Biocompatibility and Habitability

8/13/2019 Biocompatibility and Habitability

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Biocompatibility

and Habitabilityof Materialsand Products

Svetozr Katuk

Balz Gfeller


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Biocompatibility

andHabitabilityof Materialsand Products

Svetozr Katuk

University of Technology, Bratislava, SK, EU

Balz Gfeller HSB University of Applied Sciences, Bienne,Switzerland

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In the 20 th century, the term biocompatibility was used mainly in reference tomedical materials and implants for sick people. The concept ofbiocompatibility has not been examined and focused in relation to healthypeople and healthy world.

The book Biocompatibility and Habitability of Materials and Products iscorrect answer to the ob ectionable en!ironmental "uality of the presentworld# the authors define the complex "uality as lo$ical sume in word of theeco%"uality &'(), technical, economic, and aesthetic "uality* the '( ofmaterials and products of human acti!ity has been defined throu$h the ecobalances, biocompatibility and habitability. The '( +cience is introduced asyoun$ discipline with extraodinary de!elopin$ potential. The '(measurement is based on the "uantifyin$ of material % li!in$ or$anisminteractions. r. -atuscak has been considered to be the co%founder of theidea of "uantifyin$ and measurement of '( &-atu / k, (u1beck ity l 44).The authors promote the idea of '( science and education. The '( science,eco%en$ineerin$ and eco%desi$n based on measurable '( data will enablethe una!oidable transfer of the present centre of the enironmental problemssol!in$ from the end of the human products life cycle 5 the elimination ofwaste % to its be$in 5 the '( desin$. The '( desin$ of the tan$ible andintan$ible human products should be performed in ad!ance in the first sta$esof '( and 6iocompatibility research, de!elopment, desi$n and educationinstead of late sol!in$ of en!ironmental and human and ecosystem7s healthproblems from problematic materials, products, buildin$s, cars, ener$y,ser!ices, processes and systems ex post . The book can increase theinterest in '( desi$n as it was the case in the 20th century.

Prof. Dr. Dipl Ing. Juraj Ladomersk 2006, Head of the !ironmental ngineering Dept.,"ni!ersit# in $!olen, %&, "

I+68 40%44492%9:%4opyri$ht ; 2002, 200i$hts >eser!ed# 'korex +-, 6ratisla!a.

?ublished by 'korex +-, 6ratisla!a, The +lo!ak >epublic, '@.

This pro ect was supported by the 6ratisla!a, theconsortium of A0 +wiss and Berman companies which make up CI=B

=B, +witDerland, de!oted to natural cellulose bio%materials and bio%composites production and de!elopment, @ni!ersity of =pplied+ciences 6ern, 6ielE6ienne and 6ell 8o!aman International.

Includes Index.


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?rinted by# +T@, 6ratisla!a, +lo!akia, '@.

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ForewordThe idea of bioco patibility !B"# $%antification and classification for all naturaland man%made materials and products was supported by the G+?+ director$eneral of the Gapanese +ociety for the ?romotion of +cience. In 9 9&20.4.9 9) he awarded a $rant to r. +!eto -atuscak from the Dechoslo!ak+tate Horest ?roducts >esearch Institute, 6ratisla!a, and r. TetsuoTakemura from 8a$oya @ni!ersity for their pro ect concernin$ the"uantification of biocompatibility and habitability. =lthou$h this first $rant couldnot be put to use, because of our duties in the +wiss Hederal Institute ofTechnolo$y Jrich, the idea was later financially supported by the consortiumof A0 +wiss and Berman companies which make up CI=B =B. The ob ecti!esof the authors ha!e been widely discussed, and selected results published inthe Breen >eport of the CI=B =B in +witDerland. =dditional pro ects onbiocompatibility and habitability were performed in Gapan in the 9 0s.

Khy write a book de!oted to the biocompatibility of natural and man%madeproductsL

The 20 th century heralded the era of ecolo$ical and health problems. =nenormous continuous stream of new man%made products % materials, thin$s,ser!ices and systems%% were de!eloped, usin$ mostly traditional primary andphysical materials. Cealth or eco%related issues other than toxicity were notdefined or properly understood. Therefore, ecolo$ical properties were notroutinely considered in the desi$n of man%made products. +uch productdesi$n was typical for 20 th century civilization , and, as a result, toxicitybecame so rampant that a !ast number of specialiDed authorities had to be

established worldwide for the control of toxification of Mci!iliDedN people, li!in$or$anisms 5 the li!in$ world. The process of contin%ing toxification of li!in$or$anisms was thereby authoriDed, and continues today in a mannerMcontrolledN by authorities mostly ex post . =t the same time, 6 knowled$e,6 de!elopment and 6 optimiDation issues ha!e been reduced to

ini izing and controlling toxicity .

The limits on toxicity were decreased durin$ the 20 th century e!en as industryexpanded. KhyL 6ecause other thin$s are often considered more importantthan health. Toxins and limits considered hi$hly dan$erous today wereappro!ed by MauthoritiesN in pre!ious decades, eopardiDin$ and dama$in$li!in$ systems. This process of slow permanent toxification of the li!in$ worldcontinues. It has been $enerally accepted by industry, includin$ health carecompanies, $o!ernments and most international bodies. Toxins are nowconsidered the characteristic byproduct of a civilization rooted in consumption.

Cu$e "uantities of 20 th century products 5 materials, buildin$s, cars, textiles and other articles % ha!e resulted in decreasin$ biodi!ersity, dama$e to the


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health of human and other li!in$ systems, and the diseases of ci!iliDation.Increasin$ numbers of people worldwide suffer from cancer, aller$ies,asthma, acne, diabetes, heart diseases, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, ulcers andacid reflux, constipation, fibromya$lia, herpes, prostate problems, yeastinfections, mi$raine headaches, oint pains, etc. than e!er before. In the mostci!iliDed country, the @+=, o!er O200 billion has been spent since 9 :9 tryin$to pre!ent cancer, yet its citiDens ha!e a hi$her chance of $ettin$ cancer thane!er before in history. =mericans consume o!er half of all the dru$smanufactured in the world, more people exercise and $et dia$nostic testin$,take prescription and non%prescription dru$s, and more sur$eries are carriedout than e!er before, yet people in 30 other countries li!e lon$er than

=mericans &Trudeau 200A). The diseases of ci!iliDation are often considereduna!oidable ne$ati!e cons paid for the pros of ci!iliDation.

In addition, health and eco%related problems ha!e been sol!ed ex post,meanin$ only after they appeared, often in the form of an epidemic. Hurther,doctors and other specialists ha!e been trained to pro!ide only ex postsolutions to these Muna!oidableN health or ecolo$ical problems brou$ht on by

ci!iliDation. The society addressin$ health problems ex post may bead!anta$eous for business or employment, but it is a bi$ disad!anta$e for thehealth of people and other li!in$ systems. The winners are dru$ companies,health care or$aniDations and specialists, includin$ doctors %% but not humanand li!in$ systems.

Industry is aware of this, and yet persists in usin$ technical and economicalparameters based on physical and chemical properties for desi$n,en$ineerin$ and optimiDation processes. KhyL Benerally speakin$, theanswer is simple i$norance and an old%fashioned misconception of industry asa technical or technical 5 economical phenomenon. This is becauseen$ineers, specialists, technicians and mana$ers study technical andeconomical properties, but ha!e !ery limited knowled$e of health%relatedproperties. KhyL =nd what impro!ements can be made in futureL

In our opinion the solution is a knowled$eable society focused on health asthe number one priority. Kithout knowled$e there is no health. The solution isto address the cause of the failures of 20 th century ci!iliDation 5productde!elopment and desi$n without knowled$e or "uantification ofbiocompatibility.

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"o patibility means tolerance. '!ery biosystem is tolerant of some materialsand products and less tolerant or intolerant of others. This tolerance can be

studied in terms of material 5 or$anism interactions, "uantified, measured andused to desi$n healthy products 5 the field of biocompatibility.

6iocompatibility should be used in future alon$ with physical and chemicalproperties to design biocompatible products in a new era of ecolo$ical andhealth concern and to prevent further dama$e to li!in$ or$anisms anddiseases in the 29 st century. This pre!entati!e approach could be the properanswer to the inability of the current ex post strate$y to cure the Muna!oidableNdiseases of ci!iliDation so pre!alent in the 20 th century.

+!eto -atu / k

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Table of ContentsForeword......................................................................................................................61. Introduction...........................................................................................................12

References.................................................................................................................192. Potential benefit of analyzing and quantifying biocompatibility .....................21

2.1. Theoretical significance of quantifying biocompatibility....................... .......22

2.2. Practical significance of quantifying biocompatibility...................... .......... ..23

....................................................................................................................................2References.................................................................................................................2!". #efinition of t$e properties re%iewed.................................................................."&

3.1. Need for a universal biocompatibility language.............................................30

3.2. Definitions..........................................................................................................32References.................................................................................................................''. (eneralization and researc$ of biocompatibility of materials and products .'9

.1. !iocompatibility generally................................................................................ "

.2. !iocompatibility and biofunctionality of biomaterials in medicine..............#4.2.1. Biofunctionality versus biocompatibility of biomedical materials...........554.2.2. Interfacial processes and properties...........................................................594.2.3. Examples of the experimental methods for measurin B! of biomaterials............................................................................................................................."#

.3. !iocompatibility of te$tiles used in upholstery and clothing ............. .........%1

. . !iocompatibility and habitability of building& furniture& automotive and other materials and products..................................................................................%1

4.4.1. $ensory properties....................................................................................."44.4.2. %oxicity& biocompatibility and habitability ..............................................'54.4.3 Eco(physical properties..............................................................................''4.4.4 )ene*ability and recyclin properties of materials and products..............''

References................................................................................................................. 9). *uantifying of t$e biocompatibility+ $abitability................................................!1

#.1. 'uantifying of the biocompatibility ( habitability )!*(+,- and related properties of materials generally. trategy............................................................/1

#.2. $amples of the quantifying of properties similar and related to the biocompatibility ( habitability ................................................................................./3

#.3. 'uantifying of the biocompatibility and habitability )!*(+,- of materials based on present no ledge.................................................................................."/

#. . Prognosis.........................................................................................................10#


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#.#. esearch and development needs and proposal ........................................104 5.5.1 +ar,et surveys.........................................................................................1#'5.5.3 -evelopin dia ram al orithm of the transformation of abstract eneral

phenomena /Es0 into uantities /Eo0................................................................ .113References...............................................................................................................126

6. ,onclusions.........................................................................................................12Inde-.........................................................................................................................1"&

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IntroductionReferences .......................................................... rror Reference source not found


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1. IntroductionThe word biocompatibility consists of two parts# MbioN and McompatibilityN.M6ioN is a reference to a li!in$ or$anism, any of its parts, or biolo$icallyrele!ant fluids 5 water or li"uid, air or $as. M ompatibilityN refers to the degreeof tolerance a li!in$ or$anism demonstrates toward a material, de!ice or man%made product. In other words, the biocompatibility of material is a measure ofthe compatibility between the material and a li!in$ or$anism. Hrom themeasurement theory point of !iew, the biocompatibility of a material is asecondary "uantity expressin$ the de$ree of interaction between the materialand a li!in$ or$anism.

The biocompatibility of a material is a measure of how the material respondsto a specific application and is !ery dependent on the partic%lar application orcircumstances. It is a $eneral term describin$ the suitability of a material forexposure to a li!in$ or$anism, body or bodily fluid. = material or product willbe considered biocompatible in a specific application if it allows the body tofunction without any interference and as normally as possible.

Biocompatibility cannot be determined through evaluation of toxicity orsterility

If two materials are non%toxic accordin$ to hy$ienic standards or authorities,they may still differ in their biocompatibility. There is, for instance, a bi$difference in compatibility between non&toxic polypropylene and non&toxicwool in relation to human skin. There is a difference in compatibility betweenthe li!in$ or$anism and concrete or wood. There are certainly differences inbiocompatibility between polystyrene and the human body and naturalcellulose materials and the human body, both $enerally and in specificapplications as well.

6iocompatibility is not the same as sterility . +terility is the treatment of amaterial to remo!e or destroy all li!in$ or$anisms &includin$ bacterial or fun$alspores), and does not concern itself with the biocompatibility of the actualmaterial.

Interactions between material and or$anism can be either direct or indirect,

throu$h fluid or air, and can take many forms 5 e.$. chemical, biolo$ical,electric, physical, sensory or psychical.

Interactions between or$anisms and materials are "uantifiable.6iocompatibility can be used to assess any health%related interactions


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between a product and an or$anism which ha!e come into direct or indirectcontact. This is the idea of biocompatibility analysis.

To date, there has been little or no research into the interactions betweenproducts and li!in$ or$anisms, into biocompatibility, eco%properties, sensory

properties, or the thermal comfort or discomfort of products. These conceptsare not currently used in de!elopin$ or optimiDin$ new buildin$s, cars, etc. @pto now, biocompatibility has been defined by Kestern medicine andunderstood solely as a concept useful in the ex post sur$ical treatment ofdiseases or durin$ replacement of defective organs .

Pore and more diseases and health problems ha!e been caused by themillions of tons of toxins, pesticides, stabiliDers, and MspecialiDedN dru$sde!eloped for the purpose of ex post treatment of the Muna!oidableN ailmentsof modern ci!iliDation. The health of all li!in$ systems has been continuously

eopardiDed by the millions of tons of new products de!eloped withoutknowled$e, definition, or discussion of complex $eneral productbiocompatibility and without consistent reference to biocompatibilityparameters, which should be assessed in addition to the already routinee!aluation of mechanical, physical, electric, chemical and fire safetyproperties.

Cealth is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well%bein$ and notmerely the absence of disease and infirmity &Korld Cealth Qr$aniDation). It isimportant, therefore, to distin$uish between non%toxicity, which $i!es noindication of how healthy a product is, and biocompatibility 9 &Ikada 9 A),which in!ol!es a complex analysis of all properties potentially influencin$ thephysical, mental, or social well%bein$ of a human or other li!in$ or$anism. =san example of the conse"uences of irresponsibly confusin$ non%toxicity andbiocompatibility, we can consider the case of a non%toxic biomaterial implantthat was de!eloped and used on patients without any determination of itsbiocompatibility. The de!ice caused blood coa$ulation and thrombusformation, encapsulation, calcification, and multiple other health problems,which were then resol!ed ex post by means of additional treatments imposedon the sufferin$ patients. This unnecessary sufferin$ is the direct result ofproducin$ increasin$ numbers of new products without any knowled$e of orreference to biocompatibility parameters.

Biocompatibility of materials and products versus cause of illness anddisease

?eople usually do not distin$uish between illness and disease . These twoterms seem to mean essentially the same thin$ and are often used

interchan$eably. Cowe!er, illness and disease are defined differently in manynon%western cultural traditions and when identifyin$ causes worldwide.isease is an ob ecti!ely measurable patholo$ical condition of the body.

Tooth decay, measles, and broken bones are examples of disease. In

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contrast, illness is a feelin$ of not bein$ normal and healthy. Illness may, infact, be due to disease, or it may ha!e other causes.

=re medical de!ices and biomaterials desi$ned as factors in or causes ofillnessL =re doctors or biomedical applications of biomaterials the primary

causes of illnessL Ke do not think so, althou$h some data su$$est thesethin$s may ha!e ne$ati!e effects 2 &Trudeau -. 200A, 200F). Pedicine isfocused on illness and sickness. octors of medicine and traditionalbiocompatibility en$ineers are focused on disease and sick people. Postillnesses are certainly not caused by medicine.

Causes of illness and disease

The naturalistic explanation of illness assumes that illness is due toimpersonal, mechanistic causes in nature that can be potentially understoodand cured by the application of the scientific method of disco!ery. Typicalcauses of illness accepted in naturalistic medical systems include or$anicbreakdown or deterioration &e.$., tooth decay, heart failure, senility),obstruction &e.$., kidney stones, arterial blocka$e due to pla"ue build%up),in ury &e.$., broken bones, bullet wounds), imbalance &e.$., abnormal whiteblood cell count, too little estro$en or testosterone), malnutrition &e.$., toomuch or too little food, not enou$h protein, !itamins, or minerals), andparasites &e.$., bacteria, !iruses, amoebas, worms).

In our opinion, howe!er, the material en!ironment, habitat and man%madeproducts are important factors in health, and primary causes of illness anddisease.

Post man%made products are made from materials. 8ot the ser!ices, orsoftware. Korldwide, the lar$est industry on earth is the construction industry.

In 8orth =merica, for instance, the construction industry is double the siDe ofthe auto industry. Q!er the past se!eral years there has been a $rowin$awareness of the need for health, biocompatibility or humane considerationsto re!erse the destructi!e trends of modern industrialiDation and embrace amore holistic, harmonious and sustainable le$acy for future $enerations. Qnecomprehensi!e and focused body of knowled$e that examines the delicatebalance between human health and the man%made en!ironment is called6au%6iolo$ie &B%ilding Biology ).

It is possible for material and other en$ineers, the buildin$ industry,automoti!e industry and other industries to participate in the desi$n andconstruction of breathin$, fully non%toxic and bio%compatible buildin$s andcars. =nd e!en more % new materials, buildin$s, cars and other productsbetter co patible with bio %systems, people and other li!in$ or$anisms couldbe continuously de!eloped and optimiDed in terms of biocompatibility. Theonly precondition to achie!in$ this desirable state of affairs is the de!elopmentof the necessary tools and lan$ua$e so that en$ineerin$, chemistry, industry,economy, and en!ironmental science professionals can accurately measure

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and assess the !arious aspects of natural and man%made productbiocompatibility.

Too fre"uently, assessments of stren$ths and weaknesses of competin$materials and products are limited to tan$ible characteristics such as price

and pri ary physical attributes. Hurther, the primary physical properties are!ery often e!aluated in terms of priceEperformance ratios, disre$ardin$characteristics such as consumer perceptions and attitudes. 6ut it is hi$hlyunlikely that it is the primary physical properties which make wood and woodproducts attracti!e to consumers. Instead, characteristics such as nat%ralcharacter and relationship to the en!ironment and health ' &Pantau 9 2) playa dynamically de!elopin$ role.

Kith affluence and wealth come $reater life expectancy. =nd, with $reateraffluence comes a $reater awareness of health and ecological iss%es ( &>oss9 4


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The lack of ob ecti!e information on biocompatibility of natural materials andproducts results in a ne$ati!e impact on health. Kithout such information,people may refuse or a!oid healthy natural products and instead use syntheticproducts, containin$ bio%incompatible chemicals or toxins that ha!e a direct orindirect ne$ati!e effect on their health. ?eople must be offered accurate,ob ecti!e e!aluation of the biocompatibility of products and materials %%information on both positi!e and ne$ati!e effects of interactions of li!in$or$anism with the products %% so that they can make intelli$ent, informedchoices re$ardin$ their own health and the health of their en!ironment.

+ome preliminary results show that an e!aluation of ecolo$ical "uality,biocompatibility or habitability &6 EC=) mi$ht yield persuasi!e datademonstratin$ excellent performanceEprice ratios for wood &chapter F).@nfortunately, the results of research to date are mostly semi %"uantitati!eand su$$esti!e but not definiti!e in character.

To a lar$e extent, this lack of conclusi!e research has been caused by thepassi!e and defensi!e approach of the woodworkin$ industry, which focusesalmost exclusi!ely on the pri ary , easily measurable, Sob ecti!eS properties ofwood.

@nfortunately, the industry seldom addresses the concerns that are often ofthe hi$hest importance in the market, for present and future consumers in anera of ecological and health concern , especially in increasin$ly affluentcountries. They do not say anythin$ about ecolo$ical "uality or the effect oftheir products on psychical and physical well%bein$.

The positi!e effects of natural materials and products such as forest products,natural phytochemicals, wood, li$nocellulosics, and healthy fuels 5 productshealthy for nature and people 5 are !ery rarely studied and measured in

comparison with ne$ati!e effects. ?roblems connected with health or ecolo$y are often addressed ex post, after they ha!e been formulated by hy$ienic oren!ironmental authorities, followin$ the appearance of negative information orhealth effects connected with wood products. The result is a strate$y ofminimiDin$ toxic and other ne$ati!e postindustrial effects ex post , instead ofresearch, de!elopment, plannin$ and optimiDation of man%made products toreach the hi$hest possible le!els of biocompatibility and eco%"uality.

Throu$hout the 20th century and into the 29 st, a positi!e attitude has beenrare in science and technolo$y. KhyL There are so many toxic productspoisonin$ our health and en!ironment that it seems lo$ical to concentrateattention on toxicity. It seems only reasonable to deal with the ne$ati!e effectsof products. This ne$ati!e approach has had a potent effect on the o!erall

ne$ati!e discussion of hy$ienic properties of materials and products.

@nfortunately, !ery little if any attention is paid to the possibility of constructi!e> into new methods to e!aluate the co plex % positi!e, neutral andne$ati!e % effects of man%made products, materials or food &=n$st 9 44) on

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health and the en!ironment. This present mindset of $%ality testing andstandardization is detrimental to the identification and mainstreamin$ ofecolo$ically more pro$ressi!e materials.

The pri ary "uantities that ha!e been assessed for many centuries are still

used to compare materials and products. The processes of standardiDation ha!e been initiated and influenced predominantly by research into hi$h%tech,metal, inor$anic and synthetic composite materials. Therefore the primarytechnical properties still play too strong a role in the comparison of materialsand products.

@nfortunately, the low !alue assi$ned eco%properties in "uality testin$ andstandardiDation does not correspond to their actual si$nificance. The ratio ofthe wei$ht of eco%properties to purely technical properties should increase. Tothat end, howe!er, it is necessary to $%antify and standardize thecharacteristics of '( in the form of a new, relati!ely independent $roup ofmaterial%en$ineerin$ properties, which could be used by en$ineers, plannersand other professionals in a manner similar to the present use of primarymechanical, physical, chemical and other technical properties. Qnly in thisway will technicians stop creatin$ en!ironmental problems that must besol!ed ex post , under threat of dama$e to public, en!ironmental or health.

The present method of testing health effects and related standardiDation doesnot promote the production and use of ecolo$ically more pro$ressi!ematerials, because only toxic effects, representin$ only a part of o!erall '(,are measured &see Table 9, chapters A and F.F). The present state of testin$the effects of wood and wood products on health, in comparison with othermaterials, results in a black and white approach# either the material isnegative !toxic# or *K !s%itable, ne%tral# accordin$ to present formal hy$ienicrecommendations. If the materials formally comply with hy$ienicre"uirements, then no hy$ienic differences between them are noted, so that,for example, hy$ienically Q- buildin$ materials such as plastics, iron%reinforced concrete, aluminum, wood or wool are all considered formallye"ual.

Ke ha!e tried to create and classify a complex system to measure ecolo$ical "uality &'() of materials, includin$ eco%balances and eco%properties. =s with"uantifiable properties $enerally, these measurements will pro!e more usefulin the de!elopment of new products, production, and "uality control than$eneral abstract terms alone.

The aim of this study is# to re!iew the present state%of%the%art, to su$$estmethods of "uantifyin$ and ob ectifyin$ biocompatibility E habitability as

routine material%en$ineerin$ characteristics of material and to indicate futureperspecti!es of practical and theoretical si$nificance and use of thebiocompatibility E habitability of materials for the benefit of wood.

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Qur focus is on the most problematic and least "uantified $roups of eco& properties, on identifyin$ new "uantities E characteristics expressin$interactions with human and other li!in$ components of the en!ironment, suchas biocompatibility E habitability and sensory properties. 'colo$ical andhy$ienic "ualities of materials such as toxic properties, characteristics ofbuildin$ physics and eco%balances that ha!e already been extensi!elye!aluated are re!iewed here briefly with reference to the specialiDed literature.

-nowled$e of the ecolo$ical "uality of materials is relati!ely limited at present. =ddin$ to this body of knowled$e, creatin$ ob ecti!e methods ofmeasurement, and disco!erin$ and "uantifyin$ new facts on the ecolo$ical"uality, biocompatibility, habitability and eco%competiti!eness of materials, isan important challen$e for research and eco%pro$ressi!e branches ofindustry.

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References

9 Ikada U.# Interfacial biocompatibility. hapter 3, pa$e 3F. In# +halaby +.K., Ikada U., Ran$er >. and Killiams G. &ed.)# ?olymers of biolo$ical andbiomedical si$nificance. = +, Kashin$ton 9 A.

2 Trudeau -.# 8atural ures. =lliance ?ublishin$ Broup, Inc., I+68 0%:FF F%9%4. 200A. Trudeau, -e!in, 8atural ures STheyS onVt Kant Uou

To -now =bout, =lliance ?ublishin$, 200F. I+68 0% :FF F%9%4. 200F.

3 Pantau, @. 9 2# @mwelt!ertrW$lichkeit des ColDes im @rteil derXerbraucher. Teil 9# 'in Xer$leich mit anderen 6austoffen. ColD%

entralblatt, 994, 8r.99, 9F:%9F4.A >oss, I. 9 4ecyclin$fra$en 9 2. ColD %Horschun$ und%Xerwertun$ AA,


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Potential benefit of analyzing and quantifying biocompatibility

2.1. Theoretical significance of quantifying biocompatibility rror6 eferencesource not found

2.2. Practical significance of quantifying biocompatibility .... rror6 eferencesource not found References .......................................................... rror Reference source not found


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Potential benefit of analy7ing and quantifying biocompatibility

2. Potential benefit of

analyzing and quantifyingbiocompatibility(uantifyin$ is transformation of abstract $eneral categories or in other wordscomplex cate$ory "uantities into &one dimensional) "uantities and units. It is a$eneral method and trend in science and research.

Cackin$ < &2009) notes that category is used in a broad sense by lin$uists andpsycholo$ists for any class with a common name, and in a stricter sense byphilosophers concerned with ultimate classes. The categories could be used

in the disco!erin$ of thin$s as thin$s or a way of makin$ indi!idual thin$ssub ects of science :, 4 &K. Pann 2000, Pac-innon 2009).

The "uantifyin$ of the bioco patibility !B"# of materials $enerally andEorhabitability !HA# of materials in a dwellin$ en!ironment can therefore beconsidered as an ob ecti!e process that will continue in future.

Qr is the interaction between materials and man phenomena characteristiconly for implants or biomedical materials as defined by conser!ati!e part oflast century medicineL Is it so as define by some specialists from the area ofbiomedical research that the phenomena of interaction between material andli!in$ or$anism pri!ile$e of materials used in medicineL If materials are usedin one area e.$. medicine are they transformed to some other space ofmaterials continuumL oes any ob ecti!e property of material existencedepend on particular applicationL Khat is the relation between physical,chemical, technolo$ical, en!ironmental and biocompatibility propertiesL

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2.1.Theoretical significance of quantifying

biocompatibility+ome pri ary properties such as dimensions, or stren$th, or some ofsecondary ones, such as color or $loss, can be measured simply bystandardiDed or other methods and e"uipment. Qther characteristics of amaterial, especially chemical and technolo$ical properties, re!eal themsel!esonly throu$h the indirect processes of testin$ where the interactions withso e other s%bstances are usually tested. =nd biolo$ical and ecolo$ical properties re!eal themsel!es throu$h interactions with living organis s ortiss%es , as a particular biolo$ical component of the en!ironment.

(uantifyin$ is one of the most important tools which allows the reco$niDin$the present ed$e of the scientific de!elopment# this ed$e is namelycharacteriDed by the current "uantifyin$ of the $enerally and practicallyi portant but up till the present only abstractly +nown phenomena.

It is belie!ed that also ecolo$ical properties &'?) of materials, includin$sensory properties, biocompatibility, eco%physical properties, recyclin$ orsome other properties, will be $radually formulated as a special, relati!elyindependent $roup of properties alon$ side the better known and commonlyused $roups of physical, mechanical, and chemical properties* they will bepossible to use in a form of "uantified material characteristics in materialen$ineerin$, > and plannin$ of new products. +o for example not only thestren$th but also the -recycling abilityof the particular product after 2 or 40years will be commonly used in the product desi$n, in optimiDin$, calculatin$,

modelin$ andEor plannin$ the composition and construction of composites ormulti%material systems.

Environ ental science generally prefers nat%ral aterials . 6ut this preferenceis rather abstract for technolo$y, industry, marketin$ and other practicalutiliDation. It is the role of a specialiDed science about the particular material&e.$. wood science) to de!elop exact measurin$ methods and "uantitati!edata on the real '(, 6 EC=, which would allow ob ecti!e comparison withother materials. In this manner wood science co%ld also contrib%te toi proving $%ality of life . &-auman 9 0).

22


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2.2.Practical significance of quantifying

biocompatibilityIn our opinion, the research of eco%"uality &'(), biocompatibility or habitability &6 EC=) is practically important for#

9. Objectiveness of the comparisons, desi$n and optimiDin$ of the'( of materials

2. Impro!in$ the advertisement and marketin$ throu$h con!incin$information influencin$ consumer attitudes* ad!ertisement has abetter chance to succeed if it is based on facts, especially on '( 90& Pantau 9 2)

3. Opening up new markets; the chan$es in attitudes ofconsumers throu$h better eco% and health% information will causea decrease in the consumption of buildin$ materials with a poorerbiocompatibility E habitability thus creatin$ areas for products withbetter biocompatibility E habitability parameters* in marketin$ forproduct positioning strate$ies

A. Diagnosing the underlyin$ factors of the market* impro!in$ therepresentation of perceptions and attitudes of consumers 99& ottrell 9 9) on '(, biocompatibility E habitability

F. Evaluating t e present and future t reat of substitute materials

for wood &e.$. accordin$ to the '( criteria used by competitors in> of new products and technolo$ies)* predicting which ofcompetin$ products customers re$ard as potential and actualsubstitutes and why 92 & ayet al 9 : )


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*+,PT 2

4. Impro!in$ the education of potential users and non%users,decision%makers, home builders, owners on ob ectified '(,biocompatibility E habitability of materials and products &durch dieDunehmende +ensibilisierun$ fuer ein umwelt% und$esudheitsbewustes 6auen und Kohnen)

. filling up t e information vacuum in "uantitati!e data about positive ecolo$ical effects of natural materials such as wood andwood products* competin$ branches, to$ether with ecolo$ists ande!en with some forest professionals base their acti!ity more onpre udices and politics than on ob ecti!e knowled$e, and connectwood utiliDation with forest dama$e in both temperate and tropicaltypes of forests. +imultaneously with the studies of positi!eeffects of forest product branches on Q 2 balances, the researchof eco% balances and eco% properties must be intensified.

90. =nswerin$ basic "uestions concernin$ '( of wood and woodproducts#

Is wood really so much better as other competin$ materials asindicate the psychometric preferences &see hapter F.2)L

an the conclusions on '( of wood be used for woodcomposites and productsL

Khat is the effect of !arious technolo$ical processes on the'(, biocompatibility E habitability and sensory properties ofmaterials and productsL

Today, both companies and consumers are as en!ironment%sensiti!e as theyare interest rate%sensiti!e or inflation%sensiti!e. The eco%sensitiDin$ processescontinue. 8ew eco%impulses and data also ha!e economical conse"uences*especially effecti!e is the ob ecti!e, empirical ecolo$ical data andexperimentally supported information about the effects of !arious materials onphysical or psychic health.

This study has been performed in the framework of international cooperationbetween +I+C 6iel, +witDerland and + X@ &former the Dechoslo!ak now the+lo!ak Horest products >esearch Institute) 6ratisla!a, +lo!akia. Theseinstitutions ser!e in two countries that ha!e sufficiently different le!els ofen!ironment, economy and health, includin$ life expectancy .

In Piddle% and 'ast% 'uropean countries the le!el of sol!in$ en!ironmental

problems and restructurin$ the economy into a more en!ironmentally soundconfi$uration are all much lower. There are many reasons for this, of course.The en!ironmental problems will play an important role by restorin$ the health of society, the economy, and the en!ironment. 8ow, the people who purchase$oods and ser!ices do not positi!ely enou$h influence these processes.

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+omethin$ can be sol!ed by increasin$ the effecti!eness and "uality of workof the en!ironmental bureaucracy, throu$h the moderniDation ofen!ironmental le$islation and by increasin$ the o!erall en!ironmentaldiscipline. 6ut the problem of restorin$ the dwellin$ en!ironment is importanttoo. Hor example the relati!e consumption of nat%ra l buildin$ materials inrelation to concrete, steel and other artificial materials in +lo!akia, in this

entral%'uropean country where the afforestation is 3FY, and allowed annualcut is < mil.m 3, is extremely low. Pore than a half of people that pre!iouslyused to li!e in dwellin$s built mostly from natural materials, wood, stone andbricks, li!e and work now in blocks of flats from iron reinforced concrete,plastics and other artificial materials.

The concrete pollution of en!ironment could be a problem also in the mostde!eloped countries. Hor example the annual cement production in+witDerland < million tons corresponds to 94 million tons of concrete or 3 tonsper capita, while the annual wood consumption : million m3 corresponds to 3million tons or 0.F tons per capita. In spite of that the use of wood and othernatural materials for buildin$ materials, floors, furniture and other products ison relati!ely hi$h le!el in comparison with other 'uropean countries.

The production and use of such buildin$ materials which people prefer$enerally less &if they ha!e a chance for choose) as iron%reinforced concrete,is in 'urope much hi$her than of that people consider to be ShealthierS ones&chapter F.3).

It is not known at present in what extent represent the less preferred aterialsa real pollution for en!ironment and dan$er for psychical or physical comfort,or health.

=n interestin$ "uestion is what is a role the '( of buildin$ materials plays in

the creatin$ of the psychical, physical and social comfort or % in the words ofKCQ simply % the health of people. There is a lack of systematic data,e!idences, and suitable measurin$ and e!aluatin$ methods to determine a

position of the aterial poll%tion &pollution of dwellin$ en!ironment throu$h theecolo$ically inferior buildin$ materials) in the complex with the otheren!ironmental factors influencin$ health, such as food%, air%, water%, andearth% pollution, ne$ati!e radiation or stress. It is not known at presentwhether and in what extent the si$nificantly worse dwellin$ en!ironment inone country contributes to the worse health of its inhabitants in comparisonwith the better one. '.$. the life expectancy at birth for men in 9 9 in+witDerland, 8orway, +weden and Island was in the ran$e :A % :F.: years, inother most Kest%'uropean countries :2 % :A years, in Piddle and 'ast%'uropean countries and Turkey it was ussia


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*+,PT 2

6oth the poorer and better should study the phenomena for benefit of both, forthe benefit of better en!ironment, health and prosperity of eco%pro$ressi!ebranches.

6ecause a lack of knowled$e they are mostly belie!es and sub ecti!e

preferences, to$ether with existin$ production capacities and economy thatcontrol the material composition of dwellin$ en!ironment.

International cooperation can be useful in exchan$in$ experience, allowin$scientists to compare the data on people li!in$ in !arious material dwellin$en!ironment* this could brin$ help to less de!eloped countries* and it couldalso brin$ better possibilities for comparisons, necessary for ob ectifyin$ of6 EC=*.

+pendin$ money on ecolo$ical research has some disad!anta$es perhaps*for example it must not always brin$ instant financial $ratification or short termeffects. 6ut in return, we can en oy the hope of a healthier world, whilecontinuin$ to increase our own li!in$ standards, prosperity andcompetiti!eness.

This study corresponds to the strate$y of research proposed in the area ofecolo$ical "uality &'() of en!ironmentally and bio%pro$ressi!e materials andman%made products# Korldwide >esearch +trate$ies in =n 'ra of 'colo$ical

oncern, presented and discussed at the A2nd Horest ?roducts >esearch+ociety =nnual Peetin$, in the top le!el of the Peetin$ MKorldwide >esearch+trate$iesN, (u1beck, anada 9 44 &-atuscak 9 44).

The re!italiDation processes need new impulses as well as lon$%termperspecti!es. Qb ecti!e data can play a role by comparin$ as ob ecti!ely aspossible the effects of !arious competin$ materials and products on complex

psychic, physical and social health, comfort or well % bein$ and theen!ironment. Pore persuasi!e education and ad!ertisement should be basedon such data.

It is necessary to support research on the '(, 6 , and C= of wood incomparison with other materials, includin$ physiolo$ical, psychometric andphysical experiments.

?eople are increasin$ly health 5 sensiti!e.

?eople are increasin$ly en!ironmentally and bio 5 compatibility of all man%made products sensiti!e.

6oth $reen sentiment, and knowled$e based on "uantitati!e empirical dataamon$ consumers, non%consumers, en!ironmental bureaucracy, $o!ernmentand other decision%makers can $i!e new inspiration, impulses and orientationto the buildin$ industry and to all industries and ser!ices related to the

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creation and restoration of the health dwellin$ en!ironment. &K. Pann 2000,Pac-innon 2009).

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*+,PT 2

References

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, /P0 R "

#efinition of t$e properties re%iewed

3.1. Need for a universal biocompatibility language . rror6 eference sourcenot found

3.2. Definitions ........................................... .. rror6 eference source not foundReferences .......................................................... rror Reference source not found


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*+,PT 3

. !efinition of t"e properties

re#iewed3.1.Need for a uni ersal biocompatibility language

+tudents of history, and probably not only they, a$ree that human pro$resswas slow until lan$ua$e de!eloped* then the experience ac"uired by oneperson could be imparted to others. It produces sufficient positi!e syner$ismfor all human acti!ities. The dependence of the de!elopment rate on theexistence of lan$ua$e is of $eneral !alidity for all human acti!ities 9A &Pc=dam9 49).

The specialists in traditional biomedical are de!elopin$ biocompatibleproducts for sick people. They are workin$ and thinkin$ of health as theabsence of sickness. They understand the biocompatibility and thebiocompatible materials are items only of biomedical si$nificance only for illpeople and pharmaceutical corporations and doctors of traditional 20 th centurywest medicine dealin$ in Y with illness and sickness. They think thebiocompatible materials can be applied

9. to the permanent replacement of defecti!e or$ans and tissues,

2. temporary support of defecti!e or normal or$ans,

3. stora$e or purification of blood and

A. control of dru$ deli!eryF. cosmetic sur$ery and


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Definition of the properties revie ed

course not, it is a property of materials of biolo$ical si$nificance and all othermaterials and products 'rror# >eference source not found & Ikada et al. 9 A).

=nother "uestion is whether the ob ecti!e existin$ property is used in aparticular application and to what extent. The "uestion is what is the intensityof the interactions between material and man or more $enerally material 5or$anism.

Is the biocompatibility a pri!ile$e of materials aimed for ill people onlyL Is abioco patibility of products a pri!ile$e of sickness or intended for sick peopleonlyL 8o. Cas the "uantity % biocompatibility only ne$ati!e !alues likene$ati!e part of "uantity % temperatureL KhyL Is it possible to use thebiocompatibility for healthy products and people or notL Kho could allow itLPay be the pharmaceutical corporations or commissioners of authoriDedor$aniDationsL Qr doctors of medicine thinkin$ in terms of the traditional 20 thcentury medicineL Ke do not think so. Khat we can $et from them are onlyopinions .

If a standard property such as a temperature can be measured in one materialit can be measured on all materials. If a standard property like temperaturecan be measured in one application of a material it can be measured in allapplications $eneraly. If the property can be used for ill people it can be usedfor healthy people too. If the property can be used for pharmaceutical industryit can be used for all industries. Benerallisation# the existence of a standardproperty is material and application independent. It is company and industryindependent. It is any formal authority independent. The property or "uantityis $eneral phenomena existin$ for all materials and applications.

@p till now, an unambi$uous basis upon which to build a uni!ersal lan$ua$efor the biocompatibility and habitability of buildin$ materials has not existed. Inthe last few years, only the lan$ua$e about ecolo$ical balances has beensufficiently impro!ed. In our opinion without a lan$ua$e about complexecolo$ical "uality, biocompatibility or habitability, the de!elopment is !eryslow, dependin$ on indi!idual intuition* when a lan$ua$e is founded, thede!elopment will accelerate throu$h positi!e syner$ism of interdisciplinarycooperation between more branches of > and simultaneously support thesub ecti!e intuition and creati!e force of indi!idual professionals in this area.

The terms described below ha!e been used or proposed as one of thenecessary steps of the creatin$ a uni!ersal biocompatibility E habitability lan$ua$e.

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*+,PT 3

3.2.!efinitions

Anthropomorphous

human%like, correspondin$ to human perception. Hor example# >I, @X or e!en!isible +pectral !alues or the Z,U, data of I' are not anthropomorphous,while I' /ab parameters, the yellowness de$ree accordin$ to Coechst, orwhiteness accordin$ to +tensby, blac+ness accordin$ to the 8atural olor+ystem, are anthropomorphous.

Aesthetic properties

sensory and physical properties of materials and ob ects, andanthropomorphous complexes, responsible for positi!e or ne$ati!e aestheticperceptions and e!aluations of obser!er 9


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to$ether, $oin$ well to$ether, complementin$ each other. B" of materials isan interdisciplinary area of material en$ineerin$, medicine and ecolo$y.

Bioco patibility is relevant or irrelevant to the phenomena in "uestion andthey achie!e particular !alues for a specific function.

Bioco patibility as a $%antity is neither good nor bad , ust as temperature,time, dimension or other pri ary "uantities are neither $ood nor bad. Theyare relevant or irrelevant to the phenomena in "uestion and they achie!eparticular !alues for a specific function. 'xamples# temperature is a useful andrelevant "uantity for expressin$ conditions in a refri$erator or on the sun, butnobody can say that a hi$her temperature is better than a lower one* it is "uite$ood to ha!e %90 de$ree of elsius in the refri$erator but it would be acatastrophe to ha!e it on the sun. +till, in both cases the temperature isrele!ant for the ob ecti!ely "uantifyin$, understandin$, and communicatin$about the performance of both systems.

Biocompatibility of materials

ate$oryE properties describin$ the beha!ior of material in relation to the bio%system, human body or other li!in$ or$anism.

Biocompatibility of biomedical materials

at the be$innin$ and at the simplest le!el, this term was used to indicate atotal absence of interaction between material and tissue &total inertness ofmaterial as the hi$hest aim of its biocompatibility). B" of biomedical materialshas been redefined in recent years &Killiams 9 :4) as the Sability of materialto perform with an appropriate host &or$anism) response in specificapplicationS. =fter some modification, this definition can be used also for

further materials* of $reater rele!ance than inertness &see abo!e) is that thematerial and the or$anismEtissue should interact in the most appropriate wayto ensure health. It is concerned with all aspects of the interaction that occurbut focuses on the de!elopment of the response of the or$anism. Thisresponse of the or$anism, bein$ the reaction of the or$anism to the material,controls the performance of the or$anism and is sub ecti!e to a certain extent,but it is simultaneously controlled by the characteristics of the material andespecially its sensory, physical, chemical, hy$ienic and further properties andstability.

The biocompatibility tests predict how the body will react to product contact.6iocompatibility is the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate hostresponse in a specific application 94. &Killiams 9 ) The criti"ue a$ainst thisdefinition usually boils down to the fact that it is not possible to make a sin$letest that determines whether a material is biocompatible or not. Indeed, sincethe immune response and repair functions in the body are so complicated itwould seem odd that one can make one test to determine the biocompatibilityof any $i!en material. =t present they are usually performed under the I+Q

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6iocompatibility Buideline, includin$ cytotoxicity, muta$enicity andpyro$enicity. +ometimes one hears of biocompatibility testin$ that iscomprised of a lar$e battery of in !itro test that is used in accordance with I+Q90 3 to determine if a certain material &or rather biomedical product) isbiocompatible. These test do not determine the biocompatibility of a material,but they comprise an important step towards the animal testin$ and finallyclinical trials that will determine the biocompatility of the material in a $i!enapplication, and thus biomedical product. In short# there is no such thin$ as auni!ersally biocompatible material but there are de$rees of biocompatibility 9&Killiams 2003).

Biodegradability

6iode$radability is a property expressin$ the measure of the materials orproduct ability to be de$raded by biolo$ical factors. 6iode$radable product isbein$ able to be broken down by natural processes, into more basiccomponents. ?roducts are usually broken down by bacteria, fun$i or othersimple or$anisms. 6y this definition, most chemicals are biode$radable* theonly thin$ differin$ would be the a o%nt of ti e it takes to break down. =piece of biomass based material will break down rather "uickly, whereas apiece of plastic will take decades and beyond.

>ate of breakdown may not be as important as what the product breaks downinto. The ideal final products of any complex product of carbon, hydro$en, andoxy$en would be carbon dioxide & Q 2) and water &C 2Q). = ma ority ofproducts are made mostly of these three elements. The pre!iously mentionedpiece of bread is made mostly of these, and after breakin$ down fromcomplex su$ars to simpler su$ars, will e!entually de$rade to Q 2 and C 2Q.This process would be accelerated if we ate the bread and our body wouldbreak it down and use it as ener$y, until only Q 2 and C 2Q are left. In aperfect would all products would break down to Q 2 and C 2Q. It $ets morecomplicated with different chemicals. The banned pesticide T, ishaDardous and toxic in its own ri$ht. It does biode$rade, rather slowly. Theproblem is that its breakdown products of and ' are e!en more toxicand dan$erous than the ori$inal T 'rror# >eference source not found &6ianucci)

The main &acti!e) cleanin$ chemical is a nonylphenolethoxylate &8?'), madesolely of carbon, hydro$en, and oxy$en. This class of chemicals areconsidered suspicious because they are possible endocrine disruptors. Thismeans they may mimic the endocrine hormones and may cause ha!oc with afemaleVs reproducti!e system. 8?'Vs do biode$rade to a benDene rin$ typestructure and other simpler structures. This biode$radin$ may or may not lead

to a less haDardous chemical, but still haDardous20

&6ianucci). =lthou$h it isbiode$radable, this product is by no means en!ironmentally friendly.

0enewability is hi$her "uality than the biodegradability . If a material isbiode$radable it does mean that it is renewable. Hor example natural polymer

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cell%lose is renewable by nature while the nature can make from it cellulosea$ain throu$h photosynthesis* +ynthetic polymer such as poly!inyl alcohol can be biodegradable but the nature can not made from it the poly!inylalcohol. It is recommended to desi$n it exactly biode$radable but notrenewable.

Compatibility

in $eneral means a$ree ability, con$ruability, co%operation, harmony,unanimity, e"uinimity &Xertae$lichkeit, Xereinbarkeit)* co patible & $ettin$alon$ well to$ether, $oin$ well to$ether, complementin$ each other.

Characteristic feature

is the feature in!ariant on the feature !ariability in the frame of one class byreco$nition in h% ano odo or machine reco$nition 29 &-atuscak, CruD 9 4


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*+,PT 3

in $eneral, is a substance which is able to substitute for an ori$inal li!in$ partof the body is called a SbiomaterialS. = synonymous term is SbiomedicalmaterialS. = comprehensi!e definition of this term was articulated in 9 42 atthe 8IC onsensus e!elopment onference 22 &Balletti and 6oretos 9 43) onthe linical =pplication of 6iomaterials as follows# Sany substances, other thana dru$, or combination of substances, synthetic or natural in ori$in, which canbe used for any period of time, as a whole or a part of a system, which treats,au$ments or replaces any tissue, or$an or function of the bodyS. =t the'uropean +ociety for 6iomaterials onsensus onference held in hester,@-, in 9 4


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Figure 1 T"e classification of ecological quality $%&'. T"e relations between eco(balances) eco(properties and eco(profiles.

The E5 of aterials expresses the part of material "uality related to theen!ironment throu$hout all sta$es of its existence, from its ori$in, production,and use, to a$ein$ and recyclin$. The cate$ory of ecological $%ality !E5# of

aterials was probably for the first time used and formulated at theconference# Korld%wide >esearch +trate$ies in Horest ?roducts, at the A2nd

=nnual Peetin$ of the Horest ?roducts >esearch +ociety in (uebec 30&-atuscak 9 44). The first attempt of classification was also made here.+imultaneously, the ecolo$ical "uality should be "uantified and that eco%properties &'?) such as sensory properties, biocompatibility, eco%physicalproperties, recyclin$ or some other properties of materials will be formulated$radually as a special $roup of properties in addition to the pre!iously better%known and more commonly used $roups of physical, mechanical, andchemical properties. urin$ the last F years, substantial systematic work hasbeen done on the "uantifyin$ of ecolo$ical "uality, but mainly in the field ofeco%balances. Puch less systematically, work has been done in the fieldwhich we call eco%properties of materials. =lthou$h the actualityErele!ancy ofthe "uestion of the eco&$%ality &Soekolo$ische (ualitWtS) has been accepted,the '( is mainly or only understood as eco%balances 39 &*e+obilanzen 9 2).

Eco*balances

are the data expressin$ the consumption of ener$y and raw%materials, air%,

water%, and earth%pollution and effects on the Q 2%balance, throu$hout thewhole life%cycle of a materialEproduct 32, 33, 3A, 3F, 3< &6@+ 9 4A* Can$er 9 44*Cabersatter and Kidmer 9 9* Peier et al 9 9* Colenstein 9 9).

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Ecological properties #EP$ of materials

are the "uantities expressin$ "uantitati!ely partial interactions of the particularmaterial with men and other li!in$ components &PEQ interactions) of theen!ironment, includin$ hy$ienic and toxicolo$ical properties andbiocompatibilityEhabitability, biophysical, sensory and recyclin$ properties.

Qne of the first steps of scientific work on the "uantifyin$ of new phenomenais classification . In the Table 9 we propose a !ariant of the classification ofeco%properties.

=s the first $roup of '? we su$$est sensory properties because the firstdetection of a materials and its '? $oes throu$h sensors of li!in$ or$anism.

=s the second $roup of '? we su$$est biocompatibility E habitability &6 EC=)as the properties expressin$ results of PEQ interactions. They should expresseffects of materials on psychical or physical comfort or health throu$h anymethods or usin$ any partial "uantities. The third $roup is primary properties related to health effects. The fourth $roup of '? expresses recyclin$ ability ofmaterial.

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0able 1 Classification of ecological properties $%P' and biocompatibility of materials

ensory properties

!io8compatibility( +abitability )!*(+,-or D elling ,bility)!*(D,-

co8physical properties

ene ability andecycling

properties

Categories orquantities ofmaterials or productsdetectableandevaluated bysensors of

human orother livingorganism

Categorial quantities ofmaterials or productsexpressing organism materials interactionsthrough theanthropomorphouscomplexes of

biological, sensory, psychometric, psychophysical or physical properties andinformation

Complexes of physical properties of materials or products correlatingwithand objectivelyexpressing the eco-quality (E !,biocompatibility("C!

#habitability ("C#$%!& 'orthe sa e of simplicity the prefix eco- or bio- is notrepeated in the followingeco-related properties

)ropertiesexpressing therenewability bynature ("C#*n!degradability("C#d! and abilityof materials or

products to berecycled("C#*! byman

#isual color te*ture #isualroug"nessot"er opticalproperties$e.g.'

"ygienic to*ic allergic to*ic(allergic ot"ers

bio(t"ermal comfort discomfort conducti#ity ot"ers

renewability andbiodegradability t"roug" fungi in eart" in vivo in "ig"erorganisms

tactilee.g. tactileroug"ness

biocompatibility $e.g. ofbiomedical mat.'

bio(optical ageing properties p"oto(induced weat"ering

odor)olfactory

"abitability $e.g. ofmaterials+products ininteriors'

bio(electrical mec"anical andc"emicaldegradability

aest"etic animal+plantscompatibility

bio(structural re(use ability

ot"ers $degree of 'natural c"aracter

bio(c"emical) bio(p"ysicoc"emical

combustion+pyrolytic(ability)

to*icity of t"eproducts

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The aim of this alternati!e classification is not to attain total accuracy, but toser!e as a creative i p%lse and help in the search for new methods of"uantifyin$ of those said properties which ha!e not yet been "uantified.

Eco*profile

of materialEproduct is a complex of "uantified and non%"uantified eco%balancedata and bio%compatibility or eco%properties. The "uantified data should bepreferred and as far as possible, related to one wei$ht unit of the material &k$)for the sake of creatin$ maximally compatible databases about !ariousmaterials* only in interpretati!e later sta$es in !arious functional applicationscan the k$ data be easily recalculated to the units of area 'rror# >eferencesource not found &6@+ 9 4A) or !olumes of products or to one alternati!eproduct. Khen the basic kilo$ram eco%profiles are to be applied to flatproducts as paper, foils or textiles, which basic function is to co!er, atotherwise comparable functional "ualities, some area, it is rational torecalculate the basic eco%profiles to area units. =t the comparisons ofproducts % of otherwise comparable technical "uality % e.$. the four !ariousmilk packa$in$ made from $lass, aluminum, paper and plastics, or whencomparin$ alternati!e windows made from !arious materials, the eco%profilemust be related to the product itself. This is easily made from the kilo$ramfundamental profiles of particular materials accordin$ to their wei$ht portion inthe packa$in$ or the window 'rror# >eference source not found &Cabersatterand Kidmer 9 9). The early definitions of eco%profile came from thedefinition of ecolo$y itself &6@+ 9 4A) as the science about the relationshipsof li!in$ or$anisms and the en!ironment* but if one comes from this definition,it is not possible to omit the most important effects on health or interactionswith an and other or$anisms & *e+oprofil 9 0) durin$ all sta$es of thecomplex materialEproduct cycle 3: &+chwarD 9 9) and not only the pollution ofthe air, water and soil throu$h emissions from the production of a particularmaterial or product. If one comes to rely on the definition of ecolo$y, one mustconsider, in the eco%profile of the materialEproduct, the pollutions and theeffects on mans health and other li!in$ or$anisms durin$ utiliDation.

(abitability

Bioco patibility &6 ) of material expresses the direct or indirectinteractions of the material with li!in$ or$anisms. These interactions can ariseeither by direct contact of any part of the or$anism with the material orindirectly thro%gh air, ass or energy fields . Hor the special case of theinteractions of the materials used in the constr%ction of ho es &constructionand sidin$ materials, floors, beds, chairs and other parts of furniture, etc.) and

humans, the term Habitability &C=) has sometimes been used 'rror#>eference source not found , 'rror# >eference source not found, 'rror# >eference source not found, 'rror#>eference source not found &6rauer and a!is 9 ::* elentano, =morelli, and Hreeman9 eference source not found &Takemura, +ato and TsuDuki 9 4


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Katanabe 2000). The habitability % cate$ory or "uantity expressin$ positi!e orne$ati!e interactions of materials, products or systems with the or$anismsli!in$ in habitat or dwellin$ en!ironment.

The habitability "uantifyin$ has $ot sence only after the basic "ualitati!e

re"uirements ha!e been fullfilled, as shown in the Table 2.

0able 2, -abitability basic requirements C"ec list. T"e t"ings t"at can affect"abitability. /0 Ci#il Code 1 31.1 and -ealt" and 0afety Code 14 25. .

lectrical6all switc"es 7all wor 89:ig"t fi*tures 7all wor 89

%*terior lig"ts worFor your e*teriordoorsFor stairwaysFor garage+par ingFor common wal ways%lectrical outlets 7all wor 89Power 0table 7orgoes out89;o s"oc s from any

part


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*+,PT 3

!oorbell wor s well0ecurity system wor s well

eating+/ir,onditioning#en wor sproperly6as"er+!ryer worproperly) etc.

;o bac ups)o#erflowsFlus"ing mec"anism wor s!on@t lea at allFrom water line to wall=t t"e base on t"efloorFrom crac s or BointsFaucets on sin s andtubfirmly placed andunbro en wor easily on andoffCompletely stop 7nodrips9:ea y plumbingFaucets don@t lea w"en used 7fromstem9>nto or undercounter!rains don@t leaunder sin!is"was"er doesn@tleaClot"es was"erdoesn@t lea-oses ("ot and coldinta e!rainage "ose etc.

latc"es%*terior doors "a#e

deadbolts6eat"er stripping 7nodrafts9T"res""old is solid)unbro en;o bro en glass7e*terior90liding glass doors0lide wit"out effortClose and locsecurely;o tears or "oles inscreen0creen door securein trac0creen door latc"esclosed;o crac s or bro englass0creen doors on%*teriorsProperly mountedClosing de#ice wor s wellFrame unbent andunbro en;o "oles or tears inscreen>pens and closesproperlyFlooring;o unco#ered "olesin floors;o floor separatingfrom wall

;o wea or loosefloorboard) etc.

,ommon /reas6or ing securitygates) etc.Clean swimming pool=dequate e*teriorlig"ting6or ing intercomsystem6al ways wit" trip"azards6or ing) lit laundryroom=dequate tras"bins+pic up;o tras"+debris+Bun

5uisancesealt$ , Infestationsof mice) rats)coc roac"es) ants)spiders) termites)bees) wasps)"ornets) flies)pigeons) mosquitos)etc.Aold) mildew)mus"rooms in anyinterior part of t"e

unit/nsanitary water)sewage;o*ious fumes fromsewer) c"emicals)paints) neig"bors,rime , !rugtraffic ing and gangacti#ity arenuisances=ssault) rape)molestation robbery)burglary) prostitution)etc. are arguablynuisance) etc.

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Ke consider the 6 to ha!e a more $eneral meanin$ than the C=# 6concerns all materials comin$ in contact with li!in$ or$anisms, such asbiomedical materials, upholstery and clothin$ textiles, plastics, buildin$materials, etc., while C= specifically concerns materials in en!ironmentsinhabited by human bein$s.

Ke propose to consider the habitability &C=) or dwellin$ ability as partial"uantities of bio%compatibility &6 ), eco%properties &'?) and eco%"uality &'( inHi$ure 9 and Table 9), and the '( is a part of a complex technical,economical, aesthetical and ecolo$ical "uality &() &+ee the "o plex5%ality . Cabitability is a special case of bio%compatibility in a material dwellin$en!ironment. The ob ects could be either immo!able such as buildin$s ormo!able such as cars, ships or space crafts. The habitability "uantify theinteractions between construction, insulation, sidin$, floorin$, decorati!e,tan$ible or distant materials or products such as floors, furniture, electronicsand other e"uipment, etc. and man or li!in$ or$anism.

The relation between 6 and C= seems to be similar to that between, forexample, mechanical properties and stren$th, or between optical propertiesand color. +emantically, the bioco patibility of a aterial e!okes a clearima$e of certain effects and a certain measure of a$reeability between thematerial ob ect on the one hand, and the biolo$ical one on the other. 6ut itdoes not contain information on the distance between the two ob ects.+imilarly, it does not imply any information about the direction of the effects,the d%ration of the interactions, or whether these interactions are positi!e,neutral or ne$ati!e. Therefore, we think that bioco patibility of materialscan be used as the $eneral cate$ory for expressin$ any interactions betweenmaterial and biolo$ical ob ects. Cabitability, then, is a term subordinated tobiocompatibility. The fact that the term biocompatibility has been used in theliterature, especially in the medical area, does not prohibit the proposed$eneral definition, as the appropriate term for medical applications isbiocompatibility of biomaterials or biocompatibility of biomedical materials..

Hrom the methodolo$ical, experimental and instrumental point of !iew, it isrational to analyDe bioco patibility and habitability of materials in their mutualconnection. The 6 of other $roups of materials, e.$. of biomedical or textilematerials, can ser!e as the source of methodical and experimentalapproaches for the C= of buildin$ and other interior materials and products. Inthe followin$ text, we use the symbol 6 EC= for the biocompatibility orhabitability or dwellin$ ability of materials in the en!ironment.

The 6 and C= are both secondary properties 34, 3 &Balileo Balilei 9ussell 9 90* Passof and 6ird 9 :4) and a part of the complex ecolo$ical "uality of materials.

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*+,PT 3

(ygienic and toxicological properties

of materials express content andEor emission of harmful substances &such asformaldehyde, or$anic sol!ents, dioxin, !inyl chloride, chlorine containin$ low%molecular and macromolecular substances), expressed e.$. in micro$ramsper wei$ht or !olume unit of the material, or emission rate &ppm, m$Em 3).These characteristics express negative effectsEproperties of materials andproducts. In Table 9, the hy$ienic properties are understood as a part of thecomplex bioco patibility and habitability &C=) or dwellin$ ability ofmaterial. In comparison with the other $roups of eco%propertiesEbiocompatibility E habitability &Table 9), this is already the best "uantified$roup of properties. In the proposals of further experimental work, we su$$estthat for the testin$ of the parts of biocompatibility E habitability other than thehy$ienic, biocompatibility E habitability properties should be measured on suchmaterials which already passed throu$h official hy$ienic tests andre"uirements. The literature about the hy$ienic properties of wood, woodproducts and other buildin$ materials, about the aller$ic, toxic and aller$ic%toxic effects of indi!idual harmful substances is rich, containin$ dynamicallyde!eloped systems of data, standards, recommendations, laws andre$ulations, on national and international le!els 'rror# >eference source notfound , A0, A9 &see literature re!iew about hy$ienic properties of buildin$materials in e.$. +chwarD 9 9, toxic and aller$ic properties of woods Causen9 49, or of the $ases from li"uidation of some treated wood products ofCirada et al 9 2).

+aterial

is the word indicatin$ a substance, $enerally of solid consistency, useful formanufacturin$ an ob ect. The substance or matter of which anythin$ is madeor may be made. ?ertainin$ to the matter, as opposed to the form, of a thin$.

atural material

= material ha!in$ its ori$in in nature, without meanin$ful chan$es of itscomposition throu$h man%made materials or chemicals.

Psychometric properties

are the results of e!aluatin$ the materialEproduct throu$h psychometric

methods, as opposed to psycho%physical ones, which are concerned with thescalin$ of stimuli of unknown physical dimensionality accordin$ to thereactions that these stimuli produce on human sub ects. The typical exampleis sortin$ ten photo$raphs of human female faces accordin$ to percei!edfeminine beauty. The beauty depends on multidimensional aspects of the

AA


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stimuli, and an independent physical specification of the photo$raphic ima$esis not possible.

Psycho*physical properties

are the results of psycho%physical measurements in which a sin$le physicaldimension &such as li$ht intensity, li$htness) is manipulated and can beindependently measured and both measurements can be compared andcorrelated.

-ene"ability

>enewability is a cate$ory expressin$ the ability of materials or products to berecycled in nature. The renewability is also the multidimensional "uantityuseful for assessments of materials and products to be reused by nature.>enewable is biomass. ?artially renewable could be the composite productsmade from biomass and synthetic plastics. >enewability is a "uality superiorto recyclability or biode$radability. If a product is biode$radable

-ecycling properties

express the de$radability and ability of materials or products to be re%usedand recycled . Hrom the point of !iew of the methods of "uantifyin$ andmeasurement the most important are# degradation Estability &bio%, photo%,weather%, chemically% and mechanically% inducedEperformed de$radation) andrelated kinetic parameters, re%use abilities and toxicity of de$radationproducts, e.$. from pyrolysis or combustion.

.ensory properties

of materials are secondary physical properties, which "uantitati!ely expresscolor, texture, and other optical properties, as well as aesthetic, tactile, odor,acoustic and other properties which can be sensed, percei!ed and e!aluatedthrou$h the sensors of li!in$ bein$s.

Ri!in$ or$anism is in permanent interactions with material en!ironment. Itreacts to the external sti %li from its material en!ironment. The "uality andintensity of the stimuli actin$ of a material onto human sensors depends onthe sensory properties of the material. The sensory properties co%estimate the"uality and intensity of the stimuli of the material en!ironment on humanor$anism. These stimuli are either %nder&threshold ones, which the or$anismpercei!es but does no react to and threshold or o!er%threshold to which the

or$anism reacts.

AF


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*+,PT 3

.timul

+timulus &plural# stimuli) may refer to# = stimulus is anythin$ that may ha!e animpact on a system* an input to the system. +timulus in physiolo$y, is

somethin$ external that elicits or influences a physiolo$ical or psycholo$icalacti!ity or response. In psycholo$y, the stimulus refer to anythin$ effecti!elyimpin$in$ upon any of the sensory apparatuses of a li!in$ or$anism, includin$physical phenomena both internal and external to the body. +timulation, theaction of !arious a$ents &stimuli) on muscles, ner!es, or a sensory end or$an.

=lthou$h related, the wordVs meanin$ is distinct from that of Sstimulant.S

The res%lt of the sti %li of an material en!ironment on an or$anism areeffects They can be di!ided to#

fysiological &they do not disturb its internal en!ironment andho eostasis , or the dynamic e"uilibrium of the relati!e stable, internal

en!ironment* they do not dama$e the or$anism) pathological &they chan$e sufficiently the stability of the internalen!ironment* they dama$e the or$anism).

The reaction of li!in$ or$anism to the stimuli from a materialen!ironment is#a%to atic control &of internal en!ironment, in certain ran$e withoutendan$erin$ the or$anism)

adaptation &ad ustment to the new conditions)

illness .

The sensory properties of materials are known mostly $enerally anddescribed by words. Qn the other hand, some technical parameterssemantically close to a sensory property in "uestion are used for thedescription of a material by technicians A2, A3, AA, AF, A< &-ollmann 9 3


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References

A:


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, /P0 R '

(eneralization and researc$ of biocompatibility of materials and products

.1. !iocompatibility generally ............ ....... rror6 eference source not found

.2. !iocompatibility and biofunctionality of biomaterials in medicine .. rror6eference source not found

3.2.1. ?iofunctionality #ersus biocompatibility of biomedical materials%rror,Reference source not found3.2.2. Interfacial processes and properties%rror, Reference source not found3.2. . %*amples of t"e e*perimental met"ods for measuring ?C ofbiomaterials ...................................................... %rror, Reference source not found

.3. !iocompatibility of te$tiles used in upholstery and clothing ........... rror6eference source not found

. . !iocompatibility and habitability of building& furniture& automotive and other materials and products ........... ............ .... rror6 eference source not found

3.3.1. 0ensory properties ................... ...... %rror, Reference source not found3.3.2. To*icity) biocompatibility and "abitability%rror, Reference source notfound3.3. %co(p"ysical properties ..... ........ ......... %rror, Reference source not found3.3.3 Renewability and recycling properties of materials and products .. . %rror,Reference source not found

References .......................................................... rror Reference source not found


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9enerali7ation and research of biocompatibility of materials: products

3.


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*+,PT

The both tan$ible and intan$ible stimulus effect continuously psychical,physical andEor social comfort, which means 5 health. This process continuese!ery second, 2A hours a day, the whole life of any li!in$ or$anism.

'ach li!in$ or$anism or li!in$ system interacts with these mass and ener$y

currents continuosly.

The contin%o%s interactions of or$anisms with materials and en!ironment hasthe followin$ conse"uences followin$ main products of these interations arefor certain important#

Comeosthasis, adaptation, impro!in$ comfort and increase ofimmunity of or$anism, immuniDed or$aniDm

Impairment the psychical, or physical or social comfort or wellness Illness, sickness or death of the li!in$ or$anism or system

@nconscious chan$es of the material and ener$y en!ironment, themass flow of elementary particles, atoms and molecules, air, $ases,!olatile or$anic compound &XQ ), e.$. increasin$ the oxy$en, carbondioxide, water and or$anic toxines concentrations in surroundin$ or$lobal en!ironment

onscious positi!e chan$es of the dwellin$ en!ironment

onscious ne$ati!e chan$es of the dwellin$ en!ironment.

=ccordin$ the world% wide research strate$ies conference or$aniDed by Horest ?roducts >esearch +ociety by the end of ei$hties of last century alon$ withtraditional physical, chemical properties a new $roup of properties will bede!eloped expressin$ interactions between materials and li!in$ systems A:&-atuscak 9 44). This $roup of health%related properties of materials andproducts can be named eco%properties &ecolo$ical properties, eco%properties,eco properties), or bio%compatibility A4 &-atuscak 2009). In this book we call thethe health%related properties MbiocompatibilityN, while under the human healthwe understand accordin$ to KCQ mental, physical and social comfort. In thesake of consistence under the biocompatibility or health%related propertiesshould be understood all properties of materials influencin$ the health* In thecase of man % the psycholo$ical or physical or social comfort of man.

Qr are such continual models useful only for characteriDin$ of indi!idual$roups of materials such as inor$anics, or$anics, concretes, li$nocellulosics,and plasticsL The "uantification of the biocompatibility of materials is a

relati!ely new area of science. It is an interdisciplinary area between materialscience and en$ineerin$ on the one side, and biolo$y or medicine on theother, usin$ methods and approaches from chemistry, physics, biolo$y,mathematics, etc. A &-atuscak 9 0).

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9enerali7ation and research of biocompatibility of materials: products

6iocompatibility is a complex property expressin$ interactions between li!in$system and all man%made and natural products F0 &Ikada 9 A) . Hrom thispoint of !iew it is useful in all areas of people acti!ity, science education andindustry namely textile, buildin$ and architecture, automoti!e, food anda$riculture, natural and synthetic materials, or$anic, inor$anic and metalmaterials, biomass and forest products, desi$n, informatics, communication,electro en$ineerin$, , transport and ener$y.

There are followin$ main types of materials and products from the point of!iew of their effects on health#

6iomaterials, or biomedical materials &Pm)

Textiles, upholstery textiles or clothin$ textiles &Pt)

Paterials and products of dwellin$ en!ironment such as buildin$ andautomoti!e materials &Pi).

6est elaborated is the biocompatibility in the first area of biomaterials. Cerethe contact between the material and li!in$ or$anism &PmEQ) is the closest*the effect of the biomaterial on health is immediate. Ke consider it !eryimportant to analyDe this area, especially the methodolo$ical approaches andmethods of ob ectifyin$. It also can be useful to a!oid less successful orunsuccessful ways and failures e.$. of such testedEelaborated methods ofbiocompatibility measurements which are not used in practice or which do notwork properly. =n important source of knowled$e can be experimentaltechni"ues, instruments and practical use of the methods for 6measurements.

The area of hy$ienic or physiolo$ical %hy$ienic properties and health effects oftextiles is also relati!ely well elaborated. The upholstery textiles, clothin$textiles and textiles in medicine create a micro climate on the surface of thebody. The reasons for analysis of the knowled$e and methodolo$y ofob ectifyin$ of 6 EC=E hy$ienic "uality and effects of upholstery and clothin$textiles on health are the same as biomedical biomaterials. The contact andinteractions between the suit textile materials &Pt) and body &PtEQ) are not asimmediate as those by biomaterials inside of the body, but $enerally hi$herthan by buildin$ or interior materials.

The ob ectifyin$ and measurement of the biocompatibility E habitability of thethird $roup of the buildin$ materials and other materials in stabile and mobileinteriors is the least elaborated area. The interactions PiEQ are $enerally notas intensi!e as those of Pm or Pt. Qn the other hand, these effects are$enerally lon$er, both if considered as the percenta$e of short periods of time&days, months) or years, decades or centuries. The interactions PmEQ areoften !ery short, e.$. by the contact of blood with the Pm of the extracorporealde!ices to the !ascular system durin$ the sur$ical inter!ention time, or in thecase of PmEQ of the materials of dru$ deli!ery membranes used for controlledrelease of the pharmaceuticals.

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*+,PT

The interactions between textiles and or$anism PtEQ $enerally last for days orweeks* after such period the material is usually re$enerated by washin$ orcleanin$ when the forei$n substances includin$ toxic or bio%acti!e ones areextracted throu$h water or or$anic sol!ent solutions. The interactionsbetween the buildin$ or interior materials and the or$anism PiEQ $enerally lastfor a $reat part of the day, for years, or for one or se!eral $enerations.

6iocompatibility is !ital not only for medical de!ices F9 &+halaby 9 A) but forall products.

It is accepted that biocompatibility is a property of material expressin$interactions between material and or$anism or body or body fluids.

The performance of materials is controlled by two sets of characteristics#

Bio&f%nctionality of aterials

Bio&co patibility of aterials

Hunctionality of material or product is its ability to ser!e in a $i!en applicationand to fulfill the specific application related re"uirements. 6io%functionality determines the ability of the material or product to perform the appropriateand specified function. 'xamples# textiles, furniture, buildin$ and automoti!ematerials, carriers of information, packa$in$, construction, decorati!e andinsulation materials.

6io%functionality may be considered in relation to a set of properties whichallow a de!ice to perform a function. In order to specify the parameters of bio%functionality, it is necessary to describe the reasons for usin$ materials andthe functions re"uired of the product. It is difficult to succinctly define thereasons for usin$ materials, since they !ary widely from one application toanother.

In relation to the or$anism surface the materials may either be implantedwholly or partially within the body &biomedical biomaterials) or placed within abody ca!ity &e.$., a denture, intrauterine de!ice or contact lens) or placedexternal to the body and influence the mental, physical or social wellbein$from outside &textiles, buildin$, automoti!e and other materials and products).

Biocompatibility of materials versus cause of illness and disease

?eople usually do not make a distinction between illness and disease . These

two term

Documents

Biocompatibility and Habitability