Biodiversity at Global Level

7/29/2019 Biodiversity at Global Level

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BIODIVERSITYAT GLOBAL, NATIONALANDLOCAL LEVEL.


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BIODIVERSITYAT GLOBAL LEVEL.

Biodiversity is the measure of the variety of earth's

animal, plant and microbial species; of genetic differences

within species; and of the ecosystems that support the

species.

Out of an estimated 30 million species on earth, only one-

sixth has been identified and authenticated in the past

200 years. An estimated biodiversity covers 400,000

higher plants..


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Countries with diversities higher than India are

located in South America such as Brazil, and SouthEast Asian countries such as Malaysia and

Indonesia. The species found in these countries, are

different from our own.

Between seven and nine million square kilometers of

tropical rain forests, covering large tracts of Central

America, the Amazon basin and the Guiana's, West

Africa and Zaire, South East Asia, New Guinea and

the islands of Melanesia are estimated to be there on

the face of the earth.


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TROPICAL FORESTS

The tropical forests are regarded as the richest in

biodiversity. Species diversity in tropics is high. The

reasons are as follows:

1. Warm temperate and high humidity provide

favorable conditions for many species.

2. Tropical communities are more productive

because these areas receive more solar energy.

3. Over geographical times the tropics have had a

more stable climate. In tropics, therefore, local

species continued to live there itself.

4. Among plant rates of out crossing appear to be

higher in tropics.


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RAINFORESTSOFTHEWORLD


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HUMAN IMPACTON BIODIVERSITY

In Central America, two-thirds of the forests have alreadydisappeared.

In Columbia, it has been cleared at the rate of a millionhectares a year.

The tragic story of the rain forests in Brazil is no different.Tropical rain forests of Brazil are the greatest, most enduringcelebrations of life ever to have evolved on this planet. Noother environment has so many species of plant and animallife.

Throughout the world, the value of biologically rich naturalareas is now being increasingly appreciated as being ofunimaginable value. International agreements such as theWorld Heritage Convention attempt are implemented toprotect and support such areas.


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CONSERVATION

It is important to preserve the numerous varieties of plants and animalsthat belong to one species. Each variety within a species contains uniquegenes and the diversity of genes within a species increases its capacityto adopt to pollution disease and other changes in the environment.

Conservation Projects are as Follows : -

United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) and CartagenaProtocol on Biosafety;

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES);

Ramsar Convention(Wetlands);

Bonn Convention on Migratory Species;

World Heritage Convention (indirectly by protecting biodiversity habitats)

Regional Conventions such as the Apia Convention Bilateral agreements such as the Japan-Australia Migratory Bird

Agreement.


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TOP 17 MEGA-DIVERSITY COUNTRIES.

Australia

Brazil

China

Colombia

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Ecuador India

Indonesia

Madagascar

Malaysia

Mexico

Papua New Guinea Peru

Philippines

South Africa

United States

Venezuela
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia


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INDIA AS A MEGA DIVERSITY NATION

How Biodiversity developed in India?


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Geological events in the landmass of India have

provided conditions for high levels of biological

diversity.

A split in the single giant continent around 70 million years ago,led to the formation of northern and southern continents, withIndia a part of Gondwanaland - the southern landmass, togetherwith Africa, Australia and the Antarctic. Later tectonic

movements shifted India northward across the equator to jointhe Northern Eurasian continent. As the intervening shallowTethis Sea closed down, plants and animals that had evolvedboth in Europe and in the Far East migrated into India beforethe Himalayas had formed. A final influx came from Africa with

Ethiopian species, which, were adapted to the Savannas andsemi-arid regions. Thus Indias special geographical positionbetween three distinctive centres of biological evolution andradiation of species is responsible for our rich and variedbiodiversity.


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India's rich biological diversity - its immense range of

ecosystems, species and genetic forms is by virtue of its

tropical location, climate and physical features.

India's biogeographical composition is unique as it

combines living forms from three major bio geographical

realms, namely - Eurasian, Agro-Tropical and Indo-Malayan.


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India's fabulous biodiversity is estimated to be over

45,000 plant species representing about seven percent of

the world's flora; and its bewildering variety of animal life

represents 6.5 per cent of world's fauna.

15,000 species of flowering plants,

53,430 species of insects;

5050 species of mollusks,

6,500 species of other invertebrates;

2,546 species of fishes;

1228 species of birds, 446 species of reptiles,

372 species of mammals and 204 species of amphibians

have been identified.


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Indian flora comprises about 15,000 flowering plants and

bulk of our rich flora is to be found in the Northeast,Western Ghats, the Northwest and Eastern Himalayas, and

the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

It is home to lions, tigers, leopards,

snow leopards, black panthers,

cheetahs, wolves, foxes, bears, crocodiles, rhinoceroses, c

amels, dogs, monkeys, snakes,

antelope species, deer species, varieties of bison and notto mention the mighty Asian elephant.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodiles


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CONSERVATION

To preserve our rich biodiversity, nine biosphere

reserves are set up in specific biogeographic''

zones: the biggest one is in the Deccan Peninsula

in the Nilgiris covering Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh

and Karnataka. Others are the Nanda Devi in Uttar

khand in the Western Himalayas, the Nokrek in

Meghalaya, Manas and Dibru Saikhowa in Assam,

the Sunderban's in the Gangetic plain in WestBengal, Similar in Orissa, the Great Nicobar and

the Gulf of Mannar in Tamil Nadu.


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COMPARISONBETWEENTHE NUMBEROF SPECIESIN INDIAAND

THE WORLD

Group Number of

Species in

India(SI)

Number of

Species in the

world(SW)

SI/SW(%)

Mammals 350 4629 7.6

Birds 1224 9702 12.6

Reptiles 408 6550 6.2

Amphibians 197 4522 4.4

Fishes 2546 21730 11.7

Flowering Plants 15000 250000 6.0


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India is a signatory to the convention and has included several

protected Areas as World Heritage sites.

These include Manas on the border between Bhutan and India,

Kaziranga in Assam, Bharatpur in U.P., Nandadevi in the

Himalayas, and the Sunderbans in the Ganges delta in WestBengal.

India has also signed the Convention in the Trade of

Endangered Species (CITES) which is intended to reduce theutilization of endangered plants and animals by controlling trade

in their products and in the pet trade.


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BUTTERFLIESOF INDIA


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BIRDSOF INDIA


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AMPHIBIANS


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F


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FISHES


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FLOWERING PLANTS

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Biodiversity at Global Level