Bio-Fuels (Bioethanol and BDF) Production from Various Biomass

Resources in Asian Countries

KinyaKinya SakanishiSakanishiBiomass Technology Research Biomass Technology Research Center(BTRCCenter(BTRC),),

AIST, Hiroshima 737AIST, Hiroshima 737--0197, Japan 0197, Japan

““Green BiomassGreen Biomassfor for Blue EarthBlue Earth””

AIST Chugoku (Biomass Technology Research Center(BTRC), 1/10/ 2005)

AIST Shikoku

AIST Kansai

AIST Chubu

AIST TohokuAIST Hokkaido

AIST Kyushu

AIST Tsukuba

Tokyo Headquarters

AIST Tokyo Waterfront

Research Bases of AISTResearch Bases of AIST

Former AIST15 Research Institutes8 Institutes in Tsukuba7 Institutes in other regions

new AISTMerged into 1 Institute9 Research Basis (BTL Catalyst Team)

(Biomass Refining Tech(Hydrothermal) Team)

Challenges in the 21st century

keyword: Biomass

Trilemma !

1) Energy

2) Environment

3) Food

CCollaborationollaborations s ((AAgriculture & griculture & EEngineeringngineering etc.etc.))in the Asian Countries in the Asian Countries

Biomass Energy Resources by Continent

0102030405060708090

100

AsiaOce

ania

Europe

North A

merica

South

America

Africa

(EJ)

Energy CropsWaste from LivestockWaste from FarmingWaste from Forestry

Biomass Resources in AsiaBiomass Resources in Asia

Proposal of ASEAN Biomass R&D Strategy

ASEAN Countries

Liquid Fuels ,Bulk Chemicals,Materials, etc.

Electricity, Heat, Gas, etc.

Study of Biomass Occurrence and Availability

Evaluation of Introductory Scenario, LCA, Environmental andEconomic Model, Business Feasibility, etc.

Study of Regional System

Conversion to Marketable ProductsUtilization as Local Energy

Study of Social Infrastructure

Study of Small to Medium Size System

Basic Concept of the Project

Study of Large Scale ProcessAISTJIRCAS, NARO

UT

NARO

AIST, NARO, CRIEPI, UT

JIRCAS, NARO, FFPRI

Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Science (JIRCAS)

National Agriculture and Bio-oriented Research Organization (NARO)

National Institute for Rural Engineering (NIRE)

Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)

National Food Research Institute (NFRI)

University of Tokyo

Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE)

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Science (JIRCAS)

National Agriculture and Bio-oriented Research Organization (NARO)

National Institute for Rural Engineering (NIRE)

Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)

National Food Research Institute (NFRI)

University of Tokyo

Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE)

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

ASEAN Biomass Research Consortium

•Research consortium in Asia

•Collaboration programs with Asian countries

Partnership with Industry and Academia

Research Projects on Biomass at BTRC, AIST

3) Biomass System Analysis

Energy Crops(cassava, sugar cane, oil palm)

Sewage Sludge

Forestry Products

Agricultural Waste(rice husk, baggasse)

Biomass Target Technology Products

DME orhydrocarbon

Bioethanol

BDF &chemicals

Bioplastics

Food Waste

Methane

Fermentation1)Non-acidPretreatment

2)BTL(biomass toLiquids)

MethaneFermentation

Hydrogen

HydrothermalPretreatment

BDF(+ glycerin)

1),2),3): Priority Projects of BTRC, AIST

Reduction of petroleum consumptionReduction of CO2 emission.Reduction of petroleum consumptionReduction of CO2 emission.

Ethanol derived from biomass is one of the most promising options to reduce fossil fuel use and alleviate the global warming.

1) Bio-Ethanol Production from Woody Biomass

Pre-treatmentsPre-treatments

Enzymatic saccharificationEnzymatic saccharificationAcidic hydrolysisAcidic hydrolysis

FermentationFermentation

Distillation/PurificationDistillation/Purification

EthanolEthanol ETBEETBE

Lignocellulosic biomass(woods, bagasse, rice straw etc.)

Lignocellulosic biomass(woods, bagasse, rice straw etc.)

１） Ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass１） Ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass

Mechano-Chemical (MC) Treatment (Pulverization)Mechano-Chemical (MC) Treatment (Pulverization)

Hot-Compressed-Water (HCW) TreatmentHot-Compressed-Water (HCW) Treatment

Technologies of AIST for pretreatments of lignocellulose

・ Separation of lignocellulosiccomponents

・ Partial saccharification ofcelulose and hemicellulose

・ Separation of lignocellulosiccomponents

・ Partial saccharification ofcelulose and hemicellulose

・ Pulverize to fine particles・ Decreasing degree of crystallinity

of cellulose→Increasing reactivity of enzymes

・ Pulverize to fine particles・ Decreasing degree of crystallinity

of cellulose→Increasing reactivity of enzymes

CHOH OH

OH HH OHH OH

CH２OH

Hydrolyzed products→ mainly D-xylosePentose sugars cannot be metabolized by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Technologies to overcome this problem are required.

CHOH OH

OH HH OH

CH２OH

Cellulose・Crystalline・ Difficult to hydrolyzeEfficient and low-cost technologies are required.

Cellulose・Crystalline・ Difficult to hydrolyzeEfficient and low-cost technologies are required.

LigninLignin

Hydrolyzed product→ D-glucoseEasily fermented to ethanol with conventional systems

Hemicellulose・ Amorphous・ Relatively easy to

hydrolyze

Hemicellulose・ Amorphous・ Relatively easy to

hydrolyze

The major challenges for the ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass

The major challenges for the ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass

Materials

SLLignin

SL

CentrifugalSeparation

SeparationHCW-MC treatment

Ethanol production system with AIST technologies

C6 + C5 Sugar

Enzyme

Hemicellulose

EnzymeEnzyme

Glucose

Distillation

Ethanol

Membrane purification

Cellulose saccharification

Cellulose Lignin

Glucose fermentation

Hemicellulosesaccharification

C6 + C5 sugar fermentation

2000-2010Fuel technologies for urban environment

2010-2020Fuel technologies for mini-minimizing fuel consumption

Petroleum

S-free gasoline

S-free diesel

S-free・low-aroma・low-olefins and high octane gasoline

S-free・low-aroma diesel

Natural Gas

Biomass

Coal

Heavy Oils

SyngasCO/H2

FT Synthesis,

GTL / BTL

DME

Methanol

H2 for Fuel CellH2

*PM,NOx reduction *Advanced end-of-pipe technologies

*CO2 reduction *New engine system/new fuel

Future Needs for Alternative Transportation Fuel

S-free,Aroma-free

Energy security

2020-

Designed fuel

etc.

Road map of BTL development

S<0、Aroma=0

ETBE

BDF, EtOH, CH4

MeOH/ DME

Bio-based Conversion

2000 2010 2020 2030

Further contribution for environmental issues

CO / H2

Diesel/ Gasoline

SNG

Biomass

Chemical conversion

(NEDO 2t/d Plant)

2)BTL: Biomass to Liquid（Transportation Fuel）

Agricultural wasteFarmed wood

Waste wood

Synthetic gas production

(H2/CO)

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Hydrocracking/isomerization

FT Naphtha

FT Kerosene

FT Diesel

H2/CO composition conditioning

and gas purification

Catalytic technologies as key technologies

collaboration topics 1

collaboration topics 2 collaboration topics 3

Hydrocracking/isomerization

catalysts

MD

C20+ wax

Naphtha (C10-)

Middle-distillate (C10-C20)

C20+ wax

Targets in C20+ wax upgrading: * conversion >80% * selectivity to MD >75% * iso-paraffins in MD >65%

Quality of MD: * Sulfur < 1ppm * Aromatics ~ 0 * Cetane No.>70

R&D of hydrocracking / isomerization catalysts: *Solid catalyst preparation and in depth characterization of catalysts. *Hydrocarbon fuel analyses for elucidating the reaction mechanism. *High-pressure continuous flow reactors (micro, bench) operation. *Thermodynamic analyses for hydrocarbon reaction and for catalysts deactivation (chemical potential diagram etc.)

Research Targets in Upgrading of Primary FT Products

MD

Direct Coupling of Biomassgasificationwith FT Synthesis via Hot Gas Cleaning

=> Design of “Mobile BTL Plant”

““PressurizedPressurized””Gasification of biomass（～900 ℃）

TarH2, CO

H2S, COSNH3, HCl etc.

FT SynthesisDME synthesis

at ～250 ℃

Removal of CatalystPoisons at 300 -400 ℃for Direct Coupling

Ex.: Process model for ETBE & BTL木材 水 水 水

50 90 320

炭酸ガス

３KＧ蒸気 ETOH500

240化 空気 水

250 冷却水600

850 630９５℃温水 五炭糖

水 71 六炭糖840 水

270 640120 130 400 炭酸ガス

430150

灰分 灰分 415 冷却水205 530

190810 670

３KＧ蒸気 690水

800 660 460 445 冷却水680

180 乳酸830 465

９５℃温水 空気 炭素材 メタン 水 乳酸水 水 六炭糖

820 冷却水 水 六炭糖水

炭酸ガス ギ酸メチル 炭酸ガス ﾌﾟﾛﾊﾟﾝｼﾞｵｰﾙ水、窒素 メタノール 六炭糖、水 六炭糖

水

2.9

29.3

29.3

29.3

29.3発電

42.2

16.95.1

第２燃焼

水熱処理

五炭糖ETOH発酵

水蒸気改質

11.8

ｸﾛﾏﾄ分離１

六炭糖酵素糖化

貯蔵３

蒸発

16.4

9.6

五炭糖酵素糖化

75.7

107.2107.2 75.7

第２粉砕

16.1 107.2

68.5

107.2

68.5熱交換

２

空気圧縮２

191.8

熱交換４

空気圧縮１

68.5

0.041.6

13.2

炭化

1.64

熱交換３

第１燃焼

貯蔵１ 濾過

15.1

1.5

40.6

31.5

熱交換１

固液分離＆爆砕

第１粉砕

75.7

ｸﾛﾏﾄ分離２

19.2

2.0

40.6 53.8

貯蔵２

1.1

2.8 8.5

MEOH合成

40.6

40.611.4

1.3

12.6

MFOR合成

貯蔵５

貯蔵７ﾌﾟﾛﾊﾟﾝｼﾞｵｰﾙ濃縮

ﾌﾟﾛﾊﾟﾝｼﾞｵｰﾙ発酵

39.5

6.7

乳酸発酵水

12.6

六炭糖ETOH発酵

水

貯蔵４

ETOH蒸留

1.0

1.3

1.7

15.9

ﾌﾟﾛﾊﾟﾝｼﾞｵｰﾙ貯蔵６

乳酸蒸留

炭酸ガス水、窒素

灰分

INPUT OUTPUTSimulation

Process DB

•Separation•Fermentation•Chemical•Tharmal• …..

Thermo DB

•Calorie•Moisture•Enthalpy•Entropy • …..

Wood DB

•Structures•Molecules•Elements• …..

Cost DB

•Devices•Processes•Products• …..

Analysis

•Mass & energy analysis•Cost analysis

CO2

Objectives;1. To develop biomass system simulation technology,

Ground database（DB) should be constructed. 2. To design economic feasible total system for biomass.The simulator can be used for optimization, economic & environmental analysis.

Carbon balance

Energy balance

Efficient

Impact(LCA)Economics

Cost recovery

33））Biomass System Biomass System Analysis and Analysis and SimulationSimulation

JAPANIP and technology

ASIAresources, technology and cost efficiency

win/win collaboration in R&D

•Manufacturing bases in Asia•Biomass industry•Create new industries and new markets

1. Produce new energies (transportation fuels: BDF, BTL)

2. Reduce CO2 by using biomass

3. Produce biomaterials

4) Biomass-Asia Strategy--- for Sustainable Growth

Fruitful Collaborations Using Biomass

CO2 Reduction

CDMInvestmentTechnology Transfer

Liquid FuelsLiquid FuelsBulk Chemicals

Local Energy SupplyCredit

Forest Restoration

Sustainable Biomass Utilization Sustainable Biomass Utilization Scenario in Asia Scenario in Asia (Draft)(Draft)

1) Palm Oil and Energy Complex ;- Combined production of BDF and other bio-fuels for sustainable availability and environmental protection

2) Sugar and Rice Energy Complex;- Large-scale bio-ethanol production from agricultural wastes for simultaneous supply of food and bio-fuels

3) Wood Refinery Complex;- Total multi-production system of timber, paper pulp, ethanol, and chemicals for new business model