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Biology 3A Professor Garrison

STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAM I (REVISED…AGAIN)

Be able to explain the key concepts at the end of the chapters, as well as answer the test our

knowledge questions. Know the information described below, and the terminology associated with each of these learning objectives.

Use of the term “understand” means to understand and be able to explain the structure, process,

etc.

1. Know and understand the 5 criteria given in lecture that are necessary for something to be considered alive.

2. Know and understand the various levels of organization of the hierarchy of life found in living systems as given in Ch. 1.

3. Understand the significance of DNA for living organisms. 4. Understand the concept of natural selection. 5. Understand deductive and inductive reasoning, how they differ and how they are used in

the scientific method. 6. Understand and be able to describe the steps of the scientific method. Be able to apply to

scientific method to a situation. 7. Be able to define and understand the differences between hypothesis, prediction and

theory. Know and understand the 5 criteria necessary for a hypothesis to be considered valid. Understand the conditions under which a hypothesis should or should not be accepted. Understand the significance of provisional acceptance of a hypothesis.

8. Understand the significance of a control, and how to use it. Understand what an experimental variable is. Understand why replicates are necessary.

9. Understand when a statement or topic is scientific and when it is not scientific. 10. Understand the difference between vitalism and mechanism. 11. Understand and be able to explain the cell theory. 12. Know, be able to explain, compare and contrast the following terms: prokaryotes,

eukaryotes; autotrophs; heterotrophs. 13. Understand and be able to explain both uniformitarianism and catastrophism. 14. Understand and be able to explain the historical development and the principles of

natural selection (=microevolution). Understand Lamark’s inheritance of acquired characteristics and why it is incorrect. Know that Charles Darwin is generally credited with the development of this theory, and that Alfred Wallace almost scooped his ideas. Know the significance of the voyage of the HMS Beagle. Understand and be able to explain how the things Darwin observed on his voyage convinced him of the change in species over time (descent with modification). Know why the concept of an old earth is important to Darwin’s ideas, and understand the role Thomas Malthus’ ideas played in the development of Darwin’s ideas. Understand the significance of the Galapagos Islands and know what adaptive radiation is.

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15. Understand and be able to explain how natural selection affects individuals within a species population and species within a community. Understand the role of natural selection in species changes, and the causes of those changes in the gene pool. Understand and be able to explain the role of natural selection in antibiotic resistance among bacteria and pesticide resistance among crop pests. Be sure you know what an adaptive trait is and how new adaptive traits come into existence.

16. Know the different types of microscopes (light, scanning EM and Transmission EM) and be able to recognize the type of microscope used from a picture of the image seen under the microscope.

17. Understand how to use a light microscope. Be able to explain the following: ocular; objective; stage; iris diaphragm; coarse adjustment knob; fine adjustment knob; field of view; depth of field; scanning; low power; high power. Understand how looking through the microscope affects the orientation of a specimen. Know how to properly focus a specimen under the microscope and know how to use the fine adjustment knob to determine the position (top, middle, bottom) of objects on a slide.

18. Know the meaning of the terms systematics, classification and taxonomy. Understand the advantages classification provides to biologists. Know, in order, the levels of the traditional classification system.

19. Understand the significance of scientific names, and know how to write them. 20. Know the traditional definition of a species. 21. Know the characteristics of the three domains of living organisms, as well as the four

kingdoms of Eukarya. Know how these groups are similar and how they are different. 22. Know what phylogeny is, and understand the structure and use of phylogenetic trees.

Understand and be able to use the following terms: roots, common ancestors, nodes, taxon, clades. Understand the relationships between each of these. Understand what sister taxa or clades are.

23. Know what anagenesis and cladagensis are and how they affect biodiversity. 24. Understand what the terms monophyletic, polyphletic and paraphyletic mean, and be able

to sue these terms. 25. Understand the types of traits used for phylogenetic analysis, and how they are significant.

What advantage do molecular traits provide over morphological traits in phylogenetic analyses? Understand what homologous traits and analogous traits are, and how they differ. Which of these indicate an phylogenetic relationship?

26. Understand the terminology associated with cladistic analysis. Understand that the goal of cladistic analysis is to have truly monophyletic groups in the phylogenetic tree.

27. Understand what ancestral and derived characters are in cladistic analysis. Know how each type of character is determined and why they are significant.

28. Know what viruses are and why they are not alive. 29. Know the role bacteria play in the environment, and the commercial importance of bacteria.

Know the habitats in which prokaryotes are found. 30. Know the cell structures which are present in prokaryotes and also those that are not

present. Know the functions of these cell structures. 31. Understand why bacteria are so diverse, the role of natural selection and mutation in

producing this diversity. Understand why mutations happen so often in prokaryotes. Understand the role this plays in antibiotic resistance.

32. Understand horizontal gene transfer in bacteria: conjugation, transformation, transduction.

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33. Know what the prokaryotic chromosome is, as well as plasmids. Understand the significance of plasmids in horizontal gene transfer. Know what pili are and their functions, including sex pili.

34. Know the importance of cell walls in prokaryotes. Understand what Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria are, which are pathogenic, and which are more susceptible to antibiotics.

35. Know that capsulated bacteria are more likely to be virulent (and know what virulent means).

36. Know the types of environments that Archaea live in. 37. Know what prokaryotes use their flagellum for (don’t worry about knowing how/why the

structure rotates). 38. Understand the diversity of metabolic mechanisms found in prokaryotes. Be able to name

and describe the various mechanisms. 39. Know what aerobic and anaerobic means. Know what obligate aerobes, obligate

anaerobes and facultative anaerobes are. 40. Know that only prokaryotes are capable of nitrogen fixation and nitrification. Understand

the processes of nitrogen fixation and nitrification to the extent described in lecture, and know why they are important in the environment.

41. Know what multicellular associations are when discussing prokaryotes. 42. Be familiar with the prokaryotic phylum Cyanobacteria. Know the scientific names and be

able to identify the genera Anabaena and Oscillatoria observed in lab. Know what heterocysts, vegetative cells and spores are in Anabaena, what their functions are, and be able to identify them when looking at specimens.

43. Know what a biofilm is. 44. Understand how pathogenic bacteria cause disease. 45. Understand antibiotic resistance. Know what causes it, and how doctors are trying to

minimize the problem. Be able to read the sensitivity charts and decide how to treat a patient with a bacterial infection. Know what culture and sensitivity plates are and how to use them. Understand MDR (multi-drug resistant) tuberculosis.

46. Know the various types of bacteria, based on shape. Be able to recognize bacteria when seen under the microscope or from a description.

47. Know how to culture bacteria, and the names of the tools used. Know what agar is. 48. Understand and be able to explain the structure of a cell. Know what an organelle is.

Know the location, structure and functions of the following: plasma membrane; cytoplasm; nucleus; lysosomes; mitochondrion; chloroplasts; cytoskeleton; flagellum; cilium; contractile vacuole; central vacuole; cell wall. Know which of these are organelles and which are not.

49. Understand and be able to explain the differences between plant and animal cells. Be able to recognize plant and animal cells when seen or from a description of the cells.

50. Understand and be able to explain structure of the cell membrane. Be able to explain the different types of molecules that make up the membrane, as well as their position in the membrane. Understand the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Know which molecules or parts of molecules are hydrophilic or hydrophobic, and how this affects the ability of the membrane to maintain its structure and Know how proteins in the cell membrane regulate what moves into/out of the cell.

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51. Understand and be able to explain the makeup of a solution. Be able to explain the terms hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic as it relates to solutions and cells. Know the effect of different solutions on cells.

52. Understand and be able to explain the process of osmosis and its effects on cells. Understand and be able to explain why this process is so important to cellular biology.

53. Understand and be able to explain the process of diffusion and how it is used by cells. 54. Understand and be able to explain the processes of bulk transport, including exocytosis,

endocytosis, and the types of endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis). 55. Know what mycology is. Understand the significant role of fungi in the environment, as well

as the role played by parasitic or pathogenic fungi, and the commercial importance of fungi. Know the habitats in which various fungi are found.

56. Know the difference between unicellular fungi (yeasts) and multicellular fungi, and know that some species have both forms in their life cycle. Know what asexual and sexual reproduction are, and understand what the asexual and sexual forms of fungi are.

57. Know how fungi get their food. 58. Know that fungi cell walls are made of chitin. 59. Know the following terms, what they are, how they function: hyphae; mycelium; fruiting

bodies; rhizzomorphs; mycorrhizae; endomycorrhizae; ectomycorrhizae. 60. Know what lichens are, and understand what mycobionts and photobionts are and the roles

they play in the lichen association. Are lichens an example of parasitism or mutualism (your opinion, and why)?

61. Know how yeasts reproduce. Understand the role of spores in fungal reproduction. 62. Understand and be able to explain the general life cycle of fungi, including plasmogamy

and karyogamy. 63. Know the characteristics of the phyla Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Know

the names and functions of the specific structures studied in each group. Know the unique aspects of the life cycle of each. (You don’t need to be able to explain each life cycle—just learn the general fungal life cycle and what’s unique to each phylum.) Be able to identify fungi in these classes by looking at preserved or dried specimens, prepared slides, or living slides.

64. Know where the spores are produced in members of each phylum. Know the names and functions of the specific structures found in each phylum.

65. Know the specific names of the fungal examples studied in lab, which phylum each belongs to, and the characteristics of each.

66. Be able to identify everything you looked at in lab, using scientific names if they were given to you. Understand all the questions asked in the lab manual, and know all the terms listed in the lab manual, as well as those given to you by Professor Garrison or the TAs.