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1 Biological Control of Pests Pests are the important enemies of crops. They are responsible for great loss, generally 5-70% or even 100 crop losses. Farmers have to apply huge amount of pesticides to protect their crops from enemies. What are pests? Pest- An injurious, noxious or troublesome insects, mites, fungus, bacteria, virus, weeds, rodents, or other plants or animals. Pests are harmful for not only crop but also for humans and animals. The common domestic insect pests are- cockroaches, house fly, mosquito, rodents, silver fish ( common insects found in books), termites etc.

Biological Pest Control

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Biological Control of Pests

Pests are the important enemies of crops. They are responsible for great loss, generally 5-70% or even 100 crop losses. Farmers have to apply huge amount of pesticides to protect their crops from enemies.

What are pests?

Pest- An injurious, noxious or troublesome insects, mites, fungus, bacteria, virus, weeds, rodents, or other plants or animals. Pests are harmful for not only crop but also for humans and animals.

The common domestic insect pests are- cockroaches, house fly, mosquito, rodents, silver fish ( common insects found in books), termites etc.

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• Pesticides: substances ( chemical, biochemical / natural/organic or biological) intended to repel, kill or control any species designated a pest .

• Different types of pesticides: According to the name of target pest

Pest Pesticide Rodent Rodenticides Insect Insecticide Nematode Nematicide

Mite Miticides/Acaricide

Weed Herbicide

Fungi Fungicide

Bacteria Bactericide

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Glossary of Terms

• Biological Control, Dirty Dozens• Weed-• LD(Lethal Dose)50• Vector• Resistance• Susceptible • Pesticide residue• Parasite• Predator• Parasitoid• Pheromone• Active ingredients

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Classification of Pesticides according to Nature of Products

A. Chemical pesticide: Synthetically produced in the industry. It is highly concentrated and has specific chemical formula. Toxic to target pests, microbes, humans, animals, fishes and other living member of ecosystem. i.e. harmful for environment.

B. Biopesticides: are certain types of pesticide derived from such natural

materials as animals, plants, any pathogens of pests like bacteria, fungus, virus, and certain minerals.

Foe example, canola oil and baking soda have pesticidal applications and are considered biopesticide. There are approximately 195 registered biopesticide active ingredients and 780 products.

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TYPES OF BIOPESTICIDE

• 1. Microbial pesticides consists of microorganisms e.g. bacterium, fungus, virus, or protozoan) as the active ingredient. Specific active ingredient is used for controlling specific pest.

• Microbial pesticides suppress pests by:

• -producing toxins,

• -causing disease

• - preventing establishment of other microorganisms through competition

• or other modes of action

• 2. Plant Incorporated –Protectants (PIP): are pesticidal substances that plants produce from genetic material that ahs been added to the plant. For example ,scientists can take the gene for the Bt pesticide protein and introduce the gene in to the plants own genetic material. i.e. pest control by transgenic pants/GMO

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• 3. Biochemical pesticides: are naturally occurring substances that control pest by non-toxic mechanism. Such as insect sex hormones that interfere with the mating as well as various scented plant extracts that attack insect pests to trap.

• 4. Organic pesticides : are usually considered as those pesticides that come from natural sources. The natural sources are usually plants, as in the case with pyrithrum ( pyrithrins), rotenone or ryania ( botanical insecticides), or minerals such as boric acid , cryolin or diatomaceous earth. Organic pesticides are largely insecticides.

• -Organic pesticides have specific modes of action, just as do synthetic pesticides.

• The Plant as Biopesticide: Theoretically, any plant species not attacked by a specific pest could provide a biopesticide to control that pest on other crops.

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• Since this does not have to be a killing action, it could just as well be a repellent, antifeedant or growth regulatory action, we could

replace the term biopesticide with botanical pest control (BPC) agent. Why doesn’t the rice stem borer lay its egg in the cotton ball? And why does’nt the cotton bollworm lay its eggs in the papya fruit?

• The family Asteraceae has thus far, been found to contain the largest number of BPC species, with 261.

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PLANTS COMMONLY USED AS BIOPESTICIDES /BPC in THAILAND

• Plants Parts used Mode of action Target pestsAcorus calamus rhizome contact,repellent antsAllium sativum pulp fungicide Pseudoperospora

cubensisAlpinia galanga rhizome repellent, contact Dacus dorsalis

Nilaparvata lugens, Annona squamosa leaf, seed contact poison body louse

Phyllotrita sinuataAnnona muricata Leaf, seed do Phyllotrita sinuata

P. puntataAzadirachta indica leaf, seed anti-feedant, sucking insects,

growth regulator, butterflies, aphids ovicidal, repellant larvae

Curcuma domestica rhizome contact poison, red mite, thrips,repellent, antsfungicide Xanthononas citri

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LISTS OF BPC

• Plants Parts used Mode of action Target pests• Dioscorea hispida tuber Contact poison various insects• Euphorbia fringonawhole plant contact poison various insects• Nicotiana tabacum whole plant contact poison larvae, aphids• Tinospora crispa vine anti-feedant diamond-

backmoth • Toona tomentosa contact poison N. lugens,

growth regulator aphid sp. Butterflies

• Zingiber zerumbet rhizome contact poison aphids, larvaebutterflies

Cypopogon nardus leaf repellent Dacos dorsalis,

mosquito Source: Chejew et al. (1988)Biotechnology- Building on farmers knowledge•

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Which are the Ideal Agents of BPC?

• Plant species containing the BPC agents should ideally posses the following characteristics.

• 1) be easy to grow, requiring little space, labor, water and fertilizer

• 2) recover quickly each time the pest control material is harvested from it

• 3) be perennial, eliminating the need for periodic replanting

• 4) not become a weed or a host to plant pathogens or insects

• 5) possess complementary economic use

• 6) effectively control either a specific pest or a broad range of pests

• 7) pose no hazard to non-target organisms, wildlife, humans or environment

• 8) be easy to harvest, formulate and use with simple village level technology

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SOME PROMISING SPECIES OF BPC

• 1. The neem tree ( Azadirachta indica) appears to be the most promising species of all, as it possesses nearly all the characteristics of an ideal BPC mentioned above.

• - More than 15 complex chemicals ( triterpenoids) having repellent, antifeedant, insect growth regulatory and pesticidal extracts of its leaves, bark, stem, seed and other parts.

• - These have been found to control more than 250 species of insects, mites, and nematodes, as well as some fungal, bacterial and viral diseases

• They are safe and eco-friendly

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2. Lantana camara ( Common lantana): Family: Verbanaceae.

• - perennial, hairy, sometimes prickly, shrub growing to a height of over a meter.

• -It is used as an ornamental cover crop, for erosion control, and as a sand binder and windbreak.

• -It also has medicinal and feed value.• - It contains alkaloids such as lantanine , flavanoids, and

triterpenoids- which are the active ingredients.• -These are obtained by drying followed by acetone and

methanol extraction of stems, leaves and flowers.• -Several important pests can be controlled, including

aphids.

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3. Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium ( Pyrithrum)Family: Asteraceae

• -Hardy, perennial, aromatic, herbaceous plant found under diverse climatic conditions.

• -It has also ornamental value besides its pesticidal properties.

• -Its dried flowers are the primary source of insecticides-pyrethrum

• -The alkaloid “ stachydrine” the plants main active principle, is obtained by drying and powdering of flowers, followed by extraction with water, ether, alcohol, acetone or kerosene.

• -A wide array of insects, aphids, cockroaches, flies, grasshoppers, mosquitoes, thrips and wireworms , can be controlled in this way.

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4. Acorus calamus ( Sweet flag)Family: Araceae

• -Aromatic perennial herb found in a variety of tropical/sub-tropical , Mediterranean and temperate environments.

• -Acorus is both an ornamental plant and animal feed. Its rhizome is the

source of calamus, which has medicinal and other uses besides pest control. Extracts of Acorus are used to make perfume.

• Saponins and tannins are the plants main active principles which exhibit pesticidal, antifeedant, repellent and attractant actions on a variety of pests, antifertility action has also been reported on rodents.

• -Pest control formulations are obtained by drying and powdering the rhizome and making an aqueous extract, solvents such as petroleum ether, ethyl ether and kerosene are also used in this preparation.

• Acorus extracts are effective in controlling ants, cloths moth, fleas , flies, fowl lice, mites, mosquitoes, moths, rats and pest of stored grain.

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5. Annona reticulata ( Custard apple)Family: Annonaceae

• -Tropical and sub-tropical tree, grown primarily for its fruit for human consumption. and for its animal feed value.

• -Its seed contains compounds that are poisonous for humans.• -The plants active principles are alkaloids such as lincoline,

and annonine.• -Pest control formulations are prepared by drying, crushing

and powdering the seeds and making aquous and alcoholic extractions. T

• -These have been effective in controlling rice field insects and other pests.

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6. Allium cepa (Onion)Family: Amaryllidaceae

• It is cultivated for human consumption as spices

• -It has also some medicinal value.

• - Sulphur and tannin are its main active principles.

• -Aqueous extracts of the leaves and bulb have been found effective against fungal diseases, mites and ticks,

• Antifeedant and repellent actions against some insect pests have also been reported.

• -

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7. Allium sativum ( Garlic)

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8. Zingiber officinale ( Common Ginger)

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9. Piper nigrum ( Black pepper)Family: Piperaceae

• This is a perennial tropical woody climber widely cultivated in the

• Sri Lanka, India and Indonesia for its fruit, which is the source of the spice used for flavoring human foods worldwide.

• It has also the medicinal value.

• Its main active principles are alkaloids methylpyrroline, piperovatine, chavicine, piperidine and piperine.

• Pests controlled include fungi, insects (including mosquitoes), mites and nematodes.

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10. Ocimum sanctum (Holy basil)Family : Lamiaceae

• It is herbaceous tropical plant having fragrant foliage and sweet herb.

• It is used in in human food specially for flavouring .

• It also have medicinal value

• It is held sacred by some Hindus.

• Its active principles are alkaloids found in roots, leaves, stems, shoots and buds.

• These plant parts are dried and extracted with water, ethanol or acetone.

• A variety of fleas, flies, maggots, mosquitoes, and nematodes can be controlled.

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Difference between microbial pesticides and chemical pesticides

Criteria Chemical Microbial pesticide pesticide

Active ingredient Synthetic compound Living microbes Speed of action Usually rapid can be slowKilling efficacy often 100% usually 90-95%Spectrum of effect Generally broad Generally narrowResistance to target organism often developed Not yet seenToxicological testing lengthy & costly Low cost

Environmental Hazards Many well known Not yet shownexamples

Residues Interval to harvest Crop may be usually required harvested

immediately

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Characteristics & Advantages of Using Biopesticides

-Have a narrow target range and affect only on target pests

• - a very specific mode of action..

• -are slow acting & have relatively critical application times

• Suppress, rather than eliminate, a pest population

• Have limited field persistence and a short shelf life

• Are safer to humans and the environment than conventional synthetic/chemical pesticides.

• -Insects are expected not to develop resistance to biopesticides

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Requirements of a Microorganism to be a successful biological control agents (BCA)

1. It must have a substantial market size and consumer demand

2. It must be equal to or better than chemical pesticides in performance and persistence

3. The product must be safe, with low mammalian toxicity and little effect on non-target species.

4. It should remain stable on storage

5. Mass production by bioprocess technology should be cheap.

6. BCA’s should be applied using conventional technology without resource to major changes in current agricultural practices.

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Bio-control Agents (BCA) used in formulation of Biopesticides

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Some bioinsecticides

• Bacterial Pesticides:

• The most successful bio control agent is Bacillus thuriengiensis (Bt), used in microbial pesticide preparation. It is spore bacterium containing crystalline protein inclusions. The proteins are highly toxic to insect pests but specific in their activity. They have been widely used for over 35 years against Lepidopteran pests.

• -It can be isolated from soils, litters and dead insects. It is a spore forming insects and produces several toxins e.g. α , β and δ –exotoxins and δ –endotoxins which can be obtained in crystalline forms.

• -After ingestion of spores, larvae are damaged.

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Viral Pesticides

• Viral pesticides: A number of viruses has been discovered which belong to groups Baculoviruses and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses ( CPV) . Preparation of viruses or their products have been developed as effective biopesticide and being successfully used for the control of insect pests in agriculture, horticulture and forestry.

• -This method of pest control is free from pollution, toxicity or any hazards related to plant or animal health. However, these viruses are specific and have no harmful effects on beneficial insect pollinators, insect yielding useful products, warm blooded animals and even humans. After application, viruses get entered into the mouth and digestive tract of insect pest and kill them.

• Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses ( NVPs) is a subgroup of Baculoviruses have been used for the preparation of potential pesticides.

• - Heliothis sp. t is a cosmopolitan insect pest attacking at least 30 food and fiber yielding crops. They have been controlled by application of NVPs of Baculaviuus heliothis. successfully

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Mycopesticides

• Entomopathogenic fungi are used to prepare mycopesticides. Mode of action of these fungi are different from viruses and bacteria. The infective propagules e.g. conidia, spores etc. of the antigonistic fungi reach the haemocoel of insect either through integument or mouth. They get attached to epicuticle, germinate and penetrate the cuticleeither by germ tubes or infection peg. They multiply in haemocoel followed by secretion of mycotoxins which results in death of insects.

• In England, Verticillium lecanii has shown a potential antagonist against aphid pests, for example Macrosiphonrella sanbornii, Branchycaudus helichrysi and Myzus persicae.

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BIOCONTROL AGENTS OF INSECTS, PATHOGENS AND WEEDS

Microorganisms (for insect control)

Target organism Production

process

Remarks

Virus

NVP, Granulosis viruses (GV)

Asiatic rice borer,

Bollworm, cotton leafworm, cabbage looper etc.

In Heliothis larvae

Commercially used in USA

Bacteria

Bacillus thuringiensis

Lepidopteran and Dipteran larvae, cockroaches, mosquitoes

Fermentation Commercially

Used in many countries

Fungi

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FungiBeauveria spp

Hirsutella thompsonii

Verticillium lecanii

Many insects, beetle, caterpillars

Citrus mites

Aphids, white flies

Fermentation

Fermentation

Fermentation

Used in USSR

Commercially used

Commonly used in Europe

Protozoa

Malameba locustae

Mattesia spp.

Grasshoppers,

Lepidoptera, Coleoptera

-

-

-

Promising

promising

Mites

Hypoaspis miles Sciarid larval and other invertibrates

- Developmental stage

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DISEASE CONTROL(Biofungicides)

Trade name Active ingredients Formulation Target pathogens/effects

Supresivit Trichoderma

harzianum PV5736-89

WP Damping off of ornamentals, fungal disease of peas

Greenall-T Trichoderma

harzianum GBF-0208

WP Defend against root rotting fungi e.g. Rhizoctonia, Pythium & Fusarium & can be used on various vegetables, ornamentals.

TRI 002 T. harzianum

KRL AG-2

G Plant growth stimulation, strengthening of plants against pathogens

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DISEASE CONTROL(Biofungicides

Trade name

Active ingredients Formulation Target pathogens/effects

ECOFIT T. Viride WP Species of Fusarium,

Pythium & Rhizoctonia

Greenall-G Bacillus subtilis GB-0365

WP Protects against diseases caused by Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium spp. Phytophthora spp.

Greenall-Q Ampelomyces quisqualis

WP Control powdery mildew of green house crops like cucurbits, tomatoes, grapes, ornamentals

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Trade name Active ingredients Formulation Target pathogens/effects

SOILGARD 12G Gliocladium virens G Damping off and root rot pathogens

PROTUS Talaromyces flavous G Stimulates plant growth, strengthens plants against the pathogens

Greenall-S Bacillus subtilis GB-0365 + beneficia actinomycetes Streptomyces kasugaensis

WP Protect against Fusarium crop oxusporum, Cladosporium

cucumerinum, Rhizoctonia solani, Piricularia oryzae, Phytophthora spp. of vegetables and ornamentals.