BIOEN FAPESP: the SP BIOEN Research Center and associated initiatives · BIOEN FAPESP: the SP BIOEN Research Center and associated initiatives Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz Science

BIOEN FAPESP: the SP BIOEN ResearchCenter

and associated initiatives

Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz

Science Director

São Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESP

BIOEN-20150628.pptx; © C.H. Brito Cruz e Fapesp 18/18/2015

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Non-Renewable Renewable

En

erg

y s

ou

rces i

n B

razil,

2006

47% of Brazil’s energy comes from renewable sources (2009)

cane

18%

Renewables in Brazil: 47%; World: 13%; OECD: 7,2%

220110815 BBEST-how-much-biofuel-20110815.pptx

1980-2013: change in energy sources in the State of São Paulo, Brazil


Oil and oil products

Hydroelectricity

Sugar cane

Other

Natural gas

14%

62%

32%

38%

State of São Paulo

• 42 million people

• 32% of Brazil’s GNP

• 55% of Brazilian

ethanol production

1980 – 2013

• Oil down from 62%

to 38%

• Cane up from 14%

to 32%

Source: Balanço Energético SP, 2008-2014 (values from 1980-1990 interpolated for visualization)

Bioenergy: three research initiatives at FAPESP

• Scientific and Technology roadmap– Research Project in our Public Policy Program

• BIOEN– Research program; 10 years

– Basic research core

– Conections to application through partnership with companies

• SP Bioenergy Research Center– Hubs in the three state universities – USP, Unicamp, Unesp

– Funding: State Government, FAPESP and the Universities

– Graduate course in Bioenergy – 3 state universities

8/18/2015 4BIOEN-20150628.pptx; © C.H. Brito Cruz e Fapesp

FAPESP’s Bioenergy ResearchBIOEN

• General structure– Research program; 10 years

– Basic research core

– Conections to application through partnership with companies

• Topics, people, funding– Feedstock, processing, green chemistry, engines, sustainability

– 300+ scientists (50 from abroad); 600+ graduate students

– Value awarded 2009-2015/06: • R$ 109 million (FAPESP); R$ 55 million (State Government); R$ 20 million

(industry); R$ 55 million (Universities)


BIOEN: FAPESP-Industry agreements for joint funding

• Joint industry-university research (next 10 years)


Company Subject Val. (Indus.+FAPESP)

Oxiteno Lignocellulosic materials R$ 6,000,000

Braskem Alcohol-chemistry R$ 50,000,000

ETH Sugarcane R$ 20,000,000

Boeing Aviation Biofuels – 1st stage R$ 1,200,000

BP Processes and Sustainability R$ 100,000,000

Microsoft Algorithms for gene sequencing

PSA Ethanol powered engines - ERC R$ 16,000,000


BIOEN: 314 scientists

• 56 research projects

• 314 scientists

– 229 from São Paulo

– 33 from other Brazilian states

• MG 12; RJ 8; Pr 3; RS 3

– 52 from other countries

• U.S. 26; Fr 7; Ge 4; Ne 4; De 3; Sp 3


Type of support Qty

2-year grants 51

5-year grants 32

Young Investigators 18

Industry-University 23

Fellowships 226

Fapesp: São Paulo Research Foundation

• Mission: support research in all fields

• Funded by the taxpayer in the State of São Paulo with 1% of all state revenues

• All proposals are peer reviewed (26,000 proposals in 2014)

– Average time for decision – 65 days

• Expenditures 2014: $PPP 500 M

– Fellowships• 2,500 SI, 1,800 MSc, 3,500 DrSc, 1,800 Post-docs, 800 other

– Academic R&D• RIDC/11 yrs, Thematic/5 yrs, Young Investigator/4 yrs, Regular/2 yrs

– University-Industry Joint R&D: • Microsoft, Agilent, Braskem, Oxiteno, SABESP, VALE, Natura, Petrobrás, Embraer, Padtec, Biolab,

Cristalia, Boeing , GSK, BP, BG, PSA (Peugeot-Citröen), ... (total of 100+ companies)

• Engineering Research Centers (ERC): PSA, Natura, GSK, BG

– Small bussiness R&D: 1,200 SBE’s (two awards per week in 2014)


WEO 2012: 2035 Scenarios for Biofuels in Transport

108/18/2015

Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2012

unesco-scope-20131129.pptx; © C.H. Brito Cruz e Fapesp

Mitigating wedges:Carbon emissions reduction in NPS

118/18/2015

Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2012

BIOEN-20150628.pptx; © C.H. Brito Cruz e Fapesp

Bioenergy

Wind

Solar

Biofuels

23%

15%

Vehicles per population


SÃO PAULO CITY

SÃO PAULO STATE

BRAZIL

Challenges in Bioenergy in Brasil

• Productivity– Biomass production

– Conversion processes

– Cellulose uses: electricity x liquid fuel

• Sustainability– Emissions (LUC, ILUC, N)

– Water use

– The new agriculture of Food and Energy

– Environmental impacts

– Social impacts

– Economics: regulation, standards, certification

1320110815 BBEST-how-much-biofuel-20110815.pptx

BIOEN DIVISIONS

BIOMASSContribute with knowledge and technologies for Sugarcane ImprovementEnable a Systems Biology approach for Biofuel Crops

BIOFUEL TECHNOLOGIESIncreasing productivity (amount of ethanol by sugarcane ton), energysaving, water saving and minimizing environmental impacts

ENGINESFlex-fuel engines with increased performance, durability and decreased consumption, pollutant emissions

BIOREFINERIESComplete substitution of fossil fuel derived compoundsSugarchemistry for intermediate chemical production and alcoholchemistry as a petrochemistry substitute

SUSTAINABILITY AND IMPACTSStudies to consolidate sugarcane ethanol as the leading technology path to ethanol and derivatives productionHorizontal themes: Social and Economic Impacts, Environmental studies and Land Use

8/18/2015 BIOEN-20150628.pptx; © C.H. Brito Cruz e Fapesp 14

Coordenadores do Programa BIOEN

• Glaucia Mendes Souza, IQ, USP

• Marie-Anne van Sluys, IB, USP

• Heitor Cantarella, IAC

• Rubens Maciel, FEQ, Unicamp

• André Nassar, Icone (até fev/2015)


BIOEN FAPESP: publications


Bioenergy research:84 → 148 → 212 → 381 ton/Ha??


Sugarcane improvement: start with you germplasm characterization

Sugarcane varieties

are very similar

Breeding has for

centuries relied on a

very narrow genetic

basis

In the beginning of the Proalcool Program 70% of

the sugarcane area in Brazil was occupied by 5

cultivars

Thirty years later this number doubled to 10 major

varieties


Sugarcane Cell Wall Structure and enzymes to degrade it

Proposal of a hierarchical attack of hydrolytic enzymes

Microbial enzymes todegrade the bagasse

cell wall: bioprospection and

the definition of theirfunction and

structure for thedevelopment of

improved enzymecocktails

Composition and Structure of Sugarcane Cell WallPolysacchar ides: Implications for Second-GenerationBioethanol Production

Amanda P. de Souza &Débora C. C. Leite &

Sivakumar Pattathi l &Michael G. Hahn &

Marcos S. Bucker idge

# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012

Abstract The structure and fine structure of leaf and culm

cell walls of sugarcane plants were analyzed using a com-

bination of microscopic, chemical, biochemical, and immu-

nological approaches. Fluorescence microscopy revealed

that leaves and culm display autofluorescence and lignin

distributed differently through different cell types, the for-

mer resulting from phenylpropanoids associated with vas-

cular bundles and the latter distributed throughout all cell

walls in the tissue sections. Polysaccharides in leaf and culm

walls are quite similar, but differ in the proportions of

xyloglucan and arabinoxylan in some fractions. In both

cases, xyloglucan (XG) and arabinoxylan (AX) are closely

associated with cellulose, whereas pectins, mixed-linkage-

β-glucan (BG), and lessbranched xylansarestrongly bound

to cellulose. Accessibility to hydrolases of cell wall fraction

increased after fractionation, suggesting that acetyl and phe-

nolic linkages, as well as polysaccharide–polysaccharide

interactions, prevented enzyme action when cell walls are

assembled in its native architecture. Differently from other

hemicelluloses, BG was shown to be readily accessible to

lichenase when in intact walls. These results indicate that

wall architecture has important implications for the devel-

opment of more efficient industrial processes for second-

generation bioethanol production. Considering that pretreat-

mentssuch assteam explosion and alkali may lead to lossof

more soluble fractions of the cell walls (BG and pectins),

second-generation bioethanol, as currently proposed for

sugarcane feedstock, might lead to loss of a substantial

proportion of the cell wall polysaccharides, therefore de-

creasing the potential of sugarcane for bioethanol produc-

tion in the future.

Keywords Bioenergy .Cellulosicethanol .Hemicelluloses .

Cell wall composition . Cell wall structure . Sugarcane

Introduction

One of the main sources of renewable energy for biofuels

is the conversion of plant-derived carbohydrates into

bioethanol. In this context, industries in the USA and

Brazil have developed processes to use corn starch [1] and

sugarcane sucrose [2], respectively, to produce bioethanol.

As a result, these two countries are currently the top two

producers of this biofuel in the world [3]. However, it is

becoming increasingly clear that bioethanol produced either

from corn starch stored in seeds or from sucrose stored in

sugarcane culms, the so-called first-generation (1G) bioe-

thanol, will not be sufficient to meet future demands for

biomass-derived transportation fuels. As a result, laborato-

ries around the world are now searching for ways to effi-

ciently hydrolyze cell wall polysaccharides from different

Electronic supplementary mater ial The online version of this article

(doi:10.1007/s12155-012-9268-1) contains supplementary material,

which is available to authorized users.

A. P. de Souza: D. C. C. Leite: M. S. Buckeridge (* )

Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology (LAFIECO),

Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences,

University of São Paulo,

Rua do Matão 277,

Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

e-mail: [email protected]

S. Pattathil : M. G. Hahn

BioEnergy Science Center,

Complex Carbohydrate Research Center,

The University of Georgia,

315 Riverbend Rd.,

Athens, GA 30602, USA

Bioenerg. Res.

DOI 10.1007/s12155-012-9268-1


Engineering processes to degrade the cell wall

Models developed to describe the kinetics of first generation ethanol production need to be reformulated and adapted to describe the

kinetics of second generation ethanol fermentation

Productivities achieved: between 1 and 3 kg m-3

h−1

Considered acceptable for alcoholic fermentations in batch mode, showing the good fermentability

of hydrolysates even without detoxification

Multi-Purpose

Pilot Plant

CTC/UNICAMP

LOPCA

Coordinator

Maciel Filho


Improving 1st, 2nd Generation, Ethanol + Butanol

30% energy savings

20% improvement in

saccharification

Pilot Plant 4000 L fermentor

CTC/UNICAMPBioethanol +Biobutanol

4th TOP ETHANOL Award – Technological Innovation


FAPESP and Ethanol Combustion Engines

• PITE Poli, Usp – Mahle and Consortium of automakers

– Tribology challenges

• FAPESP - Peugeot, Citröen do Brasil Automóveis PCBA) Engineering Research Center

– 10 years

– R$ 16 million (50%-50%)

– Call for proposals to be announced soon

20120805 22FAPESP BIOEN

Combustion Engines

FAPESP BIOEN 2320120805

Steven Chu & Arun Majumdar, Nature 488, p. 294 (Aug. 2012)

Science, Articles, Opportunities

FAPESP BIOEN 2420120805

FAPESP: 97/12621-5

FAPESP: 00/10115-0

FAPESP: 00/03372-6

http://www.bv.fapesp.br/pt/bolsas/95810/analise-transicao-regimes-desgaste-moderado/

http://www.bv.fapesp.br/pt/projetos-regulares/4031/previsao-regimes-desgaste-abrasivo-meio/

http://www.bv.fapesp.br/pt/projetos-regulares/16318/projeto-manutencao-microdurometro-fischerscope-hv100/

Objectives

• Understand the state-of-the art in internalcombustion engines as relates to biofuels

• Identify some of the main research challenges thatFAPESP could/should consider for BIOEN

– Basic Science

– Applied Science and Engineering

20120805 25FAPESP BIOEN

FAPESP+Peugeot-Citroen: Advanced ResearchCenter for Biofuel Engines

• 10year contract

• Unicamp, USP, Mauá, ITA

• Researchers from universitiesand from company

– Vice-director is a Company scientist

• Other 4 ERCs:– Natura

– Glaxxo-Smith-Kline, GSK• Green Chemistry

• Target Discovery

– British Gas, BG


Nitrogen fertilization is now the culprit in the New Green Revolution

Green Revolution techniques heavily rely on chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, some of which must be

developed from fossil fuels, making agriculture increasingly reliant on petroleum products.

N2O = 0,0056x2 + 0,0207x + 0,78R² = 0,99

N2O = 0,0496x + 0,692R² = 0,62

0

1

2

3

4

0 5 10 15 20 25

N2O

Em

issi

on

, kg

N-N

2O/h

a

Sugarcane trash, t/ha

Trash+vin

Trash

N2O emission from N fertilizer in sugarcane is

within or below the IPPC default value

Addition of organic residues (vinasse) caused

increase N2O emission

Removing excess trash from the field (for

energy production) may avoid high N2O

emission


BIOEN: Ciência e Política Pública com impacto Internacional


http://bioenfapesp.org/scopebioenergy/index.php

SCOPE Rapid Assessment of Bioenergy in the world

• Energy Security,

• Food Security,

• Environmental Security, and

• Sustainable Development & Innovation

8/18/2015 29unesco-scope-20131129.pptx; © C.H. Brito Cruz e Fapesp

Another view of the same challenge: GSB working hypothesis

• Explore whether and how it is physically possible for bioenergy to sustainably meet a substantial fraction of future demand for energy services — e.g. 150 EJ annually corresponding to the 23 per cent of primary energy supply expected from biomass in the IEA Blue Map Scenario — while feeding humanity and meeting other needs from managed lands, preserving wildlife habitat and maintaining environmental quality.

– We intend to approach this unconstrained by current practices, since a

sustainable and secure future cannot be obtained by continuing the

practices that have led to the unsustainable and insecure present

(http://bioenfapesp.org/gsb/; Lynd. Aziz, Brito Cruz, Chimphango, Cortez, Faaij, Greene, Keller, Osseweijer, Richard,

Sheehan, Chugh, van der Wielen, Woods and van Zyl. 2011. “A global conversation about energy from biomass: The

continental conventions of the global sustainable bioenergy project”. Interface Focus 1:271-279.)

8/18/2015 30unesco-scope-20131129.pptx; © C.H. Brito Cruz e Fapesp

http://bioenfapesp.org/gsb/

GSBGlobal Sustainable Bioenergy

Global Sustainable Bioenergy (GSB) Project(http://bioenfapesp.org/gsb/)

Brazilian scholars studying abroad

Several day to several year duration

Scholar Exchange Program (accessed from GSB website)

International scholars studying in Brazil

Supported by the Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) BIOEN Program

31

GeospatialAnalysis Social Environmental IntegratedAnalyses&Scenarios

LivestockProduction

EnergyCrop

DatabaseDevelopment

Foodsecurity

SocialWelfare&EconomicDevelopment

SoilFertility

Water Climate Biodiversity MakingRoomforBiofuels

Multiplebenefits

Global

Local,“LACAf”*Countries

*LatinAmerica,Caribbean,andAfrica

FAPESP’S LATIN AMERICA AND AFRICA BIOENERGY RESEARCH PROJECT - LACAF

ISAF2013; FAPESP BIOEN 3220130325

Latin America, the Caribbean, and AfricaHow bioenergy could help development?

• An Assessment of Bioenergy Potential in Latin America, the Caribbean and Africa: the FAPESP LACAf program, in collaboration with the GSB Project

• LACAF/GSB FAPESP Project (Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa):1. Present Land Use and Food/Energy Challenges2. Sugarcane Potential, Land Use and Bioenergy Potential3. Possible Bioenergy Production Models for LAC and Africa 4. Potential for Sustainable Ethanol Production in Case

Study Countries (Phase 1): Colombia, Guatemala, South Africa And Mozambique

20130325 ISAF2013; FAPESP BIOEN 33

Sources: DFID (2007), Jumbe et al. (2009); allafrica.com/biofuel/2010

Sugarcane Ethanol in Africa

• South Africa:– Is the largest producer of sugarcane in the continent– The Industrial Development Corporation and the Central Energy Fund

announced plans to invest US$ 437 million in 5 biofuels projects– Ethanol Africa, South African commercial maize farmers, invested in 8

ethanol new plants. Has investments in Angola, Zambia, Tanzania and Mozambique to produce biofuels from corn and sugarcane

• Mozambique:– Is set to become one of a major biofuels producer in Africa – ProCana will process its cane in a Brazilian-built sugar-ethanol factory– Last year Central African Mining & Exploration has invested U$ 150 million in

a plant of ethanol, and Petromoc spends U$ 550 million to develop biofuels– The potential for sugarcane ethanol production is great, both for domestic

use or exports. It enjoys tax exemption to export to Europe

34

Sugarcane Ethanol in Latin America

• Colombia:– The world’s second-largest sugarcane ethanol producer– Governmental regulations established a mandatory blend (E10)– Current ethanol production covers 85% of the local needs – Colombia has a great potential for sugarcane ethanol production in the East

part of the country (expected lower yield than Cauca Valley)

• Guatemala:– Number one producer of sugarcane in Central America – In 2009, Guatemala produced 2.38 million tons of raw sugar, of which 1.3

million tons were exported– 5 out of the 14 sugar mills are also producing ethanol, whose production

reached 265 million liters in 2008– All of the ethanol is exported, mainly to Europe and the U.S. – The domestic market for biofuels consumption has not been developed yet

35

Sources: IICA (2009); USDA (2010)

USP-Unicamp-Unesp: doutorado conjunto em bioenergia


Universidades estaduais paulistas criam doutorado conjunto em bioenergia

Estimuladas pelo Programa BIOEN FAPESP e com apoio do Governo do Estado de São Paulo e da FAPESP, as três

maiores universidades de São Paulo lançaram um programa de doutorado em conjunto na área de bioenergia (energia

obtida por meio da biomassa, usando bagaço da cana-de-açúcar, por exemplo).

É a primeira vez que o Brasil tem um programa gerido por mais de uma instituição.

A iniciativa, de USP, Unicamp e Unesp, tem o objetivo de alavancar a pesquisa de alta tecnologia para produção de

biocombustíveis e melhorar a eficiência de motores, por exemplo.

Com a proposta de ser um curso internacional, o programa conta com professores da USP, da Universidade Estadual de

Campinas (Unicamp) e da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), além de especialistas estrangeiros. Terá boa parte de

suas aulas em inglês e usará um sistema de videoconferência para a integração de alunos e professores situados em

diferentes cidades.

“Os alunos farão pelo menos quatro meses de estágio no exterior, em universidade, empresa ou centro de pesquisa. E

queremos atrair não só estudantes do Brasil, mas também do exterior”, destacou Carlos Labate, coordenador do curso.

(com material da Folha de São Paulo e da Agência FAPESP)

USP-Unicamp-Unesp: doutorado conjunto em bioenergia


http://genfis40.esalq.usp.br/pg_bio/

Biofuels, according to the Nuffield Council on Bioethics

1) Biofuels development should not be at the expense of people‘s essential rights (including access to sufficient food and water, health rights, work rights and land entitlements).

2) Biofuels should be environmentally sustainable.3) Biofuels should contribute to a net reduction of total greenhouse gas

emissions and not exacerbate global climate change.4) Biofuels should develop in accordance with trade principles that are fair

and recognize the rights of people to just reward (including labour rights and intellectual property rights).

5) Costs and benefits of biofuels should be distributed in an equitable way.

6) If the first five Principles are respected and if biofuels can play a crucial role in mitigating dangerous climate change then, depending on additional key considerations, there is a duty to develop such biofuels.


Nuffield Council on Bioethics, “Biofuels: Ethical Issues” (http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/biofuels-0).

http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/biofuels-0

FAPESP’s BIOEN keywords


FAPESP’s BIOEN keywords


Documents

BIOEN FAPESP: the SP BIOEN Research Center and associated initiatives · BIOEN FAPESP: the SP BIOEN Research Center and associated initiatives Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz Science