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Is the ocean homogenous?
Tagging of Pacific predators (TOPP)
Yellow: females Red: males • Northern elephant
seal distribution:
– Pupping on beaches
– Foraging in open ocean
Biogeography
• Determined by:
– Ecology: food availability, temperature
– Evolutionary biology: historical range
Ocean zones (biomes)
Seasonal variability of ocean zones • Temperate region
– Wind important factor
Seasonal variability: coastal upwellings
• California Current system
Bailey et al. 2010
Blue whale tracks
Seasonal variability: coastal upwellings
• California Current system
Bailey et al. 2010 Block et al. 2011
Blue whale tracks
Seasonal variability: polar region
• Light important
– Productivity high in summer
• Seasonal presence common
Prey aggregation • Affected by oceanographic features: fronts,
eddies, ocean bottom
From Tynan et al. 1998
Blue whale catches
Krill concentration
Species distribution
• Cosmopolitan species
– E.g. Killer whales (Orcinus orca)
From Hoelzel 2002
Blue whale stocks
From McDonald et al. 2006
Species distribution
• Anti-tropical distribution
– E.g.: Long-finned plot whales (Globicephala melas)
From Hoelzel 2002
Anti-tropical distribution
From Hoelzel 2002
Species distribution • Pan-tropical species
– E.g. Spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris)
From Hoelzel 2002
Species distribution • Circumpolar species
– E.g. Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas)
From Hoelzel 2002
Species distribution • Endemic species
– E.g. River dolphins
From Hoelzel 2002
Migratory species
• Prey driven: Most rorquals
• Ice driven: polar species – e.g. beluga, narwhal, bowhead
Block et al. 2011
Month of year
Temperature-defined distribution
• E.g. Short and long-finned pilot whales
Source: Duke University, OBIS-SEAMAP
Gender-variable distribution
• E.g. Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus)
Source: whaletrackers.com
Coastal species • E.g. Porpoises
From Hoelzel 2002
Plate tectonics & early records
From Berta et al. 2006 1 – early cetaceans 2 – early sirenians
Evolutionary biogeography: cetaceans Geologic events | Marine mammal events | Location
From Berta et al. 2006
Tethys
Southern hemisphere
N Pac. Arctic N Atl.
Evolutionary biogeography: pinnipeds Geologic events | Marine mammal events | Location
From Berta et al. 2006
Walrus | Sea lion | Phocid
N Pac. equator S Pac.
N Pac. Pan. seaway N Atl.
Origins of anti-tropical distribution?
From Hoelzel 2002
Globicephala melas
