Biology6StudyGuide–Exam#5Thisisalistofgeneraltopicsyoushouldbepreparedtoanswerquestionsonforeachchapter.ThisguideisNOTwhatyoushouldstudybutratherisaguidetohelporganizeyourstudyingofthemateriallisted.Youractualstudyingshouldinvolvethetextbook,Powerpointslides,yournotesandothersupplementalmaterialsuchasMasteringBiology.Keepinmindthatyouwillnotbetestedonmaterialinthebookthatwasnotcoveredinclass,andshouldknowallofthekeytermsattheendofthePowerpointslidesforeachchapter.Mostimportant,ifyouhavetroubleunderstandinganything,cometomyofficehourorseeatutorASAP.Onceyoufeellikeyouunderstandthematerialinagivenchapter,besuretotestyourselfusingthechapterquestions,MasteringBiology,thesamplequestionsonthisstudyguide,orcomingupwithyourown.Ifyouputinthetimeandeffortandusealltheresourcesavailabletoyou,I’mconfidentyouallcanperformverywellontheexam.Chapter14(MendelandtheGeneIdea)

• basicgeneticsconceptsandterminology• theinheritanceofsinglegenes• incompletedominanceandcodominance• inheritanceofABObloodtype• inheritanceoftwogenesatatime• determiningtheprobabilityofmultipleevents• solvingofgeneticsproblemsusingPunnettsquares• useofpedigrees

samplequestions:

1.AmanwithbloodtypeABandawomanwithbloodtypeAhaveachildwithbloodtypeB.Indicatethegenotypesoftheparentsandthepossiblebloodtypestheirchildrencouldhaveandtheprobabilityofeach.

2.Adihybridpeaplantwithpurpleflowersandyellowpeasistestcrossedwithaplantproducingwhiteflowersandgreenpeas.Determinetheprobabilitiesofallpossiblephenotypesresultingfromthiscross.

Chapter15(TheChromosomalBasisofInheritance)

• distinguishbetweensex-linked,X-linked,Y-linked,andjustplainlinkedgenes• symbolizingX-linkedgenes,Drosophilagenes• geneticsproblemsinvolvingX-linkedgenes• geneticsproblemsinvolvingX-linkedandautosomalgenes• howgenelinkagereducesthenumberofrecombinantphenotypes• theuseoftestcrossestodeterminegenelinkage• constructingagenemapbasedongenelinkage• solvinggeneticsproblemsinvolvingtwolinkedgenes• non-disjunction,translocationandotherchromosomalabnormalities• genomicimprinting,Xinactivation• inheritanceofmitochondrialgenes

samplequestions:

1.ComparetheinheritanceofX-linkedgenestomitochondrialgenes.

2.Analbinomanwithhemophiliaplanstohavechildrenwithawomanwhoisheterozygousforbothgenes.Indicatetheprobabilitiesofallpossiblephenotypesintheirchildren.

Chapter22(DescentwithModification:ADarwinianViewofLife)

• thenatureofevolutionandnaturalselection• typesofselectivefactors• varioustypesofevidenceforevolution

o fossilevidenceo anatomicalevidence,vestigialstructureso embryologicalevidenceo biochemicalevidenceo observablenaturalselection

• varioustypesoffossilsandradiometricdating• generationtimeandtherateofevolution• artificialvsnaturalselection;convergentevolution

samplequestions:

1.Describehowantibioticresistanceinbacteriaillustratesevolutionbynaturalselection.2.Howareradioisotopesusedtoestimatetheageofmaterials?Chapter23(TheEvolutionofPopulations)

• conceptsofgenepoolsandallelefrequencies• howtodetermineallelefrequencies• howgeneticvariationisproduced• conceptsofgeneflowandgeneticdrift• typesofgeneticdrift• conditionsofHardy-Weinbergequilibrium• usingtheHardy-Weinbergequationtodeterminealleleandgenotypefrequencies• stabilizing,directionalanddisruptiveselection• typesofsexualselection• heterozygoteadvantage

samplequestions:

1.Describehowthefoundereffectisanexampleofgeneticdrift.2.Distinguishbetweenintrasexualandintersexualselection.Chapters24&25(TheOriginsofSpecies/TheHistoryofLifeonEarth)

• thevariousspeciesconcepts• varioustypesofreproductiveisolation• allopatricvssympatricspeciation

• generalcompositionoftheearlyearthatmosphere(noO2)• requirementsforlifetoarise,possibleroleofRNA&ribozymes• orderofearlymicrobiallifeonearth• endosymbionthypothesis&prokaryoticcharacteristicsofmitochondria,chloroplasts

samplequestions:

1.Whatisendosymbiosisandhowdoesthisrelatetotheevolutionofeukaryotes?2.Distinguishprezygoticfrompostzygoticreproductivebarriersandprovideanexampleofeach.

ExtraCreditArticleTestingNaturalSelection,ScientificAmericanJanuary2009byH.AllenOrr,pp.44-51.