EMPHYSEMA

BY: STACY ZIAULHAQ

LUNG ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGYThe function of the lungs is to Oxygenate our blood by removing Carbon Dioxide and replacing it with Oxygen.

What is EmphysemaEmphysema (em-fi-SE-ma) is a type of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

COPD for short.

COPD is generally a combination of Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis both with varying degrees.

It is a progressive disease of the lungs.

The alveoli (air sacs) are irreversibly damaged causing breathing to become difficult.

There is no cure

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LUNG COMPARISONS

SIDE-BY-SIDE COMPARISON

What Are The Causes

MOST COMMON

Smoking (#1 cause)

Prolonged exposure to second hand smoke

Chemical fumes

Dust

Air pollution

IN RARE CASES

Deficiency of the Alpha-1 Antitrypsin

A protein made by the liver that protects the lungs.

That is inherited

MM: normal levelMS: 80% of normalMZ: 60% of normalSZ: 40% of normalZZ: 10% of normal level

WHO IS AT RISK

Emphysema effects both men and women.

Usually does not appear until the sixties.

But the disease can appear as early as forty depending on certain factors.

Any ethnic group can develop emphysema.

One exception is the inherited form that mainly effects European Caucasians.

SYMPTOMS OF EMPHYSEMA Coughing with or without phlegm

(sometimes referred to as “smokers cough”)

Dyspnea (shortness of breath)

Trouble catching one’s breath

Fatigue

Wheezing

Barrel- like distended chest

Lethargy or difficulty concentrating

Difficulty sleeping

DIAGNOSIS Chest X – ray

Blood test

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

Lung Function Test also called Pulmonary Function Test or PFT (most common)

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Treatment STOP smoking (if you smoke)

Bronchodilators (inhalers)

Ex. Atrovent, Spiriva, Serevent, Foradil, and Albuterol

Anti-inflammatory medication

Ex. Singulair and Roflimulast

Antibiotics

Oxygen therapy

Pulmonary rehabilitation

Conserve energy, improve stamina, and reduce breathlessness

Surgery

Other things include

Avoid being around smoke and other irritants

Avoiding the cold

SOME FACTS ON COPD Close to 13 million American adults have been diagnosed with

COPD.

Many others have the disease and not know it.

51% say it limits their ability to work (lost productivity).

The cost of COPD on the nation was approximately 49.9 billion dollars in 2010 (American Lung Association, February 2011).

Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease is the third cause of death in the United States in 2011 with 143,382 deaths

Worldwide Mortality Rate

36.60%

16.40%

10.40%

5.80%

4.80%

2.90%

2.90%

2.00%

1.90%

1.80%

1.50%

1.50%

1.40%

1.40% 0.80% 0.70% 0.70% 0.70%0.60%0.60%

   United States    Japan    Brazil    Mexico    Germany    Netherlands    South Africa    Hungary    Romania    Canada    Thailand    Australia    Austria    Spain    Kyrgyzstan    Argentina    Sweden    Colombia    Poland    Venezuela 

A NOTE ON THE POSITIVE SIDE

Research is strong and on going in the fight of Emphysema.

How to measure airspace enlargement accurately

How to define aging of the lung

There are studies showing promise that changing ones diet to include olive oil, fish, and grapes, peanuts, and berries (sources of resveratrol) may limit the lung damage caused by smoking.

REFERENCESAlpha-1 Canadian Registry Website: http://www.alpha1canadianregistry.com/alpha1/info/faq.html

Anatomy of the Lung Picture. Retrieved from 3d Science Pics Website: http://3dsciencepics.com/wp-content/uploads/lung_anatomy2.jpg

Aetna, INC.(November 21, 2011) Emphysema Retrieved from http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/9339/10600.html

(August 2011) Trends in COPD (Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema): Morbidity and Mortality Retrieved from American Lung Association Website: www.lung.org/finding-cures/our.../trend.../copd-trend-report.pdf

Emphysema Animation Video Retrieved from Website: http://www.muschealth.com/video/default.aspx?videoId=10192

Emphysema by country", World Health Organisation Statistical Information System. Retrieved fromhttp://www.NationMaster.com/graph/mor_emp-mortality-emphysema

Emphysema Lung Picture (December 10, 2010). Emphysema Causes and Treatment. Retrieved from Website: http://ic.steadyhealth.com/emphysema_causes_and_treatment.html

Hoyert, Donna L PhD, Xu, Jiaquan M.D. (October 10, 2012) Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2011 Retrieved from Department of Health and Human Services Website: www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_06.pdf

Pereira, E. B., Viana, C., Taunay, T. E., Sales, P. U., Lima, J. O., & Holanda, M. A. (2011). Improvement of Cognitive Function After a Three-Month Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program for COPD Patients. Lung, 189(4), 279-285. doi:10.1007/s00408-011-9303-6

Spirometry (7/9/2012) Reviewed by: David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc., and Denis Hadjiliadis, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.

Taraseviciene-Stewart, Laimute, & Voelkel, Norbert F. (2008) Molecular Pathogenesis of Emphysema. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118 (2) 394 – 402. doi: 10. 1172/JCI31811