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Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak

Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

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Page 1: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Biology I - GENETICS

1-12 Novak

Page 2: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Gregor Mendel

1822-1884

Page 3: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884
Page 4: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884
Page 5: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884
Page 6: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

MENDEL’S PRINCIPLES

Page 7: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

I. ALLELES

• Any organism has two units of heredity (genes) for each trait in every body cell

Page 8: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

II. SEGREGATION

• The two units (genes) for a trait are separated in the cell; one gene is found on a chromosome while the other is located in the same place on its partner (homologous) chromosome

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Page 10: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

III. DOMINANCE• A. When two genes of a trait are different in the cells of

the organism, the gene that shows up is the dominant while the gene that remains hidden is the recessive

• B. Combinations of the two genes (genotypes)1. Homozygous (pure) dominant - both genes are dominant2. Homozygous (pure) recessive - both genes are recessive3. Heterozygous (hybrid) - one gene is dominant & the

other is recessive

Page 11: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

IV. RECOMBINATION - (INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT)

• In each new generation there is a complete new rearrangement of the units of heredity (genes)

Page 12: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884
Page 13: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Following the GenerationsFollowing the Generations

Cross 2 Cross 2 Pure Pure

PlantsPlantsTT x ttTT x tt

Results Results in all in all

HybridsHybridsTtTt

Cross 2 Cross 2 HybridsHybrids

getget3 Tall & 1 3 Tall & 1

ShortShortTT, Tt, ttTT, Tt, tt

Page 14: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Generation “Gap”Generation “Gap”• Parental PParental P11 Generation Generation = the parental generation in a breeding experiment= the parental generation in a breeding experiment..• FF11 generation generation = the first-generation offspring in a breeding experiment. = the first-generation offspring in a breeding experiment.

(1st filial generation)(1st filial generation)– From breeding individuals from the PFrom breeding individuals from the P11 generation generation

• FF22 generation generation = the second-generation offspring in a breeding experiment. = the second-generation offspring in a breeding experiment.

(2nd filial generation)(2nd filial generation)– From breeding individuals from the FFrom breeding individuals from the F11 generation generation

Page 15: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Mendel’s Experimental Mendel’s Experimental ResultsResults

Page 16: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Thomas Hunt Morgan

1866-1945

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Page 21: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Incomplete Dominance Incomplete Dominance (blending inheritance)(blending inheritance)

Page 22: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

• INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

• A condition in which both alleles for a characteristic are partially expressed

Page 23: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Incomplete DominanceIncomplete Dominance• F1 hybrids F1 hybrids have an appearance somewhat in betweenin between or a blend of the

phenotypes phenotypes of the two parental varieties.• Example:Example: snapdragons (flower)snapdragons (flower)• red (RR) x white (WW)

• R = red flowerR = red flower• W = white flower

W

W

R R

Page 24: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Incomplete DominanceIncomplete Dominance

RWRW

RWRW

RWRW

RWRW

RR RR

All RW =All RW = pink pink(heterozygous pink)(heterozygous pink)

produces theproduces theFF11 generation generation

W

W

Page 25: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Incomplete DominanceIncomplete Dominance

Page 26: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

• CODOMINANCE

• A condition in which both alleles for a characteristic are fully expressed

Page 27: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Codominant white and pink

Page 28: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Codominant white and pink

Page 29: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Homozygous Red

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Hereford Red

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Homozygous white

Page 32: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Roan hybrid

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Roan hybrid

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Codominant cross

Page 35: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Sex-Linked Inheritance

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Page 37: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Color Blindness

Page 38: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

normal - trichromatic color vision protanopia red-green blindness (no red cones) deutanopia red-green blindness (no green cones) tritanopia blue-yellow blindness (no blue cones) typical achromatopsia (no cones; rod monochromat) protanomaly (anomalous red cones) deutanomaly (anomalous green cones) tritanomaly (anomalous blue cones)

atypical achromatopsia (low cones; cone monochromat)

TYPES OF COLOR BLINDNESS

Page 39: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Red Green Color BlindnessMale1.01%Female0.02%

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Sex-linked TraitsSex-linked Traits• Traits (genes) located on the Traits (genes) located on the sex chromosomessex chromosomes• Sex chromosomes are Sex chromosomes are X and YX and Y• XXXX genotype for females genotype for females• XYXY genotype for males genotype for males• Many Many sex-linked traitssex-linked traits carried on carried on XX chromosome chromosome

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Hemophilia

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Female CarriersFemale Carriers

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The effects of hemophilia

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Human BloodCoagulationCascade

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DIHYBRID INHERITANCE

Page 57: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Pea Plants

Tall = TT, TtShort = tt

Height Seed Color

Yellow = YY, YyGreen = yy

Let’s cross a homozygous tall (TT), homozygous yellow seed (YY) plant with a short (tt), green seed (yy) plant.

TTYY x ttyy

These are the genotypes of the two plants.

Page 58: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Independent Assortment

Mendels’ principle of Independent Assortment states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes (eggs & sperm in animals, eggs and pollen in plants).

TTYY

TY

First T with first Y

Gamete 1 = sperm, egg, pollen . . .

Page 59: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Independent Assortment

Mendels’ principle of Independent Assortment states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes (eggs & sperm in animals, eggs and pollen in plants).

TTYY

TY TY

First T with second Y

Gamete 1 Gamete 2

Page 60: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Independent Assortment

Mendels’ principle of Independent Assortment states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes (eggs & sperm in animals, eggs and pollen in plants).

TTYY

TY TY TY

Second T with first Y

Gamete 1 Gamete 2 Gamete 3

Page 61: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Independent Assortment

Mendels’ principle of Independent Assortment states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes (eggs & sperm in animals, eggs and pollen in plants).

TTYY

TY TY TY YT

Second T with second Y

Gamete 1 Gamete 2 Gamete 3 Gamete 4

Page 62: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Dihybrid Punnett Square - F1

TY TY TY TY

ty

ty

ty

ty

P1 = TTYY

P2 = ttyy Will be F1 Generation

Page 63: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Dihybrid Punnett Square - F1

TY TY TY TY

ty TTYy

ty TTYy

ty TTYy

ty TTYy

Page 64: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Dihybrid Punnett Square - F1

TY TY TY TY

ty TtYy TtYy TtYy TtYy

ty TTYY TtYY TtYY TTYY

ty TTYY TTYY TTYY TTYY

ty TTYY TTYY TTYY TTYY

Page 65: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Dihybrid Punnett Square - F1

TY TY TY TY

ty TtYy TtYy TtYy TtYy

ty TtYy TtYy TtYy TtYy

ty TtYy TtYy TtYy TtYy

ty TtYy TtYy TtYy TtYy

Page 66: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Dihybrid Punnett Square - F1

TY TY TY TY

ty TtYy TtYy TtYy TtYy

ty TtYy TtYy TtYy TtYy

ty TtYy TtYy TtYy TtYy

ty TtYy TtYy TtYy TtYy

Genotype ratio:TtYy - 16/16

Phenotype ratio:Tall, Yellow - 16/16

Page 67: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Dihybrid Punnett Square – F2We need to pair up the genes which can be given to each

gamete (egg and pollen).Let’s cross two of the plants from the F1 generation

TY TY TY TY

ty TtYy TtYy TtYy TtYy

ty TtYy TtYy TtYy TtYy

ty TtYy TtYy TtYy TtYy

ty TtYy TtYy TtYy TtYy

x

.

TY Ty t Y yt

We need to pair up the genes

Page 68: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Dihybrid Punnett Square F2

TY Ty tY ty

TY

Ty

tY

ty

Both the plants can give the same gene combinations to their gametes, so the pairs along the top and down the side are the same.

Page 69: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Dihybrid Punnett Square – F2

When you pair up the gametes from the two plants, always put like letters together and within the like letters, put the CAPITAL letter in front of the lowercase letter.

Page 70: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Dihybrid Punnett Square F2

TY Ty tY ty

TY TTYY TTYy TtYY TtYy

Ty ???? ???? ???? ????

tY ???? ???? ???? ????

ty ???? ???? ???? ????

Your Turn!!

Page 71: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Dihybrid Punnett Square F2

TY Ty tY ty

TY TTYY TTYy TtYY TtYy

Ty TTYy TTyy TtYy Ttyy

tY TtYY TtYy ttYY ttYy

ty TtYy Ttyy ttYy ttyy

F2 generation

Page 72: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Dihybrid Punnett Square F2

TY Ty tY ty

TY TTYY TTYy TtYY TtYy

Ty TTYy TTyy TtYy Ttyy

tY TtYY TtYy ttYY ttYy

ty TtYy Ttyy ttYy ttyy

Genotype and phenotype ratios?

Page 73: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

F2 Genotype RatioTTYY - 1TTYy - 2TtYY - 2TtYy - 4TTyy - 1Ttyy - 2ttYY - 1ttYy - 2ttyy - 1

Page 74: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

F2 Phenotype RatioTTYY - 1TTYy - 2TtYY - 2TtYy - 4TTyy - 1Ttyy - 2ttYY - 1ttYy - 2ttyy - 1

Tall, Yellow - 9

Tall, Green - 3

Short, Yellow - 3

Short, Green - 1

Page 75: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Another Mendelian Dihybrid Problem

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Dihybrid F2 Results

Page 79: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

Dihybrid F2 Results

Page 80: Biology I - GENETICS 1-12 Novak Gregor Mendel 1822-1884

•The End

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