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This article was downloaded by: [Oklahoma State University]On: 21 December 2014, At: 00:56Publisher: Taylor & FrancisInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Italian Journal of ZoologyPublication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tizo20
Biodiversity of freshwater fishes of Manipur, IndiaWaikhom Vishwanath a , Wahengbam Manojkumar a , Laishram Kosygin a & Keishing S. Selim aa Department of Life Sciences , Manipur University , Canchipur, 795003, Manipur, IndiaPublished online: 28 Jan 2009.
To cite this article: Waikhom Vishwanath , Wahengbam Manojkumar , Laishram Kosygin & Keishing S. Selim (1998) Biodiversityof freshwater fishes of Manipur, India, Italian Journal of Zoology, 65:S1, 321-324, DOI: 10.1080/11250009809386840
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11250009809386840
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Ital. J. Zool., 65, Supph 321-324 (1998)
Biodiversity of freshwater fishesof Manipur, India
WAIKHOM VISHWANATHWAHENGBAM MANOJKUMARLAISHRAM KOSYGINKEISHING S. SELIMDepartment of Life Sciences, Manipur University,Canchipur, 795003 Manipur (India)
INTRODUCTION
Manipur is a small hill girt state in the north easternfrontier of India. The state lies between 23°50' and24°41' N and between 93°02' and 97°47' E. It is almostrectangular in shape and has a total area of 22327 km2.Hill ranges of 1500-2994 m surround a little valley of1800 km2 at an elevation of 800-1000 m in the middle.The western hills are drained by the River Barak and itstributaries which form part of the Brahmaputra drainage(Fig. 1).
The rivers and streams that finally flow into the RiverChindwin of Myanmar, drain the central valley andeastern hills. River Imphal and its tributaries drain thecentral valley and finally form the River Manipur,which flows out of Indian territory from south of Ma-nipur to join the Chindwin in Myanmar. The Chingaiand the. Chatrickong-are the two rivers that drain thenorthern part of the Ukhrul district and they flow outof India in the east to join the Chindwin. The Maklangdrains the southern part of the Ukhrul district and theLokchao, the eastern part of the Chandel district. Thetwo rivers also flow out of Indian territory to join theRiver Yu in Myanmar. The Yu finally flows into theChindwin.
The study on the freshwater fishes of Manipur and itsadjoining areas is of considerable interest because of its
ABSTRACT
A survey of the fish fauna of the Chindwin headwaters in Ma-nipur, India (comprising of the rivers, viz., Manipur, Chingai, Cha-trickong, Maklang, Lokchao and their tributaries) has been under-taken. A total of 117 species belonging to 65 genera and 25 fami-lies has been recorded. The fauna is a mixture of endemic hillstream, Burmese, Indochinese and widely distributed forms. Ex-cept a few species, most are medium to fast running torrentialforms. The evolution of the diverse groups and endemic speciesin relation to geological history is discussed.
KEY WORDS: Fish - Manipur - India.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Dr. A. G. K. Menon, Scientist Emeritus, Zoologi-cal Survey of India, Madras, to Dr. K. C. Jayaram, Project Director,Madras Science Foundation and to Dr Maurice Kottelat, Switzer-land, for encouragement in this work. We are also thankful to theHead, Department of the Life Sciences of Manipur University forproviding laboratory facilities and to Dr. Arunkumar of the De-partment of Earth Sciences, Manipur University for providing thedrainage map of Manipur.
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(Received 28 August 1997 - Accepted 7March 1998) Fig. 1 - Drainage map of Manipur.
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322 W. VISHWANATH, W. MAKOJKUMAR, L. KOSYGIN, K. S. SELIM
great biological diversity. Hora (1921) and Menon(1954) reported on collections of fishes from the State.However, no up to date checklist of fishes is available.The present paper reports on the fishes of the RiversChingai, Chatrikong, Maklang, Lokchao, Chakpi, andManipur which form a part of the headwaters of theChindwin. A systematic account of the fishes, certainnotes on their distribution and remarks are given wher-ever necessary. The diversity of the fauna in relation tothe geomorphology of the region is also discussed.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF FISHES
Distribution of fishes in the Rivers Chingai (CH), Chatrickong(CHA), Maklang (MK), Lochao (LO) and the Manipur (MR) havebeen shown against eath species. Update distribution and re-marks wherever necessary are also given.
Family NOTOPTERIDAENotopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) LO, MR. Pakistan, India,
Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaya and Indonesia.Family ANGUILLIDAE
Anguilla bengalensis (Gray,183D CHA, MR. India, Sri Lanka,Myanmar, Malay peninsula and islands of south east Asia.
Family CYPRINIDAEBangana dero (Hamilton, 1822) CHA. Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka,
Bangladesh and Myanmar.Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822) MR. Pakistan, India, Bangladesh,
Nepal and Myanmar. Introduced in Manipur for farm culture in1964. Occasionally found in the Manipur River.
Chagunius nicholsi (Myers, 1924) CHA, MK, LO, MR. India:Chindwin drainage in Manipur, Myanmar: Irrawady drainage.First record for India.
Cirrbinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) MR. Pakistan, India andBangladesh. Introduced in 1964 for farm culture. Occasionallyfound in Manipur River.
Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton, 1822) CHA, MK, MR. Pakistan, India,Nepal and Bangladesh.
Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Valenciennes, 1844) MR. China, Russiaand India. Introduced in Manipur in 1975 for farm culture. Oc-currence in River Manipur may be due to overflow of farmsduring flood.
Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 MR. World-wide in distribution.Introduced in Manipur in i960 for farm culture. Now it occursin natural waters of Manipur also.
Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) CHA, MR. Pakistan, India,Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand and Yunnan (China).
Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch, 1795) CHA. Pakistan, India, Nepal andMyanmar.
Labeo pangusia (Hamilton, 1822) CHA. Pakistan, India andBangladesh.
Neolissocbeilus hexagonolepis (McClelland, 1839) CH, MK, LO,MR. India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar. Migrate in shoalsin the hill streams in April-May.
Neolissocheilus stracheyi (Day, 1871) CHA. India and Myanmar. Itis a new record from India.
Osteobrama belangen (Valenciennes, 1844) LO, MR. India: Ma-nipur (Chindwin drainage), Myanmar, China. Reported to beabundantly found in the lakes of Manipur by Menon (1989).Now it is occasionally found in the River Manipur. Often caughtfrom the River Lokchao and sold in the Moreh market (a bordertown in Manipur).
Osteobrama cotio cunma (Day, 1878) LO, MK, MR. India: Ma-nipur; Myanmar.
Puntius chola (Hamilton, 1822) CHA. Pakistan, India, Nepal,Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Myanmar.
Puntius conchonius (Hamilton, 1822) LO, MR. Afganistan, Pak-istan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh.
Puntius jayarami Vishwanath & Tombi, 1986. LO, MR. India: Ma-nipur.
Puntius puntio (Hamilton, 1822) CHA, LO. India: West Bengal,Manipur; Bangladesh, Myanmar. New record for Manipur.
Puntius sarana orphoides Valenciennes, 1842. (Provisionally as-signed to this subspecies) LO, MR. India: Manipur (Chindwindrainage), Myanmar, Thailand, Malaya, Java and Borneo..
Puntius sophore (Hamilton, 1822) CH, CHA, LO, MR. Pakistan, In-dia, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and China.
Puntius ticto ticto (Hamilton, 1822) CH, CHA, MK, LO, MR. Pak-istan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thai-land. Bitter in taste and used in the preparation of fermentedfish pastes.
Puntius sp. LO. India: Manipur. The species is similar to P. puntio.However, it has another transverse dark band in the region be-tween pectoral and dorsal fins.
Poropuntius clavatus burtoni (Chaudhuri, 1934). CH, CHA, MK,MR. India and Myanmar.
Semiplotus sp. CH, CHA, MK. India: Manipur.Torputitora (Hamilton, 1822) CH, CHA, LO, MR. Afghanistan,
Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh. New record for Chind-win drainage.
Tor tor (Hamilton, 1822) CH, CHA, MK, LO, MR. Pakistan, India,Bangladesh, and Thailand.
Chela laubuca (Hamilton, 1822) CHA. Pakistan, India, Bangladesh,Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.
Salmostoma sladoni (Day, 1869) CHA. Myanmar (Irrawaddidrainage). New record from India.
Hypopthalamichthys molitrix (Velenciennes, 1844) MR. China. In-troduced in Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka andMyanmar. Introduced in Manipur in 1975 for farm culture.
Aspidoparia morar (Hamilton, 1822) CHA. India, Pakistan, Nepal,Bangladesh and Myanmar.
Amblypbaryngodon mola (Hamilton, 1822) MR. Pakistan, India,Bangladesh and Myanmar.
Barilius barila (Hamilton, 1822) CHA. India, Nepal, Bangladeshand Myanmar.
. Barilius dogarsinghi Hora, 1921 LO, MR. India: endemic in Ma-nipur.
Barilius sp. 1. CH, CHA, MR. India.Barilius sp. 2. CHA. India.Bracbydanio acuticephala (Hora, 1921) CH, MR. India: endemic
in Manipur.Danio aequipinnatus (McClelland, 1839) CH, CHA, MK, LO, MR.
India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thailand.Danio naganensis Chaudhuri, 1912 CH, MK, MR. India: endemic
in Manipur and Nagaland.Esomus danricus (Hamilton, 1822) CHA, LO, MR. Pakistan, India,
Nepal, Myanmar and probably Sri Lanka.Raiamas guttatus (Day, 1869) CH, CHA, MK, MR. India, Myanmar,
Thailand, Cambodia and Malay peninsula.Rasbora rasbora (Hamilton, 1822) CHA. Pakistan, India,
Bangladesh and Myanmar.Schizotborax richardsonii (Gray, 1832) CH, MK, MR. India,
Nepal, Pakistan and Afghanistan.Crossocheilus burmanicus Hora, 1936. CH, CHA, MK, LO, MR. In-
dia and Myanmar.Garra gotyla (Gray, 1832) MR. India: India, Pakistan and Myan-
mar.Garra gravelyi (Annandale, 1919) MR. India: Manipur; Myanmar.Garra kempi Hora, 1921 CH, MR. India: Assam, Nagaland and Ma-
nipur.Garra lissorhynchus (McClellar.d,1842) CH, CHA, MK, LO, MR. In-
dia: Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.Garra litanensis Vishwanath, 1993 MR. India: Manipur.Garra manipurensis Vishwanath & Sarojnalini, 1988 MR. India:
endemic in River Manipur.Garra naganensis Hora, 1921 CH, MR. India: Manipur and Naga-
land. Originally described from Barak drainage by Hora (1921).The species is now collected from Chindwin drainage also.
Garra nasuta (McClelland, 1838) CH, CHA, MK. India: Megha-laya, Manipur; Myanmar.
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FRESHWATER FISHES OF MANIPUR 323
Garra rupecula (McClelland, 1839) MR. India: Manipur, Assamand Nagaland.
Family PSILORHYNCHIDAEPsilorhynchus balitora (Hamilton, 1822) MR, MK. India, Bangladesh
Nepal and Nepal.Psilorhynchus homaloptera Hora & Mukherji, 1935 CH, CHA, MK.
India: Assam, Nagaland and Manipur.Psilorhynchus microphthalmus Vishwanath & Manojkumar, 1955
MR. India: Manipur.Family BALITORIDAE
Balitora brucei (Gray, 1930) CHA. India, Bhutan and Bangladesh.Homaloptera rupecola Prasad & Mukherji, 1929. MR. India and
Myanmar. First record for India.Homaloptera modesta (Vinciguerra, 1890) MK. India, Myanmar
and Thailand. First record for India.Acanthocohitis botia (Hamilton, 1822) CH. Pakistan and India.Scbistura kanjupkbulensis (Hora, 1921) MK, MR. India and Myan-
mar.Schistura manipurensis Chaudhuri, 1912 CH, MK. India: Manipur
and Nagaland.Schistura nagaensis (Menon, 1987) CH. India: Nagaland, Manipur:
Ukhrul district.Schistura prashadi (Hora, 1921) CH, CHA. India: endemic in Ma-
nipur.Schistura sikmaiensis (Hora, 1921) CHA, CH. India: Manipur and
Meghalaya; Myanmar.Schistura vinciguerrae (Hora, 1935) CH, CHA, MK. India and
Myanmar.Schistura multifasciatus (Day, 1878) CHA. India and Myanmar.
Family COBITIDAEAcantopsis sp. LO. India: Manipur.Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei (Blyth, 1861) MR. India: endemic
in Manipur.Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton, 1822) MR. India, Pakistan
and Myanmar, Bangladesh and Nepal.Lepidocephalichthys irrorata (Hora, 1921) MR. India: Manipur and
Meghalaya.Pangiopangia (Hamilton, 1822) CHA, CH. India and Myanmar.Botia berdmorei (Blyth, 1861) CH, CHA, MK. India, Myanmar and
Thailand.Botia histrionica (Blyth, 1861) CH, MK. India and Myanmar.
Family BAGRIDAEAorichthys aor (Hamilton, 1822) MR. Pakistan, India, Nepal,
Bangladesh and Myanmar.Batasio tengana (Hamilton, 1822) MK. India, Bangladesh, Myan-
mar.Mystus bleekeri (Day, 1856) CHA. Pakistan, India, Myanmar, Ban-
gladesh and Nepal.Mystus cavasius (Hamilton, 1822) CHA. Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka,
Nepal, Bangladesh and Thailand.Mystus microphthalmus (Day, 1877) LO. India and Myanmar.Mystus pulcher (Chaudhuri, 1911) CHA. India and Myanmar.
Family SILURIDAEOmpok bimaculus (Bloch, 1797) CHA, LO. Afghanistan, Pakistan,
India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Thailand, Java, Sumatra and Bor-neo.
Ompokpabo (Hamilton, 1822) MR, LO. Pakistan, India, Bangladeshand Myanmar.
Wallago attu (Schneider, 1801) LO, MR. Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka,Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, Kampuchea, Malay peninsula,Sumatra, Java and Myanmar.
Family SCHILBEIDAEEutropiicbthys vacha (Hamilton, 1822) MR. Pakistan, India and
Bangladesh.Family AMBLYCEPIDAE
Amblyceps mangois (Hamilton, 1822) CHA. India, Bangladesh,Myanmar and Pakistan.
Family SISORIDAEBagarius bagarius (Hamilton, 1822) CHA, MK, LO. India, Laos
and Malay Peninsula.Erethistes pussilus (Müller, 1845) CHA, MK, LO. India and
Bangladesh.
Exostoma stuartii (Hora, 1923) CHA. India and Myanmar. Firstrecord for India.
Exostoma vinciguerrae Regan, 1908 LO. India and Myanmar. Firstrecord for India.
Gagata cenia (Hamilton, 1822) LO. Pakistan, India, Bangladesh,Nepal and Myanmar.
Glyptothorax cavia (Hamilton, 1822) LO. Pakistan, India, Nepal,Bangladesh and Myanmar.
Glyptothorax manipurensis Menon, 1954 CH, CHA, MK, LO. In-dia: Manipur. Menon (1954) described the species from theBarak River at Karong (Brahmaputra drainage). Mishra (1976)and Talwar & Jhingran (1991) treated the fish as a synonym ofG. sinense (Regan). Menon (1974) and Jayaram (1979) preferredto keep the fish as a subspecies of G. sinense (Regan). Theholotype (ZSI F738/2) and paratype (ZSI F743/2) of G. ma-nipurensis and Chaudhuri's specimen (ZSI F 11444/1) of G.sinense, collected from Mali-Hka of Myanmar were compared. Itis clear that G. sinense differs from G. manipurensis in having amore conical head, pointed snout, smoother skin. G. sinense isalso different from G. manipurensis in having a pale andunspotted vs dark and spotted caudal fin, a deep notch be-tween the two internal mandibular barbels and a shallower pitin the thoracic adhesive device.
Glyptothorax trilineatus (Blyth, 1861) CHA, LO, MK. India, Myan-mar and Thailand.
Glyptothorax sp. 1. CHA, MK. India: Manipur.Glyptothorax sp. 2. CH. India: Manipur.Myersglanis sp. CH. India: Manipur.Pseudecheneis sulcatus (McClelland, 1842) CH, CHA. India: Nepal;
Bangladesh. This species is recorded for the first time for Ma-nipur (Chindwin drainage).
Family CLARIIDAEClarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) LO, MR. Pakistan, India,
Nepal, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Singapore, Sri Lanka,Borneo and Philippines.
Family HETEROPNEUSTIDAEHeteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) LO, MR. Pakistan, India, An-
daman Island, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailandand Laos.
Family BELONIDAEXenentodon cancila (Hamilton, 1822) MK, LO. Pakistan, India, Sri
Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thailand.Family SYMBRANCHIDAE
Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793) LO. India, Indo-Malayan penin-sula and islands of south east Asia from Japan in trie north toIndonesia in the south.
Family AMBASSIDAEParambassis nama (Hamilton, 1829 CHA. Pakistan, India, Nepal,
Bangladesh and Myanmar.Family NANDIDAE
Nandus nandus (Hamilton, 1822) CHA. Pakistan, India, Nepal,Bangladesh and Myanmar.
Family BADIDAEBadis sp. CHA, LO. India: Manipur.
Family CICHLIDAEOreochromis mossombica (Peters, 1889) MR. East Africa, intro-
duced in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.Family GOBIIDAE
Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822) CHA, LO. Region betweeneast coast of Africa to Japan, Australia.
Family ANABANTIDAEAnabas testudineus (Bloch, 1795) CHA, LO. Pakistan, India,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malay peninsula, Singaporeand Philippines.
Family BELONTIIDAEColisa fasciatus (Schneider, 1801) CHA, LO. Pakistan, India,
Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar.Family CHANNIDAE
Channagachua (Hamilton, 1822) CH, CHA.MK, LO. Afghanistan,Iran, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Malaypeninsula, Borneo and Indonesia.
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Channel marulius (Hamilton, 1822) LO. Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka,Bangladesh, Nepal, Burma, Thailand and Myanmar.
Channapunctatus (Bloch, 1793) MR. Afghanistan, Pakistan, India,Nepal, Bangladesh, Mynmar and Yunnan.
Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) MR, LO. Pakistan, Sri Lanka,Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand and China.
Family MASTACEMBELIDAEMastacembelus armatus (Lacépède, 1800) CH, CHA, MK, LO, MR.
India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Thailand, Malay and China.Macrognathus aral (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) CHA. Pakistan, In-
dia, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar.Family TETRADONTIDAE
Tetraodon cutcutia (Hamilton, 1822) MK, LO. India andBangladesh.
DISCUSSION
All the rivers and streams are divisible into two broadzones: mountainous course and plain course. In themountainous course, the rivers flow over rocks and boul-der beds. In the plain courses, the rivers are broader, thecurrent is slow except during monsoon season. The bedsare sandy or muddy. The mountain courses may be ei-ther through steep gradients in deep and narrow chan-nels or through broad and shallow environments. In therainy season, such streams take a torrential course whilein dry months, many of them have reduced flow or mayeven dry up. In the central valley rivulets often entersmall swamps or lakes before they join the River Imphal.
The diversity of species in this region is attributed tothe recent geological history, especially the Himalayanorogeny (Kottelat, 1989). Hora & Mukerji (1935) report-ed that since both the Brahmaputra and Chindwin sys-tem of rivers drain Manipur, its fauna included both As-samese and Burmese elements. However, the presentstudy shows though there is great specific diversity, thegenera of the Brahmaputra and the Chindwin drainagesare almost the same. Now the probability of dispersal offishes between the Indian mainland and the Indochi-nese region is just the reverse of the previous conceptof Hora (1949). Peninsular India is essentially a part ofthe Gondwana where the freshwater fishes originated.During the Miocene and later, India collided with Eura-sia and the sea in the present north eastern part of In-dia elevated and fresh water conditions prevailed. Freshwater from the Indian mainland would have migratedtowards Myanmar and other parts of south east Asia on-ly then. Thus, the species of fishes in this region proba-bly evolved only very recently from their old gond-wanan ancestor. The diversity is attributed to the vigor-ous movements of earth's crust and constant changes inthe courses of waters.
Post-Himalayan river system hypothesised by Gregory(1925) indicates that the Tsangpo of Tibet was in directconnection with the Chindwin of Myanmar, while thepresent connection between Tsangpo and Brahmaputrawas established later. Thus it is quite probable thatgondwanan freshwater fishes might have alreadyreached Myanmar through the Indus (Trans-Himalayandrainage) before reaching Manipur. The present fishes
of Manipur might have come via the River Manipur afterthe formation of the Manipur valley, while those of thewestern part might have reached via Barak after the for-mation of the Assam plains. The origin and evolution ofthe Manipur central valley may be result of tectonic ac-tivity and neotectonism remarkably influenced by along history of fluviolacustrine processes (Singh &Singh, 1994). C14 data on carbonised soil samples up tothe depth of 0.4 m of the valley show its age to bewithin 470-25000 years BP only. Ibotombi (1993) wrotethat rifting and stretching of the crustal layer (lithos-phère) of this region possibly initiated sometimes to-wards the close of the Mesozoic era (Upper Creta-ceous). It is likely that the Manipur central valley wasevolved as a result of passive rifting of the continentalmargins, i. e., sinking of a former plateau. Thus, it isprobable that the present River Imphal had a reversecourse and it probably joined the origin of the RiverBarak at Karong resulting in the present distribution offish species common to both the systems.
As the geological information of this part of the coun-try is scanty, it is difficult to bring a probable origin andevolution of fishes in this area. A concerted effort of thegeologists and biologists could come out with newideas and concepts in the origin and evolution of life inthis part of the world.
REFERENCES
Gregory J. W., 1925 - The evolution of river system of south eastAsia. Scottosh Geogr. J., 41: 129-141.
Hora S. L., Mukerji D. D., 1935 - Fish of Naga Hills, Assam. Rec.Indian Mus., 36: 571-573.
Hora S. L., 1921 - Fish and fisheries of Manipur with some obser-vations on those of the Naga Hills. Rec. Indian Mus., 22: 165-214.
Hora S. L., 1949 - Sutpura Hypothesis of the distribution ofMalayan fauna and flora to Peninsular India. Proc. natl. Inst. In-dia, 15 309-314.
Ibotombi S., 1993 - Geology, structure and tectonics of Manipur,India. M. Sc. dissertation. Imperial college of Science & Tech-nol. & Medicine, University of London, 131 pp.
Jayaram K. C, 1979 - Aid to the identification of the siluroid fish-es of India, Burma, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh, 3,Sisoridae. Occ. Papers zool. Surv. India, 14: 1-62.
Kottelat M., 1989 - Zoogeography of the fishes from Indochineseinland waters with an annotated check-list. Bull. zool. Mus.Amsterdam, 12. 1-55.
Menon A. G. K., 1954 -. Further observations on the fish fauna ofManipur State. Rec. Indian Mus., 52. 21-26.
Menon A. G. K., 1974 - A check-list of fishes of he Himalayan andthe Indo-Gangetic plains. Spl. Publ. No. 1, Inland Fisheries So-ciety of India, 136 pp.
Menon A. G. K., 1989 - Conservation of the ichthyofauna of India.In: A. G. Jhingran & V. V. Sugunan (eds), Conservation andmanagement of Indian capture fisheries resources. Calcutta, pp.25-33.
Mishra K. S., 1976 - Fauna of India and its adjacent countries,Pisces, vol. 3. Govt. of India, 367 pp.
Singh H. T., Singh R. S., 1994 - Loktak Lake, Manipur. WWF, NewDelhi, India, 69 pp.
Talwar P. K., Jhingran A. G., 1991 - Inland fishes of Indian andadjacent countries. Oxford-IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., NewDelhi, 1158 pp.
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