Biology The living Environment

Biology The living EnvironmentMr. McCallaMackRm - 230Class RulesIf your not in your seat by the second bell, youre late..!All assignments must be handed in on time. Late submissions will NOT be accepted.When I speakYOUR MOUTH STOPS WORKING..!Expect nightly homework, a weekly quiz on Wednesdays and exams on Fridays.

What do I need for this class?Out side of the usual supplies (pens, paper),you are required to have the following:

3-ringed binder.2-3 folders for the 3-ringed binder.A spiraled notebook with 3-ringed holes for the binder.*You will be graded on the contents of your binder so always make sure it is in order with notes, handouts, returned papers, quizzes and exams*

The Characteristics of LifeLiving things are organized structures. All are made of one or more cells.Cells: the basic units of structure and function.Living things use energy to maintain life and to grow and develop. These activities require that the cells carry out various chemical reactions.The combination of all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism is called metabolism.

The Characteristics of LifeLiving things must maintain a fairly stable internal environment even when their external environment changes.The maintenance of their internal environment is called homeostasis.To maintain homeostasis, organisms must respond and adapt to both their internal and external environments.Living things pass hereditary information to new organisms of the same type in the process or reproduction.The Characteristics of LifeOnly living things share the characteristics of life.Nonliving things have no functioning cells and no metabolic activity.Nonliving things do not maintain homeostasis, nor do they reproduce.Diversity Among Living ThingsAlthough living things share the characteristics of life, there are differences among the many kinds of organisms.

Similarities Among Living ThingsAlthough living things have many differences, they are also alike in many ways.Made of cells.Reproduce.Maintain homeostasis.Carry out metabolic activities.Share similar life processes, chemical composition, and organization.Life ProcessesLiving things are similar in that they rely on a variety of specific processes to maintain life.

Organisms may differ in the way they carry out these processes.Life Processes What Living Organisms ShareObtain nutrients from the environment and breaking them down for transport.Transporting materials throughout the organism.Cell Respiration: the breaking down of nutrients into smaller units to release their chemical energy stored in them.Synthesis: the combining of simple substances into complex substances.

Life Processes What Living Organisms ShareGrowth: the increasing in size and number of cells.Excretion: the removal of waste products from the organism .Responds to internal and external stimuli.Reproduction: reproduces more of their own species.Chemical Composition What Living Organisms ShareAll living things are made of four main elements:

CarbonHydrogenOxygenNitrogen

These elements combine to form molecules.

Organic MoleculesContain both carbon and hydrogen.DNA, proteins, fats, carbohydrates are organic molecules.

Inorganic MoleculesDo not contain both carbon and hydrogen but can contain any other combination of elements.Inorganic molecules include: salts, minerals, most acids and bases, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water.

Crack Cocaine

Heroine

Crystal Meth

Marijuana THCCells Structure of LifeMany of the worlds organism are made of only one cell, but all organisms-no matter simple or complex-are made of cells.Each cell contains a jelly-like substance called cytoplasm which is surrounded by a membrane.Most cells also contain organelles: they perform a specific task in the cell.

What do organelles do..?Transport materialExtract energy from nutrientsBuild proteinsDispose of wasteStore information

NucleusThe nucleus is a large structure that controls the cells metabolism and stores information (DNA in chromosomes).

VacuolesThe storage sacs within the cytoplasm.They contain either waste or useful materials such as food or water.Vacuoles in plants cells are usually larger than animal cells.

RibosomesTiny structures that build proteins.Some are attached to the membrane of a cell and some float freely.

MitochondriaPod shaped structures that contain specialized proteins called enzymes used to extract energy from nutrients.Known as the powerhouse of the cell

ChloroplastThe green structures found in plants that contain chlorophyll and captures light which is used to make food for the plant.Animal Cells do not have chloroplast.

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Click HereCell Membranecell membrane- the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others.

Centrosomecentrosome- (also called the "microtubule organizing center") a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. The centriole is the dense center of the centrosome.CentriolesAcentrioleis one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope.Not present in plant cells.Involved with cell division.

Golgi BodyGolgi body- (also called the Golgi apparatus or golgi complex) a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. It produces the membranes that surround the lysosomes. The Golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell.

LysosomesLysosome- (also called cell vesicles) round organelles surrounded by a membrane and containing digestive enzymes. This is where the digestion of cell nutrients takes place.

Nucleolusnucleolus- an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced. Some cells have more than one nucleolus.

Nucleusnucleus- spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane.

Ribosomesribosome- small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis.

Rough E.R.Rough endoplasmic reticulum- (rough ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm. Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transports materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane).

Smooth E.Rsmooth endoplasmic reticulum- (smooth ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). Smooth ER transports materials through the cell. It contains enzymes and produces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth ER buds off from rough ER, moving the newly-made proteins and lipids to the Golgi body, lysosomes, and membranes.

Maintaining SeparationCells are organized internally.Without the cell membrane, this organization would be lost.

Controlling Transport in and outIf the cell is to survive, the membrane cannot totally separate the cell from the external environment.Materials like water, oxygen, and nutrients must pass through the membrane and into the cell.

Controlling Transport in and outMolecules can enter or leave the cell through either diffusion or active transport.Diffusion: the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.No energy is required

Controlling Transport in and outMany molecules diffuse into and out of a cell.

One of the most important molecules to diffuse is water.

The diffusion of water into and out of a cells is important for the maintenance of homeostasis.Controlling Transport in and outActive Transport: the moving of a molecule from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration; like pulling a sled uphill.Cells must use energy in the form of ATP to transport molecules from areas of low concentration through the cell membrane to areas of high concentration.

Molecules in CellsBoth organic and inorganic substances are dissolved in cells and are involved in the chemical reactions that maintain life.Some organic molecules such as proteins and starches are to large and complex to enter the cell.Large molecules must first be broken down into simpler molecules in the process known as digestion.Molecules in CellsThe digestion of proteins results in smaller molecules called amino acids.The digestion of starches results in simple sugars.

Digestion is vital because only small molecules, such as amino acids and simple sugars can enter blood vessels and cells.

Molecules in CellsWhen nutrients from our food enters a cell, they become the building blocks of compounds necessary for life. This process is called cell synthesis.

Cell synthesis is like manufacturing.

Simple molecules (such as sugars and amino acid) are assembled or reassembled into complex molecules like proteins, starches, DNA or other substances necessary for life.