BIODETERIORATION 7

Selected papers presented at the Seventh International Biodeterioration Symposium, Cambridge, UK, 6-11 September 1987

Topic Convenors

Biochemical Mechanisms-Dr B.F. Sagar Biocides-Mr E.C. Hill Biofilms-Dr L.H.G. Morton Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals-Dr M. Parker Hydrocarbons-Dr RJ. Watkinson Insects and Rodents-Mr P. Bateman Leather and Textiles-Mr ARM. Barr Marine Structures-Mr D.R Houghton Metals-Mrs C. Gaylarde Museums and Archives-Mr D. Baynes-Cope Paint and Concrete-Mr C. Grant Paper and Packaging-Dr D.M. Holt Physical Methods of Control-Dr H.O.W. Eggins Plastics and Rubber-Dr KJ. Seal Post-Harvest Decay-Dr B. Flannigan Rapid Test Methods and Computers-Mr BJ. McCarthy Solid Waste and Effluents-Dr J. Mills Timber and Cellulosics-Dr RA Eaton

BIODETERIORATION 7

Edited by

D.R. HOUGHTON Southsea, Hampshire, UK

R.N. SMITH Hatfield Polytechnic, Hatfield, UK

and

H.O.W. EGGINS Bioquest Ltd, St Peter's College, Birmingham, UK

ELSEVIER APPLIED SCIENCE LONDON and NEW YORK

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@ 1988 CROWN COPYRIGHT-pp. 280-285, 466-485, 642-646, 733-738, 755-761, 774-790 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988

British libnry Cataloguing in Publication nata

International Biodeterioration Symposium (7th: 1987: Cambridge, England) Biodeterioration 7 1. Biodeterioration I. Title II. Houghton, D.R. III. Smith, R.N. IV. Eggins, H.O.W. 620.1'122

libnry of Congress Cataloging in Publication nata

International Biodeterioration Symposium (7th: 1987: Cambridge, Cambridgeshire) Biodeterioration 7.

Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Biodegradation-Congresses. I. Houghton, D.R.

II. Smith, R.N. (Robert Neil) III. Eggins, H.O.W. IV. Title QH530.5.157 1987 620.1'1223 88-11281

ISBN-13:978-1-94-010-7107-9 e-ISBN-13:978-94-009-1363-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-1363-9

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Preface

Because of the magnificent response to the call for papers for the 7th International Biodeterioration Symposium held at Cambridge, UK, some difficulties have been experienced in the editing of these proceedings. The numbers of papers submitted exceeded expectation and because of this it has been necessary to accommodate those not actually in the proceedings into the International Biodeterioration journal. A small number of papers were not suitable for publication and were therefore eliminated.

Many authors disregarded the guidelines laid down for the length of submitted papers. However, every attempt has been made to accommodate the maximum number of contributions in the proceedings. The original selection included those which most nearly conformed to the length requirement. Even so this has meant, in many cases, cutting down the text, eliminating tables and/or illustrations and pruning the reference list. When references have been trimmed a note has been included to the effect that an extended list may be obtained from the author/senior author. Where it was not possible to carry out these procedures without seriously altering the text and the import of the paper they have been included amongst those to be published in the journal International Biodeterioration.

The exceptions to the procedures outlined above are the invited review papers which have been presented in full. Happily, the authors have been conscientious in keeping to the guidelines laid down for these contributions.

In the attempt to utilise the maximum available space for the publication of submitted papers instead oflisting convenors before each

v

vi Preface

series of session papers, a list appears at the beginning of this volume. The order of presentation of papers at the Symposium has not been followed and the sessions have been arranged alphabetically.

It is considered that these proceedings reflect the excellent work of the Organising Committee of the Symposium as well as the general high quality of the papers and provides an invaluable volume for those seeking practical guidance as well as those engaged professionally in the field of biodeterioration.

D.R HOUGHTON RN. SMITH

H.O.W. EGGINS

Contents

Preface v

Biocides

Developments in Microbicides for the Protection of Materials I W.PAULUS

Biodeterioration Problems in Formulated Products and Industrial Systems-Evaluation and Control. 20

W.G. GUTHRIE, R ELSMORE & lA. PARR

Biofilms

Biofilm Development and Emulsifier Levels in Metal Working Fluid Systems . 26

E.L. PRINCE & L.H.G. MORTON

The Application of Interference Reflection Microscopy to the Study of Bacterial Adhesion to Solid Surfaces 31

M.FLETCHER

Legionella: a Biofilm Organism in Engineered Water Systems? 36 IS. COLBOURNE & P.l DENNIS

Non-biocidal Anti-fouling Coatings 43 M.E. CALLOW, RA. PITCHERS & R SANTOS

vii

viii Contents

Microfouling Film Composition, Thickness and Surface Roughness on Ship Trial Antifouling Paints .

D.C. WOODS, R.L. FLETCHER & E.B.G. JONES

Biofilms on Meat Processing Surfaces AH.L. CHAMBERLAIN & S. JOHAL

Computers

Biodeterioration: How Can Microcomputers Help? T.N.BRYANT

Computer-assisted Taxonomy of Filamentous Microfungi P.D. BRIDGE

Concrete and Stone

49

57

62

73

Microbial Interactions with Mineral Materials 78 W.E. KRUMBEIN

Control of Microbial Growths on Stone and Concrete 101 B.ARICHARDSON

Metabolic Activities of Bacteria Isolated from Building Stone and their Relationship to Stone Decay . 107

F.J. LEWIS, E. MAy & AF. BRAVERY

Biogenic Sulphuric Acid Attack in Sewage Systems 113 W. SAND & E. BOCK

Screening for Biocides to Inhibit Biogenic Sulphuric Acid Corrosion in Sewage Pipelines 118

T. EMMEL, H. BRILL, W. SAND & E. BOCK

Distribution and Effects of Fungi on and in Sandstones 123 K PETERSEN, 1. KUROCZKIN, AB. STRZELCzyI( & W.E. KRUMBEIN

Effects of Lichens on Mineral Surfaces . . 129 D. JONES, M.J. WILSON & W.J. McHARDY

Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals

Biodeterioration and Disinfectants. . 135 S.F. BLOOMFIELD

Contents ix

Clinical Consequences of Microbial Action on Medicines 146 S.P. DENYER

Incidence of Microbial Contamination in Medicines in Hospitals. . 152

R.M.BAIRD

Drug Interactions with Plastics and their Biological Consequences . 157

M.e. ALLWOOD

The Degradation of Preservatives by Microorganisms 163 W.B.HUGO

Ecology

Studies on the Colonization and Degradation of Human Hair by Streptomyces jradiae 171

T.P. CARTER, D.J. BEST & KJ. SEAL

Microbiology of Automobile Electrocoat Paint Systems. 180 L.A ROSSMOORE, V.F. RIHA & H.W. ROSSMOORE

Incidence of Aspergillus flavus in Rice and Rice Products in Uttar Pradesh, India . 186

S. SRIVASTAVA, M.P. TANDON & S. CHANDRA

Emuents

Effluent Treatment: an Introductory Review 193 AD. WHEATLEY

The Use of Chitin byVibrios in Saline Waters 207 R.K. GUTHRIE & D.Q. CORE

Microbial Degradation of Cyanide Containing Effluent from a Dye Industry . 213

M.S. ANDHALE

Hydrocarbons

Products of Hydrocarbon-Microorganism Interaction . 219 e.RATLEDGE

Microbiology and Distribution of Hydrocarbons in the Marine Surface Oil Film . 237

G.D. FLOODGATE & M.G. ROUTE

x Contents

The Microbial Activity of Glutaraldehyde in Chain Conveyor Lubricant Formulations . 242

KROSSMOORE

Control of Microbial Contamination of Fuels in Storage 248 lL. SHENNAN

Bacterial Extracellular Polymers: a Major Cause of Spoilage in Middle Distillate Fuels . 256

R.N. SMITH

Application of Formaldehyde-releasing Compound in Oil in Water Emulsions in a Deep Coal Mine 263

BJ. ZYSKA, H.M. WICHARY, Z.T. CIEPLIK & D. KWIATKOWSKA

The Bacterial Metabolism of Monocyc1ic Aromatic Hydrocarbons . 268

D.l HOPPER

Insects, Rodents and Birds

Bird Damage: a Constant Threat in an Ever Changing Scene . 274

CJ.FEARE

Damage Prevention through Improved Detection ofInsect Pests in Stores . 280

D.B. PINNIGER

Review of Rodent and Insect Damage to Stored Products and Non-pesticidal Methods of Control . 286

lA. GIBSON

Marine

The State of the Art in the Protection of Marine Structures from Biodeterioration . 292

G. RELINI

The Minimum Leaching Rate of some Toxins from Antifouling Paints Required to Prevent Settlement of Fouling Organisms . 305

F.H. DE LA COURT

The Effect of Microbial Biofilms on Organotin Release by an Antifouling Paint . 309

lW. MIHM & G.I. LoEB

Contents xi

Mechanisms

Biodegradation of Biomass-Mechanisms . 315 D.E. EVELEIGH

Mechanisms of Bacterial Biodegradation of Alkyl Sulphate and Alkypolyethoxy Sulphate Surfactants 325

G.F. WHITE & NJ. RUSSELL

Cellulase Mechanisms 333 T.M.WOOD

Modes of Microbial Attack on Lignin 347 P.BRODA

Mechanistic Aspects of Polyurethane Biodeterioration 351 D.S. WALES & B.F. SAGAR

Metals

Electrochemical Interpretation of the Role of Microorganisms in Corrosion . 359

H.AVIDELA

The Antimicrobial Effect of Pigments in Corrosion Protective Paints . 372

M. STRANGER-JOHANNESSEN

Involvement of Bacterial Exopolymers in Biodeterioration of Metals . . 378

T.E. FORD, J.S. MAla & R MITCHELL

The Effect of Marine Fouling on Fatigue and Corrosion-Fatigue of Offshore Structures . 385

RG.J. EDYVEAN, C.J. THOMAS & R BROOK

Hydrogen Absorption During the Microbial Corrosion of Steel. . 391

C.HJ. PARKER, 1<.1. SEAL & MJ. ROBINSON

Thermophilic Sulphide Generating Bacteria Causing Corrosion in High Temperature Oilfield Systems . . 398

P.F. SANDERS, M.J. MOSLEY & D.M. HOLT

Methods for Insight into Mechanisms of Microbially Influenced Metal Corrosion . 404

N.1.E. DOWLING, J.GUEZENNEC & D.C. WHITE

xii Contents

Monitoring Sulphate Reduction Activity in the Field Using Radiorespirometry.

S.MAxwELL

Museums

. 411

Actinomycetes and Biodeterioration in the Field of Fine Art . . 418 C. GIACOBINI, M.A DE CICCO, I. nGLIE & G. ACCARDO

The Effect of Microbial Growth on Synthetic Polymers Used on Works of Art 424

O. SALVADORI & M.P. NUGARI

Microbial Deterioration of Historic Glass Plate Negatives 428 B.J. ZYSKA, Z.T. CIEPLIK, AR WOJCIK & R KOZI,oWSKA

Biologically Induced Corrosion of Natural Stones-Strong Contamination of Monuments with Nitrifying Organisms . 436

E. BOCK, W. SAND, M. MEINCKE, B. WOLTERS, B. AHLERS, C. MEYER & F. SAMELUCK

Status Report: Ongoing Studies of the Susceptibility of Stone Consolidants to Microbiologically Induced Deterioration 441

RJ. KOESTLER, E.D. SANTORO, J. DRUZIK, P. PREUSSER, L. KOEPP & M. DERRICK

Comparison of Possible Chemical and Microbial Factors Influencing Paper Decay by Iron-Gall Inks . . 449

K MESSNER, L. ALBERIGHI, G. BANIK, E. SREBOlNIK, W. SOBOTKA & A MAIRINGER

Effect of Cleaning on the Distribution of Microorganisms on Rock Surfaces 455

T. W ARSCHEID, K PETERSEN & W.E. KRUMBEIN

Deterioration of Hair by Airborne Microorganisms: Implications for Museum Biological Collections. 461

C.A HAWKS & W.P. ROWE

Paint

Biodeterioration of Paint-a State-of-the-Art Comment 466 AP.BRAVERY

Fungal Colonization of Organic Coatings in Cotton Mills 486 BJ. ZYSKA, Z.T. CIEPLIK, D. KWIATKOWSKA, H.M. WICHARY & R KOZEOWSKA

Contents xiii

Paper and Packaging

Microbiology of Paper and Board Manufacture . 493 D.M.HoLT

Bioluminescent Assessment of Fungal Growth on Plastic Packaging Materials . 507

P.S. SENIOR & B.I. MCCARTHY

Physical Methods of Control

Physical Conditions and Microbial Growth: Some Implications for Biodeterioration . 511

I.W.HoPTON

Evaluation of Thermal Pasteurization for Control of Metalworking Fluid Biodeterioration 517

H.W. ROSSMOORE, L.A. ROSSMOORE & A.L. KAISER

The Control of Microorganisms Using Ionising Radiation 523 F.1. LEY

Control of Microbial Growth Through the Exclusion of Air 529 G.W.GOVLD

Plastics and Rubbers

Microbial Deterioration of Rubber 535 B.I. ZYSKA

Microbial Degradation of Synthetic Polymers 553 1.A. CAMERON, c.L. BUNCH & S.1. HUANG

Novel Test Methods for the Microbial Deterioration of Polyester Polyurethanes . 562

R.H. BENTHAM, L.H.G. MORTON & N.G. ALLEN

Airborne Fungi in Coal Mines and Their Relation to the Colonization of Certain Materials . . 568

Z.T. CIEPLIK & B.1. ZYSKA

Changes in Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Due to Microbial Degradation 575

D. KWIATKOWSKA & B.1. ZYSKA

The Study of Fungal Contamination in the Field of Electronics 580 M.INOUE

xiv Contents

Post-Ha"est Decay

A Review of the Nature and Causes of Post-harvest Deterioration in Fruits and Vegetables, with Especial Reference to those in International Trade 585

AL.SNOWDON

Stimulation of Aflatoxin Formation in Maize Seeds 603 J.E. SMITH, RG. CUERO & J. LACEY

Involvement of Trichothecenes in the Pathogenicity of Myrothecium roridum 608

G.A BEAN, J. Kun & T.NG

Grain Storage: the Management of Ecological Change 614 J.LACEY

Spices and Mycotoxins-a Review of Biodeterioration and Health Implications. . 634

G.c. LLEWELLYN, Y.L. O'DELL & B. FLANNIGAN

Post-harvest Losses Caused by Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables . 642

M.J. JEGER & RA PLUMBLEY

Rapid Methods

Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology for Biomass Estimation 647

D.Y.C.FuNG

Rapid Methods for Sulphate-reducing Bacteria 657 C. GAYLARDE & P. COOK

Rapid Microbiology: the Use of Luminescence and Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) for Enumerating Microbes and Checking Effectiveness of Biocides: Present Status and Future Prospects . 664

P.E. STANLEY

Industrial Application of the Malthus Analyser 669 S.D.ABBISS

Real-time Screening of Microorganisms in Waters and Effluents 673 1. SCHOLEFIELD

Contents xv

Flow Micro-fluorimetry as an Aid to DNA Determinations in the Genus Penicillium 679

P.D.BRIDGE

Textiles

Biodeterioration of Textile Materials and Textile Preservation 683 B.F. SAGAR

Timber

The Importance of Microfungi and Bacteria in the Deterioration of Timber 703

B. O. HENNINGSSON

Immunological Methods for the Detection and Characterisation of Wood Decay Basidiomycetes . 709

J.W. PALFREYMAN, A BRUCE, D. BurrON, H. GLANCY, A VIGROW & B. KING

Recent Trends in Wood Preservation Research 714 J.ABUTCHER

Termite Control: Changing Attitudes and Technologies 721 J.P.LAFAGE

The Wood-Boring Isopod, Sphaeroma: a Threat to Maritime Structures in Warm Waters 727

S.M. CRAGG

In-service Decay of Timber Joinery and its Eradication. 733 J.K CAREY & AF. BRAVERY

Bacterial Attack of Wood Cell Walls 739 T. NILSSON & G. DANIEL

Cellulolytic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria in the Teredinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) 743

RD. TuRNER

Soft-rot Decay of Treated Hardwoods 749 M.D.C. HALE & RA EATON

Studies on the Toxicity of Biocides Towards Mould and Sapstain Fungi . 755

G.R WILLIAMS & RA EATON

xvi Contents

Wood Preservative Efficacy Against Dry Wood Insects 762 M.M. SERMENT

Wood Degrading Activity of some Lignicolous Marine Fungi 768 L.L.P. VRIJMOED & 1.1. HODGKISS

Wastes

Landfill Gas-a Global Review . 774 KM. RICHARDS

Methods for Sampling Airborne Micro-organisms at Solid Waste Disposal Sites . 791

B. CROOK, S. HIGGINS & 1. LACEY

The Effect of Incorporation of Refuse Derived Fuel Processing Fines into the Growing Media on Yield and other Physiological Characteristics of Crop Plants . 798

I.e. MATHIESON, R nNKLIN & 1. MILLS

The Efficiency of the Insect Musca domestica L. in Recycling Organic Wastes as a Source of Protein . 805

1. RAMOS-ELORDUY, R.I. VILLEGAS & M.l.M. PINO

Exploitation of Refuse by Anaerobic Microbial Intervention 811 E. SENIOR, I.A. WATSON-CRAIK & G.B. KASALI

Biogas Production from Seaweed Waste Following Alginate Extraction 819

RG.l. EDYVEAN, I.M. STANLEY & S.O. STANLEY

A Review of Aerobic Biodegradation of Solid Wastes 825 A.1. BIDDLESTONE & KR GRAY

Index of Contributors. 841