Bio Metrics- Biological Security Measures

8/9/2019 Bio Metrics- Biological Security Measures

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Biometrics

Definition:

The science and technologywhich is used to measure andanalyze biological data is calledBiometrics.

In IT Perspective:

The technologies whichmeasure and analyze specifichuman characteristics

Source: SearchSecurity.com


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Types of Biometrics

Behavioral Biometrics:

Characteristics which oneacquires naturally over a periodof time

Speech recognition- analyzingones vocal behavior

Signature- analyzing onessignature dynamics

Keystroke- measuring the timespacing between words


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Speech Recognition

How it works:

Person producesactual sounds

which are recorded

Follow some sort ofscript or code tokeep a standard

voice pattern record

Voice patternidentified bymicrophones

statistical profiles are

created by comparingvarious voice samples todetermine any repeating

patterns

Live voice sample submitted forverification is compared to thestatistical profiles created

Source: findbiometrics.com (An Application of Biometric Technology: Voice Recognition)


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Speech Recognition

Benefits:

Ability to use existing phonelines

Low perceived invasiveness

Can be automated

Disadvantages:

High false non-matching rates

Source: BiometricNewsportal.com


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Speech Recognition

Application:

Physical Access Entry

Where remote identification is

requiredFinancial Transactions (accessing ones

accounts, funds transfer, billpayments)

Credit Card Processing (addresschanges notification, balance

transfers, loss prevention)

Source: findbiometrics.com (An Application of Biometric Technology: Voice Recognition)


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Signature Biometrics

Works in 3 Stages: Enrollment: Using a graphical user

interface and a digital pen and tablet,the user provides a required number

of signatures as samples to becompared with. Signature Profile Creation and

Handling: Sample signaturesconverted into templates.

Signature Verification: Comparescurrent signature to pre-setsignature. The server continues tolearn and fine-tune the users profile.

Source: Eyenetwatch.com


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Benefits:

Difficult to mimic the behaviorof signing

Low False Acceptance Rates People used to signing

documents, non-intrusiveapproach

Disadvantages:

People may not always sign in aconsistent manner



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Application:

Provides Access to documents

Contract/ Agreement executionAcknowledgement of goods or

services received

Banking services

Postal carriers in developedcountries using Signaturebiometrics to keep records.



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Keystroke

Working:

Instead of using signatures, as in previous

case, users are required to punch in theirusername and passwords 15 times.

This is to make the findings moreconsistent.

Source: Findbiometrics.com


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Keystroke

The distinctive, behavioralcharacteristics measured by KeystrokeRecognition include:

The cumulative typing speed;

The time that elapses between consecutivekeystrokes;

The time that each key is held down;

The frequency of the individual in usingother keys on the keyboard, such as the

number pad or function keys;

The sequence utilized by the individual whenattempting to type a capital letter


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Keystroke

Applications:

Used mainly for verificationpurposes after authenticationhas been carried out usingsome other method.



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Types of Biometrics

Physical Biometrics:

Measuring ones physically inherent conditions.Basically used for identification or verification.

Bertillonage - measuring body lengths (no longer used)

Fingerprint - analyzing fingertip patterns

Facial Recognition - measuring facial characteristics

Hand Geometry - measuring the shape of the hand

Iris Scan - analyzing features of colored ring of the eye Retinal Scan - analyzing blood vessels in the eye

Vascular Patterns - analyzing vein patterns

DNA - analyzing genetic makeup

Source: Questbiometrics.com


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Fingerprint Scanner

Probably the oldest biometric technique (FBIrecording ten finger templates as early as1970, though fingerprints identified unique in1684).

How it Works: Fingerprint made up of ridges and furrows. Fingerprint scanner captures image of fingerprint. Converts picture using complex algorithms into

maps of minutiae points. Reads ridge characteristic and plots an x/y co-

ordinate. These co-ordinates are stored rather than the

complete image, to save space.

Source: EyenetWatch.com


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Fingerprint Scanner

Benefits:

Easy to use

Cheap Small in size

Low power

Non-intrusive

Large databases alreadyavailable (abroad)



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Fingerprint Scanner

Application:

Used in IT security (flash drives,notebooks, mobile phones)

Used in Sensor Technologies inthe Healthcare Industry

Used in door locks for access

control Used in network applications



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Facial Recognition

The Process:

User faces camera System locates the users face and

perform matches against claimedidentity from database

To prevent fake face or mold,

users are now required to smile,blink or move in a way that ishuman verifying



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Facial Recognition

Benefits:

Not intrusive, no physicalcontact required

Can be done from a distance

Disadvantages:

More suited for authentication

rather than identification Civil liberties issue



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Facial Recognition

Application:

Used mainly as a potential toolfor averting terrorism attacks,and for other law enforcementpurposes.



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Hand Geometry

On its own, hand geometry biometrics are notreliable for identification purposes- can be used witha combination of other biometrics for verification

purposes however. The Process:

User places hands on surface which hasguidance pegs on it.

Hand is then aligned by the pegs so thedevice can read hand attributes.

Device checks its database for matches.



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Hand Geometry

Benefits: Easy to use Small amount of data required to

uniquely identify a user

Low failure to enroll rates Non intrusive

Disadvantages: Lack of accuracy, cant be used for

identification Size of the scanner Expensive as compared to finger scanner Injuries to hand fairly common



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Hand Geometry

Used in (actual places wherein application):

International Airports,

Day care centers,

Blood banks,

Welfare agencies,

Hospitals, Immigration facilities.



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Iris Scanner

Analyzes the eye colored tissues surrounding the pupil. More than 200 points which can be used for comparison

purpose. Can be used for identification as well as verification.

Process: Person aligns himself in such a way that

he can see his own eyes reflection. The scanner captures the iris image and

compares with images stored indatabase

To avoid fake eyes from being used,light may be shone by machine and pupildilation observed.



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Iris Scanner

Benefits:

Highly accurate, no known falsecase

Not intrusive, no physicalcontact required

Disadvantages:

User has to face somediscomfort as he has to staysteady for time period



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Iris Scanner

Uses:

Law enforcementagencies, LancasterCounty Prison used irisscanner for lawenforcement purposesfor the first time.

International Airports



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Retinal Scanner

The difference between iris and retinal scanner is thatretinal scanner analyzes the layers of blood vessels atthe back of the eye. Also unlike iris, retinal scannerrequires user to remove glasses.

The process:A person brings his eye close to the

device and peers through a smallopening.

User focuses on a small green dotwhile keeping head absolutely still

and waiting for verification. Since there is no way to replicate a

retina, extra precautionary measuresneed not be taken.



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Retinal Scanner

Benefits:

Highly accurate

Disadvantages: Enrollment and scanning are

intrusive and take too long



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Retinal Scanner

Used at:Almost exclusive

use in high-endsecurity

applications. Used mostly for

controllingaccess to areasor rooms in

military facilities,power plantsand other highrisk facilities



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Vascular Patterns

Measure the characteristics of veinssituated in a persons hand or face.

The Process: The user places his palm on

a curved surface which runsan infrared scan on it.

The scan creates a picturewhich can then becompared to ones stored indatabase



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Vascular Patterns

Benefits:

Difficult to forge

Contactless, hygienic and non-invasive

Highly accurate



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Vascular Patterns

Application:

Still fairly new ascompared to other

biometrics. Few details

published about it.

Can be found at

military institutesand multi-outletretailersestablishment.



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DNA Biometrics

Every individual has 23 pairs ofchromosomes which contain the genetichistory of the person.

After a suspect leaves DNA sample at the

scene of the crime it is matched with theDNA of all people suspect of the crime.

This type of biometrics requires twothings:

Creating DNA profile using basic molecularbiology protocols

Crunching numbers and applying the principlesof population genetics to prove a matchmathematically



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DNA Biometrics

Benefits:

Highly accurate

Disadvantages: Not done in real-time, eventalready occurred.

Civil liberties issue, as people

might be unwilling to providesamples

Highly intrusive in natureSource: BiometricNewsportal.com


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DNA Biometrics

Used at:

Since this method isnt practiced in real-time, most DNA evidences are processed in

laboratories and used for criminalinvestigations.



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Bio Metrics- Biological Security Measures