Bioluminescence - An introductionnano-bio.ehu.es/files/talk_NSP.pdf · bioluminescence phenomena, main characteristics and a very basic theoretical description using ﬁrst principles

Introduction: Theory of LuminescenceLuminescence of Living organisms

The primary Bioluminescents Systemsconclusion

BioluminescenceAn introduction

Leonardo Andrés Espinosa Leal1,2

1Nano-bio Spectroscopy Group.European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF)

nanoquanta. Network of Excellence.

2Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas,Universidad del País Vasco, Centro Mixto UPV-CSIC.

April of 2008beamertheme Bogota copyright Leonardo Andrés Espinosa Leal

e-mail: [email protected]

L.A. Espinosa-Leal. Nano-bio Spectroscopy Group Bioluminescence: An introduction



Abstract

In this talk, I will show you a fast overview onbioluminescence phenomena, main characteristics and avery basic theoretical description using first principles tools.




Characteristics of Luminescence

Outline

1 Introduction: Theory of LuminescenceCharacteristics of Luminescence

2 Luminescence of Living organismsMain aspectsMechanisms of CL and BLChemiluminescenceBioluminiscence

3 The primary Bioluminescents SystemsStructures of Luciferins-LuciferaseBL system of the FireflyBL in others systems

4 conclusion





What is Luminescence?“weak glow“

Luminescence as a weak cold glowRotting wood

Certain insectsMushroomsfishesMicroorganismsSea algaeMinerals






Luminescence as a weak cold glowRotting woodCertain insects

MushroomsfishesMicroorganismsSea algaeMinerals






Luminescence as a weak cold glowRotting woodCertain insectsMushrooms

fishesMicroorganismsSea algaeMinerals






Luminescence as a weak cold glowRotting woodCertain insectsMushroomsfishes

MicroorganismsSea algaeMinerals






Luminescence as a weak cold glowRotting woodCertain insectsMushroomsfishesMicroorganisms

Sea algaeMinerals






Luminescence as a weak cold glowRotting woodCertain insectsMushroomsfishesMicroorganismsSea algae

Minerals






Luminescence as a weak cold glowRotting woodCertain insectsMushroomsfishesMicroorganismsSea algaeMinerals




Main aspectsMechanisms of CL and BLChemiluminescenceBioluminiscence

Outline




4 conclusion





Introduction

Emission of energy in the form of visible light duringchemical or biochemical processes is calledChemiluminescence (CL) or Bioluminescence (BL).

1 The energy released should be higher than that of theelectronically excited product or intermediate molecules.

2 The product must be a fluorecent molecule so that thetransformation of the excited molecule to the ground stateis accompanied by visible light emission, or the reactionmixture has to include energy acceptor molecules withfluorescent properties.





Introduction








Introduction








Outline




4 conclusion





Mechanisms of chemiluminescence andBioluminescence

1 Formation of a product whosesubsequent transformation aresufficiently exothermic to emitvisible light (400nm - 700 nm).

2 Transition of a some reactionintermediate to theelectronically excited state.

3 Light emission from theexcited state that has beenformed.





























Outline




4 conclusion





Chemiluminescence Reactions

The most effective CL reactions can be divided into threegroups according to mechanism of chemiexitation.

1 CL of Electron Transfer.2 CL of Singlet Oxygen.3 CL Reactions of Peroxide

Decomposition.CL Reactions with ElectronTransfer.CL of Oxalates.CL of Acridium Compouds.CL of DioxetanesCellular CL.

Recombination of free ionradicals., oxidation of anionradicals of aromatichydrocarbons.

Emision of red ligth is observedduring oxidation of hydrogenperoxide by chloride in alkalimedia.

Observed when Intermediatecycloperoxides, 1, 2-dioxetanedecompose.







1 CL of Electron Transfer.

2 CL of Singlet Oxygen.3 CL Reactions of Peroxide











1 CL of Electron Transfer.2 CL of Singlet Oxygen.

3 CL Reactions of PeroxideDecomposition.

CL Reactions with ElectronTransfer.CL of Oxalates.CL of Acridium Compouds.CL of DioxetanesCellular CL.










1 CL of Electron Transfer.2 CL of Singlet Oxygen.3 CL Reactions of Peroxide









Outline




4 conclusion





Main Aspects

My fancies are fireflies,Specks of living lighttwinkling in the dark.

by Rabindranath Tagore,Fireflies.

BL is the luminescence that occurs inor is derived from living organisms.The basis of BL is a CL reactioncatalyzed by a specific enzyme.The Quantum yields of BL reactionsusually lie between 0.1-0.9.All proteins catalysts of BL reactionsisolated are oxygenases(luciferin-luciferase or Photoproteins).





Main Aspects



BL is the luminescence that occurs inor is derived from living organisms.

The basis of BL is a CL reactioncatalyzed by a specific enzyme.The Quantum yields of BL reactionsusually lie between 0.1-0.9.All proteins catalysts of BL reactionsisolated are oxygenases(luciferin-luciferase or Photoproteins).





Main Aspects



BL is the luminescence that occurs inor is derived from living organisms.The basis of BL is a CL reactioncatalyzed by a specific enzyme.

The Quantum yields of BL reactionsusually lie between 0.1-0.9.All proteins catalysts of BL reactionsisolated are oxygenases(luciferin-luciferase or Photoproteins).





Main Aspects



BL is the luminescence that occurs inor is derived from living organisms.The basis of BL is a CL reactioncatalyzed by a specific enzyme.The Quantum yields of BL reactionsusually lie between 0.1-0.9.

All proteins catalysts of BL reactionsisolated are oxygenases(luciferin-luciferase or Photoproteins).





Main Aspects



BL is the luminescence that occurs inor is derived from living organisms.The basis of BL is a CL reactioncatalyzed by a specific enzyme.The Quantum yields of BL reactionsusually lie between 0.1-0.9.All proteins catalysts of BL reactionsisolated are oxygenases(luciferin-luciferase or Photoproteins).




Structures of Luciferins-LuciferaseBL system of the FireflyBL in others systems

Outline




4 conclusion





Luciferins-LuciferasePeer to peer, illuminating

Luciferins are a class of small-moleculesubstrate each for their correspondingprotein enzyme luciferase.

Luciferins are oxidized in the presence ofthe enzyme luciferase to produceoxyluciferin and energy in the form of light.

There are five general types of luciferins.

Luciferin and luciferase are not specificmolecules. They are generic terms for asubstrate and its associated enzyme (orprotein) that catalyze a light-producingreaction.

Figure: Reaction scheme for bioluminescence generation via luciferase-catalyzedconversion of luciferin (L2911, L2912, L2916) to oxyluciferin.



































Outline




4 conclusion





BL system of the FireflyThis reaction have a higherQuantum yield (∼ 0.9).

Firefly Luciferace (Photinuspyralis NORTH AMERICANFIREFLY)

Processes:

ATP+O2+Mg2+

Luciferyl adeny-late+pyrophosphate.Cyclic peroxidedioxetanone+AMP

Some experimental andtheoretical resultsa

Simulation of certain processesb

aNature. Vol 440. 16 March 2006.

bJ. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 8756-8765







Processes:

ATP+O2+Mg2+





bJ. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 8756-8765







Processes:

ATP+O2+Mg2+





bJ. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 8756-8765







Processes:

ATP+O2+Mg2+





bJ. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 8756-8765







Processes:

ATP+O2+Mg2+





bJ. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 8756-8765







Processes:

ATP+O2+Mg2+

Luciferyl adeny-late+pyrophosphate.

Cyclic peroxidedioxetanone+AMP




bJ. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 8756-8765







Processes:

ATP+O2+Mg2+





bJ. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 8756-8765







Processes:

ATP+O2+Mg2+





bJ. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 8756-8765







Processes:

ATP+O2+Mg2+





bJ. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 8756-8765





Outline




4 conclusion





Other sets of Luciferin-Luciferace systems

BL Systems of Bacteria.

Common in seawater and in the gutsof organisms. Also used in the lure ofAnglerfish and in the ventralcounterillumination of the bobtailsquid (Euprymna scolopes)

Reduced riboflavin phosphate (FMNH2).

Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP).






BL Systems of Bacteria.

Common in seawater and in the gutsof organisms. Also used in the lure ofAnglerfish and in the ventralcounterillumination of the bobtailsquid (Euprymna scolopes)

Reduced riboflavin phosphate (FMNH2).

Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP).






Coelenterazine BLSystems.

Different species employphotoproteins or a variety ofluciferases to trigger luminescencefrom coelenterazine. The luminousgroups include Scyphozoa (”true“jellyfish), Hydrozoa (hydroids,siphonophores, and hydromedusae),and Anthozoa (sea pens and seapansies).

Imidazopyrazine.

Bioluminescence is widespread in allmajor Cnidarian groups except for theCubozoa.






Coelenterazine BLSystems.

Different species employphotoproteins or a variety ofluciferases to trigger luminescencefrom coelenterazine. The luminousgroups include Scyphozoa (”true“jellyfish), Hydrozoa (hydroids,siphonophores, and hydromedusae),and Anthozoa (sea pens and seapansies).

Imidazopyrazine.

Bioluminescence is widespread in allmajor Cnidarian groups except for theCubozoa.






Cypridina BL.

Common in seawater and in the guts oforganisms. Also used in the lure ofAnglerfish and in the ventralcounterillumination of the bobtail squid(Euprymna scolopes) Most pelagiccrustacean groups (with the exception ofisopods) have luminous members. Theseinclude copepods, ostracods, amphipods,decapod shrimp and euphausiids (krill).Amazingly, three of the major marineluciferins are used in various crustaceans(ostracod-type luciferin,dinoflagellate-type luciferin,coelenterazine). Crustaceans are also themost likely source for coelenterazine inthe sea, as there is evidence that theycan produce it.

Imidazopyrazine derivative.

Pycnogonids (sea spiders).






Cypridina BL.

Common in seawater and in the guts oforganisms. Also used in the lure ofAnglerfish and in the ventralcounterillumination of the bobtail squid(Euprymna scolopes) Most pelagiccrustacean groups (with the exception ofisopods) have luminous members. Theseinclude copepods, ostracods, amphipods,decapod shrimp and euphausiids (krill).Amazingly, three of the major marineluciferins are used in various crustaceans(ostracod-type luciferin,dinoflagellate-type luciferin,coelenterazine). Crustaceans are also themost likely source for coelenterazine inthe sea, as there is evidence that theycan produce it.

Imidazopyrazine derivative.

Pycnogonids (sea spiders).






Dinoflagellate BL System.

If you see luminous sparkles in the wakeof a boat, or in splashing waves on thebeach, it is probably coming fromdinoflagellates. These single-celledprotists can be photosynthetic, or theymay be heterotrophic (eat otherorganisms), or some combination of thetwo. They may become very abundantduring red tides, and are thought to usetheir light as a burglar alarm to attractpredators to animals that are grazing onthem.

Tetrapyrrole.

Pyrocystis fusiformis.






Dinoflagellate BL System.

If you see luminous sparkles in the wakeof a boat, or in splashing waves on thebeach, it is probably coming fromdinoflagellates. These single-celledprotists can be photosynthetic, or theymay be heterotrophic (eat otherorganisms), or some combination of thetwo. They may become very abundantduring red tides, and are thought to usetheir light as a burglar alarm to attractpredators to animals that are grazing onthem.

Tetrapyrrole.

Pyrocystis fusiformis.




Conclusion

Bioluminescence is a very important physical phenomena untilnow not well understand but very common in underseaorganisms, some kind of mushrooms and insects.The physical knowledge of Bioluminescence can be importantfor ecological generation of light and like source of energy.




Bibliography

[D.R. Vij]”Luminescence of Solids" Kurukshetra University.Plenum Press, New York and London, 1998.

[Thérése Wilson and J. Woodland Hastings]”BIOLUMINESCENCE" Ann. Rev. Cell. Dev. Biol. 1998,14:197-230.


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Bioluminescence - An introductionnano-bio.ehu.es/files/talk_NSP.pdf · bioluminescence phenomena, main characteristics and a very basic theoretical description using ﬁrst principles