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Biochemistry of kidney and urine
Two layers: external – cortex, inner – medulla.
Functional-structural unit – nephron.
Every kidney – about 1000000 nephrons.
RENAL FUNCTIONS
-Excretion of the end products from the organism (formation of urea)
-Maintenance of acidic-base balance
-Maintenance of water-salt balance-Maintenance of osmotic pressure-Hormonal activity rennin synthesis (blood pressure regulation) erythropoietin (erythrocytes formation), 1,25-dihydroxycholecalcipherol (vitamin D3)
-Regulation of blood pressure
-Metabolism of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, energetic metabolism
Metabolism in kidneys
80 % of water about 10 % of all oxygen 700-900 L of blood/day (25 %)carbs – main energetic materialActive:GlycolysisKetolysisTransamination and deamination
Urine formation
Structures responsible for the urine formation: glomeruli, proximal canaliculi, distal canaliculi.
Mechanism of urine formation: filtration reabsorption secretion
Mechanisms of elimination: filtration reabsorption excretion
About 120 mL/min or 180 L/day of blood is filtrated.
Filtration – passive process.
After filtration – primary urine (180 L/day)
Filtration
Takes place in glomeruli.
Substances with molecular mass below 40,000 Da pass through the membrane of glomerulus into capsula.
Filtration is caused by:
-hydrostatic pressure of blood in capillaries of glomeruli (70 mm Hg)-oncotic pressure of blood plasma proteins (30 mm Hg)-hydrostatic pressure of ultrafiltrate in capsule (20 mm Hg)
70 mm Hg-(30 mm Hg+20 mm Hg)=20 mm Hg
Hydrostatic pressure in glomeruli is determined by the ratio between diameter of ascendant and descendant arteriole
Reabsorption: activepassive. Lipophilic substances - passive.
Na/K АТP-аse is very active
Reabsorption
Takes place in proximal and distal canaliculi. What is reabsorbed? Glucose (100%), amino acids (93%), water (98%), NaCl (70%) etc.
The urine is concentrated (toxins damages the proximal canaliculi)
Takes place in proximal and distal canaliculi.
Secretion: activepassive.
Passive secretion depends on the pH.
What is secreted?•Ions of K, аmmonia, H+
•drugs•xenobiotics
Secretion
Transport of substances from blood into filtrate.
CLEARANCE
Clearance of any substance is expressed in ml of blood plasma that is purified from this substance for 1 min while passing through the kidneys.
About 180 L of primary urine is formed for 1 day, about 125 mL of primary urine for 1 min.
Glucose is reabsorbed completely; clearance = 0
Inulin is not reabsorbed absolutely; clearance = 125 mL/min
If clearance is more than 125 mL/min the substance is secreted actively.
Clearance = (C urine/C plasma) * V
REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESUURE BY KIDNEYS
REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE BY KIDNEYS
Inadequate supply of blood to kidneys (decrease of blood pressure, hypovolemia)
Constriction of arterioles
Irritation of juxtaglomerular cells
Rhenin
Angitensinogen Angiotensin І
Angiotensin ІІ
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
Vasocostriction
The increase of blood pressure
Secretion of aldosteron
Reabsorption of Na and water
The increase of blood volume
REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE BY KIDNEYS
The decrease of blood pressure, hypovolemia
The decrease of blood volume in atriums and carotid sinuses
Reaction of volume-receptors
Stimulation of vasopressine formation
Impulses to hypothalamus
Activation of hyaluronidase in kidneys canaliculi
Depolimeralisation of hyaluronic acid
The increase of water reabsorption
The increase of blood volume
The increase of blood pressure
Three mechanisms:-Conversion of two substituted phosphates into one substituted in the cavity of canaliculi- Formation of carbonic acid in the cells with the following dissociation to Н+ and НСО3
-
- ammonia excretion
MAINTAINING OF ACIDIC-BASE BALANCE BY KIDNEYS
Cells of canaliculusBlood Cavity of canaliculus
Na2HPO4
Na+Na+
HPO42-
Na+
NaH2PO4
Na+
H+ H+
MAINTAINING OF ACIDIC-BASE BALANCE BY KIDNEYS
NaHCO3
Na+
HCO3-
Na+
H2CO3
Na+
H+ H+
H2O CO2
H2O CO2+
H2CO3
HCO3-
BloodCells of
canaliculus Cavity of canaliculus
MAINTAINING OF ACIDIC-BASE BALANCE BY KIDNEYS
NH3+H+
Glutamine
NH4+
NH3
Glutamic acid
MAINTAINING OF ACIDIC-BASE BALANCE BY KIDNEYS
BloodCells of
canaliculus Cavity of canaliculus