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Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

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Page 1: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues

Supplement 1

By John McGill

Material contributed by

Beth Wyatt &

Jack Bagwell

Page 2: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

AXIAL SKELETON (80 BONES) Bones of the Head, Neck,

and Torso APPENDICULAR

SKELETON (126 BONES) Bones of the Upper and

Lower Extremeties• * Total Number of Major Bones

in the Body = 206

Page 3: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON

SKULL

28 Bones

Page 4: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

CRANIAL BONES

• 8 • Form the

Cranium• Surrounds the

Brain

Page 5: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

FRONTAL-1

Anterior Forms Anterior Portion of Cranium (Forehead) & Anterior Cranial Floor & Forms Roofs of Orbits (Eye Sockets)

Page 6: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

PARIETAL ‑ 2

Superior Forms Superior Portion of Cranium

Page 7: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

TEMPORAL ‑ 2

Lateral Forms Lateral Portion of Cranium & Cranial Floor

Page 8: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

OCCIPITAL ‑ 1

Posterior Forms Posterior Portion of Cranium & Cranial Floor

Page 9: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

SPHENOID ‑ 1 Central

Forms Central Portion of Cranial Floor

Shape Resembles Bat Known as the “Keystone of the

Cranium” B/C the Sphenoid Bone Anchors All the Other Cranial Bones

Lateral Forms Lateral Walls of

Cranium Lies in Front of Temporal Bone & Lateral Walls of Orbits

Page 10: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

ETHMOID ‑ 1

Complex, Irregularly Shaped Bone General Location: Between Nasal and

Sphenoid Bones

Page 11: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

ETHMOID ‑ continued

Page 12: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

ETHMOID ‑ continued

Where the Ethmoid Bone Can Be Seen in an Articulated Skull: Medial Walls of Orbits Upper Portion of Nasal

Septum Upper "Ledges" Projecting into the Nasal Cavities Anterior Cranial Floor

Page 13: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

ETHMOID ‑ continued

Ethmoid sinuses associated with

ethmoid bone hollow spaces inside

ethmoid bone

Page 14: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON

SKULL FACIAL BONES

• Primarily Form the Face

Page 15: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

NASAL ‑ 2 Form Bridge of Nose

Page 16: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

MAXILLARY (MAXILLA) ‑ 2 Upper Jawbones Form the central portion

of the face "Keystone of the Face“

Anchors All Other Facial Bones Except Mandible

Also Forms: Floor of Orbits & Anterior Portion (Most) of Hard Palate

Page 17: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON

SKULL FACIAL BONES

Page 18: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

ZYGOMATIC ‑ 2

Cheekbones Also Form

Lateral Walls of Orbits

Page 19: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

MANDIBLE ‑ 1

Lower Jawbone Largest, Strongest

Bone of the Face

Page 20: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

LACRIMAL ‑ 2

Forms Medial Walls of Orbits B/T the Maxillary and

Ethmoid Bones

Paper Thin Bones Usually Broken in

Real Bone Skulls

Page 21: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

PALATINE ‑ 2

Shaped like 2 L's facing one another Horizontal Portion

of L's Forms Posterior Portion of Hard Palate

Vertical Portion of L's Forms Lateral, Posterior Walls of Nasal Cavities

Page 22: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

Palatine Bones

Page 23: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

Turbinates

INFERIOR TURBINATES (CONCHAE) ‑ 2 Form Lower "Ledges"

That Project into Nasal Cavities

Scroll‑Shaped

Inferior turbinate (IT) Middle turbinate (MT)

Increase the surface area of the lining of the nose

Warms, humidifies, & cleans air

• U=uvula• T=anterior tongue• BoT=base of tongue• See next slide too

Page 24: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

Tu

rbin

ates

Page 25: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

VOMER ‑ 1

Forms Lower Portion of Nasal Septum

Page 26: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

VOMER ‑ 1

Page 27: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONES OF THE EAR (6) Tiny Bones Located

Within Temporal Bones In Middle Ear 3/Ear

MALLEUS (2) INCUS (2) STAPES (2)

Page 28: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

HYOID BONE (1)

U Shaped Bone That Lies in the Neck B/T Mandible and Larynx

The Only Bone in the Body That Doesn’t Form a Joint With Another Bone

Held in Place By Ligaments and Muscles

Supports and Provides Muscle Attachment For Muscles That Form Floor of Mouth and Tongue

Page 29: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

HYOID BONE (1)

Page 30: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON

SPINAL (VERTEBRAL) COLUMN (26)

Page 31: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE – 7

Page 32: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

ATLAS 1st Cervical Vertebra Named For Atlas in

Greek Mythology

Page 33: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

AXIS 2nd Cervical

Vertebra Named B/C Atlas

Pivots Around Axis

Page 34: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

THORACIC VERTEBRAE – 12

Page 35: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

LUMBAR VERTEBRAE – 5

Page 36: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

SACRUM – 5 FUSED INTO 1

Wedge-Shaped Bone Consists of 5

Separate Vertebrae (Childhood)

That Fuse Into 1 After Bones Mature

Page 37: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

COCCYX – 4 OR 5 FUSED INTO 1

Tailbone Consists of Separate

Vetebrae That Fuse (Like

Sacrum)

Page 38: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON

STERNUM AND RIBS (25)

Page 39: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

STERNUM – 1 Breastbone Dagger-Shaped Flat Bone

Page 40: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

RIBS – 12 PAIR TRUE RIBS – 7 PAIR

Called True Ribs B/C They Attach Directly to the Sternum By Costal Cartilage

FALSE RIBS – 5 PAIR Called False Ribs B/C:

• 3 PAIR• Attach Indirectly to the

Sternum By the Costal Cartilage of Rib 7 (1st 3 Pair of False Ribs

• #’s 8,9,10 Counting From the 1st True Rib)

• 2 PAIR • Don’t Attach to the Sternum

At All (Last 2 Pair Of False Ribs, #’s 11,12 Counting From the 1st True Rib)

• These Are Also Known as Floating Ribs

Page 41: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

STERNUM AND RIBS (25) continued…

Note: Posteriorly, ALL Ribs Are Attached to the Thoracic Vertebrae

Note: Thorax (Thoracic Cage) = Sternum + Ribs + Vertebral Column, (Creates a Complete Boney Cage)

Page 42: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

UPPER EXTREMITIES (64)

Page 43: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

CLAVICLE – 2

Collarbone

Page 44: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

SCAPULA – 2 Shoulder Blade

Page 45: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

Shoulder Girdle Shoulder Girdle =

Clavicle + Scapula

Page 46: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

HUMERUS – 2 Long Bone of the

Upper Arm

Page 47: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

RADIUS – 2 Radius and Ulna Are

Bones of the Forearm Radius: Thumb Side,

Ulna: Little Finger Side

Page 48: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

ULNA – 2 Radius and Ulna Are

Bones of the Forearm Radius: Thumb Side,

Ulna: Little Finger Side

Page 49: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

CARPALS – 16

Bones of the Anatomical Wrist Proximal End of Hand

Page 50: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

METACARPALS – 10

Bones That Form the Palm of the Hand Knuckles = Heads of Metacarpals

Page 51: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

PHALANGES – 28

Bones of the Fingers 3 in Each Finger, 2 in Each Thumb

Page 52: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

LOWER EXTREMITIES (62)

Page 53: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

OS COXAE (COXAL/INNOMINATE) – 2 (PELVIC GIRDLE)

Pelvic/Hip Bones Broadest Bone in

the Body Os Coxae (2) +

Sacrum + Coccyx, Forms Complete Boney Ring

Page 54: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

FEMUR – 2

Thigh Bone Longest, Largest,

Strongest Bone

Page 55: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

PATELLA – 2 Kneecap

Page 56: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

TIBIA – 2 Tibia and Fibula Are

Bones of the Lower Leg

Tibia: Shin Bone Larger, More Medial

and More Superficial Compared to Fibula

Page 57: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

FIBULA – 2

Page 58: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

TARSALS – 14

Bones That Form the Heel and the Posterior Portion of the Foot

Page 59: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

METATARSALS – 10

Bones That Form the Long Portion of the Foot

Page 60: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

PHALANGES – 28

Bones of the Toes; 3 in Each Toe Except Big Toes, 2 in Each Big Toe

Page 61: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BIO 210 Chapter 8Supplements 2 & 3

TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE BONE MARKINGS

Developed by:Mr. McGillMrs. Wyatt

Page 62: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

Define Bone Markings Identifying Features

on Bones “Marks” Each Bone as

Unique

Page 63: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS

Page 64: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

FORAMEN

Round Hole in Bone for Blood Vessels and Nerves

Example: Supraorbital Foramen

Page 65: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

FOSSA Depression in Bone into Which Another Bone Fits (Forms Joint)

Example: Mandibular Fossa

Which #? 10

Page 66: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

MEATUS Tubelike Canal in

Bone Example: External

Auditory Meatus Which #? 11

11

Page 67: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

NOTCH

V-like Depression in Bone

Example: Supraorbital Notch

Allows passage of supraorbital vessels & nerves.

Page 68: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

PROCESSES Extensions of Bone 2 Groups: THOSE THAT

FIT INTO JOINTS & THOSE TO WHICH MUSCLES ATTACH. THOSE THAT FIT INTO

JOINTS-2 TYPES• HEAD &• CONDYLE

• Rounded Bump That Usually Fits into a Fossa on Another Bone Forming a Joint

• Example: Mandibular Condyle

• C or E• C, what is E?

Page 69: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

HEAD

Large, Rounded Distinct End of a Long Bone

Fits into a Depression on Another Bone Forming A Joint

Example: Head of Femur Fits into acetabulum of

os coxae (pelvis)

Page 70: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

THOSE TO WHICH MUSCLES ATTACH

EPICONDYLE SPINE (SPINOUS PROCESS) TROCHANTER TUBEROSITY

Page 71: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

EPICONDYLE Bump Above a

Condyle for Muscle Attachment CONDYLE-Rounded

Bump That Usually Fits into a Fossa on Another Bone Forming a Joint (Example: Mandibular Condyle)

Example: Epicondyles of Femur

Page 72: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

SPINE (SPINOUS PROCESS)

Sharp, Pointed Process for Muscle Attachment Example: Spine of Vertebra

Page 73: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

TROCHANTER

Large Bump for Muscle Attachment

Example: Trochanters

of Femur

Page 74: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

TUBEROSITY

Small Bump for Muscle Attachment

Example: Tibial Tuberosity

Page 75: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

Processes-OTHERS

BODY Main Portion of a

Bone Example:

• Body of Vertebra

Page 76: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

Processes-OTHERS

SINUS Cavity Within Bone Example:

• Frontal Sinuses

Page 77: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: THE SKULL

Page 78: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

FRONTAL BONE

SUPRAORBITAL FORAMEN "Hole/Notch Above Orbit“ 2 May Be a Foramen/May Be a Notch (Varies)

Page 79: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

FRONTAL BONE FRONTAL SINUSES

Cavities Within Frontal Bone (Above Orbits)

Usually 2 (One Above Each Orbit) But Varies

Page 80: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

TEMPORAL BONE

Note: 2 Temporal Bones Means 2 Each of These Bone Markings

Page 81: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

TEMPORAL BONE

MASTOID PROCESS Projection of Bone Just

Behind Ear Contains Mastoid Air

Cells (Small Sinuses That Communicate With Middle Ear Rather Than Nose)

Page 82: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

TEMPORAL BONE

EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS "External Ear

Canal“ Tube That Extends

into the Temporal Bone From the External to Middle Ear

Page 83: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

TEMPORAL BONE STYLOID PROCESS

Slender Spike of Bone That Extends Downward From the Temporal Bone

Page 84: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

TEMPORAL BONE

MANDIBULAR FOSSA Depressed Area in

the Temporal Bone into Which the Mandible Fits

Page 85: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

TEMPORAL BONE ZYGOMATIC

PROCESS The Portion of the

Temporal Bone That Joins the Zygomatic Bone

Zygomatic Arch = Zygomatic Process (Temporal Bone) + Zygomatic Bone

1. Frontal bone 2. Parietal bone 3. Temporal bone 4. Greater wing of sphenoid

Page 86: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

OCCIPITAL BONE

FORAMEN MAGNUM "Large Hole“ The Hole Through Which the Spinal Cord Enters the

Cranial Cavity OCCIPITAL CONDYLES

2 Oval Shaped Bumps on Either Side of the Foramen Magnum (Where Skull Joins Vertebral Column)

Page 87: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

SPHENOID BONE

OPTIC FORAMEN "Hole in Eye" 2 Transmits the Optic Nerve (Vision) From Eye to Brain

Page 88: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

SPHENOID

SPHENOID BONE

Page 89: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

SPHENOID BONE

SELLA TURCICA Depression in the Center of the Sphenoid

Bone (Houses the Pituitary Gland)

Page 90: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

SPHENOID BONE

SPHENOID SINUSES Cavities Within the Sphenoid Bone Number Varies

Page 91: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

ETHMOID BONE

CRISTA GALLI Upward Projection of Ethmoid Bone Lies in Anterior Cranial Floor Point of Attachment for the Meninges

• Protective Coverings for Brain and Spinal Cord

Page 92: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

ETHMOID BONE CRIBIFORM PLATE

Thin Plate (Anterior Cranial Floor) That Crista Galli Sets On

Separates the Cranial and Nasal Cavities

Contains Numerous Holes for Branches of the Olfactory Nerve (Smell) (Branches of This Nerve Pass From Nose to Brain Through These Holes)

Page 93: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

ETHMOID BONE

PERPENDICULAR PLATE Upper Portion of Nasal Septum (Nasal Septum

is the Midline Wall in Internal Nose)

Page 94: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

PERPENDICULAR PLATE

Page 95: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

ETHMOID BONE

SUPERIOR AND MIDDLE CHONCHAE (TURBINATES) Upper and Middle

"Ledges" in Nasal Cavities

Superior and 2 Middle Conchae

Page 96: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

ETHMOID BONE

ETHMOID SINUSES Small, Spongy

Cavities That Lie Within the Lateral Portions of the Ethmoid Bone

Page 97: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

MAXILLARY BONE

ALVEOLAR PROCESS Arch That

Contains the Teeth

INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN "Hole Below

Orbit“ 2

Alveolar Process

Infraorbital Foramen

Page 98: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

MAXILLARY BONE PALATINE

PROCESS The Portion of the

Maxillary Bones That Forms the Anterior

and Most of Hard Palate• Hard Palate is the

Hard Portion of the Roof of the Mouth

Page 99: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

MAXILLARY BONE

MAXILLARY SINUSES Cavities Within the Maxillary Bones Below Orbits Usually 2

• One Below Each Orbit• Varies

The Largest of the Sinuses

Page 100: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

MANDIBLE BONE

MANDIBULAR CONDYLE (c) Rounded Portion

of Mandible That Fits Into Mandibular Fossa of Temporal Bone to Form the Jaw Joint (2)

Page 101: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

MANDIBLE BONE

ALVEOLAR PROCESS Arch That Contains the Teeth

Page 102: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

MANDIBLE BONE

MENTAL FORAMEN "Hole in Chin" (Outer Surface of Mandible) 2

Page 103: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

MANDIBLE BONE

MENTAL FORAMEN

Page 104: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

MANDIBLE BONE MANDIBULAR

FORAMEN "Hole in Mandible"

(Inner Surface of Mandible)

2 PALATINE BONE

(HORIZONTAL PLATE) Posterior portion

of the hard palate

Mandibular foramen

PalatineBone

Page 105: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

SUTURES Immovable Joints Between Skull Bones

SQUAMOUS Lies Along the

Top Curved Edge of the Temporal Bone

• Joint Between Temporal, Parietal, and Part of the Sphenoid Bones

Page 106: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

SUTURES

CORONAL (FRONTAL)(1) The Joint Between

Parietal and Frontal Bones

LAMBDOIDAL (8) The Joint Between

Parietal and Occipital Bones

SAGITTAL The Joint Between

the 2 Parietal Bones

Page 107: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

FONTANELS

DEFINITION "Soft Spots" in an

Infant's Skull• Areas Where

Ossification is Incomplete at Birth

PURPOSE • Allows

Compression of the Skull During Childbirth

Page 108: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

PARANASAL SINUSES (PREVIOUSLY LISTED WITH SKULL BONES) "Sinuses Around Nose"

(Communicate Directly (Open Into) Internal Nose)

• FRONTAL• SPHENOID• ETHMOID• MAXILLARY

SINUSES

Page 109: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

MASTOID SINUSES (AIR CELLS) Located in the Mastoid

Processes of the Temporal Bones

Small Sinuses That Communicate With the Middle Ear Rather Than the Nose

1 Mastoid sinuses2 Mastoid process

SINUSES

Page 110: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

ORBITS & NASAL SEPTUM ORBITS

Eye Sockets Formed By Many Cranial and

Facial Bones: Frontal, Sphenoid, Zygomatic, Ethmoid, Lacrimal, Maxillary (See Previous Info)

NASAL SEPTUM Midline Wall in the Internal Nose

(Divides the Internal Nose Into 2 Cavities)

Formed By: • Bone:

• Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid Bone: Forms Upper Portion

• Vomer: Forms Lower Portion

• Cartilage (Hyaline): Forms Anterior Portion

Page 111: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: THE SKULL

WORMIAN BONES Small Islands of Bone Located Within Sutures Highly Individual So the Number Varies

Page 112: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

VERTEBRAE BODY

Flat, rounded portion Anterior and medial

SPINOUS PROCESS Sharp, pointed, posterior,

and medial projection Can be felt through the skin

of the back TRANSVERSE PROCESSES

Sharp, pointed, and lateral projections

2 (left and right)• Note: These are markings

that are common to most vertebrae

Page 113: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

VERTEBRAE SUPERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESSES INFERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESSES

"Joining Processes"; One Way That the Vertebrae Join Together (They Also Join By Their Bodies)

Superior Articular (Articulating) Processes: 2; Uppermost (Project Up)

Inferior Articular (Articulating) Processes: 2; Lowermost (Project Down)

The Superior Articular Processes of One Vertebra Join to the Inferior Articular Processes of the Above Vertebra

SPINAL (VERTEBRAL) FORAMEN Hole in the Center of Each Vertebra When All the Vertebrae are Joined,

These Holes Create the Spinal Cavity (Houses the Spinal Cord)

Page 114: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

STERNUM

MANUBRIUM Upper Portion of the Sternum

BODY Middle (Main) Portion of the

Sternum XIPHOID PROCESS:

Blunt, Lower Tip of Sternum Composed of Cartilage That

Ossifies As One Ages RIBS: COSTAL CARTILAGES

Cartilage (Hyaline) That Joins Ribs to Sternum

Page 115: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: SCAPULA

Spine

SPINE Sharp Ridge on

the Posterior Surface of the Scapula

GLENOID CAVITY Arm Socket: A

Shallow Depression That Holds the Head of the Humerus to Form the Shoulder Joint

Page 116: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: HUMERUS

HEAD Large, Rounded, Proximal

Epiphysis Medial (Fits Into Glenoid

Cavity) The following are distal:

MEDIAL EPICONDYLE LATERAL EPICONDYLE CAPITULUM-Rounded, Lateral Knob TROCHLEA

• Rounded, Medial Knob That Contains a Depression in the Center

Page 117: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: RADIUS

HEAD: Proximal; Disk‑Shaped STYLOID PROCESS: Distal, Pointed

Projection (Lateral in Anatomical Position)

ULNA OLECRANON PROCESS: Proximal,

Upward Projection of the Ulna (Elbow)

SEMILUNAR NOTCH• Curved Depression• Proximal

STYLOID PROCESS• Distal, Pointed Projection

(Medial in Anatomical Position)• Can Be Felt Through the Skin in

the Wrist Area

Page 118: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES:OS COXAE (COXAL/INNOMINATE)

ILIUM: Uppermost, Flaring Portion (Largest)

ISCHIUM: Lowermost Portion (Strongest)

PUBIS: Anterior, Medial Portion Markings:

ACETABULUM• Hip Socket: A Deep

Depression that Holds the Head of the Femur to Form the Hip Joint

SYMPHYSIS PUBIS• Joint Between the Pelvic

Bones (Pubis Portion)• Anterior and Medial• Composed of Cartilage

(Fibrocartilage)

Each Os Coxa Bone is Composed of 3 Separate Bones That Fuse

Page 119: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES:OS COXAE (COXAL/INNOMINATE)

TRUE PELVIS Space Between Pelvic Inlet

and Pelvic Outlet "Basin" Portion of Pelvis

(Houses Pelvic Organs) PELVIC INLET

Boundary That Leads Into True Pelvis

PELVIC OUTLET Boundary That Leads Out

of True Pelvis FALSE PELVIS

Broad, Shallow Space Above Pelvic Inlet

Called False Pelvis Because It's Actually Located in the Abdominal Cavity Rather Than the Pelvic Cavity

False Pelvis

True Pelvis

Page 120: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: FEMUR

Proximal HEAD

• Large, Rounded, Proximal Epiphysis

• Medial (Fits Into Acetabulum)

NECK: Narrow Portion Just Below the Head

GREATER TROCHANTER: Lateral

LESSER TROCHANTER: Medial Distal

MEDIAL EPICONDYLE LATERAL EPICONDYLE MEDIAL CONDYLE LATERAL CONDYLE

Page 121: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: TIBIA

Proximal• MEDIAL CONDYLE• LATERAL CONDYLE• TIBIAL TUBEROSITY:

Anterior, Medial, Rounded Bump

Distal• MEDIAL MALLEOLUS

• Distal, Medial Process• Can be Felt on the Inner

Surface of the Ankle

Page 122: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: FIBULA

HEAD: Proximal and Rounded

LATERAL MALLEOLUS Distal, Lateral

Process Can be Felt on

the Outer Surface of the Ankle

Page 123: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: TARSALS

CALCANEUS: Heel Bone Which # 1

TALUS: Uppermost Tarsal

Page 124: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

CURVES OF THE SPINAL COLUMN The Spinal Column is Curved (Not Straight) Importance:

Strength Balance Protection from Fracture

PRIMARY CURVES: Present from Birth, Convex THORACIC SACRAL (PELVIC)

SECONDARY CURVES: Develop after Birth, Concave CERVICAL: Develops As Infant Learns to

Hold Head Erect LUMBAR: Develops As Child Learns to Walk

Page 125: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

COMPARISON OF THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HANDS AND FEET

STRUCTURE OF THE HANDS/FEET Similar Hands: Carpals, Metacarpals,

Phalanges Feet: Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges

FUNCTION OF THE HANDS/FEET Different! Hands: Major Function ‑ Manipulation of

Objects (Grasping and Holding); Due to Opposing Thumb

Feet: Major Function ‑ Strong Support for Body's Weight; Due to Big Toe and Arches

Page 126: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

ARCHES OF THE FOOT

Strong Tendons and Ligaments Hold Bones of the Foot in an Arched Position

Arches Provide Support LONGITUDINAL:

Lengthwise Arches • MEDIAL• LATERAL

TRANSVERSE: Crosswise Arch

Page 127: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

SKELETAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN

GENERAL DIFFERENCES: Male Skeleton Larger and Heavier

SPECIFIC (PELVIC) DIFFERENCES SHAPE OF PELVIS

• Male Pelvis: Narrow and Deep (Funnel‑Shaped)

SIZE OF PUBIC ARCH• Angle Between Pelvic

Bones (Anterior and Medial)

• Male Pelvis: Pubic Arch < 90 Degrees

All Pelvic Differences Relate to Childbearing

Page 128: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

SKELETAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN

GENERAL DIFFERENCES: Male Skeleton Larger and Heavier

SPECIFIC (PELVIC) DIFFERENCES SHAPE OF PELVIS

• Female Pelvis: Broad and Shallow (Basin‑Shaped)

SIZE OF PUBIC ARCH• Angle Between Pelvic Bones

(Anterior and Medial)• Female Pelvis: Pubic Arch >

90 Degrees All Pelvic Differences Relate to

Childbearing

Page 129: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

SKELETAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMENhttp://medlib.med.utah.edu/kw/osteo/forensics/sex/bonepelvsex.html

Male Female

Page 130: Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues Supplement 1 By John McGill Material contributed by Beth Wyatt & Jack Bagwell

Male

Male

Female

Female