango Hoppers Ideoscopus clypeaus 20 80

Mango Mealybug Drosicha mangiferae 22 88

Fruitfly Dacus dorsalis 20 80

Mango Scale Radionaspis indica 11 44

Mango leaf Galls Amaraemyia spp. 6 24

Mango Midges Erosomyia indica 2 8

n=25 F.D. Signifies Frequency Distribution

3.3.1.2 Relationship between Pest and Yield Losses

The results regarding the farmers’ views about the relationship of the pests and

yield losses are shown in Table 2. The 40 percent respondents indicated that 100 percent

losses occurred due to the attack of mango mealybug, while 32, 20 and 8 percent

respondents reported 75, 50, and 25 percent losses, respectively. The fruitfly was ranked

as the second major insect pest as 8, 40 and 52 percent respondents 75, 50 and 25 percent

losses, respectively occurred due to this pest. The mango hoppers were ranked as the

third major insect pest as viewed by 36 and 64 percent respondents reported 50 and 25

percent losses occurred due to this pest, respectively.

The losses caused by scales, galls and midges were up to 25 percent each as

reported by 100 percent respondents. From these results it was again observed that mango

mealybug was the most serious pest as reported by the majority of the respondents and

that this pest caused the greatest losses to mango fruits.

Page 38: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 3 Problem Orientation Studies

27

Table 2. PEST WISE EXTENT OF DAMAGE TO MANGO FRUIT AS TOLD BY THE RESPONDENTS

Name of Insect Extent of Damage as viewed by the Respondents

English Name

Scientific Name

25 Percent 50 Percent 75 Percent 100 Percent

FD percent FD percent FD percent FD percent

Mango Hoppers

Ideoscopus clypeaus

16 64 9 36 0 0 0 0

Mango Mealybug

Drosicha mangiferae

2 8 5 20 8 32 10 40

Fruitfly Dacus dorsalis

13 52 10 40 2 8 0 0

Mango Scale

Radionaspis indica

25 100 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mango leaf Galls

Amaraemyia spp

25 100 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mango Midges

Erosomyia indica

25 100 0 0 0 0 0 0

n=25 F.D. Signifies Frequency Distribution

3.3.1.3 Dominance Factors of Mango Mealybug

The results regarding dominance factors responsible for the spread of mango

mealybug are given in Table 3. It is evident from the results that 84 percent respondents

told that the pest spread quickly due to high fecundity rate as compared to other mango

pests. The majority of the respondents (92 percent) told that the pest was very difficult to

control. The other factors were observed that 64 percent farmers told that they had no

knowledge about the pest, whereas 76 percent and 80 percent respondents told about

ineffective insecticides and many places of hibernation, respectively.

Table 3. VIEWS OF THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING MANGO MEALYBUG AS A VERY SERIOUS PEST

Reasons Yes

FD Percent Spread quickly due to high fecundity 21 84

Difficult to control 23 92

Lack of information 16 64

Non-effective spray 19 76

Hibernate in different places 20 80

n=25 F.D. Signifies Frequency Distribution

Page 39: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 3 Problem Orientation Studies

28

CONCLUSION

Mango mealybug was the most serious insect pest and the problem is becoming

serious more due to high fecundity, lack of knowledge about the pest among respondents,

ineffective insecticides and multiple hibernation places.

3.3.2 COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY

Keeping in view the problems faced by mango growing farmers’ in managing

mango mealybug infestation as observed during preliminary survey, a comprehensive and

detailed survey was conducted with the objective to confirm the previous results by

extending the study for four major mango growing districts of the Punjab viz., Multan,

Bahawalpur, Rahim yar Khan and Muzaffargarh during Jan. to Feb. 2005. The results are

presented under the following sub-sections.

3.3.2.1 Respondent's knowledge about resistant and susceptible cultivars of mango

The awareness of the respondents regarding susceptible/resistant mango cultivars

against mango mealybug is shown in Table 4. Among the respondents, 94 percent

reported ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar, as the most susceptible, 3 percent told the resistant and 3

percent had no reply. Furthermore, ‘Fajri’ and ‘Langra’ were ranked the next most

susceptible cultivars according to 69 percent and 63 percent respondents, respectively.

According to the survey, 63 percent of respondents had the view that ‘Black Chaunsa’

was also found susceptible, whereas 14 percent told this cultivar was resistant to mango

mealybug. Majority of the respondent did not know about the susceptibility and resistant

response of mealybug to other cultivars of mango to the mealybug. The 57 percent

respondents reported ‘Hydershahwala’ as mealybug resistant genotype followed by

‘Dusehri’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Sanglakhi’ and ‘Langra’ by the view of 62, 48, 32 and 31

percent respondents, respectively. According to the opinion of the majority of

respondents (94 percent) ‘Chaunsa’ is a susceptible genotype to mango mealybug.

Page 40: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 3 Problem Orientation Studies

29

Table 4. AWARENESS AMONGST THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE MANGO CULTIVARS AGAINST MANGO MEALYBUG.

Name of

Cultivars

Susceptible Resistant Not Known

FD Percent FD Percent FD Percent

Langra 89 63 44 31 8 6

Dusehri 48 34 88 62 5 4

Chaunsa 133 94 4 3 4 3

Fajri 97 69 12 9 32 23

Malda 32 23 65 46 44 31

Anwar Ratul 32 23 57 40 52 37

Muhammadwala 29 21 8 6 104 74

Khangarhribacha 0 0 24 17 117 83

Sindhri 33 23 32 23 76 54

Alphanso 0 0 17 12 124 88

Sanglakhi 20 14 45 32 76 54

Sobhawali ting 28 20 40 28 73 52

Hydershahwala 52 37 80 57 9 6

Zafrani 16 11 4 3 121 86

Sensation 28 20 16 11 97 69

Chanwal 4 3 20 14 117 83

Tukhmi 12 9 40 28 89 63

Black Chaunsa 89 63 20 14 32 23

Sufaid Chaunsa 53 38 68 48 20 14

Ratul-12 26 18 8 6 107 76

n=141 F.D. Signifies Frequency Distribution

3.3.2.2 Awareness Regarding Methods of Spreading of Mealybug

The results regarding awareness among the farmers about methods of spreading of

mango mealybug are presented in Table 5. The majority of the respondents i.e. 94 percent

told that irrigation water is the main source of dispersal of mango mealybug, while 49

Page 41: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 3 Problem Orientation Studies

30

percent respondents opined that mango mealybug spread through nursery plants and

transportation by machinery. The other methods of spreading cited by respondents

included spread from affected branches of inflorescence by malformation, by walking of

insects, farm yard manure, dissidence, migration from one plant to another. However, the

dispersal of mealybugs through weeds by human being cannot be ignored as 29, 52, 11,

33, 41 and 28 percent respondents had positive views about it. None of the respondent

reported birds as active spreaders of mango mealybug.

Table 5. AWARENESS AMONGST THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING METHOD OF SPREADING OF MANGO MEALYBUG

Methods of spreading Yes

FD Percent

Through irrigation water 133 94

Through nursery plant 69 49

Through Air 25 18

Transportation by machinery 69 49

Through Birds 0 0

Through destroyed malformed inflorescence 41 29

By walking 74 52

Through Farm Yard Manure 15 11

Through dissidence 47 33

Plants to plants 58 41

Through weeds taken by woman 39 28

n=141 F.D. Signifies Frequency Distribution * Dissidence- The enmity or evil intention of one person or family to other person or family to inflict loss to his enemy’s orchard.

3.3.2.3 Awareness Among Respondents Regarding Hibernation

Places of Mango Mealybug. According to survey results on hibernation of mango mealybug (Table 6) reveal

that 83 percent respondents had the view that the places under mango trees were the

most favorable sites for hibernation followed by cracks in trees (68 percent respondents)

and mud walls around orchards (57 percent respondents). Amongst the respondents 43,

22, 17 and 17 percent indicated that mango mealybug hibernates in soil under tree

Page 42: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 3 Problem Orientation Studies

31

canopy, roots of plants, kacha (mud) water channels and under the fallen leaves,

respectively.

Table 6. AWARENESS AMONGST THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING PLACES OF HIBERNATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG

Places Yes

FD Percent

Under tree near trunk 117 83

Mud wall around orchards 80 57

Cracks in tree 96 68

Soil under tree canopy 61 43

Kacha (mud) water channel/kacha road 24 17

Under leaves 24 17

In roots of plants 31 22

n=141 F.D. Signifies Frequency Distribution

3.3.2.4 Practices Adapted by the Farmers for the Control of Mango

Mealybug 3.3.2.4.1 Cultural Practices

The cultural management practices adapted by the farmers to control mango

mealybugs are given in Table 7. The practice of removal of weeds was adapted by the

majority of the respondents i.e. 60 percent. However, 50, 48, 34 and 13 percent of

farmers used hoeing, irrigation, removal of eggs and ploughing as the major mango

mealybug management practices, respectively. From these results it is concluded that

removal of weeds was adopted by the majority of the respondents for the control of

mango mealybug. The results regarding to the satisfaction of respondents relating to

control practices adapted so far reveal that 18 respondents had the view that hoeing

practices controlled the mango mealybug up to 50 percent while seven, six and twenty

farmers had the views that ploughing, irrigation and removal of eggs also resulted in 50

percent control. The practice adapted by the majority of the respondents regarding

removal of weeds showed that 85 respondents had the view that this practice resulted in

25 percent control of mango mealybug. Twenty one respondents satisfied 75 percent

control of mango mealybug by adapting removal of eggs. From these results it was

Page 43: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 3 Problem Orientation Studies

32

observed that the practices adapted by the farmers did not give satisfactory control of

mango mealybug.

Table 7. AWARENESS AMONGST THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING CULTURAL PRACTICES OF MANGO MEALYBUG

Practices Yes Satisfaction

FD Percent 25 percent 50 percent 75 percent

100 percent

Hoeing 71 50 53 18 0 0

Ploughing 19 13 12 7 0 0

Irrigation 67 48 61 6 0 0

Removal of weeds 85 60 85 0 0 0

Removal of eggs 48 34 7 20 21 0

n=141 F.D. Signifies Frequency Distribution

3.3.2.4.2 Mechanical Practices

The views of the respondents regarding mechanical practices adopted by them

and their satisfaction level for the control of mango mealybug are presented in Table 8.

The results reveal that grease bands were adopted by majority of the respondents i.e. 89

percent and 43 respondents told that this practice controlled the mango mealybug up to

25 percent while 82 respondents reported up to 50 percent control of this pest. The

second most common practice was the application of plastic sheet bands which was

adopted by 43 percent respondents and 29 farmers told that this practice controlled the

pest up to 25 percent while 32 farmers had the view that this practice depressed the pest

population up to 50 percent. The application of gunny bags and cotton bands were not

adopted by any respondent. Non recommended practices i.e. the application of mud

bands, daily spray, spreading of insecticides and use of calcium carbonate were also

adopted by the some of the farmers and showed unsatisfactory control of mango

mealybug.

Page 44: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 3 Problem Orientation Studies

33

Table 8. AWARENESS AMONGST THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING MECHANICAL PRACTICES OF MANGO MEALYBUG

Practices Yes Satisfaction

FD Percent 25 percent

50 percent

75 percent

100 Percent

Plastic sheet bands 61 43 29 32 0 0

Grease bands 125 89 43 82 0 0

Cotton bands 0 0 0 0 0 0

Black oil cloth bands 20 14 7 13 0 0

Gunny bangs 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mud bands 12 9 12 0 0 0

Daily spray 40 28 3 29 8 0

Spread insecticides 12 9 0 8 4 0

Use of calcium carbonate 8 6 6 2 0 0

n=141 F.D. Signifies Frequency Distribution

From these results, it was observed that none of the mechanical control adopted

by the respondents gave complete control of mango mealybug.

3.3.2.4.3 Response of Chemical Insecticides

The results regarding the awareness amongst the respondents regarding chemical

control of mango mealybug are given in Table 9. Diazinon (Basudin)was used

abundantly by 100 (73 percent) respondents for the control of mango mealybug followed

by methidathion (Supracide)73 (52 percent). About the satisfaction level it was observed

that 86 respondents reported 75 percent control whereas 14 respondents told 100 percent

control with the three sprays of diazinon. Regarding the application of methidathion, 52

percent respondents replied the answer whereas 48 percent did not know. Forty one

respondents replied that the application of methidathion gave 50 percent control whereas

12 and 20 respondents reported 75 percent and 100 percent control respectively. The

application of triazophos (Hostathion), methyl parathion, deltamethrin (Decis),

fenpropathrin, lambdacyhalothrin (Karate), methamidophos, malathion, bifenthrin

(Talstar), fenvalerate (Sumicidin), DDT, cypermethrin + profenophos (Polytrin-C),

monocrotophos (Nuvacron), fenpropathrin (Danitol), chlorpyrifos (Lorsban), carbofuran

(Furadon) and Kerosine oil are being used for the control of mango mealybug and

resulted in unsatisfactory control as reported by the respondents. The majority of the

Page 45: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 3 Problem Orientation Studies

34

respondents did not know about these insecticides. The number of respondents, who gave

a positive response, ranged from 3 to 29 percent. According to the results it was observed

that none of the insecticides fulfilled the desire satisfaction of the respondents.

Table 9. AWARENESS AMONGST THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MANGO MEALYBUG

Chemical used Yes No of

spray

Satisfaction

FD Percent 25

percent 50

percent 75

percent 100

Percent Diazinon 100 73 3 0 0 86 14

Methidathion 73 52 4 0 41 12 20

Triazophos 41 29 4 13 24 4 0

Methyl parathion 28 20 2 0 10 18 0

Deltamethrin 8 6 3 0 2 6 0

Fenpropathrin 24 17 4 10 14 0 0

Lambdacyhalothrin 32 23 3 0 14 18 0

Methamidophos 25 18 4 2 18 5 0

Malathion 16 11 1 0 7 9 0

Bifenthrin 16 11 3 2 11 3 0

Fenvalerate 4 3 4 0 1 3 0

DDT 8 6 2 0 0 8 0

Cypermethrin+ Profenophos

8 6 3 0 2 8 0

Monocrotophos 24 17 4 0 7 17 0

Fenpropathrin 8 6 3 0 2 6 0

Chlorpyrifos 16 11 4 0 3 11 2

Carbofuran 4 3 1 0 1 3 0

Kerosine oil 4 3 1 0 0 4 0

n=141 F.D. signifies Frequency Distribution

3.3.2.5 Practices Adopted by the Farmers to Control the Fertilized

Female of Mango Mealybug Coming down the Tree The results, given in Table 10 shows the awareness amongst the respondents’

practices, regarding fertilized females of mango mealybugs coming down from the tree.

For the control of coming down females of mango mealybug, 38 percent respondents had

positive view for burning the female, 17 percent for grease bands and 17 percent for

Page 46: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 3 Problem Orientation Studies

35

insecticides spray, whereas 62, 83 and 83 percent, respondents’ replied negative views

for burning the female, grease bands and insecticides spray, respectively. The practice of

burning the females gave 50 percent satisfactory control as reported by 8 respondents.

The satisfaction level was found to be zero for various levels of control in all the control

methods.

Table 10. AWARENESS AMONGST THE RESPONDENTS PRACTICES REGARDING FERTILIZED FEMALE OF MANGO MEALYBUG COMING DOWN THE TREE.

Practices

Yes Satisfaction

FD Percent 25

percent

50

percent

75

percent

100

percent

Burning the females 53 38 45 8 0 0

Grease bands 24 17 24 0 0 0

Spray insecticides 24 17 24 0 0 0

n=141 F.D. Signifies Frequency Distribution

3.3.2.6 Yield Losses by Mango Mealybug.

The views of the respondents regarding yield losses by mango mealybug are

given in Table 11. Among the respondents, 35 percent told that mango mealybug caused

up to 75 percent yield losses, whereas 14, 28 and 23 percent respondents had the view

that mealybug cause 25, 50 and 100 percent yield losses, respectively. From these results,

it is concluded that mango mealybug is a very serious pest of mango orchards and can

cause 100 percent yield losses.

Table 11. AWARENESS AMONGST THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING LOSSES IN YIELD OF MANGO MEALYBUG

Losses in yield by Mango

Mealybug FD Percent

25 percent 20 14

50 percent 39 28

75 percent 50 35

100 percent 32 23

n=141 F.D. Signifies Frequency Distribution

Page 47: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 3 Problem Orientation Studies

36

3.3.2.7 Major Problems Faced by the Farmers

The results regarding the problems faced by the farmers are presented in Table 12.

According to 68 (48 percent) respondents, lack of knowledge about the pest was the

major problem. The other problem faced by the farmers were lack of money 44 (31

percent), lack of sprayer 16 (11 percent), shortage of pesticides 22 (16 percent), lack of

unity interest 28 (20 percent), eggs spread in wide areas 39 (28 percent), costly control

measures 24 (17 percent), small land holding 23 (16 percent) and adulterated pesticides

29 (21 percent) and fellow farmers donot spray 24 (17 percent). It was further observed

that 77(55 percent) respondents had the view that no control measure was adopted for the

control of mango mealybug.

Table 12. AWARENESS AMONGST THE RESPONDENTS REGARDING MAJOR PROBLEMS FACED BY MANGO GROWERS.

Problems Yes

FD Percent

Lack of money 44 31

Lack of sprayer 16 11

Lack of knowledge 68 48

Shortage of pesticides 22 16

Lack of unity interest 28 20

Eggs widely spread 39 28

No attention after entering the soil 28 20

Costly control measures 24 17

Small land holding 23 16

Adulterated pesticides 29 21

Fellow farmers don't spray 24 17

No control measures 77 55

n= 141 F.D. Signifies Frequency Distribution

Page 48: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 3 Problem Orientation Studies

37

3.4 DISCUSSION

A survey was conducted regarding the views of respondents relating to the

awareness among farmers about insect pests of mango, to determine growers’ perceptions

of the most damaging insect pests and the seriousness of the pest, their knowledge of

resistance and susceptible cultivars of mango and their awareness regarding methods of

spreading of mango mealybug. The survey results also determined the growers’

knowledge of the hibernation places of the mealybug, mealybug control practices and

yield losses caused by mango mealybug. The results revealed that majority of the

respondents i.e. 88 percent were aware that mango mealybug was a pest followed by

mango hopper (80 percent), fruit fly (80 percent), scale insect (44 percent), galls (24

percent) and mango midges (8 percent). Furthermore 40 percent of the respondents had

the view that the mango mealybug damaged the fruit up to 100 percent. However, 32

percent indicated a 75 percent loss, 20 percent indicated a 50 percent loss and 8 percent

indicated a 25 percent loss, respectively. In case of other insect pests, the extent of

damage was viewed as less important and lower in value. The seriousness of mango

mealybug according to the respondents was due to spread, dispersal of the pests and

difficulty in control, lack of information, non effective insecticides and hibernation of the

pest in different places. ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar of mango was the most susceptible as

indicated by maximum respondents i.e. 94 percent as compared to all the other mango

cultivars. Irrigation water is the major source of spreading of mango mealybug as

indicated by the majority of the respondents i.e. 94 percent. The present observations

made in the field corroborated with the views of farmers regarding spread of this pest.

However, some scientists have viewed that every person may not have experience with

all of these cultivars. These responses are likely biased toward more common cultivars

(Toews, 2010, per. com.). However, 49, 17, 49, zero percent, respondents have the

viewed that mango mealybug spread through nursery plants, through air, through

transportation of machinery, through birds, through malformed flowers (removed from

the trees by growers), by walking, through farm yard manure, through dissidence

Page 49: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 3 Problem Orientation Studies

38

(enmity), through plant to plant and through weeds taken by peoples weeding in the field

has been reported by 30, 52, 11, 33, 41, and 28 percent respondents.

Majority of the respondents i.e. 83 percent has reported that the mango mealybug

hibernated under tree near trunk followed by cracks entries (68 percent), mud walls

around orchards (57 percent), soil under tree canopy (43 percent), roots of the plants (22

percent), sides of kacha water channel (17 percent) and under leaves (17 percent). None

of the cultural and mechanical practices gave 100 percent satisfaction regarding control

of mango mealybug to the respondents. Amongst various insecticides Basudin was found

to be the most effective as 86 and 14 respondents reported 75 and 100 percent control of

mango mealybug. Majority of the respondents i.e. 35 percent had the view that mango

mealybug caused losses up to 75 percent, whereas 14, 28 and 23 percent respondents had

the view that mango mealybug caused losses to mango fruits up to 25, 50 and 100

percent, respectively. No control measure adopted by the farmers for the control of

mango mealybug as viewed by 55 percent respondents was the major constraint. The

other major constraint was the lack of knowledge (48 percent respondents) about the pest

amongst the farmers. The other problems as pointed out by the respondents are the lack

of money (31 percent), eggs widely spread (28 percent), adulterated pesticide

(21percent), lack of unity interest, no attention after entering the soil (20 percent), costly

control measures fellow farmers don’t spray (12 percent), small land holding (16

percent), shortage of pesticides (16 percent) and lack of sprayers (11 percent).

The results indicated that the lack of knowledge about the pest amongst farmers,

poverty, small land holding, lack of unity amongst the farmers were the main constraints

for the formulation of effective IPM strategy. The present findings can be compared with

those of (Van Mele et al., 2001; Heong, 1985; Teng, 1987; Morse and Buhler, 1997). It

is necessary to improve the communication system, develop messages and plan

campaigns for the effective control of insect pests of mango especially mango mealybug

to improve the knowledge of the farmers for perception of pest and natural enemies

(Fujisake, 1992, Escalada and Heong, 1993). The work on the same aspects have so far

been conducted by (DOA and DOAE, 1995; PCARRD, 1994; Waite, 1998; Ochou et al,

1998; Pollard, 1991; Trutmann et al., 1993, 1996; Burleigh et al., 1998; Van Huis et al.,

Page 50: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 3 Problem Orientation Studies

39

1982; Atteh, 1984; Chitere and Omolo, 1993; Bottenberg, 1995; Raheja, 1995;

Kemmore, 1991; Bentley, 1992; Morse and Buhler, 1997; Van Mele et al., 2002).

Furthermore, according to the present survey the majority of the respondent

indicated that mango mealybug is the major pest of mango and caused 100 percent loss to

mango fruits. These findings can be compared with those of Bokonon-Ganta et al.,

(2001). The results of the current survey show that the majority of the respondents knew

something about mango mealybug, mango hoppers and fruit flies, whereas the minority

of the respondents has little information about other insects of mango like scale, galls and

mango midges. One hundred percent loss in mango fruits caused by mango mealybug

was reported by 40 percent respondents whereas, zero percent of respondents observed

losses caused by other insects. Non-effective insecticides, rapid spread, ability to

hibernates in different places, difficulty to control and lacks of information about mango

mealybug are the main reasons for the need to formulate of an effective IPM strategy.

The cultivar ‘Chaunsa’ was the most susceptible to mango mealybug as viewed by the

majority of the respondents. A little information on insect pests of mango especially

mango mealybug through survey was sorted out but it was concluded that mango

mealybug was the major constraint among the growers and the information obtained from

the growers were used in developing IPM package for sustainable management of mango

mealybug.

• 100 percent yield losses was told by 23 percent respondents whereas 75 percent,

50 percent and 25 percent losses were reported by 35, 28 and 14 percent

respondents, respectively

• Burning of females scales, application of grease bands and insecticidal sprays did

not give satisfactory results to the respondents for the control of fertilized

females of mango mealybug migrating or dispersing down from the trees

Page 51: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

40

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted on population dynamics, cultivar resistance and biology

of mango mealybug. Regarding population of mango mealybug it was observed that the

South, East, West directions of trees showed maximum population of mango mealybug

on leaves and inflorescence, whereas North direction of the plant showed minimum

population. The maximum peak population of mango mealybug was observed to be 26.6

per 30-cm branch at maximum temperature of 24.6°C, minimum temperature of 10.4°C

and RH 78.9 percent. Among twelve cultivars under study, the ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar of

mango showed maximum population of mango mealybug in both the study years (104.9

and 69.8 during 2005-2006 and during 2006-2007, respectively as well as on an average

of both study years (87.4), whereas ‘Tukhmi’ cultivar was found comparatively resistant

with minimum population of mango mealybug i.e. 14.2, 15.9 and 18.3. On an average of

both the study years, the following ranking positions towards susceptibility of mango

cultivars were as under. ‘Chaunsa’ > ‘Black Chaunsa’ > ‘Malda’ > ‘Fajri’ > ‘Ratul-12’ >

‘Langra’ > ‘Sensation’ > ‘Sindhri’ > ‘Dusehri’ > ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ > ‘Anwar Ratul’ and

>‘Tukhmi’. First instar male and female duration on an average is 56.3 days whereas 2nd

instar has 26 days. In case of 3rd instar female has duration 19.5 days and male has 3

days. Male has pupal stage while it is absent in female.

Key words: Drosicha mangiferae, Population dynamics, Cultivar resistance, Biology

Page 52: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

41

4.1 INTRODUCTION

There are ca 1,000 different cultivars of mangoes throughout the world but

Pakistan offers a wide choice of ca 3500 mango cultivars (Anonymous, 2008). The most

famous and commercial cultivars of mango which are grown on large scale, those

cultivars are ‘Sindhri’, ‘Dusehri’, ‘Chaunsa’ (‘Summer Bahist’), ‘Black Chaunsa’,

‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Fajri’, ‘Malda’, ‘Sensation’, ‘Anwar Ratul’, ‘Ratul-12’ and ‘Langra’.

All these cultivars differ in taste and flavour. These are also different in shape and size.

Mango is one of the most extensively exploited fruits used for food, juice, fragrance and

color.

Antibiosis, Antixenosis and tolerance are three modalities of host plant resistance

(Painter 1951, Kogan and Ortman 1978, Panda and Khush 1995).Antibiosis (causes

harmful effects on insect life cycle) is one form of host plant resistance the other forms

are antixenosis resistance (where the pest is unable to locate or colonize a host) and

tolerance (where the plant does not suffer from the presence of pest). Plant resistance to

insect pests is one of the best components among various tactics of IPM. It is the result of

interactions between the insects and plants that the environment conditions under which a

plant grown is not favourable for the development and growth of the insects that are

associated with the plants. As this approach is environment friendly, so it is regarded as

the key to integrated pest management. It also provides cumulative protection to insect

pests and is also compatible with other pest management practices. During the last two

decades, great progress has been made in the development of resistant cultivars to major

insect pests of crops (Dhaliwal and Singh, 2004). Resistance is a heritable characteristic

that enables a plant to inhibit the growth of insect population or to recover from the

damage caused by populations that were not inhibited to survive (Kogan, 1982). The

genetic properties of a cultivar to hinder the activities of insects so as to minimize

percent reduction in yield as compared with other cultivars of the same species under

similar condition (Dhaliwal et al., 1993).

Abiotic factors have an important influence on the survival, development and

Page 53: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

42

reproductive capacity of insect pests and were considered the main cause of fluctuations

in animal population (Elton, 1927). Andrewartha and Birch (1954) further highlighted the

role of climatic factors on the basis of detailed research into population dynamics,

distribution of swarm-forming grasshopper and apple blossom thrips and concluded that

the populations were entirely governed by climatic factors. Abiotic factors such as

temperature, relative humidity and rainfall play an important role in the population

fluctuation. For example, Atwal and Singh (1990) reported that some insects go under

aestivation, hibernation and diapause to overcome the periods of unfavourable

temperature in their life cycle. Similarly moisture has adverse effects on insects for

example it encouraged disease outbreaks and also effect on reproductive capabilities of

most of the insects (Dhaliwal and Arora., 1998).

Studies were conducted on mango mealybug for population dynamics, varietal

resistance and biology with the following objectives:

• To find the mango mealybug has a preference side of the plant that it infests

• To determine the impact of various weather factors in the population fluctuation

of the mango mealybug

• To study the population dynamics of mango mealybug on "Chaunsa” cultivar of

mango

• To study the antibiosis resistance against mango mealybug on different cultivars

of mango

• To study the biology of mango mealybug on susceptible cultivar of mango with

the objective to find out the weakest link for control measures

• To find out the active time of first instar of mango mealybug during the day

Page 54: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

43

4.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

4.2.1 POPULATION DYNAMICS OF MEALYBUG ON ‘CHAUNSA’

CULTIVAR OF MANGO

Two mango orchards with heavy mango mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae Green.)

infestations, in district Multan were selected at two different locations during 2005-06

and 2006-07 for the study of population dynamics. Three mango plants of ‘Chaunsa’

cultivar were taken from each orchard. Selected trees were labelled with iron sheet fixed

with 2 nails written with black permanent markers as tree No-1, 2 and 3. From each tree

four fruit bearing branches of 30-cm in length were selected in four different directions

i.e. east, west, south and north, were tagged. The tag was written with black permanent

marker as number 1, 2, 3 and 4. The abundances of pest, predators and parasites were

enumerated weekly from the selected 30-cm branches including (leaves, inflorescence

and branches). Average counts of insects on six trees were calculated on leaves, branches

and inflorescence with respect to their directions in each year as well as cumulative

average of two years. The population was also taken from the trunk of selected trees by

counting the number of individuals from 900 cm2 of bark. Weeds were assessed under the

trees by identifying and counting population in a 900 cm2 from 3 different places of

ground on a weekly basis. The meteorological data were collected from Central Cotton

Research Institute, Multan. Average population and abiotic factors was calculated by

using Excel sheets and shown graphically.

4.2.2 POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO

Three orchards were selected at three different locations in district Multan having

the most common or popular cultivars of mango during 2005-06 and 2006-07. Among

these 11 most prominent, grafted, exportable and commercial cultivars viz., ‘Chaunsa’,

‘Fajri’, ‘Langra’, ‘Black Chaunsa’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Sindhri’, ‘Malda’, ‘Anwar Ratul’,

‘Dusehri’, ‘Ratul-12’, ‘Sensation’ and one seed born cultivar ‘Tukhmi’ were selected for

recording the data on population of mango mealybug. There were 12 treatments and each

treatment had three replications. So there were 36 plants from the 3 orchards. From each

Page 55: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

44

plant two fruit bearing branches of 30-cm in length were selected from east and south

directions. These branches were tagged. The population of the mango mealybug were

counted from the selected branches on all parts i.e. leaves, inflorescence and branches

fortnightly throughout the active period of pest. The data of different cultivars were

compiled and analyzed through Randomized Complete Block Design on an IBM-PC

Computer using M. Stat (Steel and Torrie, 1980) Package. Means were separated by

Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DMRT) (Duncan, 1955). In the month of May, 10

egg carrying females were collected from these selected cultivars coming downward the

tree via trunk having dominant similar size. The females of each cultivar were kept

separately in a petri dish of 5 x 5 cm size. These were brought to the laboratory and were

weighed with electronic balance, their length and width were measured with the help of

steel scale. These females were returned to the orchards and were kept singly in a pit of 4

x 5 cm for egg laying which was made in semi wet soil with the help of steel spoon. The

pits were covered with plastic petri dish of 5 cm and were written with black permanent

marker having cultivar name and female number. At the end of June, the pits were

opened and the females were taken out with steel spoon and were kept in plastic petri

dishes of 5 x 5 cm size. Ovisac length and width were measured and counted the number

of eggs laid. The data regarding biological parameters which were conducted in

laboratory were compiled and analyzed through Completely Randomized Design.

4.2.3 METHODOLOGY TO STUDY THE BIOLOGY OF MANGO MEALYBUG UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

Biology of mango mealybug was studied in an orchard on mango plants. The

orchard was selected in District Multan. Five plants of mango cultivar ‘Chaunsa’ having

age of 3-4 years and height 5-6 feet were selected. These plants were marked as 1, 2, 3, 4

and 5.

After selection, the plants were cleaned before the releasing of nymph. Dried

branches, leaves and small branches were removed, so that the settled nymphs can easily

be observed on the plants. A funnel of 15 cm polyethylene sheet in width and length

according to trunk was made on the trunk of trees by using needle, thread, solution tape

and rope. The needle and thread was used on one sides of the polyethylene sheet to

Page 56: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

45

reduce the length and can easily be wrapped on the trunk with solution tap in the form of

cup. A thread of sun hemp was used below the funnel on the solution tap to make it tight.

The funnel was made for the releasing of 1st instar nymph, to stop the downward and

upward movement of nymph on the ground as well as for the pupation of males and

collection of egg carrying females. In this funnel small amount of mud and sand mixture

with ratio 1:1 were added. After every rainfall the wet mixture were replaced with dry

one.

4.2.3.1 Collection of eggs

Eggs of mango mealybugs were collected on 15th of Dec. 2006 from the infested

mango orchard. These were kept in the 5 polyethylene bags of 2 kg along with soil and

were placed them in the orchards for hatching. The eggs were oval in shape, yellowish in

colour like turnips seed.

4.2.3.2 Hatching of Eggs

Hatching of eggs were checked after every 48 hours at 10 A.M. and the newly

emerged nymphs were collected with hand made aspirator and destroyed, until maximum

number of nymphs were obtained. The 416 nymphs were collected on 1st Jan., 2007 with

hand made aspirator. These were kept in 8 plastic petri dishes of 5 x 5 cm size for a

period of 48 hours. On 03rd Jan., 2007, at 10 A.M., these nymphs were released in the

funnel of 2 experimental plants. There were 208 nymphs /plant. The nymphs started their

movement upward and were settled on the plants within 48 to 72 hours after releasing.

The nymphs were observed daily. Among these nymphs, when the maximum 188

nymphs were observed half in exiuvae and half out of 2nd instar were collected for two

days with camel hair brush in plastic petri dish. These were kept in plastic petri dish for

24 hours. After that the nymphs of 2nd instar were released on 3rd plant. The maximum 96

nymphs of 3rd instar were collected when observed half in exiuvae and half out with

camel hair brush in plastic petri dish and kept them for 24 hours. These were released on

4th plant. When the maximum number of females (n=41)which were half in the exiuvae

and half out were collected and kept them in petri dishes for 24 h and then released on 5th

plants. The speed of 1st, 2nd & 3rd and adult females were measured after releasing in the

plant funnel. The duration of survival without food of all instar was also noted. As soon

as the males came down the plants for pupation, they were counted and fifteen males

Page 57: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

46

were picked from the plastic funnel and put them in a pit of 5 x 5 cm (width and depth).

When the fuzz was secreted, the fuzz (cottony material like scretions) was removed once,

twice and thrice time and adult males were observed for any effects caused by removing

the fuzz. The pupation period, adult life and male copulation time was also noted. The

number of eggs laid by the females were counted daily each of 5 females separately.

Page 58: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

47

4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.3.1 POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG VERSUS PLANT SIDES

The population of mango mealybug was recorded from the four cardinal points of

the tree mango cultivar ‘Chaunsa’ during 2005-06 and 2006-07. The results are presented

under the following sub-heading.

4.3.1.1 Population of Mango Mealybug on Leaves on Various Plant Sides

The results presented in Fig. 1 and column A of Table 1 show that the south side

of the plant had significantly the highest abundance of mango mealybugs on leaves

during both the study years as well as on an average basis followed by east and west

sides. The north side of the mango plant showed significantly the lowest population of

mango mealybug during both the study years.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

EAST WEST SOUTH NORTH

Plant Directions

Mea

lyb

ug

/leav

es

2005-06 2006-07 Average

Fig 1. POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON LEAVES PER 30-CM BRANCH LENGTH OF MANGO CULTIVAR ‘CHAUNSA’ AT VARIOUS SIDES DURING 2005-06 AND 2006-07.

Page 59: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

48

TABLE 1. POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON CULTIVAR CHAUNSA ON VARIOUS PLANT PARTS DURING 2005-06 AND 2006-07

Sides Leaves (**) LSD=2.62

Mean (**) LSD=1.85

Inflorescence (**) LSD=0.94

Mean (**)

LSD=0.66

Branch (**) LSD=0.49

Mean (**) LSD=0.34

2005-06 2006-07 2005-06 2006-07 2005-06 2006-07 East A B C

24.26 b 9.84 c 17.50 b 8.93 b 4.65 d 6.79 b 20.70 a 0.50 c 10.60 a

West 23.97 b 8.18 cd 16.07 b 10.24 a 7.15 c 8.69 a 1.84 b 0.73 c 1.29 b

South 30.89 a 10.41 c 20.64 a 10.65 a 5.44 d 8.05 a 1.84 b 0.50 c 1.70 b

North 5.88 d 2.97 e 4.43 c 3.19 e 2.26 e 2.73 c 1.76 b 0.35 c 1.05 b

F-value 37.35 132.68 17.75 148.87 1703.58 1694.77

Mean (ns) 21.25 7.85 8.25 4.87 6.54 0.52

D.F of sites=3 year =1 sites x year=3 Means sharing similar letters are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

Page 60: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

49

4.3.1.2 Mango Mealybug on Inflorescence

The results shown in Fig.2 and column B of Table 1 reveal that the south and west

sides of the mango plants were the most favourable during, 2005-2006. The highest

population of mango mealybug was observed to be 10.65 on south side followed by west

(10.24) and east (8.93) sides. The north side of the plant had significantly the lowest

population of mango mealybug during, 2006-2007 (2.26) while west side of the plant

showed maximum population of mango mealybug on inflorescence (7.15) followed by

south (5.44) and east (4.65) sides. The north side also showed the lowest population

(3.19) of mango mealybug during 2005-06. On an average of two year’s data it was

observed that west side of the plant had significantly maximum population of mango

mealybug followed by south (8.05) and east (6.79) sides. North side showed significantly

the lowest population of mango mealybug on inflorescence i.e. 2.73 per inflorescence.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

EAST WEST SOUTH NORTH

Plant Directions

Mea

lyb

ug

/inflo

rese

nce

2005-06 2006-07 Average

Fig 2. POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON INFLORECENCE OF MANGO CULTIVAR ‘CHAUNSA’ AT VARIOUS SIDES DURING 2005-06 AND 2006-07.

Page 61: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

50

4.3.1.3 Mango Mealybug on Branches

The results depicted in Fig. 3 and Column C of Table 1 reveal that during 2005-

2006, east side showed significantly maximum population of mango mealybug i.e. 20.7

per 30-cm branch followed by west and south sides each showing 1.8 individuals per 30

cm branch. The north side of the plant had significantly the lowest population i.e., 1.8

per 30-cm branch of mango mealybug. The results of the 2006-2007 season showed that

the west side of the plants had maximum population of mango mealybug, whereas

minimum on north side of the plant. East and south sides showed similar population of

mango mealybug and had intermediate trend. On an average of two years data, it was

observed that east side of the plant had maximum population of mango mealybug 10.6

per 30-cm on branches and differed significantly from other sides. The minimum

population of mango mealybug was observed on north side of the plant i.e., 1.1 per 30-

cm and did not show significant variation with those of observed on south (1.7 per 30-

cm) and west (1.3 per 30-cm) sides of plant.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

EAST WEST SOUTH NORTH

Plant Directions

Mea

lyb

ug

/bra

nch

2005-06 2006-07 Average

Fig 3. POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON BRANCH OF MANGO CULTIVAR ‘CHAUNSA’ AT VARIOUS SIDES DURING 2005-06 AND 2006-07.

Page 62: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

51

4.3.1.4 Population of Mango Mealybug on Trunk and Weeds

The results presented in Fig. 4 reveal that the population of mango mealybug was

maximum on trunk of the tree during both the study years. However, this population was

higher during 2005-2006 as compared to 2006-2007. The population of mango mealybug

was observed to be the minimum on weeds. During 2005-2006, this population was

higher as compared to during 2006-2007 on weeds.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Trunk Weeds

No

. of m

ealy

bu

g o

n tr

un

ks a

nd

w

eed

s

2005-06 2006-07

Fig 4. POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON TRUNK AND WEEDS PER 900 CM2.

4.3.1.5 Predation Parasitization and Fungal Attacked Population of

Mango Mealybug.

The mango mealybug predated by the predator, parasitized and fungal attacked

specimens were observed from various sides of the plant of ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar during

both the study years. The results are shown in Fig. 5. It is evident from the results that

more mango mealybugs were predated during 2005-2006 than during 2006-2007. A

similar trend was also observed in parasitization data i.e. higher individuals scales were

parasitized during 2005-2006 than during 2006-2007. As regard to fungal attacked

specimens it was observed that more fungal attacked specimens were observed during

2006-2007 than during 2005-2006.

Page 63: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

52

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Predation Parasitized Fungal AttackedNo

. of

pre

dat

ors

, par

asit

es a

nd

fu

ng

al p

ath

og

ens

2005-06 2006-07

Fig 5. POPULATION OF PREDATORS, PARASITES AND FUNGUS ATTACKED NYMPHS PER 30 CM BRANCH AND 900 CM 2 ON TRUNK OF MANGO CULTIVAR ‘CHAUNSA’ DURING 2005-06 AND 2006-07.

4.3.2 GRAPHICAL INTERACTION BETWEEN WEATHER FACTORS AND POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG DURING 2005- 2006 and 2006-2007. The population of mango mealybug observed on leaves, inflorescence and

branches of mango cultivar ‘Chaunsa’ and weather factors was depicted graphically in

Fig. 6, 7 and 8. The objective of the study was to find the trend in population fluctuation

of mango mealybug at various dates of observation corresponding to the respective

weather factors of 2005-2006, 2006-2007 and on average basis.

4.3.2.1 Population of Mango Mealybug versus Weather Factors

during 2005-2006 The results presented in Fig. 6 regarding population of mango mealybug versus

weather factors during 2006-2007 showed that the population of mango mealybug

appeared on 18 Jan. 06 with 0.1 individual per 30 cm branch and this population

increased consequently on the subsequent dates of observation and reached to a peak of

34.4 individuals per 30 cm branch on 22 Feb. 06 with maximum temperature of 26.1 ºC,

minimum temperature of 16.1ºC and average relative humidity of 77.9 percent. The

Page 64: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

53

decreasing trend in this population was observed thereafter on the subsequent dates of

observation and reached to a minimum of 0.1 on 31 May, 06.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

07.1

2.05

14.1

2.05

21.1

2.05

28.1

2.05

04.1

.06

11.1

.06

17.1

.06

25.1

.06

01.0

2.06

08.0

2.06

15.0

2.06

22.0

2.06

01.0

3.06

08.0

3.06

15.0

3.06

22.0

3.06

29.0

3.06

05.0

4.06

12.0

4.06

19.0

4.06

26.0

4.06

03.0

5.06

10.0

5.06

17.0

5.06

24.0

5.06

31.0

5.06

Dates of Observation

Wea

ther

dat

a

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Av.

Po

pu

lati

on

2005-06 Av.pop 2005-06 TEMP.MAX 2005-06 TEMP.MINI

2005-06 AVER.RH% 2005-06 RAINFALL mm

Fig 6. POPULATION DYNAMIC AND WEATHER FACTORS DURI NG THE

YEAR 2005-2006 ON ‘CHAUNSA’ CULTIVAR 4.3.2.2 Population of Mango Mealybug versus Weather Factors

during 2006-2007 The results presented in Fig.7 regarding population of mango mealybug per 30 cm

branch versus weather factors during 2006-2007 reveal that the population of mealybug

was appeared on 18 Jan. 2007 and increasing trend was observed thereafter. The

population reached to its highest peak on 8 Feb. 2007 i.e. 22.0 per 30 cm branch and

suddenly decreased down to 5.9 per 30 cm branch on 16 Feb. 2007. The increasing trend

was again observed consequently on the subsequent dates of observation and reached to

the second peak on 15 Mar. 2007 with 11.70 individuals per 30 cm branch. The

Page 65: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

54

population again in decreasing trends thereafter up to the remaining dates of observation

and reached to a minimum level of 0.1 individual per 30 cm branch on 31 May, 2007.

From these results it was observed that maximum temperature of 23.5 ºC, minimum

temperature of 11.5 ºC, and 80 percent RH were the most favourable for the development

of mango mealybug during 2006-2007.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

07.1

2.06

14.1

2.06

21.1

2.06

28.1

2.06

04.1

.07

11.1

.07

18.1

.07

25.1

.07

01.0

2.07

08.0

2.07

16.0

2.07

22.0

2.07

01.0

3.07

08.0

3.07

15.0

3.07

22.0

3.07

29.0

3.07

05.0

4.07

12.0

4.07

19.0

4.07

26.0

4.07

03.0

5.07

10.0

5.07

17.0

5.07

24.0

5.07

31.0

5.07

Dates of Observation

Wea

ther

fac

tors

0

5

10

15

20

25

Av.

Po

pu

lati

on

Av.pop TEMP.MAX TEMP.MINI AVER.RH% RAINFALL mm

Fig 7. POPULATION DYNAMIC AND WEATHER FACTORS DURI NG THE

YEAR 2006-2007 ON ‘CHAUNSA’ CULTIVAR 4.3.2.3 Population of Mango Mealybug versus Weather Factors on

an Average Basis of Both Years Data. The results regarding average population size of mango mealybug recorded from

30-cm branch, from leaves and inflorescence during 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 versus

weather factors are shown in Fig. 8. It is clear from the graph that the population

appeared on Jan. 4 i.e. 0.01 individuals per 30-cm branch and increased up to the highest

peak i.e. 26.6 individuals on Feb. 8. This population was decreased up to 19.8 individuals

per 30 cm branch on Feb. 15. The second peak was observed i.e. 21.1 individuals per 30

Page 66: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

55

cm branch on Feb. 22. A decreasing trend was again observed and the population reached

down up to 17.2 individuals per 30 cm branch on Mar. 01. A third peak was again

observed on Mar. 08 with 19.1 individual of mealybug. The decreasing trend was

observed thereafter on the subsequent dates of observation with 0.1 individual of

mealybug on May 31. The maximum temperature 24.1 ºC, minimum temperature 10.9

ºC, RH 79.4 percent and rainfall 0.3 mm was observed at the highest peak i.e. 26.6

individuals per 30 cm branch on Feb. 8 and these conditions were found suitable for the

development of the pest.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Dec

,07

Dec

, 14

Dec

,21

Dec

, 28

Jan,

04

Jan,

11

Jan,

17

Jan,

25

Feb

,01

Feb

,08

Feb

,15

Feb

,22

Mar

c,01

Mar

c,08

Mar

c,15

Mar

c,22

Mar

c,29

Apr

il,,0

5

Apr

il, 1

2

Apr

il, 1

9

Apr

il, 2

6

May

,03

May

,10

May

,17

May

,24

May

,31

Dates of Observation

Wea

ther

dat

a

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Av.

Po

pu

lati

on

Av.pop TEMP.MAX TEMP.MINI AVER.RH% RAINFALL mm

Fig 8. POPULATION DYNAMIC AND WEATHER FACTORS ON

‘CHAUNSA’ CULTIVAR COMMULATIVE FROM 2005 TO 2007

Page 67: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

56

4.3.3 ROLE OF WEATHER IN POPULATION FLUCTUATION OF MANGO

MEALYBUG

A study was conducted to determine the role of weather in population fluctuation

of mango mealybug. The data were processed for simple correlation and Multiple Linear

Regression Models with the objective to find the impact of these factors on the

population fluctuation of the pest. The results are described under the following sub-

sections.

4.3.3.1 Simple Correlation Between Weather Factors and

Population of Mango Mealybug The results presented in Table 2 show that none of the weather factor resulted in

significant effect on the population of mango mealybug during both the study years

separately as well as on cumulative basis. However, the response of maximum

temperature was negative whereas minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall

exerted positive correlation values during both the study years individually as well as on

cumulative basis.

Table 2. EFFECT OF WEATHER FACTORS ON THE POPULATIO N FLUCTUATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG DURING THE STUDY YEARS 2005-2006 AND 2006-2007.

Years

r-values

Weather Factors

Temperature oC R.H. (%) R.F. (mm)

Maximum Minimum

2005-06 -0.009 0.182 0.144 0.157

2006-07 -0.165 0.097 0.266 0.101

Cumulative -0.095 0.151 0.170 0.051

4.3.3.2 Multiple Linear Regression Models

The results relating to Multiple Linear Regression Models along with coefficient

of determination values between weather factors and population of mango mealybug

during 2005-2006, 2006-2007 and on cumulative basis are given in Table 3. It is evident

from the results that during 2005-2006, maximum temperature did not show any impact

on the population fluctuation of mango mealybug. The effect of maximum and minimum

Page 68: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

57

temperature showed significant impact when computed together and contributed 21.5

percent role in the population fluctuation of the pest. The role was increased up to 27.4

percent in population fluctuation of the pest when the effect of maximum temperature,

minimum temperature and RH was computed together. Rainfall did not show any impact

on the population fluctuation of the pest.

Table 3. MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS BETWEEN POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG AND WEATHER FACTORS.

Years Regression Equation D.F. F-

value P-

value R2 Individual

Role (%) 2005-06 Y = 2.8032 – 0.0233 X1 24 0.00 0.97 0.00 0.00 Y = 9.6369 – 2.6986 X1* + 1.9752 **

X2 23 3.59 0.62 0.22 21.50

Y = -3.9438 – 1.4058 X1 + 1.8798 X2* + 0.8781 X3

22 2.12 0.08 0.27 5.90

Y = -3.8621 – 1.4272 X1 + 1.8934 X2* + 0.8803 X3 – 0.0412 X4

21 2.98 0.09 0.27 0.00

2006-07 Y = 2.2962 – 0.0625 X1 24 2.01 0.93 0.03 2.7 Y = 1.8111 – 0.0667 X1 + 0.1357 X2 23 2.41 0.75 0.04 1.3 **Y =

-13.6903–0.0803X1 + 1.4100X2** + 1.338 X3**

22 4.60 0.01 0.48 44.3

**Y =

-15.7025–0.1194X1+ 1.5534 X2** + 1.6068 X3** - 0.3814 X4

21 4.95 0.01 0.55 6.4

2005-06 + 2006-07 Y = 2.7087 – 0.0724 X1 50 2.16 0.32 0.01 0.9 Y = 1.7959 – 0.1050 X1 + 0.2902 X2 49 3.97 0.26 0.04 3.2 **Y =

-12.5385–0.1014 X1 + 1.3794 X2** + 1.2707 X3**

48 7.39 0.00 0.29 24.7

**Y= -13.4251–0.1307 X1 + 1.4598 X2** + 1.4078 X3 ** - 0.3361 X4

47 5.79 0.00 0.31 1.9

Where X1= Max. Temperature X2= Mini. Temperature X3= R.H percent X4=Rainfall R2 = Coefficient of Determination * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** Significant at P < 0.01.

During 2006-2007, maximum temperature contributed 2.7 percent role in

population fluctuation of the pest with nonsignificant impact. The role of maximum and

minimum temperature reached up to 4 percent when the effect of both parameters was

computed together. The combination of maximum temperature, minimum temperature

Page 69: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

58

and relative humidity showed significant impact on the population fluctuation of the pest

and contributed 48.3 percent role. Similarly, the effect of all the weather factors exerted

54.7 percent role in population fluctuation of mango mealybug when the effect of these

factors was computed together. In this equation minimum temperature and relative

humidity showed significant impact with positive response, whereas rainfall and

maximum temperature played nonsignificant impact with negative response. From these

results it was observed that relative humidity was the most important factor which

contributed maximum role in population fluctuation of the pest i.e. 44.3 percent.

On cumulative basis, maximum temperature again showed nonsignificant impact

with minimum contribution i.e. 0.9 percent in population fluctuation of the pest. The

impact was reached up to 4.1 percent when the effect of maximum temperature and

minimum temperature was computed together. Relative humidity again proved to be the

most important factor which alone contributed 24.7 percent role in population fluctuation

of the pest when the effect of maximum and minimum temperatures were computed with

relative humidity. Rain fall did not show significant role in population fluctuation of the

pest and contributed only 1.9 percent role.

4.3.4 ACTIVE PERIOD OF NYMPHS MOVING UP THE TREES AT VARIOUS DAY TIMES The study was conducted to observe the activity of mango mealybug at various

intervals of the day viz. 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 hours. It is evident from the results in

Table 4 that maximum activity of the pest was observed at 12 noon on all the dates of

observation. The population was decreased tremendously at 14 hours followed by 16 and

18 hours. From these results it was concluded that 12 noon is the most favourable time

for maximum activity of the pest.

Page 70: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

59

Table 4. ACTIVATION TIME OF MANGO MEALYBUG NYMPHS DURING THE DAY.

Dated 8.00AM 10.00AM 12.00 Noon

1400 hours

1600 hours

1800 hours

01.02.06 7 43 72 32 12 3

02.02.06 6 36 63 42 19 4

03.02.06 9 41 67 51 21 2

04.02.06 7 35 58 34 14 3

05.02.06 9 39 62 35 11 5

06.02.06 8 32 43 22 13 2

07.02.06 7 41 29 19 8 3

08.02.06 8 55 22 11 5 4

09.02.06 4 43 17 5 3 1

10.02.06 3 4 9 4 1 1

11.02.06 1 2 7 3 0 0

12.02.06 0 1 3 2 0 1

4.3.5 POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO The study was conducted to determine the response of various cultivars of mango

viz., ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Fajri’, ‘Langra’, ‘Black Chaunsa’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Sindhri’, ‘Malda’,

‘Dusehri’, ‘Anwar Ratul’, ‘Ratul-12’, ‘Tukhmi’ and ‘Sensation’ for relative

resistance/susceptibility against mango mealybug during 2005-2006 and 2006-2007. The

results are presented under the following sub-sections.

4.3.5.1 Population of Mango Mealybug During 2005-2006

The means comparison of data regarding population of mango mealybug per

branch (30-cm in length) on East and South sides in different cultivars of mango at

various dates are shown in Table 5a and 5b. Significant variations (P < 0.01) were found

to exist among dates of observation, different cultivars, between plant directions and in

their interactions.

Page 71: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

60

4.3.5.1.1 Cultivar Resistance

The means were compared by DMR Test at P = 0.05 and the results are given in

Table 5a. It is clear from the results that the maximum mealybug (104.9/branch) was

observed on cultivar ‘Chaunsa’ and differed significantly from those of recorded on all

other cultivars of mango. The minimum individuals of mango mealybug was observed on

‘Tukhmi’ (18.3/branch) and also differed significantly from those of recorded on all other

cultivars. The cultivars ‘Sensation’ and ‘Sindhri’ did not show significant difference with

each other having 51.7 and 51.8 mealybugs per branch, respectively. All the other

cultivars of mango showed significant difference with one another. The position of

cultivars in descending order was as under:

‘Chaunsa’ > ‘Black Chaunsa’ > ‘Malda’ > ‘Fajri’ > ‘Ratul-12’ > ‘Langra’ > ‘Sindhri’ >

‘Sensation’ > ‘Dusehri’ > ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ > ‘Anwar Ratul’ > ‘Tukhmi’.

Table 5a. MEANS COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO AT VARIOUS PLANT SIDES DURING 2005-06.

Name of Cultivar Direction x varieties (**) LSD = 1.11 Average(**)

LSD = 0.78 East South Anwar Ratul 14.47 s 26.60 p 20.53 j

Black Chaunsa 78.70 e 103.80 b 91.25 b

Chaunsa 89.70 d 120.10 a 104.90 a

Dusehri 26.23 p 49.80 k 38.02 h

Fajri 71.20 h 89.77 d 80.48 d

Langra 44.77 l 74.27 f 59.52 f

Malda 73.00 g 94.93 c 83.97 c

Ratul-12 61.40 j 78.13 e 69.77 e

Sensation 38.63 n 64.73 i 51.68 g

Sindhri 41.27 m 62.40 j 51.83 g

Sufaid Chaunsa 21.83 r 33.47 o 27.65 i

Tukhmi 12.37 k 24.17 q 18.27 k

Average 47.80 b 68.51 a

F-value 137.8 10235.46

Cultivar (n=12) cardinal direction (n=2) DF=11 Means sharing similar letters are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

Page 72: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

61

4.3.5.1.2 Plant Direction

The south side of the plant had significantly higher population of mango

mealybug i.e. 68.51 individuals per branch whereas 47.80 individuals per branch than the

east side (Table 5a). Based on interactional response between sides and cultivars, it was

observed that the maximum population of mango mealybug was observed at South side

on ‘Chaunsa’ (120.10/branch), whereas the similar trend was also recorded on the same

cultivar on East side (89.70/branch). Tukhmi showed minimum population on both the

sides i.e. 12.37 and 24.17 per branch, respectively. In general the populations of mango

mealybugs were lower on East side as compared to South in all the cultivars of mango.

4.3.5.1.3 Period of Abundance of Mango Mealybug.

The data regarding the mango mealybug observed on various dates of observation

are given in Table 5b. The maximum population of mango mealybug was recorded on

Mar. 14, 2006 and differed significantly from those of recorded at all the dates of

observation. The population started to appear at 4th week of Jan. and reached to a peak on

the subsequent date of observation i.e. Feb. 11, 2006 with 114. 33 per branch and this

population again fluctuate to lower side on Feb. 26, 2006 i.e. 93.7 per branch. This

population again increased and reached to the highest peak i.e. 130.9 on Mar. 14, 2006.

Decreasing trend was observed continuously thereafter on all the subsequent dates of

observation and reached to the minimum level of 1.4 per branch. Keeping in view the

results regarding interactional responses, it was observed that south side showed

significantly higher population of mango mealybug as compared to east side almost at all

the dates of observation. The fluctuation trend on both sides was similar corresponding to

the dates.

Page 73: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

62

Table 5b. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON DIFFERENT DATES AT VARIOUS PLANT SIDES DURING 2005-2006.

Dates of Observation Dates x direction(**) LSD = 1.01 Average (**)

LSD = 0.72 East South 11-1-2006 0.00 o 0.00 o 0.00 h

27-1-2006 0.81 no 2.08 m 1.44 g

11-2-2006 98.11 f 130.56 b 114.33 b

26-2-2006 79.36 g 108.11 e 93.74 d

14-3-2006 113.42 d 148.44 a 130.93 a

28-3-2006 74.14 h 120.14 c 97.14 c

12-4-2006 49.50 j 79.22 j 64.36 e

27-4-2006 50.72 i 78.86 j 64.79 e

10-5-2006 10.94 l 15.92 k 13.43 f

25-5-2006 0.97 no 1.81 mn 1.39 g

F-value 1097.0 38572.9

Dates (n=10) cardinal direction (n=2) df=9 Means sharing similar letters are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

CONCLUSION:

• The cultivar ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar was found to be relatively susceptible, whereas

‘Tukhmi’ the resistant. The south side of the plant showed higher population than

the east.

• Second week of Mar. was found to be the most favourable for the development of

mango mealybug during 2006.

4.3.5.2 Population of Mango Mealybug During 2006-2007

The mean comparison of data regarding population of mango mealybug per

branch of 30-cm length on east and south directions in different mango cultivars during

2007. The means were compared by DMR Test and shown in Table 6a and 6b.

Page 74: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

63

4.3.5.2.1 Cultivar Resistance

The results (Table 6a) show significant variations among mango cultivars

regarding population of mango mealybug per branch of 30 cm length. The cultivar

‘Chaunsa’ again found to be comparatively susceptible showing maximum population of

mango mealybug i.e. 69.8 per branch, whereas ‘Tukhmi’ showed minimum population of

mango mealybug i.e. 13.5 per branch which showed similar response statistically with

those of ‘Anwar Ratul’ with 14.2 individuals per branch of the pest. The descending

order of the cultivars based on population of mango mealybug towards susceptibility was

as follows:

‘Chaunsa’ > ‘Black Chaunsa’ > ‘Malda’ > ‘Fajri’ > ‘Ratul-12’ > ‘Langra’ >

‘Sensation’ > ‘Sindhri’ > ‘Dusehri’ > ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ > ‘Anwar Ratul’ and ‘Tukhmi’.

4.3.5.2.2 Plant Direction

The data presented in Table 6a reveal significant difference between sides

regarding population of mango mealybug. The South side of the plant showed

significantly the highest populations of mango mealybug i.e. 51.5 per branch, whereas

east side showed the lowest populations i.e. 33.4 per branch. Furthermore, all the

cultivars of mango possessed significantly higher population of mango mealybug on

south side of the plant as compared to east. The trend of cultivars towards

susceptibility/resistance was the same as those of observed in their mean values.

4.3.5.2.3 Period of Abundance

The results presented in Table 6b showed significant difference among various

dates of observation and between interaction of dates of observation and plant sides. The

population of mango mealybug started to appear on Jan. 26, 2007 i.e. 2.9 per branch of

30-cm length. This population tremendously jumped to the highest peak i.e. 94.9

individuals per branch on the subsequent dates of observation i.e. Feb. 13, 2007. This

population decreased down to 79.5 per branch on Feb. 28, 2007 and then it increased to

86.7 individuals per branch on Mar. 14, 2007. The decreasing trend in population of

mango mealybug was observed thereafter on the subsequent dates of observation and

reached to 3.5 per branch on May 25, 2007. Similar trend was observed in the interaction

between dates of observation and plant sides. Furthermore, south side showed

Page 75: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

64

significantly higher population of mango mealybug as compared to east side at all the

dates of observation.

Table 6a. MEANS COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO AT VARIOUS PLANT SIDES DURING 2006-2007.

Name of Cultivar Varieties x direction(**) LSD = 1.06 Average (**)

LSD = 0.75 East South

Anwar Ratul 12.20 t 16.20 s 14.20 k

Black Chaunsa 51.47 h 80.40 b 65.93 b

Chaunsa 54.37 g 85.30 a 69.83 a

Dusehri 21.00 r 30.90 o 25.95 i

Fajri 47.17 j 71.80 d 59.48 d

Langra 36.73 m 56.13 f 46.43 f

Malda 48.90 i 74.90 c 61.90 c

Ratul-12 39.83 l 63.60 e 51.72 e

Sensation 34.57 n 56.27 f 45.42 g

Sindhri 26.97 p 43.17 k 35.07 h

Sufaid Chaunsa 16.57 s 23.20 q 19.88 j

Tukhmi 10.50 u 16.40 s 13.45 k

Average 33.36 b 51.52 a

F-value 307.5 5695.6

Cultivar (n=12) cardinal direction (n=2) df=11 Means sharing similar letters are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

Page 76: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

65

Table 6b. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON DIFFERENT DATES OF OBSERVATION AT VARIOUS PLANT SIDES DURING 2006-2007.

Dates of

Observation Dates x direction (**) LSD = 0.97 Average(**)

LSD = 0.68 East South

11-1-2007 0.00 r 0.00 r 0.00 h

26-1-2007 2.28 q 3.53 p 2.90 g

13-2-2007 77.50 e 112.22 a 94.86 a

28-2-2007 64.11 g 94.81 c 79.46 c

14-3-2007 70.39 f 102.92 b 86.65 b

28-3-2007 49.19 h 87.00 d 68.10 d

12-4-2007 27.58 l 37.17 j 32.38 e

27-4-2007 24.22 m 41.89 i 33.06 e

10-5-2007 15.97 n 31.00 k 23.49 f

25-5-2007 2.31 q 4.69 o 3.50 g

F-value 903.9 22300.0

Dates (n=10) cardinal direction (n=2) df=9 F-value= Means sharing similar letters are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

Conclusion:

The cultivar ‘Chaunsa’ was found to be relatively susceptible followed by ‘Black

‘Chaunsa’ and ‘Malda’, whereas ‘Tukhmi’ and ‘Anwar Ratul’ were

comparatively resistant with minimum population of mango mealybug.

South direction of the plant showed comparatively higher population of mango

mealybug as compared to east direction in all the cultivars of mango as well as on

average basis.

Second week of Feb. and Mar. showed highest population of mango mealybug. In

general, the 2nd week of Feb. to 4th week of Mar. was the most favorable period

for the development of mango mealybug.

Page 77: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

66

4.3.5.3 Population of Mango Mealybug on Cumulative Basis of

Both Years Studies The data regarding mango mealybug on different cultivars of mango at various

dates of observation during both the study years are presented Table 7a. The results

reveal that all the parameters such as years, dates of observation, plant directions and

cultivars showed significant difference individually as well as on their all possible

interactions. The results are described as under.

The results presented in Table 7a reveal that the cultivar ‘Chaunsa’ was found

susceptible to mango mealybug showing maximum population of the pest i.e. 87.4 per

30-cm branch and differed significantly from those of observed in all other cultivars. The

cultivar ‘Tukhmi’ was found comparatively resistant to mango mealybug with minimum

population of the pest i.e. 15.9 per 30-cm branch. Furthermore, all the cultivars differed

significantly with one another. The descending position of these cultivars are as under.

‘Chaunsa’ > ‘Black Chaunsa’ > ‘Malda’ > ‘Fajri’ > ‘Ratul-12’ > ‘Langra’ >

‘Sensation’ > ‘Sindhri’ > ‘Dusehri’ > ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ > ‘Anwar Ratul’ >’Tukhmi’.

The south direction of the plant showed significantly higher population as

compared to east direction in all the cultivars of mango. Significantly higher population

of mango mealybug was recorded to be 102.7 per 30 cm branch on south side as

compared to east side with 72.0 per 30 cm branch. Similar trend was observed in all the

cultivars.

The data presented in Table 7b based on both study years revealed that population

of mango mealybug was appeared during the 4th week of Jan. and reached to a peak

during 2nd week of Feb. This population decreased down during 4th week of Feb. and then

reached to the highest peak during 2nd week of Mar. This population decreased down

thereafter subsequently and reached to a minimum level of 2.4 per branch of 30-cm

length during 4th week of May. On the basis interaction, south side showed higher

population of mango mealybug as compared to the east side at all the dates of

observation. Mar. 14th had higher population i.e. 125.7 per 30-cm branch length on south

side as compared to east side with 91.9 individuals per 30-cm branch length.

Page 78: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

67

Conclusion:

• The cultivar ‘Chaunsa’ proved to be a susceptible, whereas ‘Tukhmi’ was a

resistant to mango mealybug.

• Maximum population of mealybug was recorded on the South direction of the

plants.

• The months of Feb. and Mar. were the most favourable period for the

development of the pest.

Table 7a. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO AT VARIOUS PLANT SIDES (AVERAGE OF BOTH YEARS).

Name of Cultivars Varieties x direction (**) LSD = 0.77 Average (**)

LSD = 0.54 East South

Chaunsa 72.03 e 102.70 a 87.38 a

Fajri 59.18 i 80.78 d 69.98 d

Langra 40.75 l 65.20 g 52.97 f

Black Chaunsa 65.08 g 92.10 b 78.59 b

Sufaid Chaunsa 19.20 s 28.33 o 23.77 j

Sindhri 34.12 n 52.78 j 43.45 h

Malda 60.95 h 84.92 c 72.93 c

Dusehri 23.62 p 40.35 l 31.98 i

Anwar Ratul 13.33 t 21.40 q 17.37 k

Ratul-12 50.62 k 70.87 f 60.74 e

Tukhmi 11.43 u 20.28 r 15.86 l

Sensation 36.60 m 60.50 h 48.55 g

F-value 362.0 15546.2

Cultivar (n=12) cardinal direction (n=2) df= 11 Means sharing similar letters are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

Page 79: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

68

Table 7b. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON DIFFERENT DATES OF OBSERVATION AT VARIOUS PLANT SIDES (AVERAGE OF BOTH YEARS).

Dates of

Observation

Dates x direction (**) LSD = 0.70 Average(**)

LSD = 0.50 East South

January 11 0.00 q 0.00 q 0.00 i

January 26 1.54 p 2.81 o 2.17 h

February13 87.81 f 121.39 b 104.60 b

February 28 71.74 g 101.46 d 86.60 c

March 14 91.90 e 125.68 a 108.79 a

March 28 61.67 h 103.57 c 82.62 d

April 12 38.54 k 58.19 j 48.37 f

April 27 37.47 l 60.38 i 48.92 e

May 10 13.46 n 23.46 m 18.46 g

May 25 1.64 p 3.25 o 2.44 h

F-value 1865.0 58781.0

Dates (n=10) cardinal direction (n=2) df=9 Means sharing similar letters are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

4.3.6 ANTIBIOSIS RESISTANCE AGAINST MANGO MEALYBUG IN

DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO Various biological parameters viz., number of eggs laid per female, weight of

female, length and width of female, length and width of ovisac on different cultivars of

mango were studied during 2007 under field conditions. The results are shown in Table 8,

Column A to F and described under the following sub-sections.

4.3.6.1 Number of Eggs Laid Per Female

The comparison of data regarding mean numbers of eggs laid per female are

given in Table 8. The results reveal highly significant difference among genotypes. The

means were compared by DMR Test at P = 0.05. It is evident from the results (Table 8,

Column A) that maximum number of eggs were laid on the cultivar ‘Chaunsa’

Page 80: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

69

(335.9/female) and did not differ significantly from those of collected from ‘Black

‘Chaunsa’ (328.9/female) and followed by 305.6, 302.5, 301.9, 293.5 and 286.7 number

of eggs laid by a single female on ‘Malda’, ‘Fajri’, ‘Langra’, ‘Ratul-12’ and ‘Sensation’,

respectively. The later mentioned figures did not show significant difference with one

another.

The minimum number of eggs laid by a single female of mango mealybug was

156.0 on ‘Anwar Ratul’ and did not show significant difference with 159.8 eggs per

female on ‘Tukhmi’. The cultivars ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ and ‘Dusehri’ possessed 187.2 and

186.6 number of eggs per female, respectively and did not show significant differences.

The number of eggs laid by a single female was 217.0 on Sindhri and showed significant

variations with those of found on all other cultivars of mango.

4.3.6.2 Weight of Female

The results (Table 8, Column B) show significant difference among mango

cultivars regarding weight of female. The specimens of mealybug collected from

‘Chaunsa’ cultivar had maximum weight i.e. 0.24 g/female and did not show significant

difference with 0.23 g/female for those specimens which were collected from the cultivar

‘Black Chaunsa’ followed by 0.22 and 0.22 g/female on ‘Malda’ and ‘Fajri’, respectively

and did not show significant difference with one another. The cultivars ‘Sensation’,

‘Ratul-12’ and ‘Langra’ showed similar response statistically regarding weight of female

i.e. 0.19, 0.19 and 0.18 g/female, respectively.

The female collected from ‘Sindhri’ showed 0.17 g/weight per female and

differed significantly from those of observed on all other cultivars of mango. The

minimum weight of female was observed on those specimens that were collected from

‘Tukhmi’ cultivar i.e. 0.11 g/female and did not show significant difference with those of

recorded on ‘Anwar Ratul’ i.e. 0.12 g/female. Similar trend was observed in between

‘Dusehri’ and ‘Anwar Ratul’ which showed 0.12 and 0.12 g weight/female, respectively.

4.3.6.3 Length of Female

The results regarding length of female of mango mealybug on different cultivars

of mango are shown in Table 8, Column C. The results reveal significant variations

among cultivars. The maximum length of female was observed on ‘Chaunsa’ i.e. 1.6

cm/female and showed significant difference from those of observed on all other cultivars

Page 81: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

70

followed by 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5 and 1.5 cm/female on ‘Malda’, ‘Black ‘Chaunsa’,

‘Ratul-12’, ‘Sensation’, ‘Langra’ and ‘Fajri’, respectively and the later mentioned figures

were not significantly different from one another.The minimum length of female was

observed on cultivar ‘Tukhmi’ and ‘Sindhri’ each showing 1.2 cm/female and did not

show significant variation with 1.2 cm/female on ‘Anwar Ratul’. The average length of

female was found to be 1.3 cm per female on ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ and showed

nonsignificant difference with 1.28 cm per female on ‘Dusehri’.

Table 8. MEANS COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF MANGO MEALYBUG FEEDING ON DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO UNDER FIELD CONDITION.

Name of Cultivars

Eggs per

female (A)**

Female Weight

(g) (B)**

Female Length

(cm) (C)**

Female Width (cm)

(D)**

Ovisac length (mm) (E) **

Ovisac width (mm) (F)**

Anwar Ratul 156.00 e 0.116 fg 1.22 d 0.51 f 5.90 b 4.90 b

Black Chaunsa 328.90 a 0.231 a 1.53 b 0.74 ab 10.20 a 6.20 a

Chaunsa 335.90 a 0.239 a 1.63 a 0.80 a 10.10 a 6.10 a

Dusehri 186.60 d 0.121 ef 1.28 b 0.50 f 5.90 b 4.70 b

Fajri 302.50 b 0.219 b 1.50 b 0.68 bcd 9.90 a 5.80 a

Langra 301.90 b 0.183 c 1.51 b 0.69 bc 10.10 a 6.00 a

Malda 305.60 b 0.222 b 1.54 d 0.70 b 10.00 a 6.30 a

Ratul-12 293.50 b 0.186 c 1.52 b 0.61 e 9.80 a 6.10 a

Sensation 286.70 b 0.186 c 1.52 b 0.63 cde 9.60 a 5.80 a

Sindhri 217.00 c 0.167 d 1.21 cd 0.62 de 5.80 b 5.00 b

Sufaid Chaunsa 187.20 d 0.126 e 1.34 c 0.51 f 5.80 b 4.90 b

Tukhmi 159.80 e 0.113 g 1.21 d 0.45 f 6.00 b 4.70 b

LSD at 5% 18.26076 0.00772 0.07201 0.06429 0.7495 0.7168

F-value 109.5 292.0 35.3 22.4 62.0 6.3

Cultivars (n=12) biological parameters (n=6) df=11 Means sharing similar letters in column A to F are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

Page 82: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

71

4.3.6.4 Width of Female

The data relating to the width of female in different cultivars of mango and their

means comparison are presented in Table 8, Column D, reveal significant difference

among cultivars. The maximum width (0.80 cm) of female was observed on cultivar

‘Chaunsa’ which showed a susceptible response and did not differ significantly from 0.74

cm width of female on ‘Black Chaunsa’. The later mention figure also showed

nonsignificant variation with those of observed on ‘Fajri’, ‘Langra’ and ‘Malda’ with

0.68, 0.69 and 0.70 cm width of female, respectively. The minimum width of female was

recorded to be 0.45 cm in ‘Tukhmi’ and did not show significant variation with those of

observed on ‘Anwar Ratul’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ and ‘Dusehri’ with 0.51, 0.51 and 0.50 cm

width of female, respectively. Nonsignificant difference was found to exist between

‘Ratul-12’, ‘Sindhri’ and ‘Sensation’ which showed 0.61, 0.62 and 0.63 cm width of

female, respectively. The later mentioned two figures also showed nonsignificant

difference with those of observed in Fajri.

4.3.6.5 Length of Ovisac

The results presented in Table 8, Column E, showed significant difference among

mango cultivars regarding ovisac length of mango mealybug. The maximum length of

ovisac i.e. 10.20 mm/female was found on cultivar ‘Black Chaunsa’ and did not show

significant difference with those of observed on ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Langra’, ‘Malda’, ‘Fajri’,

‘Ratul-12’ and ‘Sensation’ with 10.10, 10.10, 10.00, 9.90, 9.80 and 9.60 mm length of

ovisac, respectively. The minimum length of ovisac i.e. 5.80 mm each on ‘Sufaid

Chaunsa’ and ‘Sindhri’ was recorded and did not show significant difference with 5.90,

5.90 and 6.00 on ‘Dusehri’, ‘Anwar Ratul’ and ‘Tukhmi’, respectively.

4.3.6.6 Width of Ovisac

The results regarding width of ovisac of female mango mealybug are given in

Table 8, Column F. The maximum width of ovisac was observed to be 6.3 mm on

‘Malda’ and did not differ significantly with 6.2, 6.1, 6.1, 6.0, 5.8 and 5.8 on ‘Black

Chaunsa’, ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Ratul-12’, ‘Langra’, ‘Fajri’ and ‘Sensation’, respectively. The

minimum width of ovisac was found on those specimens that were collected from the

cultivars ‘Tukhmi’ and ‘Dusehri’ each showing 4.7 mm/female and followed by 4.9, 4.9

Page 83: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

72

and 5.0 mm width of ovisac on ‘Anwar Ratul’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ and ‘Sindhri’,

respectively.

4.3.7 BIOLOGY OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON SUSCEPTIBLE CULTIVAR ‘CHAUNSA’.

4.3.7.1 First Stadium

Maximum nymphs hatched on 30th and 31st of Dec. 2006 i.e. 416 were caught

from the polyethylene bags with hand made aspirator. These were kept in plastic petri

dishes at ambient temperature in the orchard for 48 hours. On 03-01-07, the nymphs were

released at 10 A.M. in the plastic funnel of two plants. They started their movement

upward the plants. All the nymphs settled themselves on the leaves of plants within 48-72

hours. They were checked daily. After 39 days 4 nymphs out of 405 (11 were found

absent) to stopped feeding, became sluggish and attached to the leaves with no excretion.

These were encircled with black permanent maker with date on the leaves. The nymphs

were covered with whitish powder. After 4-5 days, a streak appeared longitudinally on

the head side of the nymphs and the second instar nymph comes out but remained half in

the exiuvae. After 24 hours the nymphs shed the exiuvae and again started feeding. All

the nymphs shed their exiuvae within 56.5 days (Table 9, Appendix 1). The maximum

number of 188 nymphs were observed which were half in the exiuvae on two dates i.e. on

21 to 22 Feb. were separated from the leaves on 25th and 26th Feb. with camel hair brush

in petri dish. These were kept in room present in the orchard for a period of 24 hours.

4.3.7.2 Second Stadium

The collected 188 nymphs were released on 28th Feb. in the funnel of 3rd plant in

the morning at 10 A.M. These go upward and settled on the leaves and tip of branches

within 48 hours. After 13 days i.e. on 10th Mar. 2 nymphs out of 188 stop their feeding

with no excretion present on the leaves, covered with whitish powder and were encircled

with date. After 4 days on 13th Mar. a streak appeared on the head side longitudinally and

nymphs crawled out but remained half in exiuvae. After 24 hours on 14th Mar. the

nymphs shed exiuvae and again started their feeding. All the nymphs shed their exiuvae

within 26 days (Table 9, Appendix 2). The maximum number of 96 nymphs were

observed which were half in the exiuvae on 15 to 16 Mar. were separated from the leaves

Page 84: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

73

with camel hair brush in petri dish. These were kept in room present in the orchard for a

period of 24 hours.

Table 9. LIFECYCLE OF MANGO MEALYBUG ON CHAUNSA MANGO ON AN AVERAGE

Stage Duration

Females Males

First Stadium 56.5 days 56.5 days

Second Stadium 26 days 26 days

Third Stadium 19.5 days 3 days

Pupa Absent 12 days

Adult life 29 days 6 days

Number of eggs laid 282 /female -

Number of days in which eggs completed

12.5 days -

Total life from hatching to death of adult

143 days 103 days

4.3.7.3 Third Stadium

The collected 96 nymphs were released in the funnel of 4th plant on 17th Mar.

Among these, 1 nymph out of 96 stopped feeding on 25th Mar. and was seen under the

main branch of the plant covered with whitish powder. After 5 days, on 30th, Mar. a

streak appeared on the head side longitudinally and nymphs crawled out from the exiuvae

but remained half in and half out. After 24 hours, the nymphs leaved the exiuvae and

again started their feeding. All the nymphs shed their exiuvae within 19.5 days (Table 9,

Appendix 3). As soon as the females shed the exiuvae mating started. A maximum

numbers of 41 nymphs were observed on 28th and 29th Mar. stopped feeding which were

collected on 3rd Apr. when they were half in the exiuvae and separated from the leaves

with camel hair brush in petri dish. These were kept at room temperature in the orchard

for 24 hours.

4.3.7.4 Females

Forty one females were released on 5th plant on 4th Apr. As soon as the females

were released on 5th plant, the males gathered there and started the mating. After mating

Page 85: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

74

the females started feeding on the plants. All the females come down the tree within 29

days. The females took 12.5 days to lay its full quota of eggs, after which it died but its

ovisac remained attached to the body. Total lifecycle of female from hatching to die was

143 days (Table 9, Appendix 4).

4.3.7.5 Males

The 59 male’s nymphs were recorded from all the 5 plants started to come down

on 2nd Apr, (Appendix 5) stopped feeding, gathered in the funnel and hibernate in the

material present in the funnel. After 1 to 5 days the males started pupation. But some

pupate soon after emerging from the exiuvae. Ten males were picked from the funnel

before pupation and put in to a pit of 1.5 x 2 inch covered with petri dish for further

study. The males were checked daily, in the beginning they stopped their movement and

started covering with whitish cocoon on their bodies. Pupation was completed within 2

to 3 days after keeping in the pit and remained in this condition for 12 days. After this

period, winged males of crimson colour came out from the pupae. Adult male life was 6

days and male completed life cycle within 103 days (Table 9). The insect has only one

generation in a year.

4.3.8 STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE PEST

Besides the study of various aspects of the biology of mango mealybug, some

behavioural factors were also taken into consideration for getting more information about

the pest for the effective management and provide base line to the Entomologists. The

aspects are given as under:

4.3.8.1 Speed of Nymphs

The nymphs were negatively geotropic. These started their movements upward

the plant with an average speed of 12.4 cm/minute is given in Appendix 6. Whereas,

second instar move with a speed of an average speed of 17.3 cm / minute. The 3rd instar

nymph moves with an average speed of 37.1 cm / minute.

4.3.8.2 Removal of Whitish Cocoon

Whitish fuzz (naturally occurring on pupa of males in mealybug like cottony

secretions) was removed from the body of 5 males it were constructed again (after its

removal) is given in Appendix 7-9, fuzz of four insects were removed 2nd time again, it

also secreted again but very small in amount, from this pupa healthy males come out.

Page 86: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

75

Again the fuzz of three insects was removed 3rd time, they did not secrete the fuzz and

dessicated, so no winged males emerged from the pupa. It was concluded that if the fuzz

removed two times, healthy male comes out and if it was removed 3rd time, the male pupa

will not secrete the fuzz again and died.

4.3.8.3 Egg Laying Behaviour

For counting the eggs daily laid by the females, a trench of size 3.81 x 5.08 cm

was dug under the shade of tree in moist soil. In this trench, 5 females were kept singly

for egg laying is given in Fig. 9 Appendix 10. These trenches were covered with plastic

petri dish of size 5.08 cm and labeled them as R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 with date. After

covering the trenches, mud and dried leaves were spread over the dishes for darkness.

Egg were counted daily. It was observed that the first females started egg laying after 5

days and the fifth female started egg laying 12 days after keeping in trench. In the

beginning, maximum eggs were laid daily i.e. 56/day and at the end minimum eggs were

laid i.e. 1/day. The duration of egg laying was ranged from 221 to 361/female in 9 to 16

days. (n=5 mean eggs= 282.4 minimum eggs=221 maximum eggs= 362 SD=36.7)

4.3.8.4 Nymphs Live Without Food

First instar nymph lived without food for 5 to 19 days, 2nd & 3rd instar lived 3 to

23 days whereas, adult females lived up to 8-17 days without feeding is given in

(Appendix 11-13).

4.3.8.5 Copulation Time

The males fly where the females are presents. Mating time of males vary and

were ranged from 6.00 to 20.50 minute. The average mating time per female was 11.57/

minute is given in (Fig 9 Appendix 14). (n=20 mean mating time= 12.2 minute/male

minimum= 6.0 maximum= 20.5 SD=5.1)

Page 87: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

76

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Av. No of eggs laid Av. Mating time

Fig 9. AVERAGE NUMBER OF EGGS LAID PER FEMALE AND AVERAGE MATING TIME WITH STANDARD DEVIATION

Page 88: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

77

4.4 DISCUSSION

Population fluctuations of mango mealybug on twelve cultivars viz., ‘Chaunsa’,

‘Fajri’, ‘Langra’, ‘Black Chaunsa’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Sindhri’, ‘Malda’, ‘Anwar Ratul’,

‘Dusehri’, ‘Ratul-12’, ‘Tukhmi’ and ‘Sensation’ were studied for two years (2005-2007)

in Multan District. The present studies revealed that ‘Chaunsa’ was the most susceptible

cultivar with maximum population of mango mealybug i.e. 87.4 individuals per 30 cm of

branch whereas minimum population was observed on Tukhmi i.e. 15.9 per 30 cm of

branch. These studies provide compelling evidence that ‘Chaunsa’ is very amenable to

the development and reproduction of the mango mealybug. Other cultivars were ranked

from most susceptible to least susceptible as ‘Black Chaunsa’ > ‘Malda’ > ‘Fajri’ >

‘Ratul-12’ > ‘Langra’ > ‘Sensation’ > ‘Sindhri’ > ‘Dusehri’ > ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ and

‘Anwar Ratul’ with 78.6, 72.9, 69.9, 60.7, 52.9, 48.5, 43.5, 31.9, 23.8 and 17.4

individuals per 30 cm of branch, respectively. Furthermore the southern side of the plant

had significantly higher population of mango mealybug was found than east facing side.

It was also observed that the peak activity period of the pest was 2nd week of Feb. to 2nd

week of Mar. and the population decreased thereafter. The results of present studies are in

contrast to already reported (Matokot et al., 1992). The most probable reason could be

the differences in the methods used to carry out previous studies.

The results of the presence of mealybug on various parts of mango tree suggest

that on southern side maximum population of mango mealybug was present on leaves

and inflorescence, while on the western side of the plant maximum numbers of mango

mealybug was observed on branches. Maximum numbers of mealybugs were observed on

mango tree than on non-target plants such as weeds. The likely speculate that the reason

that mealybugs were more numerous on the south side of the tree has something to do

with ambient temperature. Because of the angle of the sun, the insects on the south and

east sides will get more degree day accumulation than insects on the west or north

cardinal directions. It is recommended that during pest scouting, pest monitoring or

Page 89: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

78

survey of the pests particularly mango mealybug, southern side of the plant should be

sampled for better results.

The present results are very much similar to the results of Dwivedi et al., (2003)

who observed the highest numbers of mango mealybug at the base of the tree trunk than

on weeds. The most probable reason could be that on weeds mealybug did not find the

same amount of sap as on mango tree and also weeds may not be their preferred host

plant.

Parasitization and predation of the scales was generally higher during 2005-2006

compared to 2006-2007. Since the population of mealybug was higher in 2005-2006 to

2006-2007 therefore natural enemies had enough hosts to parasitize. In contrast Godfray,

(1994), Benrey and Denno (1997) found higher parasitism percentage when the

population was lower.

To determine the impact of host plants on fitness of mango mealybug the

hibernating females decending from tree were collected, weighed and the length and

width were measured. The data on number of eggs laid per female, length and width of

ovisac were also recorded for each cultivar. The data suggested that the female collected

from ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar laid maximum number of eggs (336) while Anwar Ratul cultivar

had minimum (156). Similarly, maximum weight gain, length and width of female and

ovisac were observed on ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar than others. The most probable reason for

such discrimination is that the ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar is the most susceptible and preferred

host for mealybug therefore the insects had enough food to survive and gain weight. It is

well established that higher the weight of female, the more fecund it will be. The data of

trail on different cultivars corroborated with the farmers experience regarding

susceptibility of some mango cultivars like ‘Chaunsa’. We also have found in the present

studies that the ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar has higher percentage of carbohydrates than the other

cultivars (Section III). This finding suggests that carbohydrates might be playing a role to

trigger increased uptake of sap from the vegetative parts resulting more gained weight on

‘Chaunsa’ cultivar than others. The current findings add significantly to those of Balock

and Kozuma (1964); Nachiappan and Bhaskaran (1984); Bagle and Prasad (1984);

Pathak and Dhaliwal (1986); Khaire et al., (1987); Hasen et al., (1989); Angeles (1991);

Dhaliwal et al., (1993); Singh (1993); Carvalho et al., (1996); Dhaliwal and Dilawari

Page 90: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 4 Population Dynamics, Cultivar Resistance & Biology

79

(1996); Salem et al., (2006), who studied host plant resistance against different insect

pests on different hosts.

Biology and Behaviour of Mango Mealybug on Chaunsa cultivar

The development times for various instars were 57 days, 26 and 20 days for first,

2nd and 3rd instars, respectively. Nymphs were negatively geotropic and the first instar

moved upward with an average speed of 12 cm per minute, 2nd instar 17 cm per minute

and 3rd instar 37 cm per minute. The female laid eggs on an average of 282 in 29 days. In

contrast, mango mealybug female was found to lay 336-, 372- and 300-eggs in the field

(Rahman and Latif, 1944; Haq and Akmal, 1960; Chandra et al., 1987) and these

variations could be due to weather conditions.

Period of abundance

The results of period of abundance suggest that the population was highest in the

months of Feb. to Mar. in Multan. The most probable reason for the peak is favourable

environmental condition in the area. Since the average temperature range between 11 to

24oC with RH 79 percent conditions and these conditions were found to be suitable for

the development of the pest. The present results are similar to Yadav et al., (2004) who

observed higher number of mango mealybug population at average temperature of 27oC

with RH 50 percent but the population decreased with the increase in temperature. In

contrast Yousuf and Gaur (1993) reported highest number of mango mealybug

population in the months of June to July.

Page 91: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

80

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to determine the role of various chemicals like nitrogen,

potassium, crude fiber, fat, sodium, ash, carbohydrates, phosphorus, moisture and crude

protein in tolerance to mango mealybug. The cultivars from which the population data of

mango mealybug were collected i.e. ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Fajri’, ‘Langra’, ‘Black Chaunsa’,

‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Sindhri’, ‘Malda’, ‘Anwar Ratul’, ‘Dusehri’, ‘Ratul-12’, ‘Sensation’

and one seed born cultivar ‘Tukhmi’ were selected for biochemical analysis from district

Multan during 2005-06 and 2006-07. The chemical contents varies from cultivar to

cultivar however, carbohydrates were significantly higher in leaves of ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar,

which was susceptible to mango mealybug, while Tukhmi, comparatively resistant to

mango mealybug had significantly lower contents of carbohydrates. Furthermore, it was

observed that crude fiber, fat, sodium, ash and crude protein showed negative significant

correlation with the pest population on leaves, while carbohydrate and potassium had

positive correlation with the pest population. All the chemical plant factors on leaves and

inflorescence differed significantly among various cultivars of mango. All the other

factors did not show any specific sequence with the population of the pest in all the

cultivars.

Key words: Cultivars, Chemical factors, leaves, Inflorescence, Mango mealybug

Page 92: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

81

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Plant resistance to insect pests is one of the most important components of the

integrated pest management (IPM). A wide array of chemical substances including

inorganic chemicals, primary and intermediary metabolites and secondary substances are

known to impart resistance to a wide cultivar of insect pests. The host plant may also be

deficient in certain nutritional elements required by the insects and hence prove resistant.

A number of plant characteristics are known to render the cultivar less suitable or

unsuitable for feeding, oviposition and development of insect pests. The nutritionally

deficient plant may cause antibiotic and antixenotic effects on insect. Antibiosis may

result from the absence of certain nutritional substances in the host plants, deficiency of

some nutritional materials and /or imbalance of available nutrients.The objectives of

these studies were to determine if various chemical viz., nitrogen, potassium, crude fibre,

fat, sodium, ash, carbohydrates, phosphorus, crude protein in leaves and inflorescence

could play an important role in regulating mango mealybug populations.

Page 93: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

82

5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The leaves of ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Black Chaunsa’, ‘Fajri’, ‘Ratul-12’, ‘Malda’, ‘Langra’,

‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Dusehri’, ‘Anwar Ratul’, ‘Tukhmi’ and ‘Sensation’ cultivars were

plucked from a 30 cm branch of the trees. The leaves were plucked from east, west, south

and north sides of the selected cultivars from three different gardens at the time of insect

data collected. The distance between gardens was ca 3-10 km. The leaves of each cultivar

were kept separately in paper envelope in three repeats and thus the 36 samples of leaves

were obtained from different cultivars. The leaves were brought to Bahauddin Zakariya

University, Multan laboratory, clean them and weighed. These samples were kept in the

oven for the determination of moisture contents. After drying, the leaves were ground in

grinder and fine powder was obtained and used for the determination of chemical

analysis. When the inflorescence comes out, the samples of inflorescence were also

collected and processed as described for leaves.

5.2.1 MOISTURE CONTENT

Freshly picked leaves were cleaned with muslin’s cloth and weighed. The leaves

were then kept in an oven at 65oC for 72 hours. After drying, leaves were weighed again

and the percent moisture was calculated as given below.

Moisture (%) = 100 A

BA ×−

A = Weight of fresh leaves

B = Weight of dried leaves

5.2.2 TOTAL MINERALS

A 2g sample of dried leaf powder of each cultivar was placed in a boron-free

fused silica crucible. The samples were burnt to ashes in muffle furnace at 600oC for five

hours. The dried matter after combustion was weighed again and placed back to same

temperature until it was completely burnt to white ashes to a constant weight. The

Page 94: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

83

experiment was repeated four times. Total minerals were calculated using formula of

Ranganna (1977).

Total Minerals (%) = 100 B

A ×

A = Weight of the ash

B = Weight of dried leaves

5.2.3 NITROGEN

0.5 g of dried leaves tissue powder from each sample was taken to determine the

nitrogen percentage by Kjeldahl Method. It was calculated by the formula (Winkleman

et. al., 1986).

Nitrogen (%) = ( ) 100 grams smaple ofweight

blank]for titrant of ml -samplefor Titrant of [ml x 14.007 x acid of N ×

The procedure was repeated three times.

5.2.4 CRUDE PROTEIN

The crude protein was calculated by the formula followed by Winklemqan et al.,

(1986) given as under:

Crude Protein (%) = Nitrogen percent x 6.25

5.2.5 FAT CONTENTS

Two grams of the bulk sample was taken in plugged thimble. Fat sample was

extracted with solvent ether on Soxhlet extraction apparatus, for ten hours. The ether

extract was dried and fats were calculated with the help of following formula (A.O.A.C.,

1975).

Fats (%) = 100 sample ofweight

extractether ofweight ×

5.2.6 CRUDE FIBRE

The small sample left behind after fat extraction was dried and digested with 1.25

percent H2SO4 on crude fibre extraction apparatus. The digested material was then

filtered, re-digested with N/10 NaOH and re-filtered. The materials left on the filter paper

were dried and then ignited in muffle furnace for 30 minutes. After cooling for one hour

in a desiccator’s, the ignited material was weighed. The loss in weight after ignition was

Page 95: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

84

measured and the crude fibre was calculated by using the following formula (A.O.A.C.,

1975).

Crude fibre (%) = 100 sample theofweight

ignitionon in weight loss ×

5.2.7 SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES

Following formula was used to determine the soluble carbohydrates (A.O.A.C.,

1975).

Soluble Carbohydrates (%) = 100 - crude protein+ percent fats + crude fibre + percent

ashes.

There were three replications for the determination of each component.

5.2.8 SAMPLE DIGESTION FOR MACRO NUTRIENTS

One gram of the material from each sample was weighed to determine the

macronutrients and digested in 10 ml concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and an equal

quantity of 72 percent perchloric acid (HCLO4) was added. The volume was then reduced

to 3 ml and the sample became colourless, it was placed on ice to lower the temperature

and then transferred to volumetric flask. The volume was increased to 100 ml by adding

distilled water. The samples were then filtrated and stored in falcon tubes for further

analysis.

5.2.8.1 Phosphorus

Phosphorus was determined by using the digested materials from previous section

of samples following method 56 and 61 (Richard, 1954), respectively on Spectro

Photometer AnA-720 w Tokyo, Photoelectric Co. Ltd. Japan using 470 mm wavelength

as the characteristic band.

5.2.8.2 Potassium and Sodium

These were determined by using the digested materials with the help of Methods

55a, 58a and 57 a (Richard, 1954), respectively on Flame Photometer, Jenway Ltd.

Felsted CM6 3LB, DUNMOW ESSEX England.

5.2.9 STATISTICAL CORRELATIONS

The effect of macro and micronutrients on mealybug population has been studied

previously however in the present study I was interested to find out if there is

Page 96: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

85

correlationship between mealybug population and various nutrients in different parts of

mango trees.

Simple correlation was worked out between population and chemical factors

individually and cumulatively by using Multiple Linear Regression Equation of the Type

1 viz., = a + b1x1+ X b2x2 X b3x3 X b4x4………………………where population of

mealybug was taken as the Response Variables (Y) and the X represent the chemical

factors in the equation.

The data were analyzed on an IBM-PC Computer using M. Stat (Steel and Torrie,

1980) Package. Means were separated by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DMRT)

(Duncan, 1955).

Page 97: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

86

5.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Various biochemical factors such as nitrogen, potassium, crude fiber, fats,

sodium, ashes, carbohydrate, phosphorus, moisture and crude protein in leaves and

inflorescence of different cultivars of mango viz., ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Fajri’, ‘Langra’, ‘Black

Chaunsa’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Sindhri’, ‘Malda’, ‘Dusehri’, ‘Anwar Ratul’, ‘Ratul-12’,

‘Tukhmi’ and ‘Sensation’ in their leaves and inflorescence were determined and

correlated with the population data with the objective to find the role of these factors

towards resistance/susceptibility. The results are described below.

5.3.1 CHEMICAL FACTORS IN LEAVES OF DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO

5.3.1.1 Nitrogen

The results regarding nitrogen contents in the leaves of various cultivars of mango

reveal significant differences between among various mango cultivars (Table 1, Column

A). The maximum nitrogen content (3.0 percent) was observed in ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’

leaves which were significantly higher than ‘Dusehri’, ‘Ratul-12’, ‘Langra’ and ‘Anwar

Ratul’, i.e. 2.1, 1.8, 1.6 and 1.6 percent nitrogen contents, respectively. The minimum

nitrogen content was recorded to be 1.2 percent in the leaves of both ‘Tukhmi’ and ‘Fajri’

cultivars. Nonsignificant differences were found in the leaves of ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Black

Chaunsa’ and ‘Sindhri’ with 1.6, 1.5 and 1.6 percent nitrogen, respectively. Similarly

nitrogen content i.e. 1.4 percent each in the leaves of ‘Malda’ and ‘Tukhmi’ did not show

significant difference with one another (Table 1).

Page 98: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

87

Table 1. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING CHEM ICAL CONSTITUENTS (PERCENT) OF LEAVES IN DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO

Cultivar (n=12) Chemical constituents (n=10) df=11 Means sharing similar letters in columns A to J for means did not differ significantly by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

Cultivars Nitrogen Potassium Crude

Fibre Fat Sodium Ash Carbohydrates Phosphorus Moisture Crude

protein A** B** C** D** E** F** G** H** I** J**

Anwar Ratul 1.64 d 1.078 fg 28 a 3.5 a 0.334 b 14 a 44.29 j 1.39 b 50.49 k 10.20 e Black Chaunsa

1.52 e 1.466 b 14 e 1.5 e 0.224 e 9 d 66.02 b 0.47 j 57.89 b 9.48 g

Chaunsa 1.58 de 1.201 d 11 f 2.0 d 0.185 f 11 bc 66.16 a 0.42 k 60.60 a 9.84 f Dusehri 2.10 b 1.008 h 20 cd 2.5 c 0.259 d 14 a 50.37 h 1.17 d 54.58 e 13.13 c Fajri 1.23 g 1.192 d 19 cd 2.5 c 0.297 c 9 d 61.84 d 2.08 a 49.94 l 7.66 i Langra 1.64 d 1.034 .c 15 e 3.0 b 0.259 d 12 b 59.79 f 1.24 c 56.06 c 10.21 e Malda 1.40 f 2.748 a 14 e 3.0 b 0.222 e 12 b 62.25 c 0.97 e 50.70 j 8.75 h Ratul-12 1.75 c 1.080 fg 16 e 1.5 e 0.408 a 11 bc 60.59 e 0.62 g 51.56 i 10.94 d Sensation 1.40 f 1.158 de 18 d 3.5 a 0.222 e 10 cd 59.75 f 0.52 i 53.95 f 8.75 h Sindhri 1.58 de 1.123 ef 20 cd 2.5 c 0.258 d 10 cd 57.66 g 0.74 f 53.77 g 9.84 f Sufaid Chaunsa

3.04 a 1.060 gh 21 c 2.5 c 0.259 d 10 cd 47.54 i 0.57 h 55.68 d 18.96 a

Tukhmi 1.23 g 1.096 fg 24 b 2.5 c 0.259 d 14 a 43.80 k 0.22 l 52.78 h 15.63 b LSD @ 5% 0.0927 0.0535 1.9718 0.1776 0.00535 1.725184 0.05354 0.016 0.1693 0.05354 F-value 256.7 566.1 49.6 118.2 3638.4 10.2 357907.2 220.6 3145.4 51535.0

Page 99: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

88

5.3.1.2 Potassium

The results relating to potassium contents in the leaves of various cultivars of

mango show significant variations among cultivars (Table 1, Column B). The maximum

potassium content (2.75 percent) was found in the leaves of ‘Malda’ and differed

significantly from those of observed in the leaves of all other cultivars followed by 1.47,

1.03, 1.20, 1.19 and 1.15 percent potassium contents in the leaves of ‘Black Chaunsa’,

‘Langra’, ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Fajri’ and ‘Sensation’, respectively. The later mentioned figure in

cultivar ‘Sensation’ also did not show significant variation with those of observed in the

leaves of ‘Sindhri’ i.e. 1.12 percent potassium. Nonsignificant difference were found to

exist among ‘Tukhmi’, ‘Ratul-12’, ‘Anwar Ratul’ and ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ having 1.09,

1.08, 1.07 and 1.06 percent potassium contents in their leaves, respectively. The

minimum potassium content was determined in the leaves of ‘Dusehri’ i.e. 1.01 percent

and did not show significant difference with those of observed in the leaves of ‘Sufaid

Chaunsa’ (1.06 percent).

5.3.1.3 Crude Fiber

The results pertaining to crude fiber in the leaves of various cultivars of mango

reveal significant difference among cultivars (Table 1, Column C). The maximum crude

fiber contents (28.0 percent) was observed in the leaves of ‘Anwar Ratul’ and differed

significantly from those of observed in the leaves of all other cultivars followed by 24.0,

21.0, 20.0, 20.0, 19.0 and 18.0 percent crude fiber contents in the leaves of ‘Tukhmi’,

‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Sindhri’, ‘Dusehri’, ‘Fajri’ and ‘Sensation’, respectively. The

minimum crude fiber contents was found to be 11.00 percent in the leaves of ‘Chaunsa’

and differed significantly from those of observed in all other cultivars. Nonsignificant

differences were found to exist among leaves of ‘Black Chaunsa’ (14.0 percent), Langra

(15.0 percent), Malda (14.0 percent) and Ratul-12 (16.0 percent) in crude fiber contents.

5.3.1.4 Fat Contents

Significant variations were found to exist among cultivars regarding fat contents

in their leaves (Table 1, Column D). The maximum fat contents was found in the leaves

of Anwar Ratul and Sensation with 3.5 percent each and differed significantly from those

of observed in all other cultivars followed by 3.0 percent fat contents each in the leaves

of ‘Malda’ and ‘Langra’. No significant differences were found to exist among ‘Fajri’,

Page 100: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

89

‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Sindhri’, ‘Dusehri’ and ‘Tukhmi’ each showing 2.5 percent fat

contents in their leaves. The minimum fat content was found in the leaves of ‘Ratul-12’

and ‘Black Chaunsa’ each showing 1.5 percent fat contents. The cultivar ‘Chaunsa’

showed 2.0 percent fat contents in the leaves and differed significantly from those of

observed in the leaves of all other cultivars.

5.3.1.5 Sodium Contents

Differences were found to be significant among cultivars regarding sodium

contents in their leaves (Table 1, Column E). The maximum sodium contents was

observed in the leaves of ‘Ratul-12’ at 0.41 percent followed by 0.33 and 0.30 percent in

the leaves of ‘Anwar Ratul’ and ‘Fajri’, respectively and showed significant difference

with each other as well as from those of observed in all other cultivars. Nonsignificant

differences was found to exist among ‘Langra’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Sindhri’, ‘Dusehri’

and ‘Malda’ showed 0.26, 0.26, 0.26, 0.26 and 0.26 percent sodium contents in their

leaves, respectively. The cultivar ‘Chaunsa’ possessed the lowest sodium percentage in

the leaves i.e. 0.19 and differed significantly from those of observed in leaves all other

cultivars as well as in the leaves of Sensation with 0.22 percent sodium contents.

5.3.1.6 Ash Contents

The results regarding ash contents in the leaves of different cultivars of mango

reveal significant variations among cultivars (Table 1, Column F). The leaves of

‘Tukhmi’, ‘Anwar Ratul’ and ‘Dusehri’ showed maximum ash contents i.e. 14.00 percent

each followed by 12.00 percent in the leaves of each ‘Langra’ and ‘Malda’. The cultivar

‘Ratul-12’ and ‘Chaunsa’ each contained 11.00 percent ash contents in the leaves and

showed nonsignificant difference with those of observed in the leaves of ‘Sensation’,

‘Sindhri’ and ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ each contained 10.00 percent ash contents as well as with

those of observed in the leaves of ‘Langra’ and ‘Malda’. Non significant difference was

also observed in the leaves of ‘Fajri’ and ‘Black Chaunsa’ each showed 9.00 percent ash

contents and was statistically at par with the contents in the leaves of ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’,

‘Sindhri’ and ‘Sensation’.

5.3.1.7 Carbohydrate

All the cultivars of mango differed significantly with one another regarding

carbohydrate contents in their leaves (Table 1, Column G). The cultivar ‘Chaunsa’ had

Page 101: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

90

the highest carbohydrates in the leaves i.e. 66.2 percent followed by 66.0, 62.3 and 61.8

percent in the leaves of ‘Black Chaunsa’, ‘Malda’ and ‘Fajri’, respectively. The lowest

carbohydrate was observed in the leaves of ‘Tukhmi’ i.e. 43.8 percent and also differed

significantly from those of observed in the leaves of all other cultivars. Nonsignificant

variation was found to exist between ‘Langra’ and ‘Sensation’ showing 59.8 and 59.8

percent carbohydrates in their leaves, respectively. The cultivar ‘Ratul-12’, ‘Sindhri’,

‘Dusehri’ and ‘Anwar Ratul’ contained 60.6, 50.4, 47.5 and 44.3 percent carbohydrates in

their leaves, respectively and were differed significantly from each other.

5.3.1.8 Phosphorus

The results regarding phosphorus contents in the leaves of various mango

cultivars reveal significant variation among cultivars (Table 1, Column H). The

maximum phosphorus contents was observed to be 2.1 percent in the leaves of ‘Fajri’ and

differed significantly from those of observed in the leaves of all other cultivars of mango.

The minimum phosphorus content was found to be 0.2 percent in the leaves of ‘Tukhmi’

and also differed significantly from those of observed in the leaves of all other cultivars.

The phosphorus contents in descending order were 1.4, 1.2, 1.2, 1.0, 0.7, 0.6, 0.6, 0.5, 0.5

and 0.4 percent in the leaves of ‘Anwar Ratul’, ‘Langra’, ‘Dusehri’, ‘Malda’, ‘Sindhri’,

‘Ratul-12’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Sensation’, ‘Black Chaunsa’ and ‘Chaunsa’, respectively.

5.3.1.9 Moisture

The results relating to moisture percentage in the leaves of various mango

cultivars showed significant variation among cultivars (Table 1, Column I). Maximum

moisture percentage was recorded to be 60.6 in the leaves of ‘Chaunsa’ followed by 57.9

56.1, 55.7, 54.6, 54.0, 54.0, 53.0, 51.6, 50.7 and 50.5 percent in the leaves of ‘Black

Chaunsa’, ‘Langra’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Dusehri’, ‘Sensation’, ‘Sindhri’, ‘Tukhmi’,

‘Ratul-12’, ‘Malda’ and ‘Anwar Ratul’, respectively and all these showed significant

difference from each other. The minimum moisture percentage was observed to be 49.9

in the leaves of ‘Fajri’ and also showed significant variation from those of observed in

the leaves of all other cultivars of mango.

5.3.1.10 Crude Protein

. The results relating to crude protein in the leaves of various cultivars of mango

reveal significant difference among cultivars (Table 1, Column J). The maximum crude

Page 102: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

91

protein was observed in the leaves of ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ i.e. 19.0 percent followed by

15.6, 13.1 and 14.9 percent in the leaves of ‘Tukhmi’, ‘Dusehri’ and ‘Ratul-12’,

respectively. No significant differences were found to exist between ‘Chaunsa’ and

‘Sindhri’ each showing 9.8 percent crude protein in their leaves. Similarly ‘Langra’ and

‘Anwar Ratul’ did not show significant difference regarding crude protein in their leaves

showing 10.2 and 10.2 percent, respectively. The protein contents were 8.8 percent in the

leaves of each ‘Malda’ and ‘Sensation’ and also showed nonsignificant difference from

one another. The minimum crude protein was found to be 7.7 percent in the leaves of

‘Fajri’ and showed significant difference with those of observed in the leaves of ‘Black

Chaunsa’ i.e. 9.5 percent and as well as from those of observed in all other cultivars.

5.3.2 CHEMICAL FACTORS IN INFLORESCENCE IN DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO

5.3.2.1 Nitrogen

The data regarding nitrogen percentage in the inflorescence of different cultivars

of mango are given in Table 2, Column A. The results reveal significant differences

among cultivars. The cultivar ‘Tukhmi’ showed maximum nitrogen percentage in

inflorescences i.e. 2.0 and showed significant difference with those of observed in all

other cultivars followed by 1.9 percent nitrogen contents in inflorescences of each

‘Dusehri’, ‘Malda’, ‘Langra’ and ‘Chaunsa’ which were statistically similar with one

another. The minimum nitrogen content was found to be 1.6 percent in the inflorescence

of each ‘Black Chaunsa’ and ‘Ratul-12’ which also showed nonsignificant difference

with each other. The cultivars ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Anwar Ratul’ and ‘Sensation’ did not

show significant difference with one another regarding nitrogen contents with 1.6, 1.6

and 1.6 percent, respectively. The later mentioned figure also showed nonsignificant

variation with those of observed in ‘Ratul-12’ and ‘Black Chaunsa’. The cultivars ‘Fajri’

and ‘Sindhri’ possessed 1.9 and 1.8 percent nitrogen percentage in their inflorescence and

differed significantly with each other.

5.3.2.2 Potassium

The results (Table 2, Column B) reveal significant variation among cultivars

regarding potassium contents in their inflorescence. The cultivar ‘Malda’ had

significantly the highest potassium contents followed by 1.9, 1.9, 1.9, 1.9 and 1.8 percent

in the inflorescence of ‘Fajri’, ‘Sensation’, ‘Sindhri’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ and ‘Black

Page 103: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

92

Chaunsa’, respectively and did not differ significantly with one another. Minimum

content of potassium was observed to be 1.6 percent in the inflorescence of ‘Chaunsa’

and did not show significant difference with 1.6 percent in ‘Langra’. Similarly ‘Anwar

Ratul’ and ‘Ratul-12’ showed no significant difference from each other having 1.7 and

1.8 percent potassium, respectively. Also no significant difference was also observed in

the inflorescence of ‘Tukhmi’ and ‘Dusehri’ with 1.5 and 1.5 percent potassium content,

respectively.

5.3.2.3 Crude Fibre

The results presented in (Table 2, Column C) reveal significant differences among

mango cultivars regarding crude fiber contents. The maximum contents of crude fiber

was observed to be 12.0 percent in the inflorescence of each ‘Fajri’, ‘Malda’ and ‘Anwar

Ratul’ and showed nonsignificant difference with 11.0, 11.0, 11.0, 10.0 and 10.0 crude

fiber contents in the inflorescence of ‘Tukhmi’, ‘Ratul-12’, ‘Dusehri’, ‘Sindhri’ and

‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, respectively. The cultivars ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Black Chaunsa’ and ‘Langra’

each had 8.0 percent crude fiber in their inflorescence and did not differed significantly

from ‘Sensation’ 7.0 percent crude fiber in the inflorescence.

5.3.2.4 Fat Contents

The results pertaining to fat contents in the inflorescence of various cultivars

reveal significant difference among cultivars (Table 2, Column D). ‘Anwar Ratul’ and

‘Sensation’ had the highest fat contents with 3.5 percent each. These cultivars were

followed by ‘Malda’ and ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ with 3.0 and 2.5 percent fat contents

respectively. ‘Malda’ and ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ and differed significantly with one another as

well as with ‘Anwar Ratul’ and ‘Sensation’. Fat contents of 1.5 percent was found in the

inflorescence of each ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Fajri’, ‘Langra’, ‘Black Chaunsa’, ‘Sindhri’, ‘Ratul-12’

and ‘Tukhmi’ had the same fat content (1.5 percent). The lowest fat content was found in

the inflorescence of ‘Dusehri’ at 1.0 percent and differed significantly from those of

observed in all other cultivars.

5.3.2.5 Sodium

Significant variations were found to exist among cultivars regarding sodium

contents in their inflorescence (Table 2, Column E). The lowest sodium content was

found to be 0.223 percent in the inflorescence of ‘Tukhmi’ and this differed significantly

Page 104: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

93

from those of observed in all other cultivars. No significant difference was found to exist

between ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Langra’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Sindhri’ and ‘Anwar Ratul’ each

possessed 0.19 percent sodium contents in their inflorescence. Similarly nonsignificant

variation was found to exist among ‘Ratul-12’, ‘Dusehri’, ‘Malda’, ‘Black Chaunsa’ and

‘Fajri’ all contained 0.15 percent sodium content in their inflorescence and categorized as

intermediate.

5.3.2.6 Ash Contents

The data regarding ash content in the inflorescence of various cultivars of mango

are given in (Table 2, Column F). The results reveal that highest ash contents were

observed in the inflorescence of ‘Tukhmi’ (7 percent) and ‘Chaunsa’ (6 percent). All the

other cultivars had significantly lower ash content. These other varieities did not differ

significantly regarding ash content present in their inflorescence and ranged from 2 to 4

percent.

5.3.2.7 Carbohydrate

Significant differences were found to exist among cultivars of mango regarding

carbohydrates present in their inflorescence (Table 2, Column G) The highest

carbohydrate level was observed in the inflorescence of ‘Sensation’ (79.3 percent) and

followed by the inflorescences of ‘Black Chaunsa’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ and ‘Ratul-12’ with

77.7, 75.8 and 75.7 percent carbohydrate, respectively. The later mentioned figures also

differed significantly from one another. The lowest carbohydrate was observed in the

inflorescence of ‘Tukhmi’ (58.8 percent) and this differed significantly from other

cultivars of mango tested viz., ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Fajri’, ‘Langra’, ‘Sindhri’, ‘Malda’, ‘Dusehri’

and ‘Anwar Ratul’ with 72.5, 70.8, 71.5, 74.6, 70.5, 74.0 and 73.4 percent carbohydrates

in their inflorescence, respectively and ranked as intermediate.

Page 105: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

94

Table 2. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING CHEMICAL CON STITUENTS (PERCENT) OF INFLORESCENCE IN DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO

Cultivars Nitrogen Potassium Crude fibre Fat Sodium Ash Carbohydrates Phosphorus

Crude protein

A** B** C** D** E** F** G** H** I** Anwar Ratul 1.64 e 1.73 e 12 a 3.50 a 0.185 b 3 b 73.43 g 4.12 e 10.57 e Black Chaunsa 1.58 f 1.84 cd 8 b 1.50 d 0.148 c 3 b 77.66 b 7.51 b 9.78 h Chaunsa 1.92 b 1.60 f 8 b 1.50 d 0.185 b 6 a 72.47 h 3.52 i 12.03 b Dusehri 1.92 b 1.49 g 11 a 1.00 e 0.148 c 2 b 73.97 f 4.02 g 12.03 b Fajri 1.86 c 1.93 b 12 a 1.50 d 0.148 c 4 b 70.83 j 3.35 j 11.67 c Langra 1.92 b 1.63 f 8 b 1.50 d 0.185 b 4 b 71.47 i 2.28 l 12.03 b Malda 1.92 b 2.13 a 12 a 3.00 b 0.148 c 4 b 70.47 k 7.42 c 12.03 b Ratul-12 1.58 f 1.78d e 11 a 1.50 d 0.148 c 2 b 75.66 d 5.46 d 9.84 g Sensation 1.60e f 1.90 bc 7 b 3.50 a 0.148 c 3 b 79.25 a 9.89 a 8.75 i Sindhri 1.75 d 1.89 bc 10 a 1.50 d 0.185 b 3 b 74.56 e 3.67 h 10.94 d Sufaid Chaunsa 1.64 e 1.87 bc 10 a 2.50 c 0.185 b 3 b 75.79 c 4.09 f 10.21 f Tukhmi 2.04 a 1.52 g 11 a 1.50 d 0.223 a 7 a 58.78 l 2.78 k 12.76 a Lsd @5% 0.05354 0.07572 1.7686 0.05354 0.01693 1.7686 0.01693 0.01693 0.05354 F-value 256.7 566.1 49.6 118.2 3638.4 10.2 357907.2 220.6 51535.0 Cultivar (n=12) Chemical constituents (n=9) df=11 Means sharing similar letters in columns A to I for means did not differ significantly by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

Page 106: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

95

5.3.2.8 Phosphorus

Significant variations were found to exist among cultivars regarding phosphorus

content in their inflorescence (Table 2, Column H). The cultivar ‘Sensation’ showed the

highest phosphorus content and differed significantly from those of observed in all other

cultivars. The lowest phosphorus contents was found to be 2.3 percent in the

inflorescence of ‘Langra’ cultivar and also showed significant variations from those of

observed in all other cultivars. The descending position of other cultivars were ‘Black

Chaunsa’, ‘Malda’, ‘Ratul-12’, ‘Anwar Ratul’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Dusehri’, ‘Sindhri’,

‘Chaunsa’, ‘Fajri’ and ‘Tukhmi’ with 7.5, 7.4, 5.5, 4.1, 4.1, 4.0, 3.7, 3.5, 3.4 and 2.8

percent phosphorus contents, respectively and all these cultivars differed significantly

with one another.

5.3.2.9 Crude Protein

The highest crude protein observed was 12.8 percent in the inflorescence of

‘Tukhmi’ and this differed significantly from those of found in all other cultivars and

followed by 12.0 percent crude protein for ‘Dusehri’, ‘Malda’, ‘Langra’, and ‘Chaunsa’

(Table 2, Column I). The lowest crude protein was found to be 9.8 percent in the

inflorescence of ‘Black Chaunsa’ which was significantly greater than observed in the

inflorescence of all other cultivars of mango. The descending position of other cultivars

was ‘Fajri’, ‘Sindhri’, ‘Anwar Ratul’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ and ‘Ratul-12’ with 11.7, 10.9,

10.6, 10.2 and 9.5 percent crude protein in their inflorescence, respectively, and all

differed significantly from one another statistically.

5.3.3 IMPACT OF VARIOUS CHEMICAL FACTORS ON THE POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG Various chemical factors determined from the leaves and inflorescence of

different mango cultivars were correlated with the respective populations on the leaves

and inflorescence. The same parameters were processed for multiple linear regression

models through steps to see the impact of chemical factors and also determined the role

of individual chemical factors in the fluctuation of the population of mango mealybug on

the leaves and inflorescence. The results are presented under the following sub-sections.

5.3.3.1 Simple Correlation

The results presented in Table 3 reveal that crude fiber, fat, sodium, ashes and

crude protein contents showed negative and significant correlation with the population of

Page 107: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

96

mango mealybug on leaves, whereas carbohydrate and potassium had significant and

positive correlation with the population of the pest. Nitrogen, phosphorus and moisture

percentage did not show significant correlation with the population of mango mealybug.

All the chemical plant factors resulted nonsignificant correlation with the

population of mango mealybug on inflorescence except crude fiber and nitrogen. Crude

fiber showed negative, whereas nitrogen showed positive and significant correlation with

the pest population.

Table 3. SIMPLE CORRELATION BETWEEN POPULATION OF MEALYBUG ON MANGO LEAVES AND INFLORESCENCE ALONG WITH BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS.

Constituents Leaves Inflorescence

Ash -0.595** 0.225

Carbohydrate 0.257** 0.133

Crude fibre -0.884** -0.340*

Crude protein -0.664** -0.034

Fat 0.400** -0.134

Moisture 0.300 -

Nitrogen -0.293 0.369*

Phosphorus 0.101 0.136

Potassium 0.482** 0.305

Sodium -0.317* -0.152

Leaves (n=10) and Inflorescence constituents (n=9) *= Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

5.3.3.2 Multiple Linear Regression Models

5.3.3.2.1 Impact of Chemical Factors in Population Fluctuation of Mango

Mealybug on Leaves

The results regarding multiple linear regression models between population

fluctuation of mango mealybug on leaves and chemical factors along with coefficient of

determination value are presented in Table 4. The results reveal that nitrogen content

showed 8.6 percent role in the population fluctuation of mango mealybug and the impact

was found to be nonsignificant. With the addition of potassium contents this role

Page 108: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

97

increased up to 25.9 percent in population fluctuation of the pest. The individual

contribution of potassium was calculated to be 17.3 percent. The impact of potassium

was however highly significant. Crude fiber exerted maximum contribution i.e. 55.8

percent in the population fluctuation for the pest and found to be the most important

chemical. All the other factors were not so important which contributed 0.0 to 8.3 percent

role in the population fluctuation of the pest. From these results it was observed that the

effect of all the factors when computed together resulted in 96.5 percent contribution in

population fluctuation of the pest. Therefore, it was concluded that all the factors when

computed together contributed a significant role towards the resistance/susceptibility

rather than a single factor.

Page 109: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

98

Table 4. MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION MODELS BETWEEN POPULATION OF MEALYBUG ON MANGO LEAVES AND BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS ALONG WITH COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION VALUES.

Regression Equation D.F. F-

value P-

value R2 Individual

Role (%) Y = 16.03 – 4.54 X1 34 2.78 0.08 0.086 8.6 X1

**Y= 4.37 – 2.63 X1 + 6.66 X2** 33 2.70 0.004 0.259 17.3 X2 **Y= 27.07 - 2.56 X1* + 1.08 X2- 3.57 X3 32 3.17 0.001 0.187 55.8 X3 **Y= 27.37-2.64 X1* + 1.63 X2 -3.33 X3**-

1.13 X4 31 2.50 0.001 0.823 0.6 X4

**Y= 21.75 - 2.61 X1* + 1.65X2 -3.57 X3**-0.68 X4 + 6.63 X5

30 2.16 0.001 0.854 3.30 X5

**Y= 25.52 - 2.50 X1** + 2.16 X2*-3.11X3**-0.02 X4 + 8.09 X5 - 2.52 X6**

29 2.21 0.002 0.906 5.2 X6

**Y= 26.22-2.25 X1**+1.94 X2-3.16 X3**-0.01 X4 + 8.18 X5-2.58 X6**-0.05 X7

28 2.37 0.003 0.906 0.0 X7

**Y= 34.47-2.44 X1**+1.61 X2-2.03 X3**-1.50 X4-3.70 X5-2.25 X6**-0.07 X7+2.48 X8**

27 2.38 0.005 0.938 3.2 X8

**Y= 26.05-2.67 X1**+2.07 X2-2.77 X3**-1.39 X4-1.03 X5-2.31 X6-0.07 X7** +2.57 X8** +0.70X9

26 2.43 0.004 0.938 0.0 X9

**Y= 45.40+1.58 X1+1.02 X2-2.36 X3**-2.71 X4**-8.84 X5-1.48 X6**-0.11 X7+1.02 X8-0.70 X9-2.15 X10**

25 3.59 0.003 0.965 3.5 X10

Where X1 =Nitrogen X2 =Potassium X3 =Crude fibre X4=Fat

X5 =Sodium X6 =Ash X7 =Carbohydrates X8=Phosphorus X9 =Moisture X10=Crude Protein

* = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

5.3.3.2.2 Impact of Chemical Factors in Population Fluctuation of Mango

Mealybug on Inflorescence

Linear multiple regression models between population fluctuation of mango

mealybug on inflorescence and different chemical factors (Table 5) indicated that

nitrogen content had a significant impact on the population fluctuation of the pest and

explained 13.6 percent of the variation in the insect fluctuation. Ash content explained

26.4 percent of the variation in the population fluctuation of the pest and was found to be

the most important factor. The coefficient of determination value was calculated to be

Page 110: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

99

0.54 when the effects of all the chemical factors were computed together. It was again

concluded here that a combination of factors may contributed a significant impact on the

population fluctuation of mango mealybug rather than a single factor.

Table 5. LINEAR MULTIPLE REGRESSION MODELS BETWEEN POPULATION OF MEALYBUG ON MANGO INFLORESCENCE AND BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS ALONG WITH COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION VALUES.

Regression Equation D.F. F-value

P- value

R2 Individual Role (%)

*Y = -4.96+3.59* X1 34 1.46 0.03 0.136 13.6 X1 Y = -5.80+3.23 X1+1.37 X2 33 0.31 0.73 0.137 0.1 X2 Y = -1.12+1.54 X1+3.73 X2-1.59 X3 32 2.47 0.07 0.179 4.2 X3 Y = -9.18+3.66 X1+2.96 X2-2.25 X3+1.36

X4 31 2.28 0.08 0.237 5.8 X4

Y = -9.49+3.68 X1+2.99 X2-2.25 X3+1.35 X4+0.02 X5

30 1.77 0.14 0.237 0.0 X5

**Y = -36.24+4.89 X1+0.61 X2-3.47 X3**+ 0.33 X4 +0.39 X5+18.12 X6**

29 1.15 0.01 0.483 26.4 X6

**Y = -36.00+5.05 X1-0.04 X2-3.48 X3**+ 0.46 X4+0.35 X5+18.15 X6**+0.17 X7

28 1.67 0.00 0.497 1.4 X7

**Y = -35.52 +5.07 X1-0.62 X2-3.51 X3** +0.46 X4+0.35 X5+18.26**X6+0.17 X7+0.12 X8

27 2.45 0.00 0.498 0.1 X8

**Y = -36.64+6.81 X1-1.63 X2-2.99 X3**+ 0.22 X4+0.32 5+19.75**X6+0.09X7-0.24 X8-1.45 X9

26 2.86 0.00 0.539 4.1 X9

Where X1 =Nitrogen X2 =Potassium X3 =Crude fibre X4=Fat

X5 =Sodium X6 =Ash X7 =Carbohydrates X8=Phosphorus X9 =Protein

* = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

Page 111: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

100

5.4 DISCUSSION

A study was conducted to determine the role of various chemicals like nitrogen,

potassium, crude fiber, fat, sodium, ash, carbohydrates, phosphorus, moisture and crude

protein in tolerance to mango mealybug. The chemical contents varies from cultivar to

cultivar however, carbohydrates were significantly higher in leaves of ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar,

which was susceptible to mango mealybug, while Tukhmi, comparatively resistant to

mango mealybug had significantly lower contents of carbohydrates. The present findings

are similar to that of Haviland et. al. (2006) who reported that increased concentration of

carbohydrates affecting the population of gill’s mealybugs (Ferrisia gilli). The

mealybugs having strawlike mouth parts through which it feed on the carbohydrates

available in the juices of the plants. During the late summer and spring they like to feed

on the stem of plant bearing flowers and cluster, respectively, where they rob the

carbohydrates from the tree, which is necessary for fruit development. Further Busgen

1891 proposed the role of carbohydrates in a slightly different way. He reported that the

insects attempted to obtain needed supply of protein, which apparently was present in

small quantities in plant sap; in the process of obtaining the protein supply, excess

carbohydrates and water were imbibed, and these were eliminated as honeydew.

Furthermore, it was observed that crude fiber, fat, sodium, ash and crude protein

showed negative significant correlation with the pest population on leaves, while

carbohydrate and potassium had positive correlation with the pest population. Similarly

the pest population on inflorescence showed no significant correlation with most of the

chemicals analyzed. Linear Multiple Regression Models showed that crude fiber was the

most important content in leaves which played a maximum role i.e. 55.80 percent in

population fluctuation of mango mealybug on leaves followed by potassium, sodium,

nitrogen, crude protein, phosphorus and fat contents. In case of pest population recorded

on inflorescence, ash contents showed maximum contribution i.e. 26.04 percent in

population fluctuation of the pest followed by nitrogen, fat, crude fiber, protein,

phosphorus and potassium. In contrast to my findings, Tobih et al., (2002) have shown

Page 112: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 5 Biochemical Analysis of Mango Leaves & Inflorescence

101

that mealybug infestation caused significant reduction in the crude fiber, ash content and

reducing sugar level of both unripe and ripe fruits compared with controls. To the best of

my knowledge there is no documented case where it has been shown that carbohydrates

play an important role in infestation of mango mealybug. Though we do not have direct

evidence to prove that carbohydrates increased mango mealybug infestations on the tree

but we found the highest number of mango mealybug on ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar, which had

significantly high level of carbohydrates content. This suggests that carbohydrate content

might may play a role in mealybug abundance. However, further studies where

application of carbohydrates from ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar onto a resistant cultivar could prove

that susceptibility in ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar is due to carbohydrates.

Page 113: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

102

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to determine the yield loss caused by mango mealybug

Drosicha mangiferae G. (Hemiptera:Monophlebidae) in different cultivars of mango

based on number of fruits in treated versus untreated inflorescence of selected plants for

each cultivar during 2006-2007 at Multan. No significant differences were found to exist

among cultivars regarding number of fruits per inflorescence at initial stage of the

experiment. The maximum loss in fruit yield was observed to be 11 percent in cultivar

‘Anwar Ratul’ at initial stage of the experiment followed by 11, 10, 10, 9, 9, 8 and 8

percent yield losses on ‘Ratul-12’, ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Black Chaunsa’, ‘Sindhri’, ‘Tukhmi’,

‘Dusehri’ and ‘Fajri’, respectively. The cultivars ‘Malda’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Sensation’

and ‘Langra’ showed 6, 5, 5 and 3 percent yield losses, respectively at initial stage of the

experiment. At final stage of the experiment ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar suffered the maximum

yield loss showing 81 percent yield losses followed by 72, 69, 64, 52, 46, 35, 29, 24, 23,

22 and 18 percent yield losses on ‘Langra’, ‘Fajri’, ‘Ratul-12’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’,

‘Malda’, ‘Sensation’, ‘Dusehri’, ‘Sindhri’, ‘Black Chaunsa’, ‘Tukhmi’ and ‘Anwar

Ratul’, respectively. Maximum population recorded on ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar was

18/inflorescence and minimum on ‘Anwar Ratul’ was 10/inflorescence.

Key words: Mango cultivars, Loss in fruits, Drosicha mangiferae, Population.

Page 114: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 6 Losses Caused by Mango Mealybug

103

6.1 INTRODUCTION

Mealybugs are one of the most active groups of scale insects, however they

generally remain on host plant once a suitable feeding site is found. Feeding by

mealybugs can cause dieback, premature leaf drop and may even kill plants if left

unchecked. Immatures and females scales of this pest suck the sap from mango

inflorescence, tender leaves, shoots and fruit peduncles. Mealybug feeding causes

inflorescence to shrivel and dry. The mealybug acquired the position of being the worst

agricultural insect pest in the tropics (Herren, 1981). In addition to sucking sap from host

plants, mealybugs also secrete honeydew, which serves as a medium for the growth of

sooty mold fungus (Tandon and Lal, 1978) that reduces the plant's photosynthetic

abilities (Pruthi & Batra, 1960; Smith et al., 1997; Pitan et al., 2000) rendered the fruit

shape which become unsaleable (CAB International, 2005) and decreased the export

values of mangoes (Willink and Moore, 1988). But in mango orchards the mealybug,

Drosicha mangiferae is one of the most serious pests in sub-continent and is a growing

threat to the fruit crops especially mango (Karar et al., 2006). It is responsible for

devastating the crop during its serious incidence.

The present study was planned to investigate the yield losses caused in mango due

to D. mangiferae.

Page 115: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 6 Losses Caused by Mango Mealybug

104

6.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was performed to study the losses caused by mango mealybug in

different cultivars for the year 2006-07. Three full-grown orchards (age 15-18 years)

having all cultivars of mango under study were selected. The distance between one

orchard to another was about two km. Six plants of each cultivar from each orchard were

selected and three of these plants were treated to control mango mealybug while three

were left untreated.Twenty inflorescence/plant from the east, west and south side of each

tree, at a height of 4 to 6 feet above ground level, were tagged and the number of fruits

developed was counted. The population data of mealybug were also recorded from the

tagged inflorescence. The practices applied for the control of mealybug on mango trees

are as follows:

Name of treatment Date of application Impact Cultural control Mounds Developed on April 5,

2006 Spread on soil on June 28, 2006

Destruction of eggs

Mechanical control Band Plastic sheet 9 inch having 1.5 inch layer of grease in the middle of plastic sheet

December 10,2006 To stop crawling of first instar nymphs upwards on the tree

Chemical control Acetamiprid 20SP@100g (a.i.20g)/100 liter water

February 3,2007 Spray below the band to control aggregated nymphs

The data for the number of fruits in treated and untreated trees were counted at

maturity. The percent loss in yield for each cultivar was determined using following

formula: Loss in Fruit yield (percent) =

100 treesin treated fruits ofnumber

treesuntreatedin fruits of No. - treeTreatedin fruits of No. ×

The data on initial fruits and final fruits were analyzed through Randomized

Complete Block Design.

Page 116: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 6 Losses Caused by Mango Mealybug

105

6.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The study was conducted to determine the yield loss caused by mango mealybug

in different cultivars of mango based on number of fruits in treated versus untreated

inflorescence of selected plants for each cultivar. The results are presented under the

following sub-section.

6.3.1 INITIAL MANGO FRUITS IN TREATED AND UNTREATED TREES

The data regarding number of fruits per inflorescence in different cultivars of

mango in treated and nontreated plants are given in Table 1. The results reveal significant

difference among cultivars and between treated and nontreated trees. The interaction

response was found to be nonsignificant. In general nontreated trees of all the cultivars

showed less mango fruits as compared to treated trees of the same cultivars. The

maximum decrease of 11 percent mango fruit was recorded on ‘Anwar Ratul’ followed

by 11, 10, 10, 9, 8 and 8 percent on ‘Ratul-12’, ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Black Chaunsa’, ‘Tukhmi’,

‘Malda’ and ‘Fajri’ respectively. The minimum decrease in fruit formation was recorded

in cultivar ‘Langra’ and ‘Tukhmi’ with 3 and 3 percent, respectively. On overall basis it

was observed that nontreated trees showed 8 percent decrease in fruits over treated trees.

Page 117: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 6 Losses Caused by Mango Mealybug

106

Table 1. MEANS COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING NU MBER OF MANGO FRUITS PER INFLORESCENCE IN TREATED AND NONTREATED TREES AT INITIAL STAGE ON DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO.

Name of Cultivar

Fruits/inflorescence (**) LSD = 0.68

Percent reduction in Initial

Fruit over treated

Nontreated Treated

Anwar Ratul 3.05 hijk 3.42 ghi 10.82

Black Chaunsa 4.27 cdef 4.72 c 9.53

Chaunsa 2.72 ijk 3.03 hijk 10.23

Dusehri 3.48 fghi 3.80 efgh 8.42

Fajri 2.50 k 2.60 jk 7.75

Langra 3.62 cd 3.75 efgh 3.47

Malda 3.72 efgh 3.95 defg 5.82

Ratul-12 3.30 ghij 3.70 efgh 10.81

Sensation 5.53 ab 5.73 a 3.49

Sindhri 4.43 cde 4.89 bc 9.41

Sufaid Chaunsa 3.52 fgh 3.70 efgh 4.61

Tukhmi 3.55 fgh 3.91 defg 9.21

Means 3.72 3.93

Cultivar (n=12) F-value=24.32 DF=11 Means sharing similar letters in interactional column are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

6.3.2 MANGO FRUITS OBTAINED AT MATURITY IN TREATED AND UNTREATED TREES

The data regarding number of fruits obtained at maturity in nontreated and treated

trees of different cultivars are given in Table 2. The results reveal significant variation

among cultivars, between treated and nontreated trees and in their interactions. The fruits

obtained in nontreated trees of all the cultivars showed significantly lower number of

fruits as compared to treated trees of all the cultivars of mango. On overall basis the

Page 118: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 6 Losses Caused by Mango Mealybug

107

decrease in fruit in untreated trees over treated trees was observed to be 44 percent. On

individual basis the greatest fruit loss was found to be 81 percent on ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar

followed by ‘Langra’, ‘Fajri’, ‘Ratul-12’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Malda’ and ‘Sensation’ with

72, 69, 64, 52, 46 and 35 percent, respectively. The decrease in fruit in nontreated trees

over treated trees was 18, 22, 23, 24 and 29 percent on ‘Anwar Ratul’, ‘Tukhmi’, ‘Black

Chaunsa’, ‘Sindhri’ and ‘Dusehri’, respectively.

Table 2. MEANS COMPARISON THE DATA REGARDING NUMBE R OF MANGO FRUITS OBTAINED IN NONTREATED AND TREATED TREES AT MATURITY ON DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO.

Name of Cultivar

Fruits obtained at harvest (**) LSD = 0.68

Nontreated Treated

Percent reduction in

Final Yield over treated

Anwar Ratul 2.08 gh 2.550 cde 18.43

Black Chaunsa 2.45 cdef 3.167 b 22.71

Chaunsa 0.40 l 2.057 gh 80.58

Dusehri 2.20 fgh 3.093 b 28.80

Fajri 0.45 l 1.46 i 69.18

Langra 0.73 jk 2.567 cde 71.59

Malda 1.367 i 2.533 cde 45.85

Ratul-12 0.967 j 2.70 c 64.07

Sensation 2.30 efg 3.483 a 34.71

Sindhri 1.98 h 2.617 cd 24.43

Sufaid Chaunsa 0.60 kl 1.250 i 52.0

Tukhmi 2.367 def 3.023 b 21.52

Means 1.49 2.54

Cultivar (n=12) F-value=135.1 DF= 11 Means sharing similar letters in interactional column are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

Page 119: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 6 Losses Caused by Mango Mealybug

108

6.3.3 POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG RECORDED PER

INFLORESCENCE IN TREATED AND UNTREATED TREES The results regarding population of mango mealybug per inflorescence recorded

from untreated and treated trees of different cultivars reveal significant variation among

population on different cultivars of mango (Table 3). The maximum population of mango

mealybug was recorded to be 18, 18, 16, 16, 15, 15 and 15 per inflorescence on

‘Chaunsa’, ‘Black Chaunsa’, ‘Fajri’, ‘Malda’, ‘Ratul-12’, ‘Langra’, and ‘Sensation’,

respectively. The statistically similar population of mango mealybug was recorded on

‘Sindhri’ and ‘Tukhmi’ at 12 and 12 per inflorescence followed by ‘Dusehri’ (11) and

‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ (11) whereas, minimum population was recorded on ‘Anwar Ratul’

with population of 10/ inflorescence.

Table 3. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG RECORDED PER INFLORESCENCE IN DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO.

Cultivars Average population /Inflorescence (**)

Anwar Ratul 9.67 d

Black Chaunsa 17.52 a

Chaunsa 17.52 a

Dusehri 11.10 cd

Fajri 15.65 b

Langra 15.08 b

Malda 15.63 b

Ratul-12 15.18 b

Sensation 14.78 b

Sindhri 11.75 c

Sufaid Chaunsa 10.72 cd

Tukhmi 11.65 c

LSD @5% 1.6933

Cultivars (n=12) DF=11 F-value=22.25 Means sharing similar letters are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

Page 120: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 6 Losses Caused by Mango Mealybug

109

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Cha

unsa

Faj

ri

Lang

ra

Bla

ck C

haun

sa

Suf

aid

Cha

unsa

Sin

dhri

Mal

da

Dus

ehri

Anw

ar R

atul

Rat

ul-1

2

Tuk

hmi

Sen

satio

n

Varieties

Av.

Po

pu

lati

on

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

% F

ruit

Lo

ss

Population Initial loss final loss

Fig 1. INITIAL AND FINAL FRUIT LOSS IN DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF MANGO AND POPULATION OF MANGO MEALYBUG

Page 121: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 6 Losses Caused by Mango Mealybug

110

6.4 DISCUSSION

The experiment was conducted to study the losses of mango fruits in different

cultivars of mango caused by mango mealybug during 2006-2007 at Multan. Three

gardens having all cultivars were selected. Three plants of each cultivar from each garden

were kept as check and kept the pest population at zero level on 3 plants of each cultivar

by development of mounds, pasting Haider’s band and application of insecticides below

the bands. The data regarding population of mealybug and number of fruits per tagged

inflorescence were recorded.

No significant differences were found to exist among cultivars regarding number

of fruits per inflorescence at initial stage of the experiment. The maximum loss in fruit

yield was observed to be 11 percent in cultivar ‘Anwar Ratul’ at initial stage of the

experiment followed by 11, 10, 10, 9, 9, 8 and 8 percent yield losses on ‘Ratul-12’,

‘Chaunsa’, ‘Black Chaunsa’, ‘Sindhri’, ‘Tukhmi’, ‘Dusehri’ and ‘Fajri’, respectively. The

cultivars ‘Malda’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Sensation’ and ‘Langra’ showed 6, 5, 5 and 3

percent yield losses, respectively at initial stage of the experiment. At final stage of the

experiment ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar suffered the maximum yield loss showing 81 percent

yield losses followed by 72, 69, 64, 52, 46, 35, 29, 24, 23, 22 and 18 percent yield losses

on ‘Langra’, ‘Fajri’, ‘Ratul-12’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Malda’, ‘Sensation’, ‘Dusehri’,

‘Sindhri’, ‘Black Chaunsa’, ‘Tukhmi’ and ‘Anwar Ratul’, respectively. It was observed

that at later season, control is more critical to reduce the yield loss. It is also important to

note that control measures provide a bigger benefit in cultivars that are highly susceptible

to the mango mealybug. These results indicate that host plant resistance is a most

important to develop and that none of the cultivars appear to exhibit tolerance to mango

mealybug. However, it is notable that Black Chaunsa has high population of mango

mealy bug, but still it produces high amount of mature fruits. These results indicate that

mango mealybug caused losses up to 81 percent and these findings are inconformity with

those of Hiepko (1983); Wodageneh (1985); Entomological Society of Nigeria (1991);

Karar et al., 2007. Similarly, Moore (2004) reported that mango mealybug reduced

mango yield to 50-90 percent.

The present findings cannot be compared with those of Tobih (2002), because of

differences in their materials and methods.

Page 122: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

111

ABSTRACT

Various cultural practices were conducted in mango orchards attacked with

mango mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae Green). The used practices were

hoeing/ploughing, mounding the trunks of trees with fine mud, mounding the trunks of

trees with debris, mud clods, weeds, dried leaves and rubbish material present under the

tree with plastic sheet as well as without plastic sheet during the first week of April. The

developed mounds were broken and spread at the end of June, July and Aug. gave

significant reduction of mango mealybug population with plastic sheet i.e. 75.2 percent.

Ten tree bands were tested against anscent of 1st instar mango mealybug. Among these

bands Haider’s band was found to be the most effective and lowest cost method resulting

in the least percent of nymphs i.e. 1 percent crossing the band. The number of nymphs

crossing the other banding methods was from 7 to 43 percent. Eleven formulations of

insecticides were tested for the control of mango mealybug under laboratory as well as

under field conditions. Acetamiprid was found the most effective for 1st, 2nd and 3rd

instars nymphs of mango mealybug at 24, 72 and 168 hrs after treatment. Supracide was

the most effective for adult female at all the post treatment intervals under field

conditions. A combination of mounds on the plastic sheet, Haider’s band and application

of acetamiprid were found to be the most effective treatment resulted in 98 percent

reduction of first instars nymphs of mango mealybug.The males of mango mealybug

were attracted to mercury light and no males were attracted to yellow, green, red, blue

lights. Male preferred to pupate in wet places near the ‘kacha’ (mud) water which can be

exposed to sunlight by hoeing and can be controlled.

Key words: Mango mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae, Mounds, Plastic sheet, Months,

Acetamiprid, Haider’s band, Male, Light traps

Page 123: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

112

7.1 INTRODUCTION

Cultural control of insect pests consists of the regular farm operations that destroy

the insects or to prevent them from causing injury to the plants. These practices are

adopted by the growers’ to minimize the damage caused by insect pests (Smith et al.,

1976) prior to the emergence of methods of plant sciences. Cultural practices are the

broad set of management techniques or options that are utilized by agricultural producers

to maximize production of crop or farm income or "the manipulation of these practices to

prevent or reduce the damage of the pest" (Dhaliwal and Arora, 1998). The aim of

cultural practices is to make the environment less favourable for the pest and more

favourable for its natural enemies. The cultural practices are effective for the insects,

which hibernate in the soil for egg laying and pupation. The most notorious pest of

mango crop, the mango mealybug hibernates in the roots of host plant for egg laying. The

important thing is to collect the females before egg laying, commences, by developing

techniques, that are effective for collecting the females with no danger side effects (Karar

and Arif, 2005).

Similar the mechanical devices are also used to contol insect pest population, the

use of barrier to stop the insects moving upward on the trees, collecting and destroying

egg masses, hand picking of the large insects, the use of hand nets to collected insect

pests, pruning and destruction of infested shoots. The mango mealybug nymphs go

upward after hatching, which causes loss to mango growers. Mango mealybug is one of

the most serious pests of mango and is difficult to control by insecticide. For the control

of this pest non-chemical methods are better than other methods for the control of this

pest (Ishaq, et al., 2004). Several workers have focused on preventing upward movement

of nymphs using various bands such as grease or fluffy cotton band (Lal, 1918; Lal,

1919). Similarly, alkathane sheeting was efficacious in preventing upward movement of

mealybug (Yousuf, 1993; Abrar-ul-Haq et al., 2002; Narula, 2003). Black oil cloth band

was effective in preventing the upward movement of nymphs (Rahman and Latif, 1944).

Page 124: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

113

Intensive, high agricultural production systems used synthetic insecticides to

eliminate insect pests traditionally as the major tool and sustain the least amount of

economic damage to the crop. It may be argued critically that insecticides may be used

with great care. Like Stern et.al (1959) argued, pesticides are very disruptive to the total

farming, so their use should be limited to situations where the benefit (to the total crop

production) outweigh the costs. The approach of preventing the population buildup by

controlling egg helps to minimize the use of insecticides.

Chemicals are considered the quickest method of control for different insect pests.

These are important to overcome the yield reduction caused by insect pest. Although an

insecticide has a number of environmental problems but still it is the widely used practice

for the control of insect pest. Insecticides are the most important component of IPM

program and having a number of advantages over alternate methods for the control of

insect.As chemicals are easily accessible, having a wide range and are available in

prepared forms in the market. A farmer can choose depending on the problem, two or

more pesticides can be mixed to control the entire pest complex and insecticides can be

compatible with IPM components under intensive agriculture and modern farming

conditions. To save the crop from mango mealybug it may be necessary to control it

through use of insecticides (Karar and Ahmad, 1999).

The study was conducted to find the most effective method(s) of control and

develop a sustainable management strategy by integration control of mango mealybug.

The objective of the current section was collection and destruction of eggs to minimize

insecticides sprays. Farmers in the past used hoeing, ploughing and digging for

destroying the eggs of insects, however, it was later discouraged to avoid injuries to

fibrous roots. I looked for methods to destroy the mealybug eggs without disturbing the

roots systems of the plants. Further, to replace the existing practices with some new one

which are easy, effective, cheap and harmless methods. In this experiment only screened

practices were used which were identified through a series of experiments in mango

orchards under the following objective/goals:

• To promote the effective, easy, durable and inexpensive control measures for the

management of mango mealybug

Page 125: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

114

• To overcome increasing problems associated with the strategy of exclusive and

indiscriminate use of pesticides

• To promote attractive, low-cost alternative strategies to use the local resources

minimize dependence on exogenous materials

• Establishment and development of a suitable IPM research application for the

control of mango mealybug by considering the results obtained from the research

carried out

• An important aim of an IPM strategy is to integrate the available pest

management options. IPM is an important component in overall crop production

programme of mango

Page 126: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

115

7.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

7.2.1 SELECTIVITY STUDIES

7.2.1.1 Cultural Control

Cultural practices were conducted in those orchards (having ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar)

with high infestations of mango mealybug. The egg-carrying females coming down the

mango tree for egg laying were caught before spreading in the whole orchard. The data

were recorded by counting the number of 1st instar nymph from 900 cm2 marked on trunk

of tree on west side with chalk 45 cm above ground level. In the first experiment cultural

practices were studied on 75 trees were selected in an orchard. There were 18 trees

/treatment under 3 replications sampled for six months. In the second experiment of

cultural practices were studied on 9 trees with 3 trees / treatment. The data were recorded

weekly before treatment during 2005 and then after treatment during 2006 and 2007 from

the same orchard by counting the number of 1st instar present in the area of 900 cm2 on

the same month and date. The data were compiled and analyzed through Complete

Randomized Design. The percent reduction of nymphs was calculated through the

formula

Percent reduction =

100 cm 900 controlin recorded population Av.

cm 900nt in treatme recorded pop. Av. cm 900 controlin recorded pop. Av.2

22

×−

The treatments for the cultural practices are listed below.

7.2.1.1.1 Hoeing/Ploughing

The orchard was ploughed with a cultivator once in the month of June. After

ploughing, 3 trees were hoed in each month around the trunk of trees within the radius of

one meter by using spade started from June, 2005 till Nov., 2005. So the 18 trees were

hoed in six months and the data was recorded in Dec., 2005 to Feb., 2006.

7.2.1.1.2 Earthing/Mounding the tree trunk with fine soil

The trunks of 18 trees were mounded with fine mud at the height of 45 cm in the

1st week of Apr. 2005 to collect the gravid females. For direct falling females as well as

Page 127: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

116

those females that were wandering for hibernation four other mounds were made under

the tree with the same fine mud having 30 x 30 cm (height and width) in four different

directions such as east, west, north and south away from 182 cm of tree. One tree had 5

mounds. The mounds of three trees were spread (15 mounds) in each month starting from

June, 2005 to Nov., 2005.

7.2.1.1.3 Earthing/Mounding the tree trunk with clods, fallen leaves

and debris The trunks of 18 trees were mounded with the material found under the tree i.e.

dried and fallen leaves, weeds ,clods of mud, grass, debris and small dried branches up to

45 cm high in the 1st week of Apr., 2005 to collect the egg carrying females. For direct

falling females as well as those females which are wandering for hibernation four other

mounds of 30 x 30 cm (height and width) were made under the tree with the same

materials in four different directions east, west, north and south away from 182 cm of

tree. One tree had 5 mounds. The mounds of three trees were spread (15 mounds) in each

month starting from June, 2005 to Nov., 2005.

7.2.1.1.4 Mounds of clods, fallen leaves and debris on plastic sheet

A plastic sheet of 150 cm in width was spread on the ground around the trunk of

each tree. On the sheet, 18 mounds were prepared around the trunk of trees with the

material found under the tree i.e. with clods, fallen leaves, debris and small dried

branches up to 45 cm high in the 1st week of Apr. 2005 to collect the egg carrying

females. For direct falling females as well as those females which are wandering for

hibernation four other mounds of 30 x 30 cm (height and width) were made under the tree

with the same materials in four different directions east, west, north and south away from

182 cm of tree. One tree had 5 mounds. The mounds of three trees were spread (15

mounds) in each month starting from June, 2005 to Nov., 2005.

7.2.1.1.5 Removal of soil from the orchard

Heavily infested soils with the eggs of mango mealybug were removed around the

trunk of 3 trees in the month of Nov., 2005 before hatching of eggs up to 5 to 7 cm. The

data were taken three selected trees in the month of Dec., 2005 to Feb., 2006.

7.2.1.1.6 Intercropping

The field was irrigated and then 3-4 ploughings were done in the orchard before

sowing of fodder. On the 22nd Sept., 2005, oat (Avena sativa L.) was sown as a fodder

Page 128: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

117

and then on 2nd of Oct., 2005, berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) was spread

after irrigation. The data were taken from three selected trees in the month of Dec., 2005

to Feb., 2006

7.2.1.1.7 Unploughed orchard

Three trees were kept as control where no practice was applied throughout the

season.

7.2.1.2 Mechanical control

Ten different bands were installed once in the first week of Dec., 2005 around the

trunk of tree 60 cm above the ground level before the hatching of eggs. A common band

(grease band) was installed on each of these tested bands at the height of 25 cm. So that

the nymph crossed the tested bands were gathered below the upper band were counted

weekly. The grease bands were repaired every week after recording the data. Average

population was counted from the area of 6.5 cm2 between two bands as well as below

bands. The data were compiled and analyzed as Completely Randomized Design. The

percent of the population crossing the band was calculated through the formula;

Formula= 100 cm 6.45 band thebelowion Av.populat

cm 6.45 band thecrossed population Av.2-

2-

×

After counting the number of mealybugs between two bands, the space between

the bands were sprayed with Acetamiprid @1g/1 liters of water with the help of small

hand operated sprayer (automizer) weekly. The following bands were used for

comparison.

BANDS WIDTH

1-Namhar band 7.6 cm

2-Black oil cloth band 7.6 cm

3-Gunny bag band 25.4 cm

4-Greeze band 7.6 cm

5-Greeze mixes with black oil 7.6 cm

6-Funnel Type Trape 30.5 cm

7-Cotton band 7.6 cm

8- Polyethelene sheet band 22.9 cm

9-Plastic sheet band 22.9 cm

10-Haider’s Band 22.9 cm + 3.8 cm grease in middle

Page 129: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

118

The details of different bands are given below.

DESCRIPTION OF BANDS

1- NAMHAR BAND.

Materials Required Quantity

Part A

Castor oil 454 g

Conc.H2SO4 227 g

Part B

Rosin 1362 g

Axle Grease 908 g

Glycerin 2 oz

Unslaked lime 5-10 g

Preparation

Part A

For the preparation of this band H2SO4 was mixed in castor oil in a plastic

container and kept them for 15 days.

Part B

After 15 days, rosin was heated in a steel container on fire until it becomes thin

like water. In this heated rosin, grease was added and continuously stirs until it mixes

completely. It was removed from the fire and glycerin was added. The whole mixture was

stirred well with a stick and allowed them to cool.

After cooling mixture B was poured in to mixture A and stir continuously with a

wooden stick until both the mixtures mixed completely. This mixture was named as

Namhar band.

Effectiveness

It was effective up to 4-5 weeks after application. With the passage of timely it

loosed its efficacy slowly and the nymph crosses this band easily.

Limitation

• With rain water it becomes hard, which affects its efficiency.

• Take long time for preparation

• Very technical

Page 130: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

119

• Most laborious

• Costly

2-BLACK OIL CLOTH BAND

Material Required

• Crude cloth of cotton having 7.6 cm width and length according to tree trunk.

• Used oil of vehicle

• Nails 2-3 of 2.5 cm and

• Hammer

Preparation

The cloth was dipped in the black oil for 5-10 minutes until it absorbed the oil

completely. Take the cloth was taken out and wrapped on the tree trunk tightly with 2-3

nails of 2.5 cm.

Effectiveness

• Low number of nymphs crossed it.

• Rain affected its efficacy

Limitation

• Not observed

3-GUNNY BAGS

Material Required

• Gunny bag

• Scissor

• Nails 2-3 of 2.5 cm and

• Hammer

Preparation

Cut piece of bag having 25.4 cm in width with the help of scissor. It was wrapped

on the tree trunk with 3 nails.

Effectiveness

• The nymphs passed easily through the holes of the gunny bags as well as crossed

the bag and went up the tree.

• No effect of rainfall.

Page 131: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

120

Limitation

• Squirrels damaged the bag and took them for their nest preparation.

4-GREAZE BAND

Material Required

• Grease

• Spatula

Preparation

Axle grease and was smeared on the trunk of tree with spatula in the form of ring

of 7.6 cm in width.

Effectiveness

It was effective 1-2 weeks after application. After this period the nymphs crossed

this band. A large number of nymphs was gathered below this band and can easily be

killed with help of insecticides.

Limitation

Grease treated places on the trees trunks were either shrunk or busted. From the

busted bark the gum came out and the trunks become weak. The width of the trunk was

reduced about 1.3 to 2.5 cm on the treated portion. Rainfall hardens the grease and

nymphs easily crossed it. Sometimes a bridge of dead nymphs formed on this band for

crossing the remaining nymph.

5- GREASE MIXED WITH BLACK OIL

Material required

• Grease

• Black oil

• Spatula

Preparation

An equal amount of grease and black oil were mixed i.e. 1:1 in a plastic container.

It was pasted on the trunk of tree with spatula in the form of ring of 7.62 cm.

Page 132: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

121

Limitation

• The bark of trunk treated with this mixture was either shrunk or thickened and

then busted. Gum oozed from the busted bark gums and the tree was weaken. The

width of the trunk was reduced at about 1.3 to 2.5 cm on the treated portion.

• Rainfall hardens the band allowing nymphs to easily cross due to its hardness. A

bridge of dead nymphs formed on the band and facilitated the crossing of the

remaining nymph.

6-FUNNAL TYPE TRAP

Material Required

• Polyethylene plastic of 12 inch width

• Soft steel wire

• Nails

• Hammer

• Calcium carbonate

Preparation

• The polyethylene sheeting was used for the preparation of the band and bend 1.3

cm from the upper side. The wire is passed from this bent portion and was tight

together in the form of ring around the trunk of trees. It was fixed on the trunk of

tree with the help of nails from the lower sides and the upper sides remain open

like funnel.

Effectiveness

• Less number of nymphs crossed this trap.

• The egg carrying females were collected in the funnel when they came

downward.

Limitation

• Rainfall seriously affects. The rain water gathered in this funnal. There is no way

for the water to go out and ruins the funnel.

• Costly

• Highly technical

• Laborious

• Not suitable for all types of trunk.

• Very difficult to install.

Page 133: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

122

7-COTTON BAND (FLUFFY BAND)

Material Required

• Cotton lint

• Rope

• Nails

Preparation

• Lint was purchased from the market. A nail was fixed with hammer on the trunk

60 cm above ground level. One end of the rope was tied on the nail and put the

lint under the rope with a width of 7.6 cm and again tied it with nail. In this way

lint is wrapped around the trunk.

Limitation

• Nymph easily crossed the lint.

• Rainfall compact the lint which allow more nymph to cross.

• New lint was wrapped after every rainfall.

• Squirrels take this for their nest preparation

8- POLYETHYLENE SHEET BAND

Material Required

• Polyethylene sheet of 22.9 cm width

• Nails 2-3 and

• Hammer

Preparation

• A mixture of mud and manure was prepared with a ratio of 1:1 and were pasted

on the trunk of trees in the form of ring to fill the cracks. On this ring, a

polyethylene sheet of 22.9 cm was wrapped with 3 nails (above, below and

middle).

Effectiveness

• Some nymphs crossed this plastic sheet and climbed up the tree.

• No effect of rainfall.

Limitation

• Not observe

Page 134: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

123

9- PLASTIC SHEET BAND:

Material Required

• Common plastic of width 22.9 cm

• Nails 2-3 of 2.5 cm and

• Hammer

Preparation

• A mixture of mud and manure was prepared with a ratio of 1:1 and were pasted

on the trunk of trees in the form of ring to fill the cracks. On this ring, a plastic

sheet was wrapped with 3 nails (above, below and middle).

Effectiveness

• Nymph crossed this type of plastic sheet.

• No effect of rainfall.

Limitation

Not observed

10- HAIDER’S BAND.

Material Required

• Common plastic sheet of 22.86 cm width

• Grease

• Black oil

• Spatula

• Nails 2-3 of 2.54 cm and

• Hammer

Preparation

It consisted on a plastic sheet and 3.81 cm grease. The trunk of the tree is firstly

plastered with mixture of mud and wet farm yard manure at the ratio of 1:1. It is pasted

all around the trunk 25.4 cm in width from 60 cm above the ground so that it provides an

even and smooth surface for wrapping the plastic sheet which does not allow the nymphs

to crawl from underneath the band. Then plastic sheeting is wrapped around the trunk on

the surface pasted with mud mixture. The plastic sheet is tightened from the joining ends

with 3 small 1.27 cm iron nails (upper, middle, lower ends of joint) with the help of

hammer. After fully wrapping the plastic sheet a 3.81 cm grease band is applied in the

Page 135: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

124

middle portion of plastic sheet. It forms a band which has been named as Haider’s band.

This is new addition in mechanical control of mango mealybug. It was applied on the

trunk of trees in Dec., 2006 untill the 3rd week of Feb., 2007 to stop the upward

movement of nymphs.

Effectiveness

• Very effective barrier against crawling insects. It remains effective throughout the

season even up to one year and is very cheap. In sunshine the grease becomes thin

and remains effective for several months.

• Rainfall did not effect its functioning. No bad effects were seen on the trees trunk,

as the grease did not touch the trunk directly.

• The grease was not dried on plastic sheet.

Limitation

• Not observed

7.2.1.3 Chemical control

7.2.1.3.1 Control of mango mealybug under laboratory conditions

The experiment was conducted in the laboratory at Agriculture College

laboratory, Department of Agri. Entomology, Baha-ud-Zakariya University, Multan. The

1st instars nymphs of the mango mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae (Green) were collected

from an infested commercial mango orchard in Multan during Jan., 2006. Test solutions

were prepared by mixing the concentrations of different insecticides in 30 ml water in a

beaker. Leaf discs of 5 cm diameter were cut from nonsprayed mango leaves, which were

washed and dried before cutting. These leaf discs were dipped in test solutions for 10

seconds with gentle agitation and then were placed on tissue paper for drying, with the

adaxial surface facing up. After drying, they were placed in 5 cm plastic petri dishes that

contained moist filter paper at their bottoms, to avoid desiccations. Forty 1st instars

nymphs were released on each leaf disc present in Petri dish. Each treatment was

replicated thrice, including the controls. Mortality was assessed after 24, 48, 72, 96, 120,

144 and 168 hours of exposure to insecticide. Nymphs that failed to show movement

after a gentle touch with needle were considered to be dead. Each insecticides

formulations had 3 different doses i.e. one treatment below the recommended dose, 2nd

recommended dose and 3rd above recommended dose. Among the treatments:

Page 136: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

125

profenophos (Curacron) 500EC @ 30-ml a.i. 15-g (500g/l profenophos, Ciba-Geigy

Pak.Ltd., Basel, Switzerland), bifenthrin (Talstar) 10EC @ 100-ml a.i. 10-g (10 percent

bifenthrin, FMC United, pvt., Ltd., USA), triazophos (Hostathion) 20EC @ 100-ml a.i.

20g (20 percent triazophos, Bayer Crop Science, France), chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) 40EC

@ 50-ml a.i. 20-g (40 percent chlorpyrifos, BASF Chemicals & Polymers Pakistan (Pvt.)

Ltd., Germany), lambdacyhalothrin (Karate) 2.5EC @ 50-ml a.i. 1.25-g (2.5 percent

lambdacyhalothrin, Ciba-Geigy Pak.Ltd., Basel, Switzerland), imidacloprid (Confidor)

200SL @ 100g a.i. 20-g ( 200SL & 94 percent Techanical imidacloprid, Bayer Crop

Science, France), buprofezin (Starter) @ 500-g a.i. 125-g (25 percent WP & 95 percent

Tech., Pak.China Ltd.), deltamethrin (Decis) 2.5EC @ 50-ml a.i. 1.25g (2.5 percent

deltamethrin, Bayer Crop Science, France), cypermethrin (Ripcord) 10EC @ 100-ml a.i.

10-g (10 percent cypermethrin, Swat Agro Chemicals, Germany), acetamiprid

(Mospilan) 20SP @ 100-g a.i. 20-g (20 percent acetamiprid, Nippon Soda Co. Ltd .,

Tokyo, Japan), methidathion (Supracide) 40EC@150-ml a.i. 60-g (40 percent

methidathion, Ciba-Geigy Pak.Ltd., Basel, Switzerland ) (Tomlin, 1997) at the indicated

dose gave 100 percent mortality after 168 hours post treatment.The percent mortality was

calculated and analyzed as a Completely Randomized Design.

7.2.1.3.2 Control of mango mealybug under field conditions

The formulations of following insecticides i.e. profenohpos, bifenthrin,

triazophos, chlorpyrifos, lambdacyhalothrin, imidacloprid, buprofezin, deltamethrin,

cypermethrin, acetamiprid and methidathion were sprayed in the field on mango trees

against 1st instar nymphs of mango mealybug in the month of Feb., 2006 and the same

dose of insecticides were sprayed against 2nd & 3rd instar in the month of Mar., 2006 and

against adult female in the month of Apr., 2006. The two branches of 30 cm in length on

mango trees were selected, tagged and the population of nymphs were counted from these

branches including leaves, twig and inflorescence. The data were recorded before spray

and then 24 h, 72 h and 168 h after spray. On the soil below each of the selected branches

a square meter soil was levelled and cleaned. The number of nymphs falling out of the

tree and onto the ground was also checked regularly for their mortality from this square

meter. The ‘Black Chaunsa’ cultivar of mango was selected for chemical control.

Calibration was done before the spray for measuring the quantity of water used for each

Page 137: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

126

treatment. Each tree was labelled with iron sheet fixed with nails and hammer. The date

of spray, treatment and replication were written on iron sheet. The trees were sprayed

with hand knapsack sprayer. The data was compiled and percent mortality was calculated

through formula

% Mortality = 100 spray before recorded Population

sprayafter recorded Population spray before recorded Population ×−

The data were analyzed as a Completely Randomized Design on an IBM-PC

Computer using M. Stat (Steel and Torrie, 1980) Package. Means were separated by

Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DMRT) (Duncan, 1955).

7.2.2 Sustainable management of mango mealybug

The experiment was designed based on preliminary data, which was obtained in

2006. An orchard, having commercial mango cultivar ‘Chaunsa’ (‘Sammar Bahist’)

heavily infested with mango mealybug was selected. A Complete Randomized Design

with 8 treatments including 1 control was used and each treatment had three replications.

The effect of management strategies were observed by counting the population of the 1st

instars weekly from the trunk of trees in 900 cm2 area, marked on the trunk with chalk 45

cm above the ground. Marked portion was repaired weekly after data collection. The

percent reduction in population was calculated using the formula

Percent reduction = controlin cm 900 pop. Av.

ntsin treatme cm 900 pop. Av. - controlin cm 900 pop. Av. 2-

-2-2

7.2.2.1 Cultural practices

Cultural practices were done to collect the egg-carrying females in mounds before

the insect spreading to different places for hibernation and egg laying. To collect

mealybugs, a plastic sheet of 152 cm in width and length according to tree trunk was

spread around the tree trunk. Mounds were made on the plastic sheet around the trunk

with the materials present under the tree like dried leaves, weeds, clods of mud, grass,

debris and small dried branches up to 45 cm high in the 1st week of Apr., 2007. For direct

falling females as well as those females which were searching for hibernation sites four

other mounds of 30 x 30 cm were made under the tree with the same materials in four

different directions east, west, north and south away from 180 cm of tree trunk without

Page 138: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

127

plastic sheet (5 mounds/tree). These mounds were spread at the end of June, 2007 after

hibernation and egg laying of females.

Page 139: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

128

7.2.2.2 Mechanical practices

In this practice, a band was designed and named as Haider’s band was used. The

band was made of a plastic sheet and 3.81 cm layer of grease. The trunk of the tree was

first plastered with mixture of mud and wet farmyard manure at the ratio of 1:1. It was

pasted around the trunk at 25 cm width from 45 cm above the ground. The plastic sheet

was then wrapped around the trunk on mud pasted. It was tightened at the corners with 3

small 1.27 cm iron nails (upper, middle, lower ends of joint). After wrapping the plastic

sheet, 3.81 cm grease band was applied in the middle portion of plastic sheet.

7.2.2.3 Chemical practices

Trees infested with first instars were sprayed once with Acetamiprid at 100g/100

liter of water using hand knapsack sprayer. The spray was carried out on three selected

trees.

7.2.2.4 Mechanical x chemical practice

Haiders bands were applied on the trunk of 3 trees in Dec., 2006 to 3rd week of

Feb., 2007 to stop the upward movements of 1st instar nymphs. The nymphs that gathered

below the band were sprayed once with insecticide Acetamiprid @ 1g / liter (formulated

insecticide) of water in the 2nd week of Feb.

7.2.2.5 Cultural x mechanical practice

A plastic sheet of 152 cm in width and length according to the size of trunk were

spread around the trunk of three trees to stop the entry of females in to roots of host plant.

Mounds were made on the plastic sheet around the trunk of three trees with the materials

present under the tree like dried and fallen leaves, weeds, clods of mud, grass, debris and

small dried branches up to 45 cm high in the 1st week of Apr., 2006. For direct falling

females as well as those females which were searching their hibernation places four other

mounds of 30 x 30 cm were made under the tree with the same materials in four different

directions such as east, west, north and south away from 180 cm of tree trunk without

plastic sheet (5 mounds/ tree). These mounds were spread at the end of June, 2006 after

hibernation and egg laying of females. Haider’s band was applied on the trunk of these

trees to stop the nymphs below the band in Dec., 2006 to 3rd week of Feb., 2007.

Page 140: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

129

7.2.2.6 Cultural x chemical practice

Mounds were made on the plastic sheet around the trunk of three trees in the 1st

week of Apr., 2006 and these mounds were spread at the end of June, 2006. These trees

were sprayed thoroughly once with Acetamiprid @ 100g/100 liter (formulation) of water

against 1st instar in the 2nd week of Feb., 2007.

7.2.2.7 Cultural x mechanical x chemical practices

Mounds were made on the plastic sheet around the trunk of three trees in the 1st

week of Apr., 2006 and these mounds were spread at the end of June, 2006. Haider’s

band was applied in the month of Dec., 2006. The nymphs gathered below the band were

sprayed once with chemical Acetamiprid @ 1 g/ liter (formulated insecticide) of water in

the 2nd week of Feb.

7.2.2.8 Control

Three trees were kept as control where no practice was applied throughout the

season.

7.2.3 MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG MALES

7.2.3.1 Management through Light traps

Lights of different colors like yellow, red, mercury, blue and green bulb of 100

watts were used in traps during peak activity of males. These traps were installed for 8

days in the mango orchard started on 13.4.07 till to 20.04.07. Count of males were made

daily and removed from the traps. The data were analyzed through Completely

Randomized Design.

7.2.3.2 Management through cultural practices

Pupae of mango mealybug males were exposed from different places by hoeing.

The number of pupae exposed, were counted from 900 cm2 (three times from one place)

at 6 different places were taken to know the preferred places of its hibernation. The

following places were hoed up to 5 cm depth i.e. under the tree near trunk (Semi-wet

soil), under the tree near trunk (Dry soil), near mud water channel (Semi-wet soil), under

leaves (Semi-wet soil), under leaves (Dry soil) and on tree trunk bark. These selected

places were hoed with ‘ramba’ (A steel instrument used for hoeing purposes) and

counted the exposed pupae. After 10 days again these places were visited and observed

exposed pupae for the emergence of males. The data were analyzed as a Completely

Randomized Design. LSD test were used to measure the variability.

Page 141: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

130

7.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

7.3.1 CULTURAL METHODS FOR THE CONTROL OF MANGO MEALYBUG

Experiment 1

Various cultural practices such as hoeing/ploughing (T1), earthing/mounding the

tree trunk with fine mud (T2), earthing/mounding the trees trunk with the material

present under the tree like dried leave, branches, weeds, debris and mud clods (T3),

mounding the trunk with dried material present under the tree like leaves, branches,

weeds, debris and mud clods after spreading plastic sheet (T4) and nonploughed orchard

as control were applied in highly infested trees of mango during different months of the

year for the collection of egg carrying females coming down the trees for egg laying as

well as for the destruction of eggs. The practices were applied during, 2005 and 2006.

The data on first instar nymphs of mango mealybug were recorded from the trunk of the

trees and percent reduction over control was calculated.

The data regarding percent reduction in various treatments over control based on

the number of alive mango mealybug per 900 cm2 of mango mealybug on the trunk in

different treatments applied during various months from June, 2005 to Nov., 2005 are

given in (Table 1). The data reveal significant variation (P < 0 .01) between years,

among treatments, months of application and in their all interactions. The means were

compared by DMR Test at P=0.05. The results reveal that T4 was found to be the most

effective treatment resulted in maximum reduction i.e. 75 percent followed by T3 with

71 percent reduction of first instars nymph. T2 did not show good control of first instars

nymphs of mango mealybug showing minimum reduction i.e. 27 percent and differed

significantly from those of observed in all other treatments. The treatment T1 resulted in

42 percent reduction and was found as intermediate with significant difference from

other treatments.

Page 142: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

131

Table 1. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING REDUCTION IN PERCENTAGE OF NYMPHS OF MANGO MEALYBUG IN DIFFERENT TREATMENTS AND MONTHS OF THE YEAR DURING 2006 AND 2007.

Treatments

Treatments x year (**) LSD= 0.65

Percent reduction of insect during Means (**) LSD= 0.46 2006 2007

T-1 37.83 f 46.13 e 41.98 c

T-2 23.59 h 29.79 g 26.69 d

T-3 65.77 d 75.43 b 70.60 b

T-4 71.55 c 78.80 a 75.18 a

Control 0.00 i 0.00 i 0.00 e

Means 39.75 a 46.03 b

F-value 128.2 35878.5

D.F=4 Means sharing similar letters are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01. Where as

T-1= Hoeing/ploughing T-2= Mounding/ earthing the trees with fine mud T-3= Mounding /earthing the trees with debris, dried leaves, small branches, clods of mud T-4= Mounding/ earthing the trees on the plastic sheet with debris, dried leaves, small branches, clods

of mud. Control = No practice applied

It is evident from the results that the treatments applied during the month of June

(Table 2) resulted in maximum reduction in the population of mango mealybug i.e. 48

percent followed by 46 and 45 percent where the treatments were applied during the

month of July and Aug. respectively and differed significantly with one another. The

treatments applied during the month of Nov. showed minimum reduction i.e. 32 percent

followed by 42 and 43 percent where treatments were applied during the months of Sept.

and Oct. respectively. From these results it is concluded that cultural practices should be

applied during the month of June for maximum control of mango mealybug.

The application of mounding around the trunk with fine mud applied during all

the months did not show significant difference showing 23 to 26 percent reduction of

Page 143: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

132

mango mealybug except this treatment when applied during the month of Oct. showed

significantly maximum reduction i.e. 35 percent. All the treatments showed maximum

reduction of mango mealybug applied during the month of June except T2 where the

trunk was mounded with fine mud. The percent reduction of mango mealybug decreased

in almost all the treatments applied after June.

Table 2. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING

REDUCTION IN PERCENTAGE OF NYMPHS OF MANGO MEALYBUG IN DIFFERENT TREATMENTS AND MONTHS OF THE YEAR DURING 2006 AND 2007.

Month

Treatments x Month (**)

LSD=1.13 Months (**)

Means LSD=0.51 T1 T2 T3 T4 Control

June 54.42 i 26.15 o 78.31 c 81.83 a 0.00 r 48.14 a

July 50.13 j 23.07 o 77.02 d 81.62 a 0.00 r 46.37 b

Aug. 45.83 k 26.28 o 75.73 e 79.45 b 0.00 r 45.46 c

Sept. 37.51 m 23.27 o 72.69 f 75.39 e 0.00 r 41.77 e

Oct. 39.17 l 35.17 n 68.84 g 72.71 f 0.00 r 43.18 d

Nov. 24.81 p 26.22 o 51.03 j 60.07 h 0.00 r 32.43 f

LSD=0.46 41.98 c 26.69 d 70.60 b 75.18 a 0.00 e

D.F= 20 F.value=222.0 D.F= 5

F.value=960.2

Means sharing similar letters are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01. Where as

T-1= Hoeing/ploughing T-2= Mounding/ earthing the trees with fine mud T-3= Mounding /earthing the trees with debris, dried leaves, small branches, clods of mud T-4= Mounding/ earthing the trees on the plastic sheet with debris, dried leaves, small branches, clods

of mud. Control= No practice applied Experiment 2

Two treatments viz., removal of soil around the trunk of selected trees in the

month of Nov. and intercropping of Oat and Berseem clover as fodder grown as intercrop

Page 144: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

133

on Sept. 22, 2005 and Oct. 2, 2005, respectively along with a control (nonploughed

orchard) were tested for the control of mango mealybug. The results regarding emergence

of first nymphal instar climbing up of the tree trunk were recorded and percent reduction

over control was calculated.

The comparison of means are presented in Table 3 and reveal highly significant

differences between treatments, years as well as in the interactions of treatment and year.

The maximum reduction was recorded to be 77 percent in those trees where Oat and

Berseem clover were intercropped, while minimum was observed in those trees where the

soil was ploughed and removed showing 64 percent reduction of mango mealybug. The

results obtained from the interaction response of both the treatments reveal that the

application of these cultural practices showed minimum reduction of mango mealybug

during 2006 as compared to 2007 in both the treatments. Intercropping trees showed

maximum reduction, whereas removal of soil resulted in minimum reduction in both the

study years. From these results it is suggested that good results regarding the control of

mango mealybug can be achieved if these practices specially intercropping may be done

continuously and regularly.

Table 3. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING PER CENT REDUCTION OF FIRST INSTARS NYMPHS OF MANGO MEALYBUGIN DIFFERENT TREATMENTS DURING 2006 AND 2007.

Practices Treatments x Year (**)

LSD =0.424 Treatment Means(**) LSD=0.300 2006 2007

Intercropping 68.36 c 84.86 a 76.61 a

Removal of Soil 54.37 d 73.91 b 64.14 b

Control 0.00 e 0.00 e 0.00 c

Year 61.37 b 79.39 a

D.F= 2 F-value= 2901.6 D.F=2 F-value= 177428.6

Means sharing similar letters are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

Page 145: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

134

7.3.2 MECHANICAL METHODS OF CONTROL

Various mechanical methods in the form of bands viz., namhar band, black oil

cloth band, gunny bag, grease band, grease + black oil, funnel type trap, cotton band,

polyethylene sheet, plastic sheet and Haider’s band were applied for the control of mango

mealybug for two years viz., 2005-06 and 2006-07. On each tested band, a common band

of grease was applied to count the population of crossed nymphs. The bands were applied

during Dec., 2005. The observations regarding number of 1st instar mango mealybug

nymphs crossed the tested band on the tree trunk gathered below the upper band were

counted at one week interval started from Jan. 7, 2006 to Feb. 19, 2006 of each year with

little variation. Bands were again applied during Dec., 2006 and the data were recorded

from Jan. 7, 2007 to Feb. 19, 2007. The results are presented under the following sub-

sections.

7.3.2.1 Effect of Bands on the Nymphs of Mango Mealybug During 2006

The data regarding the effectiveness of various bands used to stop the upward

movement of the nymphs of mango mealybug at various dates of observation during

2006 are given in (Table 4). The means comparisons of the same reveal highly significant

difference among treatments and dates of observation. The means were compared by

DMR Test at 0.05.

Haider’s band was found to be the most effective and resulted in the lowest

population of mango mealybug nymphs crossing the band (1 percent) and differed

significantly from those of observed in all other mechanical bands. The application of

plastic sheet, polyethylene sheet and funnel type traps were found to be less effective

with 10, 10 and 8 percent nymphs of mango mealybug crossed the bands, respectively,

and did not differ significantly with each other. Black oil cloth band also showed

significant effect regarding stopping the upward movement of mango mealybug nymphs,

resulted in 14 percent individuals crossed the bands and showed significant variation

from those of found in all other treatments. Gunny bag and cotton band were not so

effective resulting in 45 and 43 percent nymphs of mango mealybug crossing the bands

on the tree trunk and did not show significant variation with one another. Similarly

namhar band, grease band and grease + black oil band showed 34, 38 and 30 percent

nymphs crossed the band installed on the tree trunk, respectively which did not prove so

Page 146: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

135

effective and differed significantly from each other. From these results it was observed

that Haider’s band was found to be the most effective regarding stopping the upward

movement of mango mealybug nymphs followed by funnel type trap, polyethylene and

plastic sheet. Similarly, the results based on interaction between the effects of different

bands at various dates of observation also showed similar trend in controlling the mango

mealybug. Haider’s band resulted in significantly the lowest population of the pest

crossed the band at all the dates of observation compared with results of other bands.

Cotton wool band and gunny bag showed comparatively higher population of mango

mealybug at all the dates of observation and proved inferior.

Table 4. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING PERCENT POPULATION CROSS THE TESTING BAND DURING 2006. Treatments Dates x Treatment (**)

LSD=5.91 Treatment Means(**) LSD =2.23 07.01.06 14.01.06 21.01.06 28.01.06 04.02.06 13.02.06 19.02.06

A B C D E F G H Namhar Band 0.00 t 2.42 rst 21.37

mn 41.57

hij 49.91 fg 49.94 de 60.25 de 33.63 c

Black Oil Cloth

0.00 t 4.25 rst 9.21 qr 11.71 pq 14.83 nopq

26.12 m 33.04 l 14.16 e

Gunny Bag 0.63 t 16.62 nop

35.77 jkl

47.34 gh 58.75 de 78.09 ab 75.57 bc 44.68 a

Grease Band 0.00 t 3.71 rst 35.19 jkl

46.70 gh 49.56 fg 64.89 d 64.61 d 37.81 b

Grease+Black Oil

0.00 t 2.81 rst 25.05 m 36.80 ijkl

42.35 hi 47.55 gh 54.91 ef 29.92 d

Funnel Type Trap

0.00 t 1.19 t 3.13 rst 8.86 qrs 12.65 pq 13.99 opq

14.16 opq

7.71 f

Cotton Wool Band

1.15 t 14.33 opq

40.11 ijk

34.43 kl 59.09 de 83.88 a 71.34 c 43.48 a

Polyethylene Sheet Band

0.00 t 1.65 t 4.38 rst 8.91 qrs 14.87 nopq

15.35 nopq

20.60 mno

9.39 f

Plastic Sheet Band

0.00 t 1.93 st 4.13 rst 9.17 qr 16.91 nop

17.42 nop

17.58 nop

9.59 f

Haider’s Band

0.00 t 0.00 t 0.78 t 0.94 t 1.11 t 1.31 t 1.52 t 0.81 g

LSD =1.8689 0.18 f 4.89 e 17.91 d 24.64 c 32.00 b 40.85 a 41.36 a Df=54 F-value= 29.7 Df=9 F-

value=424.6 Bands (n=10) Means sharing similar letters in columns A to G for interaction and in column H for treatment means did not differ significantly by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

Page 147: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

136

7.3.2.2 Effect of Bands on the Nymphs of Mango Mealybug During

2007 The data relating to the effectiveness of various bands on the nymphs of mango

mealybug at various dates of observations during 2007 are given in Table 5. The means

comparisons of the same reveal highly significant difference between treatments and

dates of observation. The means were compared by DMR Test at P=0.05 (Table 4). It is

evident from the results that Haider’s bands again proved to be the most effective

resulted in the lowest percentage of mango mealybug crossed the band applied on tree

trunk i.e. 0.41 and differed significantly from those of observed in all other treatments.

The application of polyethylene sheet and plastic sheet bands were found to be the next

effective resulted in 8 and 9 percent nymphs crossed the band and did not differ

significantly from each other. The application of cotton bands did not prove effective

against the mango mealybug resulted in maximum number of individual crossed the tree

trunk i.e. 43 percent and differed significantly from those of recorded in all other

treatments. The Funnal type trap also showed significant control of mango mealybug

nymphs with 7 percent individuals crossed the band and also showed significant

differences from those of observed in all other treatments. The application of cotton band,

grease band, namhar band, grease + black oil band and black oil cloth band resulted in

38, 29, 28, 23 and 14 percent individual crossed the tree trunk, respectively and differed

significantly from one another. These bands were ranked as intermediate. The results

regarding the effect of different bands on the population of mango mealybug at various

dates of observation reveal that Haider’s band showed significant control of the pest

resulted in the lowest population crossed the bands at all the dates of observation. The

dates of observation effects were non-significant for Haider’s band. On the other hand,

cotton wool band found less effective resulted in maximum population crossed the band

at almost all the dates of observation as compared to other treatments. Haider’s band

again proved an effective barrier for the ascent nymphs of mango mealybug.

Page 148: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

137

Table 5. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING PERCENT POPULATION CROSS THE TESTING BAND DURING 2007.

Treatments

Dates x Treatments (**) LSD=2.0929

Treatment Means(**)

LSD =0.7910 07.01.07 14.01.07 21.01.07 28.01.07 04.02.07 13.02.07 19.02.07

A B C D E F G H Namhar Band 0.00 ^ 2.20

z[/]^ 19.58 q 42.49 ij 48.26 f 43.69

hij 41.59 j 28.26 c

Black Oil Cloth

0.00 ^ 3.12 z[ 9.07 y 13.35 uvw

15.54 rst 20.49 q 26.37 o 12.42 e

Gunny Bag 0.81 [/]^ 16.01 rs 36.30 kl 47.81 fg 57.29 c 55.02 d 49.65 ef 37.56 b Grease Band 0.00 ^ 2.68 z[/] 30.57

mn 36.48 kl 42.90 ij 44.03 hi 45.80 gh 28.92 c

Grease+Black Oil

0.00 ^ 2.37 z[/]^

23.29 p 30.01 n 37.62 k 36.17 kl 32.37 m 23.12 d

Funnel Type Trap

0.00 ^ 0.90 [/]^ 2.91 z[/ 9.46 xy 13.37 tuvw

12.43 uvw

9.26 xy 6.90 g

Cotton Wool Band

0.89 [/]^ 12.91 uvw

34.91 l 50.48 e 58.47 c 71.76 a 69.61 b 42.72 a

Polyethylene Sheet Band

0.00 ^ 1.42 z[/]^

3.67 z 12.16 uvw

13.80 stuv

16.33 r 11.09 wxy

8.35 f

Plastic Sheet Band

0.00 ^ 1.55 z[/]^

3.79 z 11.50 vwx

16.19 r 16.37 r 14.28 rstu

9.09 f

Haider’s Band

0.00 ^ 0.00 ^ 0.31 ]^ 0.79 [/]^ 0.88 [/]^ 0.56 /]^ 0.29 ]^ 0.41 h

LSD =0.6618 0.17 f 4.32 e 16.44 d 25.35 c 30.43 b 31.68 a 30.03 b Df=54 F-value= 154.8 Df= 9 F-

value=2566.4 Bands (n=10) Means sharing similar letters in columns A to G for interaction and in column H for treatment means did not differ significantly by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

7.3.2.3 Average Effect of Bands on the Nymphs of Mango Mealybug

During 2006 and 2007 The results regarding the effectiveness of different bands applied on tree trunk

were analyzed cumulatively to determine the average effect of both the study years viz.,

2006 and 2007 for the control of mango mealybug (Table 6). Significant differences were

found to exist between years, among dates of observation and treatments. The means

comparison of the results showed that Haider’s bands was proved to be the most effective

resulted in the lowest number of nymphs (0.6 percent) crossed the band applied on the

tree trunk and differed significantly from those of observed in all other treatments. Funnel

type trap was found to be a next effective band with 7 percent nymphs crossed the band

and also showed significant difference from those of found in all other treatments. No

significant difference was found to exist between polyethylene sheet and plastic sheet

Page 149: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

138

bands with 9 and 9 percent nymphs crossed the band, respectively. The application of

cotton bands was not an effective treatment and resulted in the highest percentage of

nymphs crossing the band (43 percent) followed by 41, 33, 31, 27 and 14 percent in those

treatments where gunny bag, grease band, namhar band, grease + black oil and black oil

cloth bands were applied, respectively. The interactional response between different

bands and dates of observation reveal that the effect of Haider’s band at all the dates of

observation showed non-significant difference and resulted in the lowest population of

the pest crossed the band. Cotton wool band found less effective resulted in maximum

population of mango mealybug crossed the band at all the dates of observation as

compared to other bands. The population increased gradually at all the observations in all

the treatments except Haider’s band.

Table 6. MEAN COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING PERCENT POPULATION CROSS THE TESTING BAND DURING 2006 AND 2007.

Treatments

Dates x Treatments (**) LSD=4.0015

Treatments Means (**)

LSD =1.1796 Jan. 7 Jan. 14 Jan. 21 Jan. 28 Feb. 4 Feb. 13 Feb. 19

A B C D E F G H Namhar Band 0.00 z 2.31 yz 20.48 s 42.03

lm 49.09 ij 51.81 hi 50.92 i 30.95 d

Black Oil Cloth

0.00 z 3.69 yz 9.14 x 12.03 vwx

15.19 tuv

23.31 rs 29.71 q 13.29 f

Gunny Bag 0.72 yz 16.32 tu

36.03 op

47.57 j 58.02 ef 66.56 c 62.61 d 41.12 b

Grease Band 0.00 z 3.19 yz 32.88 p 41.58 lm

46.23 jk 54.46 gh 55.21 fg 33.37 c

Grease+Black Oil

0.00 z 2.59 yz 24.17 r 33.41 p 39.98 mn

41.86 lm 43.64 kl 26.52 e

Funnel Type Trap

0.00 z 1.04 yz 3.02 yz 9.16 x 13.01 uvw

13.21 tuvw

11.71 vwx

7.31 h

Cotton Wool Band

1.02 yz 13.62 tuvw

37.51 no

42.45 lm

58.78 e 77.82 a 70.47 b 43.09 a

Polyethylene Sheet Band

0.00 z 1.53 yz 4.02 y 10.54 wx

14.34 tuv

15.84 tu 15.84 tu 8.87 g

Plastic Sheet Band

0.00 z 1.74 yz 3.96 y 10.33 wx

16.55 tu 16.89 t 15.93 tu 9.34 g

Haider’Band 0.00 z 0.00 z 0.55 yz 0.86 yz 0.99 yz 0.93 yz

0.91 yz 0.61 i

LSD =0.9869 0.17 f 4.60 e 17.18 d 24.99 c 31.22 b 36.27 a 35.69 a Df=54 F-value= 82.5 Df=9 F-

value=1311.2 Bands (n=10)

Means sharing similar letters in columns A to G for interaction and in column H for treatment means did not differ significantly by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

Page 150: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

139

7.3.3 CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MANGO MEALYBUG

Eleven formulated insecticides viz., profenophos (Curacron 500 EC), bifenthrin

(Talstar 10 EC), triazophos (Hostathion 40EC), chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 40 EC),

lambdacyhalothrin (Karate 2.5EC), imidacloprid (Confidor 200SL), buprofezin (Starter

20SP), deltamethrin (Decis 2.5EC), cypermethrin (Ripcord 10EC), acetamiprid

(Mospilan 20SP), and methidathion (Supracide 40EC) at the rate of 9 µl, 30 µl , 30 µl, 15

µl, 15 µl, 30 µl, 150 µg, 15 µl, 30 µl, 30 µl and 45 µl, respectively, were tested in 30 ml

of water for the control of mango mealybug under laboratory as well as under field

conditions. The results are as follows.

7.3.3.1 In Vivo Mortality of Mango Mealybug One Day After Treatment

The results regarding chemical control of first instars of mango mealybug in

different treatments at one day post-treatment interval under laboratory conditions show

highly significant (P≤ 0.01) differences among treatments. The means were compared by

DMR Test at P=0.05 (Table 7, Column A). The results reveal that Acetamiprid at the rate

of 100 g / 100 liter water showed maximum mortality of first instar nymph of mango

mealybug i.e. 33 percent and differed significantly from those of observed in all other

treatments. Imidacloprid at the rate of 100 g/100 liter water was the next effective

insecticide resulted in 28 percent mortality of the pest and also differed significantly from

all other treatments. The effectiveness of other insecticides in descending order were

bifenthrin > triazophos = deltamethrin > lambdacyhalothrin > chlorpyrifos= profenophos

> buprofezin > cypermethrin > methidathion with 25, 20, 20, 18, 15, 15, 13, 10 and 5

percent mortality of first instars nymph after one day post treatment interval, respectively.

7.3.3.2 Mortality of Mango Mealybug Two Days After Treatment

The results pertaining to mortality of first instar nymphs of mango mealybug at

two days after treatments (Table 7 Column B). The results reveal highly significant (P≤

0.01) differences between treatments. Imidacloprid caused the highest mortality (65

percent) and differed significantly from those of obtained in all other treatments.

Detamethrin was the next effective insecticide with 53 percent mortality of the pest and

also differed significantly from all other treatments followed by acetamiprid (48 percent),

cypermethrin (45 percent), lambdacyhalothrin (45 percent), buprofezin (40 percent),

Page 151: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

140

bifenthrin (35 percent), chlorpyrifos (33 percent), triazophos (30 percent), profenophos

(23 percent) and methidathion (18 percent).

7.3.3.3 Mortality of Mango Mealybug Three Days After Treatment

The data regarding morality of first instar nymph of mango mealybug three days

after spray in different treatments (Table 7, Column C). The results showed significant (P

≤ 0.01) difference among treatments. The means were compared by DMR Test at P=0.05.

Confidor at the rate of 100 g formulation/100 liter water resulted in maximum mortality

of the pest i.e. 78 percent and differed significantly from those of observed in all other

treatments. Acetamiprid, deltamethrin and buprofezin were the next effective insecticides

each showed 73 percent mortality of first instar nymph at two days after treatment

followed by profenophos, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, methidathion, cypermethrin,

lambdacyhalothrin and triazophos with in 70, 68, 68, 65, 58, 55 and 53 percent mortality

of first instar nymph of mango mealybug, respectively.

7.3.3.4 Mortality of Mango Mealybug 4 Days After Treatments

Significant differences were found to exist between treatments regarding morality

of first instars nymph of mango mealybug four days after treatment (Table 7, Column D).

The use of Lambdacyhalothrin resulted in 100 percent mortality of the pest and differed

significantly from those of observed in all other treatments. The application of

acetamiprid, profenophos, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, deltamethrin,

buprofezin, cypermethrin and triazophos resulted in 93, 90, 88, 85, 83, 83, 80, 78 and 70

percent morality of first instars four days after treatment, respectively. All these

treatments differed significantly from one another except imidacloprid and deltamethrin

which showed similar response statistically with each other. The lowest mortality (66

percent) in the methidathion was applied and this treatment also differed significantly

from all other treatments.

Page 152: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

141

Table 7. MEAN COMPARISON OF FIRST INSTAR MANGO MEA LYBUG PERCENT MORTALITY UNDER LABORATORY CONDITION.

Treatments

Dose/ 100

lit water

Dose/30 ml

water

Total insects exposed

Percent mortality of first instar after

Common Name Trade name One day Two

day Three day

Four day

Five day Six day

A** B** C** D** E** F**

30ml 9 µl 40 15 f 22.50 i 70 c 90 c 100 a 100 a

Profenophos 500EC Curacron 100ml 30 µl 40 25 c 35.00 f 67.50 d 87.50 d 100 a 100 a

Bifenthrin 10EC Talstar 100ml 30 µl 40 20 d 30 h 52.50 h 70 i 87.50 e 100 a

Triazophos 20EC Hostathion 50ml 15 µl 40 15 f 32.50 g 67.50 d 85 e 100 a 100 a

Chlopyriphos 40EC Lorsban 50ml 15 µl 40 17.50 e 45 d 55.00 g 100a 100 a 100 a

Lambdacyhalothrin 2.5EC Karate 100g 30 µl 40 27.50 b 65 a 77.50 a 82.50f 97.50 b 100 a

Imidacloprid 200SL Confidor 500g 150 µg 40 12.75 g 40 e 72.50 b 79.50 g 90 d 100 a

Buprofezin 20SP Starter 50ml 15µl 40 20.00 d 52.50 b 72.50 b 82.50 f 97.50 b 100 a

Deltamethrin 2.5EC Decis 100ml 30 µl 40 10 h 45.00 d 57.63 f 77.50 h 87.50 e 97.50 b

Cypermethrin 10EC Ripcord 100g 30 µl 40 32.50 a 47.50 c 72.50 b 92.50 b 100 a 100 a

Acetamiprid 20 SP Mospilan 150ml 45 µl 40 5 i 17.50 j 65 e 65.50 j 92.50 c 100 a

Control Control - 40 0 j 0 k 0 i 0 k 0.00f 0.00 c

LSD @5% 1.191236 1.0241 1.1108s 1.4764 0.51706 0.1434079

F-value 497.0 2330.3 2831.5 2507.5 3152.1 239059.1

n=12 df= 11 Means sharing similar letters in columns are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

Page 153: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

142

7.3.3.5 Mortality of Mango Mealybug 5 Days After Treatment

The treatment effect on the mortality of first instar nymphs of mango mealybug at

five days after application was significant (Table 7, Column E). Profenophos, bifenthrin,

chlorpyrifos, lambdacyhalothrin and acetamiprid showed 100 percent mortality of the

pest and these treatments differed significantly from all other treatments. Statistically

similar response was observed between triazophos and cypermethrin, imidacloprid and

deltamethrin with 88 and 98 percent mortality for each pair, respectively. The application

of buprofezin and methidathion showed 90 and 93 percent mortality of the nymphs of

mango mealybug, respectively and differed significantly from each other.

7.3.3.6 Mortality of Mango Mealybug 6 Days After Treatment

All the insecticides showed 100 percent mortality of the pest except cypermethrin

with 98 percent mortality and showed significant difference with all other insecticides.

(Table 7, Column F).

Conclusion

All the insecticides showed 100 percent mortality of the pest 6 days after

treatment except cypermethrin which showed 98 percent mortality.

7.3.3.7 Mortality of First Instar Mango Mealybug under Field Conditions Same insecticides tested under laboratory conditions were evaluated for their

efficacy against first nymphal instars of mango mealybug under field conditions for two

years viz., 2006 and 2007.

7.3.3.7.1 Mortality of First Instar Mango Mealybug 24 Hours After Spray

The data regarding percent mortality of first instar nymphs of mango mealybug 24

hours after spray are given in (Table 8, Column A). Highly significant differences were

found between treatments whereas the interaction between year and treatment was

nonsignificant. The maximum mortality of the pest was observed in those treatments

where acetamiprid and deltamethrin were applied with 80 and 78 percent mortality of the

pest, respectively and did not show significant difference with each other followed by 75,

75 and 74 percent mortality in those treatments where methidathion, lambdacyhalothrin

and profenophos were sprayed, respectively and did not show significant difference with

one another. The minimum morality of the pest i.e. 44 percent observed in those trees

Page 154: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

143

where cypermethrin was sprayed and differed significantly from all other treatments. The

effect of other insecticides in descending order is: Imidacloprid > chlorpyrifos >

bifenthrin > buprofezin > and triazophos with 70, 67, 66, 64 and 53 percent mortality of

the pest, respectively 24 hours after spray.

7.3.3.7.2 Mortality of First Instar Mango Mealybug 72 Hours After Spray

Variations were found to be significant among treatments as well as between

interaction of years and treatments (Table 8, Column B). The highest mortality of the pest

was recorded to be 85 percent in those trees where acetamiprid was sprayed and there

was no significant difference with those of where lambdacyhalothin and profenophos (85

and 83 percent) mortality of first instar nymphs of mango mealybug, 72 hours after spray.

The lowest mortality of the pest was observed to be 60 and 61 percent in those trees

where cypermethrin and triazophos were sprayed, respectively and did not show

significant difference with each other. The application of deltamethrin, methidathion,

chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, bifenthrin and buprofezin resulted in 81, 78, 76, 75, 73 and 66

percent mortality of first instar nymphs of the pest, respectively.

7.3.3.7.3 Mortality of First Instar Mango Mealybug 168 Hours After Spray

Significant differences were found between treatments means, interaction

between years and treatments and between years regarding mortality of first instar

nymphs of mango mealybug 168 hours after spray (Table 8, Column C). The results

reveal that acetamiprid was found to be the most effective insecticide resulted in

maximum mortality of the pest i.e. 91 percent and differed significantly from those of

observed in all other treatments. Methidathion, lambdacyhalothrin and deltamethrin

showed similar response statistically with 86, 86 and 85 percent mortality of first instars

nymphs of mango mealybug, respectively and ranked second in their effectiveness after

acetamiprid. The mortality of the pest observed in those treatments where deltamethrin

was applied also showed no significant difference with those of observed in profenophos

treatment. The mortality on the pest was recorded to be 78 and 78 percent in those

treatments where chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid were sprayed, respectively. Cypermethrin

was found to be the least effective resulted in 65 percent mortality of the pest and differed

significantly from those of observed in all other treatments. Nonsignificant variation was

Page 155: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

144

also found to exist between those treatments where bifenthrin and buprofezin were

sprayed resulted in 74 and 72 percent mortality of the pest.

7.3.3.8 Mortality of Second and Third Instars Mango Mealybug

Similar insecticides were evaluated for their effectiveness against second and

third nymphal instars of mango mealybug under field conditions during 2006 and 2007.

The observation was recorded at various post treatment intervals. The results are as

follows.

7.3.3.8.1 Mortality of Second and Third Instars Mango Mealybug 24 Hours After Spray.

The data regarding percent mortality of second and third nymphal instars of

mango mealybug observed at 24 hours after spray during 2006 and 2007 are given in

Table 8, Column D. Highly significant differences were found among treatments. The

means were compared by DMR Test at P=0.05. The maximum mortality of second and

third nymphal instar was recorded to be 71 percent in those treatments where

deltamethrin was sprayed and did not show significant difference with those of observed

in profenophos treatment showing 70 percent mortality of second and third nymphal

instars of mango mealybug. Acetamiprid was found to be the next effective treatment

with 65 percent mortality of the pest and also did not show significant variation with

those of where lambdacyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos were sprayed showing 63 and 62

percent mortality of the pest. The later mentioned treatments also showed nonsignificant

difference with those of where imidacloprid and methidathion were sprayed showing 58

and 60 percent mortality of the pest, respectively. No significant difference was also

found to exist between bifenthrin and triazophos application with 51 and 47 percent

mortality of the pest, respectively. Buprofezin was the least effective insecticide with 27

percent mortality of second and third nymphal instars of mango mealybug and differed

significantly from the mortality observed in all other treatments. Similarly the application

of cypermethrin also showed discouraging results i.e. 38 percent mortality of the pest and

also differed with those of found in all other treatments.

Page 156: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

145

Table 8. MEAN COMPARISON OF CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MANGO MEALYB UG FIRST INSTAR, SECOND & THIRD INSTAR AND ADULT FEMALE UNDER FIELD CONDITI ON DURING 2006-2007 (AVERAGE OF BOTH YEARS).

Insecticide

Dose / 100 lit water

1st instar 2nd and 3rd instar Adult female

Common Name Trade name Percent mortality after spray Percent mortality after spray

Percent mortality after spray

24 h 72 h 168 h 24 h 72 h 168 h 24 h 72 h 168 h A** B** C** D** E** F** G** H** I**

Profenophos 500EC Curacron 30ml 74.42 b 83.35 a 83.68 c 70.02 a 72.52 c 78.84 b 50.11 c 62.24 c 64.44 c

Bifenthrin 10EC Talstar 100ml 65.80 de 73.48 e 74.11 e 51.12 e 55.50 h 58.71 g 26.15 i 29.83 h 33.37 h

Triazophos 20EC Hostathion 100ml 52.94 f 61.27 g 68.00 f 47.34 e 57.66 g 62.03 f 30.12 h 33.39 g 35.55 g

Chlorpyrifos 40EC Lorsban 50ml 66.70 d 76.25 cd 77.68 d 61.94 bcd 66.39 e 70.11 d 35.19 f 46.77 e 52.99 e

Lambdacyhalothrin 2.5EC Karate 50ml 74.85 b 84.98 a 86.32 b 63.43 bc 64.87 f 74.88 c 31.89 g 42.35f 52.54 e

Imidacloprid 200SL Confidor 100g 70.47 c 75.22 de 77.50 d 57.89 d 64.02 f 67.76 e 40.28 e 45.26 e 48.61 f

Buprofezin 20SP Starter 500g 63.57 e 66.19 f 72.26 e 26.95 g 28.59 j 33.86 i 6.36 k 11.50 j 16.36 i

Deltamethrin 2.5EC Decis 50ml 77.93 a 80.91 b 85.20 bc 70.72 a 74.55 b 77.22 b 45.44 d 54.02 d 61.58 d

Cypermethrin 10EC Ripcord 100ml 4.80 g 60.05 g 64.92 g 37.61 f 42.65 i 45.83 h 21.87 j 25.12 i 32.96 h

Acetamiprid 20 SP Mospilan 100g 79.72 a 85.17 a 90.57 a 65.25 b 77.99 a 81.42 a 58.13 b 69.39 b 70.57 b

Methidathion 40EC Supracide 150ml 75.48 b 77.76 c 86.18 b 60.23 cd 69.86 d 74.02 c 59.89 a 71.64 a 72.71 a

Control Control 0.00 h 0.00 h 0.00 h 0.00 h 0.00 k 0.00 j 0.00 l 0.00 k 0.00 j

LSD @ 5% 2.3723 2.066 2.3723 4.507 1.516 1.969 1.660 1.993 1.828

F-value 697.9 1008.0 1085.3 168.3 1763.5 1151.7 1004.3 982.5 1171.7

n=12 df= 11 Means sharing similar letters are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

Page 157: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

146

7.3.3.8.2 Mortality of Second and Third Instars Mango Mealybug 72 hours After Spray.

The data regarding percent mortality of second and third nymphal instars of

mango mealybug at 72 hours after spray during 2006 and 2007 in different treatments

(Table 8, Column E). The results reveal highly significant differences between treatments

and interactions between years and treatments. It is evident from the results that

methidathion was found to be the most effective treatment causing the greatest mortality

at 78 percent 72 hours after spray of all insecticides tested. Deltamethrin was found to be

the most effective treatment resulted in 74 percent mortality of the pest and also showed

significantly different from all other treatments. The effectiveness of all other treatments

in descending order was profenophos > methidathion > chlorpyrifos > lambdacyhalothrin

= imidacloprid > triazophos > bifenthrin > cypermethrin > and buprofezin with 73, 70,

66, 65, 64, 58, 56, 43, and 29 percent mortality of the pest, respectively.

7.3.3.8.3 Mortality of Second and Thir Instars Mango Mealybug 168 Hours After Spray.

The data relating to mortality percentage of second and third nymphal instars of

mango mealybug in different treatments at 168 hours after spray are given in (Table 8,

Column F). The results reveal highly significant differences between treatments and

between years and a significant interaction between year and treatment. Acetamiprid was

most effective with the highest mortality at 81 percent and differed significantly from

those of observed in all other treatments followed by 79, 77, 75, 74, 70, 68, 62 and 59

percent mortality of the pest in those trees where profenophos, deltamethrin,

lambdacyhalothrin, methidathion, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, triazophos and bifenthrin,

respectively were applied. Buprofezin was found to be the least effective resulted in

minimum morality of the pest i.e. 34 percent and differed significantly from those of

recorded in all other treatments.

7.3.3.9 Mortality of Adult Female of Mango Mealybug at Various Post Treatments Intervals.

Same insecticides were evaluated for their efficacy against adult female of mango

mealybug during 2006 and 2007. The observations were recorded 24 hours, 72 hours and

168 hours after spray. The results are given as follows.

Page 158: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

147

7.3.3.9.1 Mortality of Adult Female of Mango Mealybug 24 Hours After Spray.

The data regarding percent mortality of adult females of mango mealybug at 24

hours of post treatment intervals in different treatments during 2006 and 2007 are

presented in (Table 8, Column G). The result showed significant differences among

treatments as well as interactions of years and treatments. The results reveal that

methidathion was found to be the most effective causing 60 percent mortality followed

by 58, 50, 45, 40, 35, 32, 30, 26 and 22 percent mortality of the pest in those treatments

where acetamiprid, profenophos, deltamethrin, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos,

lambdacyhalothrin, triazophos, bifenthrin and cypermethrin, respectively were sprayed.

Buprofezin showed the least toxic effect on the adult female of mango mealybug resulted

in minimum mortality i.e. 6 percent. All the insecticides mentioned above showed

significant differences with one another.

7.3.3.9.2 Mortality of Adult Female of Mango Mealybug 72 Hours After Spray.

The data pertaining to the mortality percentage of adult females of mango

mealybug at 72 hours of post treatment interval during 2006 and 2007 are shown in

(Table 8, Column H). The results reveal highly significant differences among treatments.

Methidathion was found to be the most effective and resulted in maximum mortality of

the pest i.e. 72 percent followed by 69, 62 and 54 percent mortality of the pest in those

treatments where acetamiprid, profenophos and deltamethrin, respectively were sprayed.

Chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid showed 47 and 45 percent mortality of the pest,

respectively and did not show significant variation with each other. Buprofezin was

found to be the least effective insecticide for the control of adult female of mango

mealybug resulted in 12 percent mortality and also differed significantly from those of

observed in all other treatments. The effectiveness of other insecticides in descending

order are lambdacyhalothrin, triazophos, bifenthrin and cypermethrin with 42, 33, 30 and

25 percent mortality of the pest, respectively.

7.3.3.9.3 Mortality of Adult Female of Mango Mealybug 168 Hours After Spray.

The data regarding mortality of adult females of mango mealybug in different

treatments 168 hours after spray during 2006-2007 are given in (Table 8, Column I). The

result of the same reveals highly significant difference among treatments. The means

were compared by DMR Test at P=0.05. Methidathion was found to be the most effective

Page 159: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

148

resulted in maximum mortality of the pest i.e. 73 percent and showed significant

difference with the mortality observed in all other treatments. Acetamiprid was found to

be the second most effective insecticide with 71 percent mortality of the pest and also

differed significantly from all other treatments. Buprofezin did not show good control of

the pest and showed minimum mortality i.e. 16 percent and also showed significant

difference with those of observed in all other treatments. The mortality percentage was

ranked as 64, 62, 53, 53, 49, 36, 33 and 33 in those treatments where profenophos,

deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos, lambdacyhalothin, imidacloprid, triazophos, bifenthrin and

cypermethrin, respectively were sprayed.

7.3.3.10 SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT APPROACH FOR THE

CONTROL OF MANGO MEALYBUG

From the selectivity studies, the control methods which found the most effective

were integrated with the objective to develop a sustainable strategy to control the mango

mealybug. Mounding the trunk with the materials present under the plants like dried

leaves, branches, weeds, clods of mud, debris after spreading plastic sheet (cultural

control), Haider’s band (mechanical control) and acetamiprid @100g/100 liter water

(chemical control) were applied individually and as well as in their possible interactions

viz., mechanical + chemical, cultural + mechanical, cultural + chemical and cultural+

mechanical + chemical for the control of mango mealybug. The data regarding the

population of first instar nymph were recorded from the tree trunk 45 cm above the

ground level before the treatment during 2006-2007. After recording the data the above

mentioned practices were applied to the selected trees. The post treatment data were

recorded during the year 2008. The percent reduction over control of the pest was

calculated.

The data on percent reduction of mango mealybug in different treatments are

given in (Table 9). The results showed significant difference (P < 0.01) among different

treatments. The maximum reduction (98 percent) of mango mealybug was observed on

the trees where cultural + mechanical + chemical methods were used followed by cultural

+ chemical, cultural + mechanical and mechanical + chemical with 88, 81 and 78 percent

reduction of mango mealybug, respectively.

Page 160: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

149

Table 9. MEANS COMPARISON OF THE DATA REGARDING PE RCENT REDUCTION OF MANGO MEALYBUG IN DIFFERENT IPM METHODS DURING 2006 TO 2008.

Treatments /Practices

Before treatment population during

2007(05.01.07 to 16.02.07) (ns)

Percent population reduction over control

after treatment (**)

T1- Cultural 204.29 70.58 e T2- Mechanical 178.62 45.23 g T3- Chemical 168.90 48.68 f T4- Cultural X Mechanical 211.14 81.32 c T-5 Cultural X Chemical 208.33 87.70 b T6- Mechanical X Chemical

188.86 78.03 d

T7- Cultural X Mechanical X Chemical

211.90 98.46 a

T8-Control 205.24 0.00 h LSD @ 5% 68.8554 1.05286

D.F=7 F-value=7975.4 Means sharing similar letters for means did not differ significantly by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

A significant low reduction (45 percent) of mango mealybug was observed in

mechanical treatment compared with all of the other treatments used. Chemical methods

of control and cultural control resulted in 48 and 71 percent reduction in mango

mealybug, respectively and showed significant difference with each other. From the data

it could be suggested that the combination of cultural, mechanical and chemical methods

gave better control for MMB.

Cost Benefit Ratios (CBR) was calculated (Table 10 & 11) to find the economics

and feasibility of each control practice. The results reveal that a combination of

mechanical + chemical and cultural practices showed maximum benefit to the farmers

with the CBR 1:9 followed by the application of Acetamiprid at the rate of 1 gm per liter

water only (1:6), application of Haider’s band (1:5), mechanical + chemical practices

(1:3), cultural practice only (1:1), cultural + chemical (1:1) and cultural + mechanical

practice (1:1). To avoid the use of insecticide, Haider’s band was proved to be effective,

economical and easy to apply resulted in good benefit to the farmers.

Page 161: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

150

Table 10. COST BENEFIT RATIO IN DIFFERENT TREATMENTS REGARDING CONTROL OF MANGO MEALYBUG.

Treatment No. Name of Treatment CBR

T1 Mounding and spreading the soil (cultural) 1:14

T2 Application of Haider’s band (mechanical) 1:48

T3 Application of Acetamiprid at the rate of 1gm/liter water 1:60

T4 Cultural + chemical 1:11

T5 Mechanical + cultural 1:10

T6 Mechanical + chemical 1:24

T7 Mechanical + cultural + chemical 1:92

Table 11. COST BENEFIT RATIO

Practices Material required Approx.cost per tree • Cultural i)Plastic sheet Rs: 9

ii)Labor for Mounding the tree

Rs:15

iii) Labor for Spreading the mounds

Rs:10

Total cost Rs: 34 • Mechanical i)Plastic sheet Rs: 2.60

ii)Grease Rs: 4.00 iii)Nails Rs: 0.40 iv)Labor Rs: 3.00

Total cost Rs:10 • Chemical i)Insecticides required

below band on trunk Rs: 4.00

ii)Labor for spray Rs: 4.00 Total cost Rs: 8

Grand Total Cost Cultural + Mechanical + Chemical Rs:52 per tree Average yield expected per tree 6 mounds loss 80 percent Increase due to control of mango mealy bug 4.8 mounds Rate / mound is average Rs: 1000 Cost Benefit Ratio 1000 x 4.8 = 4320 / 52 1:92

7.3.3.11 MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG MALES.

i. Pupae of male mango mealybug were exposed to sunlight by hoeing five cm deep

under tree trunk in semi wet soil and in dry soil, near water channel (semi wet soil)

under leaves in semi wet soil and dry soil and on the tree trunk bark to record the

Page 162: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

151

emergence of male mango mealybug. The experiment was conducted in a mango

garden of 10 acres near Multan. The data regarding number of exposed pupae of male

mango mealybug were recorded. The data reveals highly significant difference among

treatments. The means were compared by DMR Test at P=0.05 (Table 12). The

maximum number of pupae 56 per 900 cm2 was observed near katcha water channel

in semi wet soil and differed significantly from all treatments. The number of pupae

45 per 900 cm2 was observed under tree trunk and also differed significantly from all

other treatments. The number of pupae 5, 4 and 1 per 900 cm2 observed under tree

trunk (dry soil), under leaves (dry soil) and on the tree trunk bark, respectively did not

show significant difference with each other. The number of pupae 12 per 900 cm2

under leaves (semi-wet soil) differed significantly from those of observed in all other

treatments. From these results it was observed that semi-wet soil near katcha water

channel was found to be the most favourite pupation site for male mango mealybug

followed by semi-wet soil under tree trunk. The emergence of winged males was

recorded to be zero in all the experimental sites.

Table 12. MEAN COMPARISON OF DATA REGARDING PUPAE OF MANGO MEALYBUG PER 900 CM 2 IN ORCHARD IN DIFFERENT PLACES DURING 2007.

TREATMENTS TREATMENT MEANS (**)

Under tree trunk (Semi-wet soil) 46.75 b

Under tree trunk (Dry soil) 5.37 d

Near kacha water channel (Semi-wet soil) 55.63 a

Under leaves (Semi-wet soil) 12.25 c

Under leaves (Dry soil) 3.75 d

On tree bark 0.63 d

LSD@5% 5.451

D.F=5 F-value=158.7 Means sharing similar letters are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

Page 163: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

152

ii. Light traps of different colours viz., yellow, red, mercury, blue and green were

installed in the mango orchards with the objective to monitor the winged males of

mango mealybug during their peak activity in the month of Apr. for disrupting their

mating with virgin female. The data showed highly significant differences among

different colours of light trap and date of observation. The means were compared by

DMR Test at P=0.05 (Table 13). It is evident from the results that mercury light

attracted the maximum winged males i.e. 5.71 per day and differed significantly from

those of observed in all other lights. Yellow, red, blue and green colored lights

showed nonsignificant differences with one another resulted in a range of male

catches 0.13 to 0.21 per trap per day. As regard to the variation among dates of

observation, it was observed that Apr. 16, 2007 was the most favorite date resulted in

maximum moth catches i.e. 1.93 per day per trap and did not show significant

variation with those of Apr. 14, 15, 17 and 18 with 1.53, 1.67, 1.67 and 1.47 moths

per day per trap, respectively. The moth catches decreased thereafter on Apr. 19 with

0.60 moths per trap per day. The moth catches of 0.13 per day per trap were observed

on Apr. 20, 2007 which was the minimum. From these results it was observed that

mercury light was the most effective for moth monitoring and Apr. 16, 2007 was the

most favourable date of moth catches resulted in maximum individuals i.e. 1.94 per

day per trap. Furthermore, mercury light showed maximum catches throughout the

monitoring period as compared to all other lights. The maximum moths of males

mango mealybug was attracted on Apr. 17 i.e. 8.00 per day per trap, whereas

minimum on Apr. 20, 2007 i.e. 0.67 per trap per day. The effect of different lights on

the moth population at various dates of observation reveals that yellow, red, blue, and

green light did not show significant difference among dates of observation resulted in

very low moth population catches which ranged from 0 to 0.7 per trap per night.

Mercury light resulted in significant difference among dates of observation. The

maximum moth catches was recorded to be 8.0 per trap per night on 17- 04-07 and

did not show significant difference with those of recorded on 15-04-07 and 16-04-07

each resulted in 7.7 moths per trap per night. This population decreased thereafter on

subsequent dates of observations. From these result it is concluded that mercury light

is an effective for monitoring the pest as compared to all other lights under study.

Page 164: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

153

Table 13. MEAN COMPARISON OF POPULATION OF ADULT M ALE MANGO MEALYBUG ATTRACTED TO DIFFERENT LIGHTS DURING 2007.

Dates

Dates X Lights (**) LSD =1.04

Yellow Red Mercury Blue Green Average (**) LSD=0.46

13-04-07 0.00 e 0.00 e 6.33 c 0.00 e 0.00 e 1.27 b

14-04-07 0.67 e 0.33 e 6.67 bc 0.00 e 0.00 e 1.53 ab

15-04-07 0.33 e 0.00 e 7.67 ab 0.33 e 0.00 e 1.67 ab

16-04-07 0.67 e 0.33 e 7.67 ab 0.67 e 0.33 e 1.93 a

17-04-07 0.00 e 0.00 e 8.00 a 0.00 e 0.33 e 1.67 ab

18-04-07 0.00 e 0.33 e 6.00 c 0.33 e 0.67 e 1.47 ab

19-04-07 0.00 e 0.00 e 2.67 d 0.33 e 0.00 e 0.60 c

20-04-07 0.00 e 0.00 e 0.67 e 0.00 e 0.00 e 0.13 d

Average 0.21 b 0.13 b 5.71 a 0.21 b 0.17 e

D.F 28 7

F-value 9.9 13.7

Means sharing similar letters are not significantly different by DMR Test at P = 0.05 LSD = Least Significant Difference Value. * = Significant at P < 0.05. ** = Significant at P < 0.01.

Page 165: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

154

7.4 DISCUSSION

Mango mealybug is a serious threat for mango orchards. These studies were

conducted for the control of the pest by applying different control methods viz., cultural,

mechanical and chemical. The most effective treatments were then integrated for

sustainable management approach to control the pest. Results are discussed under the

following sub-sections.

7.4.1 CONTROL OF MANGO MEALYBUG THROUGH CULTURAL PRACTICES

Various cultural practices viz., hoeing/ploughing (T1), mounding/earthing the

trees with fine mud (T2), mounding/ earthing the trees with debris, dried leaves, small

branches, clods of mud (T3), mounding/earthing the trees on the plastic sheet with debris,

dried leaves, small branches, clods of mud (T4) were applied for the control of mango

mealybug in 2006 and 2007. The results revealed that mounding/earthing the trees on the

plastic sheet with debris, dried leaves, small branches and clods of mud proved to be the

most effective resulted in maximum reduction of nymphal population of mango

mealybug. In contrast Sial (1999) reported complete control of the pest using hoeing or

ploughing, use of burlap band, burning of adult female and removal of soil contaminated

with eggs of mango mealybug gave complete control of the pest without pesticides.

While Singh (1947), Haq and Akmal (1960), Sandhu et al., (1980) and Agricola et al.,

(1989) have shown digging the soil, burning of rubbish, scrapping of soil at the basis of

fruit trees, root opening and pruning were the most effective methods. In the present

study hoeing and ploughing resulted in 42 percent nymphal reduction, which was not an

encouraging control. Similar results were also observed by Rahman and Latif (1944) who

reported that destruction of eggs by digging them out with spades from the soil is not an

encouraging practice. The present findings can partially be compared with those of

Mohyuddin and Mahmood (1993) who achieved the control of mango mealybug by

hoeing or ploughing the soil to a depth of 15 cm, 3 times between June and Dec.

However, Xu et al., (1999) have used trenches filled with trash to trap egg-carrying

females while moving downward from tree for egg laying. In a second experiment two

Page 166: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

155

treatments viz., removal of soil around the trunk in the month of Nov. and intercropping

of oat and berseem as fodder on Sept. and Oct., respectively were tested for the control of

mango mealybug. Two years studies revealed that intercropping resulted in significantly

maximum reduction of nymphal population (77 percent) in those trees where Oat and

berseem were intercropped whereas minimum nymphal reduction (64 percent) was found

in those trees where soil was ploughed and removed.

7.4.2 CONTROL OF MANGO MEALYBUG THROUGH MECHANICAL

METHODS Various mechanical methods in the form of bands viz., namhar band, black oil

cloth band, gunny bag, grease band, grease + black oil, funnel type tape, cotton band,

polyethylene sheet, plastic sheet and Haider’s band were applied for the control of mango

mealybug for two years (2005-2007). The results of both years study revealed that

Haider’s band was found to be the most effective and lowest cost method resulting in the

least percent of nymphs i.e. 1 percent crossing the band. The number of nymphs crossing

the other banding methods was from 7 to 43 percent. In contrast, Sial (1999), Abrar-ul-

Haq et al., (2002), Satish (2003) used grease and plastic sheets to prevent upward

movement of mango mealybug.

From polyethylene sheet band and black oil cloth only 9 percent and 13 percent

nymphs crossed during upward movement. Similarly Bindra and Sohi (1974) and

Rahman and Latif (1944) also have shown effectiveness of the bands in preventing

upward movement of mealybug. The namhar band however, was not very effective band

as it resulted in 31 percent nymphal upward movement. The results are in line with those

of Husain (1920) who found that the cotton bands are not effective in preventing the

mealybug, Drosicha (Monophelebus) sp. from reaching the blossoms of mango trees.

7.4.3 CONTROL OF MANGO MEALYBUG THROUGH INSECTICIDES

Eleven formulated insecticides viz., profenophos (Curacron 500 EC), bifenthrin

(Talstar 10EC), triazophos (Hostathion 20EC), chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 40EC),

lambdacyhalothrin (Karate 2.5EC), imidacloprid (Confidor 200SL), buprofezin (Starter

20SP), deltamethrin (Decis 2.5EC), cypermethrin (Ripcord 10EC), acetamiprid

(Mospilan 20SP), and methidathion (Supracide 40EC) at the rate of 30-ml, 100-ml, 100-

ml, 50-ml, 50-ml, 100-g, 500-g, 50-ml, 100-ml, 100-g and 150-ml per 100 litre water,

respectively were tested for the control of mango mealybug under laboratory as well as

Page 167: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

156

under field conditions. Acetamiprid was found to be the most effective insecticide in

laboratory and in field conditions since most of the post treatment intervals resulted in

significantly the highest mortality of different instars and adult females.

Furthermore, all the insecticides resulted in 100 percent control of 1st instars

nymphs of mango mealybug under laboratory conditions six days after application but

under field conditions acetamiprid is identified as the most effective insecticide for 1st,

2nd and 3rd instars nymphs of mango mealybug at 24, 72 and 168 hrs after treatment.

Methidathion was the most effective for adult female at all the post treatment intervals

under field conditions. Chlorpyrifos was not as effective. These findings are partially in

conformity with those of Sarivastava and Tandon (1981) who reported that chlorpyrifos

was toxic to mango mealybug compared with the insecticides other than those tested in

the present study.

The present findings can not be compared with those of Rojanavongse and

Charernson (1984), Azim (1985), Dalaya et al., (1983), Rao and Barwal (1985), Khan

(1985), Das and Singh (1986), Khurana and Verma (1988), Gaffar (1989), Singh et al.,

(1991), Sohi et al., (1992), Irulandi (2000) due to differences in their materials and

methods.

In the present study, buprofezin was the effective after 6 days resulting in 100

percent and lambdacyhalothin after 4 days with 100 percent mortality of nymphal instars

of mango mealybug after spray under laboratory conditions. Similar results were

observed by Srivastava (1997). Further it is pointed out that sole reliance on a single

insecticide will result in the development of insecticide resistance in the insect

populations. But if the farmers are going to make more than one application per year they

need to rotate insecticides classes.

7.4.4 SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT APPROACH FOR THE CONTROL OF MANGO MEALYBUG From the above studies, the most effective control methods were

mounding/earthing the trees on the plastic sheet with debris, dried leaves, small branches,

clods of mud (cultural method), Haider’s band (mechanical method) and acetamiprid at

the rate of 100-g per 100 litre water were applied individually as well as in their possible

interactions for the control of mango mealybug on mango trees. The results revealed that

a combination of cultural + mechanical + chemical methods resulted in maximum

Page 168: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 7 Sustainable Management of Mango Mealybug

157

reduction (98.5 percent) of mango mealybug. The present findings can partially be

compared with those of Tandon and Verghese (1995), Gul et al., (1997) and Bajwa and

Gul (2000) who recommended a combination of cultural, mechanical and chemical

control methods for the control of mango mealybug on mango trees but the methods they

reported were different from those of tested in the present dissertation.

The present findings can not be compared with those of Hartless (1914), Ali

(1980), Lakra et al., (1980), Anwar (1991), Jia et al., (2001) and Ishaq et al., (2004) due

differences in their materials and methods.

It is noted that the greater effect of control methods in cultivars with greater

susceptibility and can be adopted easily and could have immediate impact on production

of mango.

7.4.5 MANAGEMENT OF MALES OF MANGO MEALYBUG

Infestation to mango orchards caused by mango mealybug can be minimized by

controlling an effective measure for management of male. For this purpose, emergence of

males of mango mealybug was controlled with the help of light traps and cultural

practices. It was observed that amongst yellow, red, mercury, blue and green lights, the

males of mango mealybug were attracted to mercury light. It is therefore suggested that

mercury light may be installed in the garden to capture the males of mango mealybug.

The present findings cannot be compared with those of Rahman and Latif (1944) who

used hurricane lanterns and two males per night were captured. Further it is noted that

exposing male pupae to sunlight by hoeing 5 cm deep proved to be the most effective

practice and resulted in maximum reduction.

Page 169: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

158

Chapter 8

SUMMARY

A comprehensive survey regarding views of the respondents relating to resistant

and susceptible mango cultivars against mango mealybug, methods of spreading, places

of hibernation, control practices, problems faced by the farmers and yield losses occurred

due to the attack of mango mealybug in four districts of the Punjab viz., Bahawalpur,

Rahim Yar Khan, Multan and Muzzaffar Garh after a preliminary survey during 2005 in

Multan District. The results are summarized below.

• MMB was reported to be the major insect pests of mango orchards followed by

hoppers, fruit fly, scales, galls and midges

• ‘Chaunsa cultivar’ was the most susceptible as viewed by the majority of the

respondents i.e. 94 percent followed by 69, 63 and 63 percent respondents for

‘Fajri’, ‘Langra’ and ‘Black Chaunsa’, whereas 62 percent respondents had the

view that ‘Dusehri’ was resistant cultivar for mealybugs. It is proved from the

experiments that ‘Chaunsa’ is the most susceptible cultivar. The growers

perception of the more resistant cultivars is agreement with the experimental

evidence of the surveys conducted in study. The results show that Dusehri was

more susceptible than other cultivars like Tukhmi or Anwar Ratul

• Irrigation water was the major source of flare up of the pest as viewed by the

majority of the respondents i.e. 94 percent followed by migrating pest from one

place to another (52 percent), transportation of agricultural machinery (49

percent), through nursery plants (49 percent), by dissidence (33 percent), by host

plants (41 percent), by weeds taken by the women from one place to another (28

percent), through air (18 percent) with farm yard manure (11 percent) and

affected inflorescence by malformation (29 percent)

• Majority of the respondents told that the pest hibernated under the trees followed

by cracks in trees, mud walls around orchards, soil under tree canopy, roots of

plants under fallen leaves and kacha (mud) water channels

Page 170: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 8 Summary

159

• The majority of the respondents (60 percent) adopted removal of weeds practice

for the control of mango mealybug, resulting in 25 percent control as viewed by

85 respondents while hoeing, ploughing, irrigation and removal of weeds were

also adapted by the respondents with variable results. Furthermore satisfaction

level for the control of mango mealybug was unsatisfactory

• Amongst 18 insecticides, diazinon and methidathion were the most common as 73

and 52 percent respondents gave positive response whereas, 29 and 48 percent

respondents showed negative response, respectively. Furthermore, 86 respondents

gave the view that diazinon controlled the mealybug up to 75 percent and 14

respondents reported 100 percent satisfaction. All the other insecticides did not

give satisfactory results for the respondents

• Grease bands were applied by the majority of the respondents for the control of

mango mealybug. Forty three of the respondents reported up to 25 percent,

whereas, 82 of the respondents reported 50 percent control of mango mealybug

with this practice. The satisfaction level was again 50 percent or below

• Lack of knowledge about the pest, lack of money, adulterated and shortage of

pesticides, lack of unity amongst farmers and small land holdings were the main

constraints for the control of mango mealybug

• 100 percent yield losses was told by 23 percent respondents whereas 75 percent,

50 percent and 25 percent losses were reported by 35, 28 and 14 percent

respondents, respectively

• Burning of females scales, application of grease bands and insecticidal sprays did

not give satisfactory results to the respondents for the control of fertilized

females of mango mealybug migrating or dispersing down from the trees

Population Dynamics

The population dynamic studies were carried out on ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar as it was

the most susceptible cultivar. The MMB population was observed on weeds around

mango tree, on mango tree trunk, leaves, inflorescence and branches of the plant weekly

from east, west, south and north sides. The data on the population of mango mealybug

were also observed from the trunk of the trees and from the weeds around the trees.

Page 171: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 8 Summary

160

Predation, parasitization and fungal attacked specimens were also observed on the plant.

The results are summarized as under:

• South side showed maximum population of mango mealybug on leaves and

inflorescence, whereas west side of the plant showed maximum population of

mango mealybug on branches

• Trunk of the plant showed maximum population of mango mealybug as compared

to weeds. However, higher population was observed during 2005-2006 as

compared to 2006-2007

• Parasitization and predation of the pest was higher during 2005-2006 as compared

to 2006-2007

• Fungal attack was higher during 2006-2007 as compared to 2005-2006

Cultivar Resistance

• Twelve cultivars of mango viz., ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Fajri’, ‘Langra’, ‘Black Chaunsa’,

‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Sindhri’, ‘Malda’, ‘Anwar Ratul’, ‘Dusehri’, ‘Ratul-12’,

‘Tukhmi’ and ‘Sensation’ were studied for their relative resistant/susceptibility

against MMB in two years (2005- 2007) in district Multan. The population of

mango mealybug was counted from leaves, inflorescence and branches at

fortnight interval in their active period from East and South directions of the

plant. The females of dominant similar size were collected from the trunk coming

down the tree, and the specimens were weighed, and measured the length and

width. The data on number of eggs laid per female, length and width of ovisac

were also recorded on each cultivar. The results are summarized as under.

• The ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar showed maximum population of mango mealybug in both

the study years (105 and 70 during 2005-2006 and during 2006-2007,

respectively) as well as on an average of both study years (87), whereas ‘Tukhmi’

cultivar was found comparatively resistant with minimum population of mango

mealybug i.e. 18, 14 and 16 during 2005-2006, 2006-2007 and average of both

years, respectively

• On an average of both the study years, the following rankings positions towards

susceptibility of mango cultivars were as follows

Page 172: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 8 Summary

161

• ‘Chaunsa’ > ‘Black Chaunsa’ > ‘Malda’ > ‘Fajri’ > ‘Ratul-12’ > ‘Langra’ >

‘Sensation’ > ‘Sindhri’ > ‘Dusehri’ > ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’ > ‘Anwar Ratul’ and >

‘Tukhmi’

• The maximum population range of mango mealybug was observed during 2nd

week of Feb. to 2nd week of Mar.

• The cultivar ‘Tukhmi’ appeared as comparatively resistant because of the

minimum number of eggs laid per female, weight, length and width of female

and length and width of ovisac

• Based on biological parameters studies, the pest collected from ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar

showed maximum weight, length and width of female, maximum length and

width of ovisac and laid maximum number of eggs while all the above parameters

were minimum on cultivar ‘Tukhmi’

Biology and Behaviour of the Pest

• All the 1st instar nymphs molted in 56 days, 2nd instar nymphs 26 days and 3rd

instar nymphs 20 days. Nymphs were negatively geotropic and 1st instar moved

upward with average speed of 12 cm per minute, 2nd instar 17 cm per minute and

3rd instar 37 cm per minute. The female laid eggs on an average of 282 in 13 days.

First instar live without food for 12 days, 2nd and 3rd instar live for 13 days

whereas adult female live 13 days without feeding. The average mating time for

one female was 12 minutes

Effect of environment on the population of Mango Mealybug

• The maximum peak population of mango mealybug was observed to be 27 per

30-cm branch at maximum temperature of 25 ºC, minimum temperature of 10 ºC

and RH 79 percent

• All the weather factors under study did not show significant correlation with the

population of mango mealybug

• Relative humidity, on an average basis, played maximum role in population

fluctuation of the pest i.e. explaining 25 percent of the variation in the insect

fluctuation

Page 173: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 8 Summary

162

Period of Abundance

The maximum population was observed from Feb. to Mar. But the population

decreased from Apr. and onward as ambient temperature increased.

Biochemical analysis of leaves and inflorescence

Various chemical characters of the leaves and inflorescence such as nitrogen,

potassium, crude fiber, fat, sodium, ash, carbohydrates, phosphorus, moisture and protein

contents in different cultivars of mango viz., ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Fajri’, ‘Langra’, ‘Black

Chaunsa’, ‘Sufaid Chaunsa’, ‘Sindhri’, ‘Malda’, ‘Dusehri’, ‘Anwar Ratul’, ‘Ratul-12’,

‘Tukhmi’ and ‘Sensation’ were processed for simple correlation and multiple linear

regression analysis to determine the impact of these factors on the population fluctuation

of the pest . The results are summarized below.

• All the chemical plant factors on leaves and inflorescence differed significantly

among various cultivars of mango

• Maximum carbohydrate contents was observed in the cultivar ‘Chaunsa’ (susceptible

to the pest), whereas minimum carbohydrates contents were observed in the cultivar

‘Tukhmi’ resistant to the pest. All the other factors did not show any specific

sequence with the population of the pest in all the cultivars

• Crude fiber, fat, sodium, ash and crude protein contents exerted significant and

negative correlation with the population of mango mealybug on leaves, whereas

potassium and carbohydrate resulted in a positive and significant correlation with the

pest. Crude fiber and nitrogen contents were important which exerted negative and

positive correlation with the pest population on inflorescence

• Crude fiber and total ash played maximum role in the population fluctuation of

mango mealybug and contributed 55.8 and 26.4 percent role, respectively.

Furthermore the effect of all the factors when computed together resulted in 96.5

percent and 53.9 percent role in population fluctuation of the pest on leaves and

inflorescence, respectively

Losses caused by mango mealybug

The study was conducted to observe the percent decrease in mango fruits on

different cultivars of mango over treated trees during one season. Different control

Page 174: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 8 Summary

163

methods were applied to trees with the objective to maintain the population of mealybug

at zero level. The results are summarized as under.

• The number of fruits were lower in the nontreated trees of all the cultivars was

lower as compared to treated trees both at initial and final stage of the experiment

• The maximum decrease in number of fruits was recorded 11 percent on cultivar

‘Anwar Ratul’, whereas ‘Langra’ cultivar showed minimum decrease in number

of fruits at 3 percent over nontreated trees at initial stage of the experiment

• At final stage of the experiment the maximum decrease in fruits was 81 percent

on cultivar ‘Chaunsa’, whereas minimum decrease in fruits on cultivar ‘Tukhmi’

at 22 percent

• On an overall basis, 44 percent decrease in fruits was recorded in nontreated trees

at final stage of the experiment

• A single mango mealybug can cause 3 percent loss in yield in inflorescence

• Maximum population recorded on ‘Chaunsa’ cultivar was 18/inflorescence where

as minimum population recorded on ‘Anwar Ratul’ was 10/inflorescence

Sustainable management of Mango mealybug

The selective studies were conducted with the objective to evaluate the most

effective methods amongst various cultural (hoeing, mound with fine mud, mound with

leaves, debris, grass and big clods, mound on the plastic sheet, intercropping and removal

of soil), mechanical (Namhar band, black oil cloth, gunny bag, grease, grease + black oil,

funnel type trap, cotton wool, polyethelene sheet, plastic sheet and plastic sheet with 1.5

inch grease (Haider’s bands) and chemical insecticides viz., profenophos, bifenthrin,

triazophos, chlorpyrifos, lambdacyhalothrin, imidacloprid, buprofezin, deltamethrin,

cypermethrin, acetamiprid and methidathion during the year 2005 to 2007 in various

orchards of mango at Multan. The results are summarized as under:

• Amongst cultural practices mound on plastic sheet was found to be the most

effective in reducing mango mealybug population

• The application of plastic sheet with 3.7 cm wide layer of grease (Haider’s band)

proved to be the most effective resulted in the lowest individuals of the pest

crossed the band on the tree trunk

Page 175: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 8 Summary

164

• Amongst various insecticides tested acetamiprid was found to be the most

effective showing the highest mortality of the pest in almost all the nymphal

instars followed by profenophos. Furthermore, methidathion resulted in maximum

mortality of adult female of mango mealybug at all the post treatment intervals

followed by acetamiprid

• A combination of mounds on the plastic sheet, Haider’s band and application of

acetamiprid were found to be the most effective treatment in reducing first instar

nymphs. It is further stated that the Haider’s band was the most effective and

cheaper which is a new addition in the mechanical control management mango

mealybug

• The males of mango mealybug were more attracted to mercury light as compared

to other lights tested

• Exposing male pupae to sunlight by hoeing 5-cm deep proved to be the effective

practice resulted in maximum reduction

Page 176: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 8 Summary

165

8.1 RECOMMENDATIONS

FIG. 1 INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SCHEDULE FOR MANGO MEALYBUG DROSICHA MANGIFERAE GREEN IN MANGO ORCHARDS

Page 177: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 8 Summary

166

8.2 CONDITION OF THE PEST AND

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

MMB Management schedule for the mango growers given below: Month Condition of the pest Recommendations December Hatching of the eggs started, a few

nymphs started their movement in upward direction. Mostly feeds on weeds under the tree

Apply bands in first week

January Hatching continued and the nymphs started ascend the trees in huge numbers

Spray below the bands

February First instars nymphs settled on the leaves and mostly on the tips of branches from which inflorescence comes out

If no bands applied spray the whole trees with profenophos @ 30 ml /100liter water or any other suitable insecticides

March Nymphs changing the Instar and shifting to the inflorescence, but males coming down the trees after 20th of this month

Spray the whole trees with enter the 2nd & 3rd instar shifting Acetamiprid @ 100 ml/100 litrer water or any other suitable insecticides. Making of mounds for male collection and destruction.

April Mating started and few females started decending the tree for egg laying

Cultural practices including mounding around the trees trunk over plastic sheet before the 10th of this month for the collection of egg carrying females

May Almost all females completed their decent and males disappear

At this stage no effective management practices of the pest can be adopted

June Remaining females completed their downward movement and hibernate in mounds if present

Spread the mounds at the end of June for the destruction of eggs.

July Females laid egg in mounds or in their hibernated places

Spread the mounds at any time in this month for the destruction of eggs

August Eggs can be collected from the sides of kacha water channel, mud walls around the orchards and from the roots of host plants.

Spread the mounds at any time in this month for the destruction of eggs

September Eggs present in the orchards can be destroyed through intercropping of fodders

Intercropping of Oat and Berseem clover in orchards

October Eggs present in the orchards can be destroyed through intercropping of fodders

Intercropping of Oat and Berseem clover in orchards

November If eggs present in the roots of host plant

Removal of eggs from the trunks and destroyed

Page 178: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Chapter 8 Summary

167

8.3 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES

The following precautionary measures can be adopted by the mango growers to

overcome this notorious pest

• Mango mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae Green) has more than 70 host plants, so

that cultural, mechanical and chemical controls should be applied with all the

host plants

• Application of grease is dangerous for the mango trunk so it should not be

applied directly on the trunk of mango trees

• Mango mealybug shifted from trees to trees through the branches so the the

branches touching the trees should be cut off

• Irrigation water is the main source of spreading the mango mealybug, the

branches over the water channel should be trimmed off to avoid spreading to non

infested orchards

• Avoid purchasing nursery plants from the infested nurseries

• Agricultural implements such as cultivator etc used in infested orchards should

not be used in uninfested orchards

• Avoid moving of weeds (taken by the women for animals as feed), trimmed

malformed inflorescence and branches (for fuel purposes) of infested orchards to

uninfested orchards

• Recommended cultural, mechanical and chemical control methods should be

adopted in time (which is the most important) to overcome this pest

• Ask the fellow farmers to act upon the advices of agricultural experts

Page 179: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

168

LITERATURE CITED

A.O.A.C., 1975. Official methods of analysis. 12 Ed. Benjamin. Franklin Station,

Washington, USA.34-48 pp.

Abrar-ul-Haq, A. Ghaffar, A. Saleem and A. Ghaffar, 2002. Integrated pest management

studies of mango mealybug (Drosicha stebbingi GR.). J. Agric. Res., 40(3-4):

223-226.

Agricola, U.D., D. Agounke, H.U. Fischer and D. Moore, 1989. Biology of the mealybug

Rastrococcus invadens Williams (Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae) and its control with

Gyranusoidea tebygi Noyes (Hymenoptera:Encyrtidae) in Togo. Mitteilungen der

Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie, 7: 647-

652.

Ali, M., 1980. Control of mango mealybug, Drosicha stebbingi (Green.) (Homoptera:

Coccoidae). M.Sc (Hons.) Thesis, Deptt. Agric. Entomol., Univ. Agric.

Faisalabad.

Andrewartha, H.G. and L.C. Birch, 1954. The distribution and abundance of animals.

University of Chicago press, Chicago, USA.p 782

http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.en.28.010183.00220

3

Angeles, D.E., 1991. Mangifera at L,sima. In : Coronel, R.E. and Verheij, E.W.M.(eds).

Edible fruits and nuts, Plant Resources of South East Asia 2. Pudoc, Wageningen,

pp.206-207.

Anonymous, 2002. Pakistan Statistical, year book. Federal Bureau of Statistics, Statistical

Division, Govt of Pakistan.

Page 180: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

169

Anonymous, 2004. Federal Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan, Karachi.

Anonymous, 2006. Pakistan diseases and their control. AGRI.NEWS update & Habib –e-

Zarat Vol-25 issue for Jan-Jun: 20-24.

Anonymous, 2007. Mango Lemon Sevai.

(http://recipesnmore.blogspot.com/2007/05/sevai.html)

Anonymous, 2008. International mango conference, Multan 27th July. Khabrain

newspaper in Urdu.

Anwar, A., 1991. Effect of spraying of insecticide on mealybug attack. Buletin-

Penelitian-Hutan (Indonesia). No. 541 p. 7-10.

Atteh, O.D., 1984. Nigerian farmer’s perception of pests and pesticides. Insect Sci. Appl.,

5: 213-220.

Atwal, A.S. and B. Singh, 1990. Pest population and assessment of crop losses. Indian

Council of Agricultural Research, New Dehli, India.

Atwal, A.S., 1963. Insect pests of mango and their control. Punjab Hort. J., India, 3:238-

245.

Atwal, A.S., D.S. Bhatti and G.S. Sandhu, 1969. Some observation on the ecology and

control of mango mealybug , Drosicha mangiferae Green. J. Res. PAU. 6(1):107-

114.

Avilan, L., 1971. Variations in the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium

in the leaves of mango (Mangiferae indica L.) through a cycle of production.

Agron. Trop., 21: 3-10.

Azim, I.I.,1985. Insect pests of mango and their control in Bangladesh. Symposium on

the Problems and Prospects of Mango Production in Bangladesh. Dhaka

(Bangladesh), 17-18 Feb. p. 5-6.

Page 181: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

170

Bagle, B. and V. Prasad, 1984. Varietal incidence and control of stone weevil

Sternochetus mangiferae Fabricius. Indian J. Entomol. 46: 389-392.

Bajwa, G.A. and H. Gul, 2000. Some observations on insect species of Paulownia

species at Pakistan Forest Institute Campus, Peshawar. Pak. J. Forestry, 50(1-2):

71-80.

Benrey, B. and R.F. Denno, 1997. The slow growth-high mortality hypothesis: A test

using the Cabbage Butterfly. Ecology, 78: 987-999.

Bentley, J.W., 1992. The epistemology of plant protection: Hondurancampesino

knowledge of pests and natural enemies. In: R. W. Gibson and A. Sweetmore

(eds) Proceedings of a Seminar on Crop Protection for Resource-Poor Farmers

(CTA/NRI), pp. 107-118.

Bently, J.W. and S.P. Baker, 2002. Manual for collaborative research with smallholder

offer farmers. Egham, UK: CABI Commodities: 130.

Bindra, O.S. and B.S. Sohi, 1974. A note on control of mango mealybug in Punjab. Ind.

J. Hort., 31(1):102-103.

Bindra, O.S., 1967. Fighting pests of commercial fruits. (Indian J. Entomol., 43(2):148-

152).

Bindra, O.S., G.C. Varma and G.S. Sandhu, 1970. Studies on the relative efficacy of

banding materials for the control of mango mealybug Drosicha stebbingi Green .

J. Res. Ludhiana, India, 7(4):491-494.

Birat, R.B.S., 1964. Mango mealybug menace. Ind. Fmg., 14(1): 14-15.

Block, J.W. and T. Kozuma, 1964. Notes on the biology and economic importance of the

mango weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius), in Hawaii (Coleoptera:

Curculionidae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 18: 353-364

Page 182: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

171

Bokonon-Ganta, A.H., H.D. Groote and P. Neuenschwander, 2001. Socio-economic

impact of biological control of mango mealybug in Benin. Agric., Ecosyst.

Environ. , 93:367-378.

Bottenberg, G.H., 1995. Farmers’ perceptions of crop pests and pest control practices in

rain fed cowpea cropping systems in Kano, Nigeria. Int. J. Pest Manag. , 41:195-

200.

Bovida, C. and P. Neuenschwander, 1995. Influence of host plant on the mango

mealybug Rastrococcus invadens. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,

76(2): 179-188.

Bryman, A. and D. Cramer, 2001. Quantitative data analysis with SPSS release 10 for

windows. East Sussex, UK: Routledge.p 295.

Burleigh, J.R., V. Vingnanakulasingham, W.R.B. Lalith and A.S. Gonapinuwala, 1998.

Pattern of pesticide use and pesticide efficacy among chilli growers in the dry

zone of Sri Lanka (System B): perception vs. reality. Agric., Ecosyst. Environ. ,

70: 49- 60.

Büsgen, M. 1891. Der Honigtau. Biologische Studien an Pflanzen und Flanzenläusen.

Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft N.F. 25: 339^28.

Website (http://www.jstor.org/pss/30152279) accessed on 02-03-2010

CAB International (2005). Crop Protection Compendium (2005 edition).Wallingford,

UK: CAB International.

site:http://.cabicompendium.org/cpc/aclogin.asp?/cpc/findadatasheet.asp

Carvalho, R. da S., A. Nascimento, J. Morgante and N. Fonseca, 1996. Susceptibility of

different mango cultivars to the attack of the fruitfly, Anastrepha oblique. In:

McPheron, B. and Steck, G.(eds) Fro it Fly Pests: A World Assessment of their

Biology and Management. St Lucie Press, Delray Beach, pp.325-331.

Page 183: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

172

Chadha, K.L, R.S. Thakur, M.S. Rajput and J.S. Samra, 1984. Leaf nutrient status of

three mango cultivars at flowering and post harvest stages. Indian J. Hort. 42: 43-

84. .

Chadha, K.L., J.S. Samra and R.S. Thakur, 1981. Standardization of leaf-sampling

technique for mineral composition of leaves of mango cultivar 'Chaunsa'. Scientia

Horticulturae (Netherlands), 13(4): 323-329.

Chandra, A.D., P.S. Bhati and K.M. Singh, 1987. Bionomics of mango Mealybug,

Drosicha mangiferae Green (Margarodidae: Hemiptera). Bull.Entomol.,

28(2):145-152.

Chandra, A.D., P.S. Bhati and K.M. Singh, 1991. Mechanical control of mango mealybug

(D. mangiferae Green) by tree trunk banding. Indian J.Entomol., 53(1): 76-79.

Chen, W.Y. 1984. [A report of trial on interception and killing of Drosicha corpulenta by

plastic rings impregnated with poisonous oil.] (In Chinese). Forest Sci. and

Technol., No. 11: 32.

Chitere, P.O. and B.A. Omolo, 1993. Farmers’ indigenous knowledge of crop pests and

their damage in western Kenya. Int. J. Pest Manag. , 39: 126-132.

Chopra, R.I., 1928. Annual report of the entomologist to the Government of Punjab,

1925-26.

D’Almeida, J.P., 1995. Situation actuelle de la production fruitiere en Republique du

Benin. Rapport de consultation pour la FAO,TCP/BEN/4553.

Dalaya, V.P., S.G. Rajput., A.R. Mali and P.B. Mohite, 1983. Comparative efficacy of

insecticides against guava mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae Green. Indian J. p

prot.,11(1/2):138-139.

Dale, D., 1988. Plant-mediated effects of soil mineral stress on insects. In : E. A.

Heinrichs (ed), Plant stress-insect interactions. John Wiley & Sons, New

York, U.S.A. pp. 35-110.

Page 184: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

173

Das, L.K. and B. Singh, 1986. Economic control of Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green

infesting mesta. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 56(5): 373-375.

Dhaliwal, G.S. and R. Arora, 1998. Principles of insect pest management. Kalyani

Publishers, New Dehli, India, p. 17-40.

Dhaliwal, G.S. and R. Singh, 2004. Host plant resistance to insects: Concepts and

applications. New Delhi, Panima Pub., 2004, xii, 578 p.

Dhaliwal, G.S. and V.K. Dilawari, 1996. Host plant resistance in integrated pest

management. In : R.K. Upadhyay, K.G. Mukherjee and R.L. Rajak (eds). IPM

system in Agriculture, Vol. 1.Aditya Books Pvt. Ltd., New Dehli, India, pp. 264-

315.

Dhaliwal, G.S., V.K. Dilawari and R.S. Saini, 1993. host plant resistance to insects: Basic

concepts .In: G.S. Dhaliwal and V.K. Dilawari (eds).advances in Host Plant

resistance to insects. Lalyani Publishers, New Dehli , India,pp1-30.

DOA and DOAE (Department of Agriculture and Department of Agricultural Extension),

1995. Handbook on mango farm care and management using integrated pest

management methods (Bangkok: DOA and DOAE): p. 68.

Duncan, D.B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11:1-42.

Dutt, G.R., 1925. The Giant Mealybug and its control. Bull. Ent. Res.,16:155-58.

Dwivedi, S.C., Kuldeep, S.M. Singh and R.R. Katiyar, 2003. Seasonal incidence of insect

pests associated with mango crop. Department of Entomology, C.S.A. Univ. Agri.

& Tech., Kanpur 208 002, India. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 11(1):159-

160.

Elton, C., 1927. Animal Ecology. McMillaon Company, New York (3rd ed. 1947).

Entomological Society of Nigeria, 1991. Newsletter, 10:14.

Page 185: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

174

Escalada, M.M. and K.L. Heong, 1993. Communication and implementation of change in

crop protection. In : Crop Protection and Sustainable Agriculture (Chichester:

Wiley), pp.191- 202.

FBS, 2007. Federal Bureau of Statistics, 2007-08, a year book published by the Statistics

Division, Government of Pakistan. Chapter Agriculture. (Available on-line at

http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/aco/index.html). Accessed on Mar. 24, 2008.

Fujisaka, S., 1992. Will farmer participatory research survive in the International

Agricultural Research Centre? Gatekeeper Series No. SA44. (London: IIED): 3-

14.

Gaffar, S.A., 1989. Chemical control of mealybug, Drosicha dalbergiae (Stebbing) on

almond in Kashmir. Indian J. P. Prot., 17(1): 31-34.

Galan, S.V., 1996. Mango world production. Acta Hortic.455: 15-20.

Giani, M.A., 1968. A Treatise to Horticulture, Lahore. pp: 25-28

Godfray, H.C.J., 1994. Parasitoids: behavioural and evolutionary ecology. Princeton

University Press, Princeton, 473 pp.

GOVPK, 2008. Official website of Govt. of Pakistan, Ministry of Information and

broadcasting. (Available on-line at www.gov.pk). Accessed on 26 April, 2008.

Gul, H.G., A. Bajwa. and G.N. Panhwar, 1997. Integrated control of mango mealybug

Drosicha stebbingi Green (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) infesting forestry tree

species at the Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. Pakistan Journal of Forestry,

47(1-4):65-72.

Hansen, J.D., J. Armstrong and S. Brown, 1989. The distribution of mango weevil,

Cryptorhynchus mangiferae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Tropical Pest

Management, 36: 359-361.

Page 186: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

175

Haq, K.A. and M. Akmal, 1960. The mango mealybug and its control. The Punjab Fruit

Journal, 23(82-83):199-202.

Hartless, A.C., 1914. Mango crop and some factors influencing them. Agric. J. India

Pusa, 9(2):141-59.

Hashmi, A.A., 1994. Insect Pest Management. Horticultural and Fruit Crops. Vol. No. 2.

Pak. Agric. Res. Council, Islamabad, pp: 362-368

Haviland D., R. Beede., K. Godfray and K. Danne (2006). Ferrisia gilli (gill’s

Mealybugs): A new mealybug pest of Pistachios and other deciduous crops.

University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources.

Publication 8208 Website (http://ucanr.org/freepubs/docs/8207.pdf) accessed on

02-03-2010

Heong, K.L., 1985. Systems analysis in solving pest management problems. In B. S. Lee,

W. H. Loke and K. L. Heong (eds) Integrated Pest Management in Malaysia

(Kuala Lumpur: MAPPS), pp. 133-149.

Herren, H.R., 1981. Current biological control research at IITA, with special emphasis on

the cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Fer). Dakar (Senegal),

USAID: 92-97.

Hiepko, G., 1983. The cassava mealybug: its economic significance and ways of

controlling it. BASF- Agricultural-News (Germany F.R.). no. 1: 25-27.

Himayatullah. 1999. Economic Survey of Pakistan, 1999-2000. Economic Affairs

Advisors Wing, Finance Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.

Husain, M.A. (1921-25). Rep. Dep. Agric. Punjab, 33:88.

Hussain, M., 2004. Problems of alternate bearing in Mangoes. In S.Ahmad (ed.)

Mangoes in Pakistan. The Horticultural Foundation of Pakistan, Islamabad: 83-

89.

Page 187: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

176

Irulandi, S., P.K.V. Kumar, H.G. Seetharama and K. Sreedharan, 2000. Laboratory

evaluation of imidacloprid 17.8percent SL against the coffee mealybug,

Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell). Journal of Coffee Research (India), 28(1-2):

92-94.

Ishaq, M., M. Usman., M. Asif and I.A. Khan, 2004. Integrated pest management of

mango against mealybug and fruit fly. Int. J. Agric. and Biol., 6(3): 452-454

Jia, X.Y., G.Y. Ma, L.G. Wang, W. Liang, and H. Wen, 2001. Integrated control of

walnut pests. (In Chinese). China Fruits No. 1: 39-40.

Jiskani, M.M. Mango diseases and their management.

http://www.pakissan.com/english/advisory/mango.diseases.and.their.management.shtml

Kalia, V., 1995. Note on natural parasitisation of Drosicha mangiferae at Iari farm, New

Delhi. Bulletin of Entomology, 36: 124-125.

Karar, H. and N. Ahmad, 1999. Mango Mealybug in Multan. Unpublished data

Karar, H., J. Arif, S. Saeed and H.A. Sayyed, 2006. A threat to mango. DAWN Sci-tech.

World, December, 23.

Karar, H., J. Arif., H.A. Sayyed and S. Saeed, 2007. Stitch in time saves nine. DAWN

Sci-tech. World, January 27, 2007.

Karar, H., M.J. Arif, S. Saeed and G. Abbas, 2007. Losses in different cultivars of mango

due to mango mealybug Drochica mangiferae Green Monophlebbedae:

Homoptera. XI International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies ISSIS 2007 in

Oeiras, Portugal, 24-27. p. 46

Karar, H., M.J. Arif, S. Saeed and G. Abbas, 2007. Mechanical control of mango

mealybug Drochica mangifera Green in mango orchards. XI International

Symposium on Scale Insect Studies ISSIS 2007 in Oeiras, Portugal. 24-27 Sep.

page 46.

Page 188: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

177

Karar, H., M.J. Arif, H.A. Sayyed, S. Saeed, G. Abbas and M. Arshed, 2009. Integrated

Pest Management of Mango Mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae) in Mango

Orchards. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology. P.81–84.

Kenmore, P.E., 1991. Indonesia’s Integrated Pest Management a model for Asia, FAO

Rice IPC Programme (Manila:

FAO).http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AC834E/ac834e0b.htm

Khaire, V.A., D.S. Kohle and J.D. Patil, 1987. Relative susceptibility of mango cultivars

to mango hoppers and powery mildew. Haryana J.Hort.Sci.,16(3-4):214-217.

Khan, M.A, 1989. Control of insect pests of mango, Pro. Inter. Mango Workshop 27th

Feb, 1st Mar. Direct. Agric. Multan region. Punjab, p.224.

Khan, R.A. and M. Ashfaq, 2004. Funnel Type Slippery Trap: A mechanical device to

control mango mealybug. SAIC Newsletter, Bangladesh, 14(3):2-9.

Khan, S.M., 1985. Chemical control of insect pests of mango and its malformation by

injection method. M. Sc. Thesis, Univ. Agric., Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Khurana, A.D. and A.N. Verma, 1988. Laboratory and field evaluation of insecticides

against nymphs and gravid females of mango mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae

(Green). Indian.J.Entomol., 50(3): 319-326.

Khushk, A.M. and L.E.D. Smith, 1996. A Preliminary Analysis of the Marketing of

Mango in Sindh Province, Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 35 : 3

(Autumn 1996) pp. 241—255.

(http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1996/Volume3/241-255.pdf). Accessed on 8-5-

09.

Kogan, M., 1982. Plant resistance in pest management. In: R. L., Metcalf and W.H.

Luckmann (eds).Introduction to insect pest management. John Wiley & sons,

New York, USA, pp.93-134.

Page 189: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

178

Kogan, M. and E.E. Ortman, 1978. Antixenosis –a new term proposed to replace

Painter’s ‘nonpreference’ modality of resistance.Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 24:175-

176.

Lakra, R.K., W.S. Kharub and Z. Singh, 1980. Comparative efficacy of some banding

materials against mango mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae Green in Haryana.

Indian J. Ent., 42(2): 170-176.

Lakra, R.K., W.S. Kharub and Z. Singh, 1980. Pest management system for the mango

mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae Green a polyphagous pest of fruit trees in

Haryana. Indian J. Ent. 42(2): 153-165.

Lakra, R.K., Z. Singh and W.S. Kharub, 1980. Efficacy of some insecticides as trunk and

foliar spray against mango mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae Green

(Margarodidae: Homoptera) in Haryana. Haryana Agricultural University J. Res.,

10(1):50-56.

Lal, M., 1918-20. Annual report of the Entomologist, Rept. Dep. Agric. Punjab. part

II.153-157.

Latif, A. and M. Ismail, 1957. Effectiveness of some synthetic and systemic insecticides

for the chemical control of mango mealybug. Pak. J. Sci. Res., (2): 63-71.

Latif, A., 1940. Short Notes and exhibits. Indian J. Ent., 2: 93.

Litz, R.E., 1997. The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses. CAB International,

University Press, Cambridge, p. 587.

Mango.AllAbout/Orchards/Mangoes.

http://www.pakissan.com/english/allabout/orchards/mango/index.shtml Accessed

on 8-5-09

Marino, P.C. and H.V. Cornell, 1993. Adult feeding and oviposition of Phytomyza

ilicicola Loew (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in response to leaf and tree phenology.

Environ. Entomol., 22: 1294-1301.

Page 190: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

179

Matokot, L., G. Reyd, P. Malonga and B.I. Ru, 1992. Population dynamics of

Rastrococcus invadens (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in the Congo; influence of

accidental introduction of the Asiatic parasitoid Gyranusoidea tebygi

(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Entomophaga, pp.123–140.

Mishra, K.A. and B.S. Dhillon, 1978. Carbohydrates and mineral composition of leaves

in relation to fruit-bud differentiation in 'Langra' mango. Indian J. Agric.

Sci., 48(1): 46-50.

Mishra, K.A. and B.S. Dhillon, 1982. Effect of time of sample collection and the bearing

condition of the tree on the level of zinc in the leaves of mango. Science and

Culture, 48(8): 288.

Mohyuddin, A.I. and R. Mahmood, 1993. Integrated Control of Mango Pests in Pakistan.

Acta. Hort., 341: 4373-4377.

Mohyuddin, A.I., 1989. Integrated pest management of three mango pests. Proc. Inter.

Mango workshop 27th – 1st Mar. Direct. Agric. Multan region Punjab, pp : 140-

141.

Moore, D., 2004. Biological control of Rastrococcus invadens. Review article.

Biocontrol news and information, 25(1): 17N-27N.

www.sel.barc.usda.gov/Coccoidea/scale2004.htm

Morse, S. and W. Buhler, 1997. Integrated pest management: Ideals and realities in

developing countries (London: Lynne Riener Publishers):pp.171.

Nachiappan, R.M. and P. Bhaskaran, 1984. Quantum of feeding and survival of mango

leaf hopper adults on the inflorescences of certain cultivars of mango. Indian J.

agric. Sci.54(4):312-314.

Narula, S., 2003. Nip mango mealybug in the bud now Spectrum, Sunday 14, 2003. The

Tribune (GARDEN LIFE) India.

Narula, S., 2003. Time to tackle bugs that attack mango trees SPECTRUM SUNDAY,

January 12, 2003 Leading article .INDIA.

Page 191: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

180

Norton, G.W., E.G. Rajotte and V.Gapud, 1999. Participatory research in integrated pest

management: Lesson from the IPM CRSP. Agriculture and Humane Values, 16:

431-439.

Nwanze, K.F., 1982. Relationships between cassava root yields and crop infestations by

the mealybug, Phenococcus manihoti. Tropical Pest Management . 28(1): 27-32.

Nyeko, P., E. Mutitu and R.K. Day, 2007. Farmers’ knowledge, perceptions and

management of the gall-forming wasp, Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera:

Eulophidae), on Eucalyptus species in Uganda. Int. J. Pest Manag. 53(2): 111-

119.

Ochou, G.O., G.A. Matthews and J.D. Mumford, 1998. Farmer’s knowledge and

perception of cotton insect pest problems in Cote d’Ivoire Int. J. Pest Manag. ,

44:5-9.

Painter, W.H. 1951. Insect resistance in crop plants. Macmillan, New York.

Panda, N. and G.S. Khush, 1995. Host plant resistance to insects. CAB International,

Oxan, united Kingdom.

Panhwar, M.H. Advisory Farmnote on Mango.

(http://www.pakissan.com/english/advisory/mango.diseases.and.their.managemen

t.shtml). Accessed on 8-5-09.(http://www.panhwar.com/Article79.htm). Accessed

on 8-5-09.

Pathak, M.D. and G.S. Dhaliwal, 1986. Insect control In : M.S. Swaminathan and S.K.

Sinha (eds). Global aspects of food production. Tycooly International, Oxford,

UK. pp. 357-386.

PCARRD (Philippines Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research

and Development), 1994. The Philippines recommends for mango (Los Banos:

PCARRD):124 p.

Page 192: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

181

Pereyra, P.C. and N.E. Sánchez, 1998. Effects of different host-plant species on growth,

development and feeding of the budborer, Epinotia aporema (Lepidoptera:

Tortricidae). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 71(3): 269-277.

Pitan, O.R., T.A. Akinsolotu and J.A. Odebiyi, 2000. Impact of Gyranusoidea tebygi

Noyes (Hemiptera: Encyrtidae) on the mango mealybug, Rastrococcus invadens

Williams (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Nigeria. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 10

(2000), pp. 245–254.

Pollard, G.V., 1991. Constraints to IPM development and a strategy for management of

tomato and cabbage pests in Trinidad, West Indies. Tropical Pest Management,

37: 59- 62.

Prassad, V. and R.K. Singh, 1976. Prevalence and control of mango Mealybug, Drosicha

stebbingi Green in Bihar. Ind. J. Entomol.38:214-224.

Price, P.W., N. Cobb., T.E Craig, G.W. Fernandes, J.K. Itarni, S. Mopper and R.W.

Preszler, 1990. Insect herbivore population dynamics on trees and shrubs: new

approaches relevant to latent and eruptive species and life table development. In:

E. Bernays (ed), Insect Plant lnteractions, vol. II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida,

U.S.A. pp. 1-38.

Pruthi, H.S. and H.N. Batra, 1960. Some important fruit pests of north west India. ICAR.

Bull.No.80, 113.

Pushpa, V., G.P.R. M. Rao and P. Appa and P. Rao, 1973. A note on the biology and

control of mealybugs (Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green) on mesta. Jute-Bulletin,

36(1-2): 25-28.

Raheja, A.K., 1995. Practice of IPM in South and Southeast Asia. In A. N. Mengech, K.

N. Saxena and H. N. B. Gopalan (eds) integrated pest management in the Tropics

(West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons), pp. 69-119.

Page 193: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

182

Rahman, K.A. and A. Latif, 1944. Description, bionomics and control of mango

mealybug, Drosicha stebbingi (Gr.) (Homoptera:Coccidae). Bull. Ent. Res.,

35(2): 197-209.

Ranganna, S., 1977. Manual of analysis of fruit and vegetables products. Cent. Food.

Tech. Res. Instt. Mysure. Tata McGraw Hill Publ .Co. Ltd., New Dehli:14-18.

Rao, N.S. and R.N. Barwal, 1985. Comparative efficacy of various contact insecticides

Rastrococcus invadens Williams (Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae) and its control with

Gyranusoidea tebygi Noyes (Hymenoptera:Encyrtidae) in Togo. Mitteilungen der

Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie, 7: 647-

652.

Riaz, M., 1998. Taxonomic studies of Tephritidae (Diptera of Pakistan). Ph.D Thesis,

Deptt. of Agri. Entomol., Univ. Agri., Faisalabad.

Richard, 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkaline soils. USDA.Hb.No.60.

Washington DC, USA.

Richards, P.B. and H.N. Sharma, 1934. Bull. Dep. Agric. U.P. (Fruit Ser.) no.33.

Riemer, J. and J.B. Whittaker, 1989. Air pollution and insect herbivores: Observed

interactions and possible mechanisms. In: E.A. Bermays, Editor, Insect-Plant

Interactions, CRC-Press, Boca Raton, Florida (1989), pp. 73–105.

Rojanavongse, V. and K. Charernsom, 1984. Mealybug and scale insects of ornamental

plants and control. Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok (Thailand). Faculty of Agriculture.

Dept. of Entomology. Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok (Thailand). Research Reports p.

107.

Salem, M.S., M.I. El- Said., A.M. Abd El- Ghany and M.M. Abd El- Rahman, 2006.

Susceptibility of five mango cultivars to Icerya seychellarum (Westwood)

(Homoptera: Margarodidae) in relation to leaf quality, nutrients and inhibitors.

Eygpt . J. Agric., 84(3):697.

Page 194: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

183

Salunkhe, D.K. and B.B. Desai, 1984. Postharvest Biotechnology of Fruits, Vol. I. CRC

press, Boca Raton, Florida. pp. 85.

Sandhu, G.S., R.C. Batra , A.S. Sohi and J.S. Bhalla, 1981. Comparison of different

bands for the control of mango mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae Green

(Margarodidae : Homoptera). J. Res. Punjab Agric. University, 17(3):286-290.

Sandhu, G.S., R.C. Batra, A.S. Sohi and J.S. Bhalla, 1980. Control mango mealybug,

Drosicha mangiferae (Gr.) by tree trunk banding. Ind. J. Entomol., 42(2): 225-

229.

Sauco, V., 1997. Mango World Production (Outside Israel, Egypt and India). Acta Hort.,

455:15-22.

Saxena, D.M. and R.R. Rawat, 1968. Bionomics of Drosicha mangiferae green on citrus

including new records of its three natural enemies. Madras Agric. J., 55(7): 309-

313.

Sen, A.C.1955. Control of mealybug in Bihar. Indian J. Ent., 17(1):129-132.

Sial, M.I., 1999. Integrated pest management of mango insect pests. M.Sc.(Hons) Thesis,

Deptt. Agric. Entomol., Univ. Agric., Faisalabad

Singh, K., V.K. Sharma and P.S. Shant, 1988. Efficacy of banding materials and

insecticidal foliar sprays against mango mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae Green

(Margarodidae: Homoptera). Pesticides , 22(10):26-27.

Singh, L.B., 1968. The Mango: Botany, Cultivation and Utilization. World Crop.Pp 438.

Singh, O.P., 1980. Note on the relative effectiveness of certain preventive bands against

Perissopneumon tectonae Morrison (Coccoidea:Margarodidae). Indian J. Agric.

Sci., 50(4):369-371.

Page 195: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

184

Singh, R., A. Singh., R.S. Verma and D.K. Singh, 1991. Relative toxicity of some

insecticides to the adults of mango mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae Green. Indian

J. Entomol., 53(3): 525-527.

Singh, R.N., 1946. Factors effecting the development and time of hatching of eggs of

Drosicha stebbingi Green. Indian J. Entomol.,9 (1):131-132.

Singh, R.N., 1978. Mango. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. New Dehli.p99.

Singh. R.N., 1947. Short notes and exhibits. Ind. J. Entomol., 8 (1):132.

Smith, D., G.A.C. Beattie and R. Broadley, 1997. Citrus Pests and Their Natural

Enemies: Integrated Pest Management in Australia. Information series Q197030.

Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane.

Smith, R.F., J.L. Apple and D.G. Bottrell, 1976. The origin of integrated pest

management concepts for agriculture crops. In: J.L Apple and R.F. Smith (eds).

Integrated Pest Management. Plenum Press, New York, USA, pp, 1-16.

Sohi, A.S., G.S. Sandhu and R.C. Batra, 1992 . Pressure injection of monocrotophos in

tree trunk for control of mealybug and mango hopper. Indian J. Hort., 49(4): 350-

353.

Spectrum Chemical Fact Sheet, 2008. Chemical Abstract Number 786196 (WEB)

http://www.spedab.com/compound/786196.htm accessed on 07-11-08

Srivastava, R.P. and D.K. Butani, 1972 .A method to prevent the mango mealybug ,

Drosicha mangiferae Green damage. Entomologist. Newsletter, 2(5):35

Srivastava, R.P. and P.L. Tandon, 1981. Relative toxicity of insecticides against second

instar of mango mealybug Drosicha mangiferae Green nymphs. Indian J.

Entomol., 43(2): 193-195.

Page 196: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

185

Srivastava, R.P., 1980a. Relative effectiveness of different mechanical bands in

preventing ascent of mango mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae Green). Indian J.

Entomol., 42(1): 110-115.

Srivastava, R.P., 1997. Laboratory screening of buprofezin and alcoholic extract of

Alpinia galangal against mealybug nymphs, Drosicha mangiferae. Indian Journal

of Entomology, 59(4): 366-368.

Stebbing, I., 1902. Department notes on the insects that effect Forestry. No.1: 1-50; No.

2: 151-334; 1903; Calcutta.

Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie, 1980. Principles and procedure of statistics with special

reference to biological sciences. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, USA.

Stern, V.M., R.F. Smith, R. van den Bosch, K.S. Hagen, 1959. The integrated control

concept. Hilgardia 28, 81-101.

Tandon, P.L. and A. Verghese, 1985. World list of insect, mite and other pests of mango.

Technical Document No.5, IIHR, Banglore, 22 p.

Tandon, P.L. and B. Lal, 1981. Effectiveness of different banding materials for

preventing migration of Drosicha mangiferae Green. Indian J. Ent. 43(2):188-

191.

Tandon, P.L. and B. Lal, 1978. The mango coccid, Rastrococcus iceryoides Green

(Homoptera: Coccidae) and its natural enemies. Curr. Sci., (13): 46-48.

Tandon, P.L. and B. Lal, 1979. Effectiveness of different banding materials for

preventing migration of Drosicha mangiferae Green. Indian J. Hort. 36(3): 323-

327.

Teng, P.S., 1987. The systems approach to pest management. In P. S. Teng (ed.) Crop

Loss Assessment and Pest Management (Minnesota: APS Press), pp. 160-167.

Page 197: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

186

Thakur, R.S., S.G.P. Rao, K.L. Chadha and J.S. Samra, 1981. Variation in mineral

composition of mango leaves contributed by the leaf sampling factors.

Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, Monticello, 12: 331-343.

Tobih, F.O., A.A. Omoloye, M.F. Ivbijaro and D.A. Enobakhare, 2002. Effects of field

infestation by Rastrococcus invadens Williams (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on

the morphology and nutritional status of mango fruits, mangiferae indica L. Crop

Protection, 21(9):757-761.

Tomlin, C.D.S., 1997. A world compendium. The Pesticides Manual. Eleventh Edition.

British Crop Protction Council, 49 Downing Street, Farnham, Surrey GU97PH,

http://www.BCPC.org

Toews, M.D., 2010. Personal communication.

Trutmann, P., J. Voss and J. Fairhead, 1993. Management of common bean diseases by

farmers in the Central African Highlands. Int. J. Pest Manag., 39: 334-342.

Trutmann, P., J. Voss and J. Fairhead, 1996. Local knowledge and farmer perceptions of

bean diseases in the Central African Highlands. Agriculture and Human Values,

13: 64-70.

Uddin, M.A., M.S. Islam, M.A. Rahman, M.M. Begum and A.T.M. Hasanuzzaman,

2003. Susceptibility of different cultivars of mango to leaf cutting weevil,

Deporaus marginatus P. and its control. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. , 6(7): 712-714.

Van Huis, A. and F. Meerman, 1997. Can we make IPM work for resource poor farmers

in sub-Saharan Africa? Int. J. Pest Manag., 43: 313-320.

Van Huis, A., R.S. Nauta and M.E. Vulto, 1982. Traditional pest management in maize in

Nicaragua: a survey. Mededelingen Landbouwhoge School Wageningen, 82-6:

43.

Van Mele, P. Nguyen, T. Thu and A. Van Huis, 2001. Farmer’s knowledge, perception

and practices in mango pest management in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Int. J.

Pest Manag, 47(1):7-16.

Page 198: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

187

Van Mele, N.T. T. CUC and A. Van Huis, 2002. Direct and indirect influence of the

weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina on citrus farmers’ pest perceptions and

management practices in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam Int. J. Pest Manag., 48(3):

225-232.

Van Mele, P. and H. Van Chien, 2004. Farmer’s, biodiversity and plant protection:

developing a learning environment for sustainable tree cropping systems. Int. J.

Agric. Sustainability, 2: 67–75.

Waite, G.K., 1998. Integrated pest management in tropical and subtropical fruits in

Queensland. In : Proceedings of the International Conference of IPM, Guangzhou,

China, p. 135.

Willink, E. and D. Moore, 1988. Aspects of the biology of Rastrococcus invadens

Williams (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) a pest of fruit crops in West Africa and

one of its primary parasitoids Gyranusoidea tebygi Noyes (Hemiptera:

Encyrtidae). Bull. Ent. Res. 78: 709–715.

Winkleman, G.F., R. Amin, W.A. Rice and M.B.Tahir, 1986. Methods. Manual soils

laboratory. Barani Agri. Res. Dev. Proj., Pak. Agri .Res. council, Islamabad,

(Pakistan).pp.30-33.

Wodageneh, A., 1985. Cassava and cassava pests in Africa FAO-Plant-Protection-

Bulletin (FAO).,33(3):101-108.

Wolda, H., 1978. Seasonal fluctuations in rainfall, food and abundance of tropical insects.

J. Anim. Ecol., 47: 369-381.

Xie, S.A., J.L. Zhang, X.J. Wang, and S.J. Liu, 2004. Experiment of controlling

Drosicha corpulenta by blocking methods.Journal of Northeast Forestry

University, 30(5): 65-66.

Xu, Q., X.H. Sun, D.H. Wu and Z.P. Zhang, 1999. Biological characteristics and control

methods of Drosicha corpulenta (Kanawa). Journal of Jiangsu Forestry Science

and Techonology, 26 (1): 52-54.

Page 199: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Literature Cited

188

Yadav, J.L., S.P. Singh and R. Kumar, 2004. The population density of the mango

mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae G.) in mango. Progressive Agriculture, 4(1): 35-

37.

Yousuf, M., 1993. Mango mealybug control with polyethylene bands. Pak. Entomol.15:

129.

Yousuf, M. and M. Gaur, 1993. Prospis species in the Arid and semi-Arid zones of India.

Proceeding of Conference held at the central Arid Zone Research Institute,

Jodhpur, Rajasthan (Nov.1-23):134.

Page 200: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

189

APPENDICES

Appendix 1. DATA REGARDING FIRST STADIUM DURATION

1 Number of nymphs stop feeding

Busting of exiuvae on dated

Remained in on dated exiuvae

15th of Dec ,2006 Collected eggs from the field kept in polyethelene bags for hatching 30,31st Dec, 2006 416 nymphs of 1st instar collected 1, 2 Jan, 2007 Kept in petri dish for 48 h 3 Nymphs released on 1st and 2nd plant, start go upward 4, Jan to 6th Feb 2007

Feed leaves

7th Feb. 4 11th Feb 12th Feb(24h)

8 0 - -

9 1 14th 15th 10 3 14th 15th 11 5 15th 16th 12 6 16th 17th 13 8 18th 19th 14 7 18th 19th 15 11 19th 20th 16 13 20th 21st 17 19 22nd 23rd 18 21 23rd 24th 19 33 24th 25th 20 41 25th 26th 21 83 25th 26th 22 105 26th 27th 23 23 28th 1st March 24 12 28th 1st 25 0 - - 26 1 3rd March 4th 27 0 3rd 4th 28 2 4th 5th 1, March, 2007 0 - - 2 1 7th 8th 3 0 - - 4 3 9th 10th 5 0 - - 6 2 10th 11th 7 0 - - 8 1 12th 13th Total duration 4-5 days 1 day (45-68 days

Av:56.5)

Page 201: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Appendices

190

Appendix 2. DATA REGARDING SECOND STADIUM DURATION

Date of collection 2nd stadium

Number of nymphs stop feeding

Busting of exiuvae on dated

Remained in exiuvae on dated

25,26th Feb,2007 188 nymphs of 3rd instar collected 27th Kept in petri dish for 24 h 28th Nymphs were released on 3rd plant, go upward 1st , March to 9th March

Feed leaves and some on inflorescence

10 2 13th 14th 11 0 - - 12 4 16 th 17th 13 6 18th 19th 14 16 18 th 19th 15 35 19 th 20th 16 61 21st 22nd 17 35 21st 22nd 18 8 23 rd 24th 19 13 24 th 25th 20 0 - - 21 2 24 th 25th 22 3 26th 27th 23 1 28th 29th 24 0 - - 25 2 29th 30th 26 1 30th 30th Total duration 4-5 days 1 day (18-34 days

Av: 26)

Page 202: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Appendices

191

Appendix 3. DATA REGARDING THIRD STADIUM DURATION

Date of collection 3rd stadium

Number of nymphs stop feeding

Busting of exiuvae on dated

Remained in on dated exiuvae

15,16 March,2007 96 nymphs of 3rd instar collected 17 Kept in petri dish for 24 h 18 Released on 4th plant and go upward 19- 24, March Feed on inflorescence 25 1 30th March 30th 26 7 30h 31st 27 13 31st 1st April 28 25 2nd April 3rd 29 16 2nd 3rd 30 10 4th 5th 31 8 4th 5th 1st April 9 5th 6th 2nd 2 6th 7th 3rd 2 7th 8th 4th 3 8th 9th Total duration 4-6 days 1 day (15-24 days

Av:19.5)

Page 203: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Appendices

192

Appendix 4. DATA REGARDING FEMALE DURATION

Date of collection female Females condition Number of Females moved down ward

22,23rd March, 2007 41 female were collected 24, March Kept in petri dish for 24 h 25 Released on 5th plant , go

upward and mated

26 Feed on inflorescence 27 Covered with whitish

powder during feeding on inflorescence

28, March to 5,April Same 6, April Same 1 7 Same 0 8 Same 0 9 Same 1 10 Same 1 11 Same 0 12 Same 0 13 Same 1 14 Same 0 15 Same 2 16 Same 1 17 Same 0 18 Same 1 19 Same 1 20 Same 4 21 Same 1 22 Same 7 23 Same 7 24 Same 4 25 Same 3 26 Same 2 27 Same 1 28 Same 0 29 Same 0 30 Same 0 1st , May, 2007 Same 1 2 Same 2 Total duration 16-42 days (Av:29 days)

Page 204: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Appendices

193

Appendix 5. DATA REGARDING MALES CAME DOWN THE TREE

Appendix 6. DATA REGARDING DISTANCE COVERED IN INC HES BY FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD INSTAR NYMPHS IN ONE MINUTE ON TREE

Nymphs Distance covered in inches /mintues 1st Instar 2nd Instar 3rd Instar 1 5 5 16 2 5 7 18 3 4.5 8 10 4 6 10 14 5 5 7 18 6 4 9 16 7 5.5 8 11 8 5 7 14 9 6 6 11 10 5 7 18

Average speed 5.1 7.4 14.6

DATED NUMBERS OF MALES DOWN THE TREE

01.04.07 NO 02.04.07 3 03.04.07 11 04.04.07 16 05.04.07 24 06.04.07 5 Total numbers of nymphs 59

Page 205: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Appendices

194

Appendix 7. DATA REGARDING REMOVAL OF FUZZ (COTTONY SECRETIONS) FROM THE PUPA ONCE

Dated Males changes 02.04.07 Five pupa fuzz removed 03.04.07 Again repaired fuzz 04.04.07 In pupal form 05.04.07 In pupal form 06.04.07 In pupal form 07.04.07 In pupal form 08.04.07 In pupal form 09.04.07 In pupal form 10.04.07 In pupal form 11.04.07 Two healthy males comes out 12.04.07 Three healthy males comes out

Appendix 8. DATA REGARDING REMOVAL OF FUZZ FROM THE PUPA TWICE A TIME

Dated Males changes 02.04.07 Five pupa fuzz removed 03.04.07 Again repaired fuzz 04.04.07 Removed fuzz again 05.04.07 Again repaired fuzz 06.04.07 In pupal form 07.04.07 In pupal form 08.04.07 In pupal form 09.04.07 In pupal form 10.04.07 In pupal form 11.04.07 One healthy males comes out 12.04.07 Four healthy males comes out

Page 206: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Appendices

195

Appendix 9. DATA REGARDING REMOVAL OF FUZZ FROM TH E PUPA THRICE TIME

Dated Males changes 02.04.07 Five pupa fuzz removed 03.04.07 Again repaired fuzz 04.04.07 Removed fuzz again 2nd times 05.04.07 Again repaired fuzz 06.04.07 Removed fuzz again 3nd times 07.04.07 Not repaired and dried 08.04.07 Not repaired 09.04.07 Not repaired 10.04.07 Not repaired 11.04.07 No males comes out 12.04.07 No males comes out

Page 207: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Appendices

196

Appendix 10. DATA REGARDING NUMBER OF EGGS LAID BY FEMALES DAILY

Dated Eggs laid daily by female F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5

18.05.07 0 0 0 0 0 19.05.07 0 0 0 0 0 20.05.07 0 0 0 0 0 21.05.07 0 0 0 0 0 22.05.07 45 0 0 0 0 23.05.07 54 0 0 0 0 24.05.07 56 0 0 0 0 25.05.07 17 26 0 0 0 26.05.07 32 26 29 0 0 27.05.07 40 32 37 0 0 28.05.07 28 33 39 48 0 29.05.07 25 29 30 40 0 30.05.07 22 27 27 34 0 31.05.07 20 32 21 37 25 01.06.07 8 21 21 19 40 02.06.07 2 26 11 28 46 03.06.07 10 11 6 15 30 04.06.07 1 7 0 11 27 05.06.07 1 9 0 11 24 06.06.07 1 4 0 10 24 07.06.07 0 9 0 7 14 08.06.07 0 3 0 3 22 09.06.07 0 2 0 0 17 10.06.07 0 0 0 0 0 11.06.07 0 0 0 0 0 12.06.07 0 0 0 0 0 Total number of eggs laid /female 362 297 221 263 269 Average eggs laid/day 13.9 11.4 8.5 10.1 10.4

Page 208: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Appendices

197

Appendix 11. DATA REGARDING FIRST INSTAR NYMPHS LI VE WITHOUT FOOD

Dated 1st Instar nymphs (Number of nymphs/petridish) Petri dish-1

(7) Petri dish -

2 (15) Petri dish -

3 (18) Petri dish -

4 (19) Petri dish -

5 (5) 18.01.07 0 0 0 0 0 19.01.07 0 0 0 0 0 20.01.07 0 0 0 0 0 21.01.07 0 0 0 0 0 22.01.07 0 0 0 0 0 23.01.07 3 1 5 10 2 24.01.07 0 0 0 0 0 25.01.07 1 2 0 0 0 26.01.07 0 2 0 0 0 27.01.07 0 0 5 3 2 28.01.07 0 0 0 0 1 29.01.07 0 0 1 0 0 30.01.07 1 1 0 1 0 31.01.07 0 1 1 0 0 01.02.07 0 0 1 0 0 02.02.07 0 1 0 0 0 03.02.07 0 1 1 0 0 04.02.07 1 2 3 1 0 05.02.07 0 1 0 2 0 06.02.07 0 2 0 0 0 07.02.07 0 0 0 1 0 08.02.07 1 0 0 0 0 09.02.07 0 0 0 0 0 10.02.07 0 0 0 0 0 11.02.07 0 0 1 0 0 12.02.07 0 0 0 0 0 13.02.07 0 0 0 0 0 14.02.07 0 0 0 1 0 15.02.07 0 0 0 0 0 16.02.07 0 0 0 0 0 17.02.07 0 0 0 0 0 18.02.07 0 0 0 0 0 19.02.07 0 1 0 0 0 20.02.07 0 0 0 0 0

Total died 5-19 days

Page 209: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Appendices

198

Appendix 12. DATA REGARDING SECOND AND THIRD INSTAR NYMPHS LIVE WITHOUT FOOD

Dated 1st Instar nymphs (Number of nymphs/petridish) Petri dish-1

(7) Petri dish -

2 (15) Petri dish -

3 (18) Petri dish -

4 (19) Petri dish -

5 (5) 18.01.07 0 0 0 0 0 19.01.07 0 0 0 0 0 20.01.07 0 0 0 0 0 21.01.07 0 0 0 0 0 22.01.07 0 0 0 0 0 23.01.07 3 1 5 10 2 24.01.07 0 0 0 0 0 25.01.07 1 2 0 0 0 26.01.07 0 2 0 0 0 27.01.07 0 0 5 3 2 28.01.07 0 0 0 0 1 29.01.07 0 0 1 0 0 30.01.07 1 1 0 1 0 31.01.07 0 1 1 0 0 01.02.07 0 0 1 0 0 02.02.07 0 1 0 0 0 03.02.07 0 1 1 0 0 04.02.07 1 2 3 1 0 05.02.07 0 1 0 2 0 06.02.07 0 2 0 0 0 07.02.07 0 0 0 1 0 08.02.07 1 0 0 0 0 09.02.07 0 0 0 0 0 10.02.07 0 0 0 0 0 11.02.07 0 0 1 0 0 12.02.07 0 0 0 0 0 13.02.07 0 0 0 0 0 14.02.07 0 0 0 1 0 15.02.07 0 0 0 0 0 16.02.07 0 0 0 0 0 17.02.07 0 0 0 0 0 18.02.07 0 0 0 0 0 19.02.07 0 1 0 0 0 20.02.07 0 0 0 0 0

Total died 5-19 days

Page 210: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Appendices

199

Appendix 13. DATA REGARDING ADULT FEMALE LIVE WITHO UT FOOD

Dated Adult females (Number of nymphs/petridish) Petri dish-1

(9) Petri dish -

2 (16) Petri dish -

3 (13) Petri dish -

4 (17) Petri dish -

5 (20) 05.03.07 0 0 0 0 0

06.03.07 0 0 0 0 0 07.03.07 0 0 0 0 0 08.03.07 0 0 0 0 0 09.03.07 0 0 0 0 0 10.03.07 0 0 0 0 0 11.03.07 0 0 0 0 0 12.03.07 0 0 0 0 0 13.03.07 0 0 1 0 0 14.03.07 0 0 0 0 0 15.03.07 1 0 0 0 3 16.03.07 0 2 0 0 5 17.03.07 3 1 4 3 2 18.03.07 0 5 0 1 1 19.03.07 2 3 2 5 4 20.03.07 3 2 3 4 0 21.03.07 0 1 3 2 3 22.03.07 0 2 0 1 2 Total died 8-17 days

Page 211: BIO-ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO MEALYBUG, …prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/752/1/645S.pdf · bio-ecology and management of mango mealybug, drosicha mangiferae green

Appendices

200

Appendix 14. DATA REGARDING TIME TAKEN BY THE MALE S FOR MATING WITH THE FEMALES

Number of males Time taken (Minutes: Seconds) 1 7.00 2 8.30 3 20.50 4 6.00 5 9.25 6 14.30 7 18.20 8 16.10 9 11.30 10 19.10 11 15.30 12 15.30 13 11.00 14 6.30 15 10.00 16 12.30 17 9.00 18 6.45 19 11.15 20 17.50

Average time taken /male 12.2 minute/male