BiologyEcologyChapters 2-5

Ecology

Topics

• Introduction to Introduction to EcologyEcology

• Abiotic & Biotic Abiotic & Biotic factors of an factors of an Ecosystem Ecosystem

• Predator/ Prey Predator/ Prey RelationshipsRelationships

• Symbiotic Symbiotic RelationshipsRelationships

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions1.1. What is ecology? What do ecologists study? What is ecology? What do ecologists study?

2.2. Compare and contrast biotic and abiotic Compare and contrast biotic and abiotic factors. What is their importance in an factors. What is their importance in an ecosystem? ecosystem?

3.3. Identify and describe the following symbiotic Identify and describe the following symbiotic relationships: mutualism, commensalisms, and relationships: mutualism, commensalisms, and parasitism. parasitism.

4.4. Describe the relationship of a predator to its Describe the relationship of a predator to its

prey.prey.

Ecology – Key TermsEcology – Key Terms

• Ecology Ecology • AbioticAbiotic• BioticBiotic• PopulationPopulation• Community Community • EcosystemEcosystem• Habitat Habitat • Niche Niche • Predator Predator • PreyPrey• SymbiosisSymbiosis• CommensalismCommensalism• ParasitismParasitism• MutualismMutualism• Organism Organism • Biosphere Biosphere

Organization

Biosphere

Ecosystem

Community

Population

Organism (species)

Relationships

Symbiosis: Mutualism (+/+) Commensalism (+/0) Parasitism (+/-)

Predator Prey

Habitat (location)

Niche (role / job)

Living v. nonliving

Biotic (living)

Abiotic (nonliving)

Organizing key terms:

What is Ecology?Ecology is the study of the interactions of living organisms with one Ecology is the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy; study another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy; study of the structure and functions of natureof the structure and functions of nature

What roles do insects What roles do insects play?play?

Ecosystem Organization OverviewEcosystem Organization Overview

Organisms Any form of life (species)- group of organisms that resemble one another in appearance, behavior, chemical makeup and processes, and genetic structure.

Organisms Any form of life (species)- group of organisms that resemble one another in appearance, behavior, chemical makeup and processes, and genetic structure.

Populations- Group of individual organisms of the same species living in a particular area

Populations- Group of individual organisms of the same species living in a particular area

Communities- Populations of all species living and interacting in an area at a particular time

Communities- Populations of all species living and interacting in an area at a particular time

Ecosystems- Community of different species interacting with one another and with the chemical and physical factors making up its nonliving environment

Ecosystems- Community of different species interacting with one another and with the chemical and physical factors making up its nonliving environment

Biosphere- Zone of earth where life is found. Sometimes called the ecosphere

Biosphere- Zone of earth where life is found. Sometimes called the ecosphere

Insects751,000

Protists57,700

Plants248,400

Prokaryotes4,800

Fungi69,000

Other animals281,000

Known species1,412,000

What are the Characteristics of Life?What are the Characteristics of Life?

All things living have the following All things living have the following specific propertiesspecific properties::

Cellular organization Cellular organization

Metabolism Metabolism

HomeostasisHomeostasis

Reproduction Reproduction

HeredityHeredity

About 1.4 million species have been identified, but estimates of number of species range from 3.6 million to 100 million

Biotic – living components of an ecosystem

Abiotic – Nonliving component of an ecosystem

Ecosystem ComponentsEcosystem ComponentsThe major components of The major components of

ecosystems are ecosystems are abioticabiotic (nonliving) water, air, (nonliving) water, air, nutrients, solar energy, nutrients, solar energy, and and bioticbiotic (living) plants, (living) plants, animals, and microbes.animals, and microbes.

Niche Niche – How organisms – How organisms interact with each other interact with each other within a community. An within a community. An organism role in the organism role in the ecosystemecosystem

HabitatHabitat is the place is the place where a population or an where a population or an individual organism individual organism usually livesusually lives

Major Biomes and the Role of Climate Major Biomes and the Role of ClimateThe amount of energy The amount of energy received and received and topography of a region topography of a region determines determines climateclimate. .

Terrestrial parts of the Terrestrial parts of the biosphere are classified biosphere are classified as as biomesbiomes, areas such , areas such as deserts, forests, and as deserts, forests, and grasslands. grasslands.

Aquatic life zonesAquatic life zones describe the many describe the many different areas found in different areas found in a water environment, a water environment, such as freshwater or such as freshwater or marine life zones (coral marine life zones (coral reefs, coastal estuaries, reefs, coastal estuaries, deep ocean).deep ocean).

Temperature, precipitation and topography Temperature, precipitation and topography (abiotic factors) determine the vegetation (plants) (abiotic factors) determine the vegetation (plants) and the animals they will supportand the animals they will support

Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral)

Temperate grassland

Temperate deciduous forest

Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferousforest (e.g., montane coniferous forest)

Arctic tundra (polar grasslands)

Tropical savanna,thorn forest

Tropical scrub forest

Tropical deciduous forest

Tropical rain forest,tropical evergreen forest

Desert

Ice

Mountains(complex zonation)

Semidesert,arid grassland

Tropic ofCapricorn

Equator

Tropic ofCancer

Biomes of the WorldBiomes of the World

Tropics

Temperate

Polar

Tropical Rainforest Deserts Deciduous Forest

Tundra Grassland Taiga

High tideLow tide

Coastal Zone

EstuarineZone

Continentalshelf

Open SeaSea level

Sun

Euphotic Zone

Bathyal Zone

Abyssal Zone

Depth inmeters

0

50

100

200

Ph

oto

sy

nth

es

is

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

10,000

Da

rkn

es

sT

wil

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Aquatic Life Zones-Aquatic Life Zones-Marine and freshwater portions of the biosphere. Examples include Marine and freshwater portions of the biosphere. Examples include freshwater life zones (such as lakes and streams) and ocean or marine life zonesfreshwater life zones (such as lakes and streams) and ocean or marine life zones

Marine Life Zones

RelationshipsRelationships

Symbiotic Species Interactions:Symbiotic Species Interactions:

Mutualism (+/+)Mutualism (+/+)Pollination mutualismPollination mutualismInsectsNutritional mutualismNutritional mutualismHermit crabs and AnemonesMonkeys and DeerGut inhabitant mutualismGut inhabitant mutualismCellulose digesting protozoa

Commensalism (+/0)Commensalism (+/0)

Species interaction that benefits one and has little or no effect on the other.

Example: Small plants growing in shade of larger plants or Hermit crab and Rag worm

Parasitism (+/-)Parasitism (+/-)ParasiteParasite – organisms feeding on or in – organisms feeding on or in another speciesanother speciesHostHost –– organisms fed on by parasitesorganisms fed on by parasitesExternal parasitesInternal parasites

Lifecycle of a Parasite

Symbiosis Overview

The head of the The head of the tapeworm is called a tapeworm is called a scolexscolex, and is equipped , and is equipped with hooks and suckers with hooks and suckers which are used for which are used for attaching to the intestinal attaching to the intestinal wall of the host. Adult wall of the host. Adult tapeworms, some tapeworms, some reaching a length of 15 reaching a length of 15 feet, are parasites in the feet, are parasites in the guts of animals and guts of animals and absorb nutrients across absorb nutrients across their body surface. The their body surface. The structures behind the structures behind the head are called head are called proglottidsproglottids..

Prey AcquisitionPrey Acquisition

Example: Example: Killer Whales

Predator AvoidancePredator Avoidance

Span worm

Bombardier beetle Foul-tasting monarch Butterfly

Poison dart frog

When touched, the snake caterpillar changes shape to look like the head of a snake

Wandering leaf insect

Hind wings of Io mothresemble eyes of a much larger animal

Camouflage

Chemical Warfare

Viceroy butterfly mimicsmonarch butterfly

Deceptive Behavior

Deceptive Look

Mimicry

Species Interactions – Predation / preySpecies Interactions – Predation / prey

Ecology

Topics

• Ecosystem Ecosystem energy flow energy flow

• Cycles in an Cycles in an ecosystem ecosystem

• Limiting Factors Limiting Factors

• Population Population Growth GraphsGrowth Graphs

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions5.5. Explain the ways in which energy flows through Explain the ways in which energy flows through

an ecosystem. an ecosystem.

6.6. What role does the carbon cycle play in What role does the carbon cycle play in photosynthesis and cellular respiration? photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

7.7. How are communities influenced? What are the How are communities influenced? What are the major limiting factors that influence carrying major limiting factors that influence carrying capacity? capacity?

8.8. What do population growth graphs look like? What do population growth graphs look like? Can you identify them?Can you identify them?

Ecology – Key TermsEcology – Key Terms

• Autotrophs / ProducerAutotrophs / Producer• PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis• Heterotrophs / ConsumerHeterotrophs / Consumer• Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration• Decomposer / ConsumerDecomposer / Consumer• Food ChainFood Chain• Food WebFood Web• Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid• BiomassBiomass• Limiting FactorLimiting Factor• Biotic PotentialBiotic Potential• Environmental ResistanceEnvironmental Resistance• Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity• Logistic GrowthLogistic Growth• Exponential GrowthExponential Growth

One-way flow of energy from SunOne-way flow of energy from Sun

Cycling of Crucial ElementsCycling of Crucial Elements

GravityGravity

Natural Capital: Sustaining Life of Earth Flow of Energy to and from the Earth

Natural Capital: Sustaining Life of Earth Flow of Energy to and from the Earth

From the sun to the Earth

Remote Sensing

Ecosystem ComponentsEcosystem Components

Glucose and other organic compounds are broken down and energy Glucose and other organic compounds are broken down and energy released by the process of released by the process of aerobic respirationaerobic respiration, the use of oxygen to , the use of oxygen to convert organic matter back to carbon dioxide and water. This process convert organic matter back to carbon dioxide and water. This process is a net chemical change to that of is a net chemical change to that of photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis:: COCO22 + H + H22O CO C66HH1212OO66 + O + O22

COCO22 + H + H22OO CC66HH1212OO66 + O + O2 2 Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration ““Cellular Respiration”Cellular Respiration”

Some decomposers are able to break down organic compounds without Some decomposers are able to break down organic compounds without using oxygen. This process is called using oxygen. This process is called anaerobic respirationanaerobic respiration, or , or fermentation. The end products are compounds such as methane gas, fermentation. The end products are compounds such as methane gas, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, and hydrogen sulfide.ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, and hydrogen sulfide.

Matter is recycled; there is a one-way flow of energy.

Light Light

Carbon Carbon dioxidedioxide waterwater

Glucose Glucose sugarsugar

oxygenoxygen

Food Chains and Energy Flow in EcosystemsFood Chains and Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Trophic levelsTrophic levels are feeding levels for organisms within an ecosystem,(1) Producers are feeding levels for organisms within an ecosystem,(1) Producers belong to the first trophic level. (2) Primary consumers belong to the second trophic belong to the first trophic level. (2) Primary consumers belong to the second trophic level.(3)Secondary consumers belong to the (4) third trophic level.Detritivores and level.(3)Secondary consumers belong to the (4) third trophic level.Detritivores and decomposers process detritus from all trophic levels.decomposers process detritus from all trophic levels.

Food chains and food webs help us understand how eaters, the eaten, and the decomposed are interconnected in an ecosystem. The sequence of organisms as The sequence of organisms as they are eaten is a they are eaten is a food chainfood chain. . Food websFood webs are complex are complex networks of interconnected networks of interconnected food chains. They are maps of food chains. They are maps of life's interdependence. life's interdependence.

Energy flow in a food web/chain decreases at each succeeding organism in a chain or Energy flow in a food web/chain decreases at each succeeding organism in a chain or web. The dry weight of all organic matter within the organisms of a food chain/web is web. The dry weight of all organic matter within the organisms of a food chain/web is called called biomassbiomass. .

Humans

Blue whale Sperm whale

Crabeater seal

Killerwhale Elephant

seal

Leopardseal

Adéliepenguins Petrel

Fish

Squid

Carnivorous plankton

Krill

Phytoplankton

Herbivorouszooplankton

Emperorpenguin

Tropic LevelsTropic LevelsEcological efficiencyEcological efficiency is the is the term that describes the term that describes the percentage of usable energy percentage of usable energy transferred as biomass from transferred as biomass from one trophic level to another one trophic level to another and ranges from and ranges from 2%-40% 2%-40% with 10% being typical.with 10% being typical.

The greater number of The greater number of trophic levels in a food chain, trophic levels in a food chain, the greater loss of usable the greater loss of usable energy.energy.

Ecological PyramidsEcological PyramidsPyramid of energy flow

The pyramid of energy flow visualizes the loss of usable energy through a food chain. The lower levels of the trophic pyramid support more organisms. If people eat at a lower trophic level (fruits, vegetables, grains directly consumed), Earth can support more people. There is a large loss of energy between successive trophic levels.

Pyramid of energy flow The pyramid of energy flow visualizes the loss of usable energy through a food chain. The lower levels of the trophic pyramid support more organisms. If people eat at a lower trophic level (fruits, vegetables, grains directly consumed), Earth can support more people. There is a large loss of energy between successive trophic levels.

Pyramid of biomass Compares biomass (The dry The dry weight of all organic matter weight of all organic matter within the organisms of a within the organisms of a food chain/web) at each food chain/web) at each trophic leveltrophic level

Pyramid of biomass Compares biomass (The dry The dry weight of all organic matter weight of all organic matter within the organisms of a within the organisms of a food chain/web) at each food chain/web) at each trophic leveltrophic level

Pyramid of numbers Compares the total number of organism at each

trophic level

Pyramid of numbers Compares the total number of organism at each

trophic level

Ecosystem FactorsEcosystem FactorsEcosystem characteristics include a Ecosystem characteristics include a range of range of tolerancetolerance to physical and chemical to physical and chemical environments by the ecosystem's environments by the ecosystem's populations populations Law of toleranceLaw of tolerance: The : The distribution of a species in an ecosystem is distribution of a species in an ecosystem is determined by the levels of one or more determined by the levels of one or more physical or chemical factors being within the physical or chemical factors being within the range tolerated by that species.range tolerated by that species.Aquatic life zonesAquatic life zones can be limited by the can be limited by the dissolved oxygen (DO) content in the water, dissolved oxygen (DO) content in the water, temperature, pH or by the salinitytemperature, pH or by the salinity

Sugar Maple

The The limiting factor principlelimiting factor principle states that too much or too states that too much or too little of any abiotic factor can little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other population, even if all other factors are at or near the factors are at or near the optimum range of tolerance. optimum range of tolerance. An abiotic factor such as lack An abiotic factor such as lack of water or poor soil can be of water or poor soil can be understood hereunderstood here

The Study of Population Dynamics

Populations change in Populations change in sizesize, , densitydensity, , dispersiondispersion and and age structure.age structure.

Population densityPopulation density —the number of individuals of a population that —the number of individuals of a population that inhabit a certain unit of land or waterinhabit a certain unit of land or water areaarea..

Population dispersionPopulation dispersion —refers to how individuals of a population are —refers to how individuals of a population are spaced within a region.spaced within a region.

Age structureAge structure of a population is usually described as the of a population is usually described as the pre-reproductive stage, the reproductive stage and the post-pre-reproductive stage, the reproductive stage and the post-reproductive stage. A population with a large reproductive stage is reproductive stage. A population with a large reproductive stage is likely to increase, while a populationlikely to increase, while a population with a large post-reproductive stage is likely to decrease.

Four variables influence/govern Four variables influence/govern population size: (1) population size: (1) birthsbirths, (2) , (2) deathsdeaths, , (3) (3) immigrationimmigration, and (4) , and (4) emigrationemigration..

Increase in population occurs by birth and Increase in population occurs by birth and immigration.immigration.

Decrease in population occurs by death Decrease in population occurs by death and emigration.and emigration.

Rapidly growing populations have four Rapidly growing populations have four characteristics:characteristics:

1.1. Individuals in the population reproduce early in Individuals in the population reproduce early in life.life.

2.2. Individuals have short periods between Individuals have short periods between generations.generations.

3.3. Individuals have long reproductive lives.Individuals have long reproductive lives.4.4. Individuals produce multiple offspring each time Individuals produce multiple offspring each time

they reproduce.they reproduce.

Population Size

The biotic potential max (rmax) is the population's capacity for growth. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) is the rate of population growth with unlimited resources.

limiting FactorsNo population can grow indefinitely due to limited resources such as light, water, and nutrients and also due to competitors and/or predators.

Biotic Potential vs. Biotic Potential vs. Environmental ResistanceEnvironmental Resistance

environmental resistance consists of factors that limit population growth.

Limiting Factors Examples:Limiting Factors Examples:

ExtrinsicExtrinsic

Biotic – Density Dependent

Abiotic – Density Independent

IntrinsicIntrinsicSocial HierarchyGender changing

Density-independent population Density-independent population controlscontrols affect a population's size affect a population's size regardless of its density. These are regardless of its density. These are abiotic factors in the community.abiotic factors in the community.

Density-dependent factors or Density-dependent factors or population controlspopulation controls have a greater have a greater affect on the population as its affect on the population as its density increases. Infectious density increases. Infectious disease is an example of density-disease is an example of density-dependent population control.dependent population control.

Po

pu

lati

on

siz

e (N

)

Time (t)

Carrying capacity (K)

Environmentalresistance

Bioticpotential

Exponentialgrowth

Carrying capacity (K)Carrying capacity (K)is determined by biotic is determined by biotic potential and environmental potential and environmental resistance. resistance.

(K) is is the number of a (K) is is the number of a species individuals that can species individuals that can be sustained indefinitely in a be sustained indefinitely in a specific space.specific space.

As a population reaches itsAs a population reaches itscarrying capacity, itscarrying capacity, itsgrowth rate will decreasegrowth rate will decreasebecause resourcesbecause resourcesbecome more scarce.become more scarce.

Biotic Potential v. Environmental Resistance Biotic Potential v. Environmental Resistance (Logistic Population Growth)(Logistic Population Growth)

The Role of Predation in Controlling Population Size

The Role of Predation in Controlling Population Size

Fig. 9-8 p. 168

Interactions between Interactions between predators and their prey predators and their prey change in cycles and appear change in cycles and appear to be caused by species to be caused by species interactions, but other factors interactions, but other factors may be involved.may be involved.

The hypothesis of The hypothesis of top-down top-down controlcontrol of prey by predators of prey by predators may not be the only may not be the only explanation for the boom-and-explanation for the boom-and-bust cycles seen in these bust cycles seen in these populations. This may also be populations. This may also be related to the food supply of related to the food supply of prey.prey.

The The bottom-up controlbottom-up control hypothesis states that plants hypothesis states that plants are consumed too rapidly by are consumed too rapidly by prey for replacement to keep prey for replacement to keep up. This may lead to a crash of up. This may lead to a crash of herbivores, and that may lead herbivores, and that may lead to a crash of higher predators.to a crash of higher predators.

These are not mutually exclusive hypotheses; more probably have interaction between predation and food supplies.

Ecology

Topics• Human Human

population growth population growth

• Biodiversity Biodiversity

• Impacts on the Impacts on the environment environment

• Factors Factors influencing influencing climate climate

• Direct & Indirect Direct & Indirect influence on influence on natural resourcesnatural resources

• Conservation Conservation

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions9.9. What factors affect the growth of human What factors affect the growth of human

populations?populations?

10.10. What is biodiversity? Describe the importance What is biodiversity? Describe the importance of it.of it.

11.11. How do both the changes and the needs of a How do both the changes and the needs of a human populations impact the environment?human populations impact the environment?

12.12. What are the factors that influence climate?What are the factors that influence climate?

13.13. How do humans directly and indirect influence How do humans directly and indirect influence natural resources? What some practices that natural resources? What some practices that can be done to improve and conserve the can be done to improve and conserve the natural world?natural world?

World Population and Exponential Growth

2008

““Rule of 70”Rule of 70”

Doubling TimeDoubling Time

As the human As the human population population grows what grows what might be the might be the impact on impact on

(1)(1) resources use resources use and waste and waste

(2)(2) poverty poverty

(3)(3) loss of loss of biodiversitybiodiversity

(4)(4) Global Climate Global Climate ChangeChange

Living on interest vs. Living on principal

Living on Interest (Sustainably)Living on Interest (Sustainably)

Imagine you win $1,000,000 in Imagine you win $1,000,000 in the lotterythe lottery

Invest the capital (1 million) at Invest the capital (1 million) at 10% interest.10% interest.

You will have a sustainable You will have a sustainable income of $100,000 per year. income of $100,000 per year. Without depleting your capital Without depleting your capital (1 million)(1 million)

Living on PrincipalLiving on Principal

If you spent $200,000 per year, If you spent $200,000 per year, your 1million would be gone your 1million would be gone early in the 7early in the 7thth year year

If you spent $110,000 per year, If you spent $110,000 per year, you would be bankrupt early in you would be bankrupt early in the 18the 18thth year. year.

How would you prefer to live?How would you prefer to live?

How do we live now?How do we live now?

PopulationPopulation Growth

Fig. 1-4, p. 8

Who is Overpopulated?

Are we living Are we living Sustainably?Sustainably?

return

Is the problem we face Is the problem we face population size or resource population size or resource use?use?

Ecological FootprintEcological Footprint

What is an ecological footprint?

Age of Consumption – Age of Consumption – Examples of over consumption

How have human activities affected the Earth’s biodiversity?

Humans have disturbed from 50 to 83% of the earth's land surface. Humans have disturbed from 50 to 83% of the earth's land surface.

Humans use, waste, or destroy about 40% of the net primary productivity of the Humans use, waste, or destroy about 40% of the net primary productivity of the planet's terrestrial ecosystems.planet's terrestrial ecosystems.

Planet in Peril – Battle lines (2009)Planet in Peril – Battle lines (2009)

Examples / Issues:

Bush Meat / Zoonotic VirusesBush Meat / Zoonotic Viruses

Nigerian Oil ConflictNigerian Oil Conflict

Peruvian Lead poisoningPeruvian Lead poisoning

Shark fining and EcotourismShark fining and Ecotourism

African ElephantsAfrican Elephants

Mountain GorillasMountain Gorillas

Planet in Peril (2007)Planet in Peril (2007)

Thailand Species Trade

China and Cambodia

What is Conservation Biology?What is Conservation Biology?

• Conservation biology is a multidisciplinary Conservation biology is a multidisciplinary science that originated in the 1970’s. Its science that originated in the 1970’s. Its goal is to use emergency responses slow goal is to use emergency responses slow down the rate destruction and degradationdown the rate destruction and degradation

Goals, strategies, and tactics for protecting Goals, strategies, and tactics for protecting biodiversitybiodiversity

Preservation of biodiversity is important for Preservation of biodiversity is important for several reasons, such as several reasons, such as intrinsicintrinsic or or existence valueexistence value, and also because of its , and also because of its usefulness to humans (usefulness to humans (Instrumental Instrumental ValueValue))

Instrumental valueInstrumental value consists of use values that consists of use values that benefit people for goods and services, benefit people for goods and services, scientific information, recreation, and scientific information, recreation, and ecological services.ecological services.

Nonuse values are Nonuse values are (1)(1) existence valueexistence value, , (2)(2) aesthetic valueaesthetic value (the appreciation of wild (the appreciation of wild

species, or a view for beauty alone), and species, or a view for beauty alone), and (3)(3) bequest valuebequest value (the act of leaving natural (the act of leaving natural

capital for use by future generations).capital for use by future generations).

Why should we care about Why should we care about biodiversity?biodiversity?

Climate Change and Climate Change and Human ActivitiesHuman Activities

Increased use of fossil fuels

Increased use of fossil fuels

Deforestation Deforestation

Global warming

Global warming Melting icecaps

and glaciers

Melting icecaps and glaciers

Rising sea level Rising sea level

Planet in Peril – Planet in Peril – Sea Level RiseSea Level Rise

Factors Affecting the Earth’s TemperatureFactors Affecting the Earth’s Temperature

Changes in solar output Changes in solar output

Changes in Earth’s albedo Changes in Earth’s albedo

Moderating effect of oceans Moderating effect of oceans

Clouds and water vapor Clouds and water vapor

Air pollution Air pollution

Greenhouse effectGreenhouse effect

Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gases

Loss of the Ozone Layer: Reasons Loss of the Ozone Layer: Reasons for Concernfor Concern

Increased incidence and severity of sunburn

Increased incidence and severity of sunburn

Increase in eye cataracts Increase in eye cataracts

Increased incidence of skin cancer Increased incidence of skin cancer

Immune system suppression Immune system suppression

Increase in acid deposition Increase in acid deposition

Lower crop yields and decline in productivity

Lower crop yields and decline in productivity

Seasonal Ozone Layer Thinning at the Poles

Seasonal Ozone Layer Thinning at the Poles

Ozone thinning (hole) Ozone thinning (hole)

Polar vortex Polar vortex

Skin Cancer

State of the State of the Planet 2007Planet 2007

Endangered

planet 1990

The LoraxThe Lorax