99
Table of Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgement 1. Introduction and background 1 2. Biomass and volume tables 1 2.1 Part I 2 2.2 Part II 2 2.3 Part III 2 2.4 Part IV 2 3. Literature review 2 4. References 5 Part - I 7 Biomass Table 1: Acacia auriculiformis 9 Biomass Table 2: Acacia catechu (Khair) 10 Biomass Table 3: Alnus nepalensis (Utis) 11 Biomass Table 4: Casearia graveolens (Barkula) 13 Biomass Table 5: Cassia siamea 14 Biomass Table 6: Dalbergia sissoo (Sissoo) 15 Biomass Table 7: Engelhardia spicata (Mauwa) 16 Biomass Table 8: Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Masala) 17 Biomass Table 9: Eugenia operculata 18 Biomass Table 10: Eurya acuminata (Jhingane) 19 Biomass Table 11: Ficus lacor (Kavro) 20 Biomass Table 12: Ficus neriifolia (Dudhilo) 21 Biomass Table 13: Ficus semicordata (Khanayo) 22 Biomass Table 13: Fraxinus floribunda (Lankuri) 23 Biomass Table 15: Litsea monopetala (Kutmero) 24 Biomass Table 16: Lyonia ovalifolia (Angeri) 25 Biomass Table 17: Maesa macrophylla (Bhogate) 26 Biomass Table 18: Melastoma melabathricum (Angeri, Chulesi) 27 Biomass Table 19: Myrica esculenta (Kafal) 28 Biomass Table 20: Myrsine capitellata (Setikath) 29 Biomass Table 21: Phyllanthus emblica (Amala) 30 Biomass Table 22: Pinus patula 31 Biomass Table 23: Pinus roxburghii (Salla) 33 Biomass Table 24: Pinus wallichiana (Gobre Salla) 35 Biomass Table 25: Pyrus pashia (Mayal) 37 Biomass Table 26: Quercus floribunda (Seto Khasru) 38 Biomass Table 27: Quercus lanuginosa (Banjh) 40 Biomass Table 28: Quercus leucotrichophora (Banjh) 41 Biomass Table 29: Rhododendron arboreum (Lali Gurans) 42 Biomass Table 30: Rhus wallichii (Bhalayo) 43 Biomass Table 31: Shorea robusta (Tarai Sal, Agrath) 44 Biomass Table 32: Viburnum coriaceum (Ghode Khari) 45 Biomass Table 33: Wendlandia coriacea (Tilka) 46 Biomass Table 34: Daphne species 47 Part - II 48

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Page 1: Biomass & Volume Table

Table of ContentsForeword

Preface

Acknowledgement

1. Introduction and background 1

2. Biomass and volume tables 1

2.1 Part I 2

2.2 Part II 2

2.3 Part III 2

2.4 Part IV 2

3. Literature review 2

4. References 5

Part - I 7

Biomass Table 1: Acacia auriculiformis 9

Biomass Table 2: Acacia catechu (Khair) 10

Biomass Table 3: Alnus nepalensis (Utis) 11

Biomass Table 4: Casearia graveolens (Barkula) 13

Biomass Table 5: Cassia siamea 14

Biomass Table 6: Dalbergia sissoo (Sissoo) 15

Biomass Table 7: Engelhardia spicata (Mauwa) 16

Biomass Table 8: Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Masala) 17

Biomass Table 9: Eugenia operculata 18

Biomass Table 10: Eurya acuminata (Jhingane) 19

Biomass Table 11: Ficus lacor (Kavro) 20

Biomass Table 12: Ficus neriifolia (Dudhilo) 21

Biomass Table 13: Ficus semicordata (Khanayo) 22

Biomass Table 13: Fraxinus floribunda (Lankuri) 23

Biomass Table 15: Litsea monopetala (Kutmero) 24

Biomass Table 16: Lyonia ovalifolia (Angeri) 25

Biomass Table 17: Maesa macrophylla (Bhogate) 26

Biomass Table 18: Melastoma melabathricum (Angeri, Chulesi) 27

Biomass Table 19: Myrica esculenta (Kafal) 28

Biomass Table 20: Myrsine capitellata (Setikath) 29

Biomass Table 21: Phyllanthus emblica (Amala) 30

Biomass Table 22: Pinus patula 31

Biomass Table 23: Pinus roxburghii (Salla) 33

Biomass Table 24: Pinus wallichiana (Gobre Salla) 35

Biomass Table 25: Pyrus pashia (Mayal) 37

Biomass Table 26: Quercus floribunda (Seto Khasru) 38

Biomass Table 27: Quercus lanuginosa (Banjh) 40

Biomass Table 28: Quercus leucotrichophora (Banjh) 41

Biomass Table 29: Rhododendron arboreum (Lali Gurans) 42

Biomass Table 30: Rhus wallichii (Bhalayo) 43

Biomass Table 31: Shorea robusta (Tarai Sal, Agrath) 44

Biomass Table 32: Viburnum coriaceum (Ghode Khari) 45

Biomass Table 33: Wendlandia coriacea (Tilka) 46

Biomass Table 34: Daphne species 47

Part - II 48

Page 2: Biomass & Volume Table

Biomass Table 35: Castanopsis indica (Dhale Katus) 50

Biomass Table 36: Castanopsis tribuloides (Musure Katus) 51

Biomass Table 37: Mixed Species: Eurya acuminata (Jhingane), Myrsine capitellata(Bakle pate), Myrsine semiserrata (Kalikath/Kaligedi), Tinju and others 52

Biomass Table 38: Mixed Species: Lyonia ovalifolia (Angeri), Engelhardia spicata(Mauwa), Sapium (Khirro), Rhus succedanea (Bhalayo), Rhus javanica(Bhakimlo), Emblica officinalis (Amala) 53

Biomass Table 39: Mixed Species: Syzygium cumini (Jamun), Myrica esculenta(Kafal), Setikath, Machilus spp (Kaulo), Ficus nemoralis (Dudhilo),

Michelia kisopa (Champ), Lithocarpus spicata (Arkhaulo) and others 54

Biomass Table 40: Quercus glauca (Phalant) 55

Biomass Table 41: Schima wallichii (Chilaune) 56

Part - III 58

Volume Table 1: Castanopsis indica (Dhale Katus) 60

Volume Table 2: Castanopsis tribuloides (Musure Katus) 61

Volume Table 3: Dalbergia sissoo (Sissoo) 62

Volume Table 4: Eucalyptus Camaldulensis (Masala) 63

Volume Table 5: Quercus glauca (Phalant) 64

Volume Table 6: Schima wallichii (Chilaune) 65

Part - IV 66

Acacia auriculiformis 68

Acacia catechu 69

Alnus nepalensis 70

Cassia siamea 71

Castanopsis indica 72

Castanopsis tribuloides 73

Dalbergia sissoo 74

Daphne species 75

Eucalyptus camaldulensis 76

Eurya acuminata 77

Ficus lacor 78

Ficus neriifolia 79

Ficus semicordata 80

Fraxinus floribunda 81

Litsea monopetala 82

Myrica esculenta 83

Phyllanthus emblica 84

Pinus patula 85

Pinus roxburghii 86

Pinus wallichiana 87

Pyrus pashia 88

Quercus floribunda 89

Quercus leucotrichophora 90

Rhododendron arboreum 91

Quercus glauca 92

Schima wallichii 93

Shorea robusta 94

Syzygium cumini 95

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1

1. Introduction and backgroundNepal's forests are essential for the well being of rural communities who depend on

them for supplies of fuelwood, fodder, poles, timber and many other products. They

also provide essential raw materials for national development and help to maintain a

sound environment.

In the Master Plan for Forestry Sector, HMG(N) has stated that the sectoral policy of

developing rural communities as institutions is essential for the fulfilment of

people’s day-to-day requirements for forest products and for the promotion of rural

development at the local level. This development is needed to improve living

standards. It is funded and managed as an outcome of improved forest-management

activity conducted by communities under the Community Forestry Programme (CFP).

To facilitate implementation of the CFP, forests are handed over to rural communities

legally formulated into groups called forest user groups (FUGs). More than 9784 FUGs

have been formed. To assist the process, the Forest Act 1993 and the Forest

Regulations 1995 recognise that an FUG is the manager of a community forest and is

responsible for conserving, managing and sustainably utilising that forest. These

locally formed institutions are authorised to award and punish members as part of

their growth in institutional capacity.

Over time, increasing numbers of FUGs have required more products from their forests.

This has resulted in FUGs demanding techniques of forest management that will increase

the productivity of their forests and develop a natural environment with sustainable

growth and stable productivity. In order to meet this demand, an important activity is

to extend to FUGs forest-management techniques and silvicultural findings for natural

and introduced trees species that have been verified through long-term research. This

will help to reduce the problems FUGs have in managing their community forests.

The major forests types where FUGs are active are Shorea robusta (sal forest) Schima

castanopsis (katus–chilaune forest) and Pinus roxburghii (chir pine forest).

For better management of FUGs’ forests, it is essential to quantify (estimate)

growing stock (biomass). Quantification of biomass is needed for forest products that

have been identified as essential by FUGs. This quantification can be made by using

biomass and volume tables. It is important to note that the tables give neither growth

figures for a tree nor management options for a species.

2. Biomass and volume tablesThe biomass and volume tables in this publication will help District Forest Office

staff to facilitate FUG members in estimating biomass. To use the biomass tables

properly, the diameter of the tree at breast height (DBH at 1.3m) needs to be

measured. Then, using these tables, the available biomass of various components in a

given area of forest can be estimated. This will be useful for FUG forest-management

planning where yield regulation (demand and supply) is made on an area basis. Biomass

is in green weight and in Kilogram. Similarly the volume is presented in cubic meter.

Data for the formulation of a biomass table are generated from the forest. This

publication presents 41 biomass tables. The data for these tables have been collected

from managed and unmanaged forests. At present in Nepal, there are only a few forests

Page 6: Biomass & Volume Table

2

that are managed properly. However, it is possible that more forests might be managed

properly in the future.

2.1 Part ICommunity forests are variable in species composition and in maturity of management.

Some are newly handed over and others have been managed for some time. Community

forests will be in both managed and unmanaged but conserved situations.

Tables in this part are made from data collected from forests that are natural and

community managed. These tables would be most suited for estimating biomass in a

community-managed situation. If these tables were applied to forests that have been

managed by forestry technicians, underestimation would take place. There are 34 tables

in part I.

2.2 Part II

These tables have been generated from data collected from managed forests. Data were

collected from sites where the Forest Research Division (FRD) of the Department of

Forest Research and Survey (DFRS) carried out natural forest silviculture and

management research for 16 years.

In general, the traditional approach has been to produce timber from a stand and this

was true for the above research; management practices were aimed at maximising timber

volume from a tree. A managed forest, therefore, will usually have trees with the best

form required to produce the desired product. These trees will have greater biomass in

comparison to trees in an unmanaged situation. These tables should be applied to

managed forests only. Application of these tables to community forests may

overestimate biomass content.

To suit other sporadically occurring species, three tables of mixed types are

presented (Mixed 1, 2 and 3). Although sporadic or minor in occurrence, they are often

important species for the livelihoods of forest users. The species in each category

are shown in the appropriate table.

These tables are suited to associate species existing in the main forest type. Each

grouping is based on similarity in growth characteristics, stem and crown form, and

wood density. The mixed species tables can be used to estimate biomass for other

species whose form, growing nature and wood density are similar to species listed in

the mixed species table. Mixed species tables are specifically suitable to species

listed in each table.

2.3 Part IIIIn this part, there are volume tables of six major species of the middle hills.

2.4 Part IVThis part has a concise descriptions of the species. Description are available for

most of the important species whose biomass or volume tables are available. There are

species description for 28 species.

3. Literature review

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3

These biomass and volume tables have been assembled from the work of various

researchers. They can be used for estimation of biomass and timber volume in community

forest management. It is important to note that these tables have not been field-

tested. They are not yet perfect and can be improved as more information (data)

becomes available from the field. However, these tables were adapted into a uniform

and simple format for better field level application. Readers might come across

sections that need to be updated. Please feel free to forward to TISC any suggestions

for improvement to the tables and any recommendations for the development of

additional tables.

Both published and unpublished research has been cited in this compilation. Published

information is from Chaturvedi and Singh (1982), Hawkins (1987), Negi (1983) and

Tamrakar (1999). Unpublished information is from Anon (1996), Forestry Services, and

Thompson, Mohans and Tamrakar (1988). For detailed information please refer to table

1.

Page 8: Biomass & Volume Table

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Table 1: List of species and researchers producing the tables

Tablenumber

Botanical name Local name Author

Biomass 1 Acacia auriculiformis Anonymous

Biomass 2 Acacia catechu Khair Anonymous

Biomass 3 Alnus nepalensis Utis Thompson et al.

Biomass 4 Casearia graveolens Barkula Thompson et al.

Biomass 5 Cassia siamea Hawkins, T.

Biomass 6 Dalbergia sissoo Sissoo Hawkins, T.

Biomass 7 Engelhardia spicata Mauwa Thompson et al.

Biomass 8 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Masala Hawkins, T.

Biomass 9 Eugenia operculata Thompson et al.

Biomass 10 Eurya acuminata Jhingane Thompson et al.

Biomass 11 Ficus lacor Kavro Anonymous

Biomass 12 Ficus neriifolia Dudhilo Anonymous

Biomass 13 Ficus semicordata Khanayo Anonymous

Biomass 14 Fraxinus floribunda Lankuri Thompson et al.

Biomass 15 Litsea monopetala Kutmero Anonymous

Biomass 16 Lyonia ovalifolia Angeri Thompson et al.

Biomass 17 Maesa macrophylla Bhogate Thompson et al.

Biomass 18 Melastoma melabathricum Angeri Thompson et al.

Biomass 19 Myrica esculenta Kafal Thompson et al.

Biomass 20 Myrsine capitellata Setikath Thompson et al.

Biomass 21 Phyllanthus emblica Amala Thompson et al.

Biomass 22 Pinus patula Thompson et al.

Biomass 23 Pinus roxburghii Salla Chaturvedi and

Singh

Biomass 24 Pinus wallichiana Gobre Salla Thompson et al.

Biomass 25 Pyrus pashia Mayal Thompson et al.

Biomass 26 Quercus floribunda Seto Khasru Negi, K.S.

Biomass 27 Quercus lanuginosa Banjh Thompson et al.

Biomass 28 Quercus leucotrichophora Banjh Anonymous

Biomass 29 Rhododendron arboreum Lali Gurans Thompson et al.

Biomass 30 Rhus wallichii Bhalayo Thompson et al.

Biomass 31 Shorea robusta Tarai Sal Thompson et al.

Biomass 32 Viburnum coriaceum Ghode Khari Thompson et al.

Biomass 33 Wendlandia coriacea Tilka Thompson et al.

Biomass 34 Daphne bholua and D. papyracea (Lokta) Forestry Services

Biomass 35 Castanopsis indica Dhale Katus Tamrakar, P R

Biomass 36 Castanopsis tribuloides Musure Katus Tamrakar, P R

Biomass 37 Mixed Species: Eurya acuminata,Myrsine capitellata, Myrsinesemiserrata, Tinju and others

Jhingane, Bakle pate,

Kalikath/Kaligedi and

others

Tamrakar, P R

Biomass 38 Mixed Species: Lyonia ovalifolia,Engelhardia spicata, Sapium, Rhussuccedanea, Rhus javanica, Emblicaofficinalis

Angeri, Mauwa, Khirro,

Bhalayo, Bhakimlo, Amala

Tamrakar, P R

Biomass 39 Mixed Species: Syzygium cumini,Myrica esculenta, Machilus spp.,Ficus nemoralis, Michelia kisopa,Lithocarpus spicata and others

Jamun, Kafal, Setikath,

Kaulo, Dudhilo, Champ,

Arkhaulo and others

Tamrakar, P R

Biomass 40 Quercus glauca Phalant Tamrakar, P R

Biomass 41 Schima wallichii Chilaune Tamrakar, P R

Volume 1 Castanopsis indica Dhale Katus Tamrakar, P R

Volume 2 Castanopsis tribuloides Musure Katus Tamrakar, P R

Volume 3 Dalbergia sissoo Sissoo Hawkins, T

Volume 4 Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Masala Hawkins, T

Volume 5 Quercus glauca Phalant Tamrakar, P R

Volume 6 Schima wallichii Chilaune Tamrakar, P R

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4. ReferencesAnonymous 1996, Biomass tables of ten preferred species in the Hills of Nepal.

Community and Private Forest Division, Babarmahal, Kathmandu.

Chaturvedi, O.P. and Singh, J.S. (1982) Total biomass and biomass production of Pinus

roxburghii trees in all-aged natural forests. Canadian Journal of Forestry

Research, 12.

Hawkins, T. (1987) Biomass and Volume Tables for Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia

sissoo and Cassia siamea in the Central Bhabar-Tarai of Nepal. OFI Occasional

Paper, No. 33. Oxford: Oxford Forestry Institute, UK.

Negi, K.S. (1983) Estimation of biomass and nutrient storage in a Himalayan moist

temperate forest. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research, 13.

Tamrakar, P.R. (1999) Biomass Tables for Katus–Chilaune Forest Type. Research Leaflet

No. 8, Department of Forest Research and Survey, Kathmandu.

Thompson, I.S., Mohans, V.P. and Tamrakar, P.R. (1988) Biomass Tables for 17 Species

of the Mid-Hills of Nepal. Nepal UK, Forest Research Project, Kathmandu.

(Unpublished).

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Page 11: Biomass & Volume Table

Part - I

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9

Biomass Table 1: Acacia auriculiformis

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total4 - 1.1 4.8 5.8

5 - 1.9 7.9 9.9

6 - 3.2 12.0 15.2

7 - 4.9 17.1 22.0

8 - 7.1 23.2 30.2

9 - 9.8 30.3 40.1

10 - 13.1 38.5 51.6

11 - 17.0 47.9 64.9

12 - 21.6 58.4 80.0

13 - 27.0 70.0 97.0

14 - 33.1 82.9 116.0

15 - 40.0 97.1 137.0

16 - 47.7 112.4 160.2

17 - 56.4 129.1 185.5

18 - 66.0 147.1 213.1

19 - 76.6 166.4 243.0

20 - 88.2 187.0 275.2

Branch Stem Stem plus branchIntercept (a) -3.759 -1.599 -1.606

Slope (b) 2.75 2.28 2.40

Regression Model Ln W = a +b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 14: Biomass & Volume Table

10

Biomass Table 2: Acacia catechu (Khair)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

4 - 0.4 2.6 3.0

5 - 0.8 6.6 7.4

6 - 1.6 11.3 12.9

7 - 2.8 17.0 19.8

8 - 4.5 23.5 28.0

9 - 6.8 30.9 37.7

10 - 9.9 39.1 49.0

11 - 13.9 48.2 62.2

12 - 19.0 58.2 77.2

13 - 25.3 69.0 94.3

14 - 32.9 80.8 113.7

15 - 42.0 93.4 135.4

16 - 52.9 106.8 159.7

17 - 65.6 121.1 186.8

18 - 80.5 136.3 216.8

19 - 97.5 152.4 249.9

20 - 117.1 169.3 286.4

Branch Stem

Intercept (a) -5.902 -4.300

Slope (b) 3.56 0.434

Regression Model Ln W = a +b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 15: Biomass & Volume Table

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Biomass Table 3: Alnus nepalensis (Utis)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4

3 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.3

4 0.5 0.7 1.4 2.5

5 0.7 1.3 2.3 4.3

6 0.9 2.1 3.6 6.6

7 1.2 3.2 5.0 9.5

8 1.5 4.6 6.8 12.9

9 1.8 6.3 8.9 17.0

10 2.1 8.3 11.2 21.7

11 2.5 10.7 13.8 27.0

12 2.8 13.4 16.7 33.0

13 3.2 16.6 19.9 39.7

14 3.6 20.1 23.4 47.1

15 4.0 24.0 27.2 55.3

16 4.4 28.4 31.3 64.2

17 4.9 33.2 35.7 73.8

18 5.3 38.5 40.5 84.3

19 5.8 44.3 45.5 95.5

20 6.2 50.6 50.8 107.6

21 6.7 57.3 56.4 120.4

22 7.2 64.6 62.4 134.1

23 7.7 72.4 68.6 148.7

24 8.2 80.8 75.2 164.1

25 8.7 89.7 82.1 180.4

26 9.3 99.1 89.3 197.7

27 9.8 109.2 96.8 215.8

28 10.4 119.8 104.6 234.8

29 10.9 131.1 112.8 254.8

30 11.5 142.9 121.2 275.7

31 12.1 155.4 130.0 297.5

32 12.7 168.5 139.2 320.3

33 13.3 182.2 148.6 344.1

34 13.9 196.6 158.4 368.9

35 14.5 211.7 168.5 394.7

36 15.2 227.4 178.9 421.5

37 15.8 243.9 189.7 449.3

38 16.4 261.0 200.8 478.2

39 17.1 278.8 212.2 508.1

40 17.8 297.3 223.9 539.0

41 18.4 316.6 236.0 571.1

42 19.1 336.6 248.4 604.1

43 19.8 357.3 261.2 638.3

44 20.5 378.8 274.3 673.6

45 21.2 401.0 287.7 709.9

46 21.9 424.0 301.4 747.4

47 22.6 447.8 315.5 786.0

48 23.4 472.4 330.0 825.7

49 24.1 497.7 344.7 866.6

50 24.9 523.9 359.9 908.6

51 25.6 550.9 375.3 951.8

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.702 -3.678 -2.348

Slope (b) 1.487 2.510 2.102

R square 0.695 0.835 0.978

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

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DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

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Biomass Table 4: Casearia graveolens (Barkula)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

2 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.9

3 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.7

4 0.2 0.7 1.7 2.6

5 0.3 0.9 2.4 3.6

6 0.3 1.2 3.1 4.6

7 0.3 1.4 3.9 5.6

8 0.4 1.7 4.8 6.7

9 0.4 1.9 5.7 7.8

10 0.4 2.2 6.7 9.0

11 0.5 2.5 7.7 10.1

12 0.5 2.8 8.8 11.4

13 0.5 3.1 9.9 12.6

14 0.6 3.4 11.0 13.8

15 0.6 3.7 12.1 15.1

16 0.6 4.0 13.3 16.4

17 0.6 4.3 14.5 17.8

18 0.7 4.6 15.8 19.1

19 0.7 4.9 17.1 20.5

20 0.7 5.2 18.4 21.8

21 0.7 5.5 19.7 23.2

22 0.8 5.8 21.1 24.6

23 0.8 6.2 22.5 26.1

24 0.8 6.5 23.9 27.5

25 0.8 6.8 25.3 29.0

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.60 -2.24 -1.627

Slope (b) 0.76 1.30 1.5202

R square 0.97 0.99 0.99

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 18: Biomass & Volume Table

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Biomass Table 5: Cassia siamea

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

1 - - - -

2 - 0.43 - 0.43

3 - 1.14 - 1.14

4 - 2.35 - 2.35

5 - 4.21 - 4.21

6 - 6.82 - 6.82

7 - 10.33 - 10.33

8 - 14.85 - 14.85

9 - 20.50 - 20.50

10 - 27.39 - 27.39

11 - 36.65 - 36.65

12 - 45.40 - 45.40

13 - 56.74 - 56.74

14 - 69.80 - 69.80

Stem

Intercept (a) -3.5036

Slope (b) 2.8978

R square 0.96

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

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Biomass Table 6: Dalbergia sissoo (Sissoo)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 - 0.1 0.3 0.5

2 - 0.4 1.2 1.6

3 - 0.8 2.9 3.7

4 - 1.4 5.4 6.9

5 - 2.3 9.1 11.3

6 - 3.3 13.9 17.2

7 - 4.5 20.0 24.5

8 - 5.9 27.6 33.5

9 - 7.6 36.7 44.2

10 - 9.4 47.4 56.8

11 - 11.5 59.8 71.3

12 - 13.9 74.0 87.9

13 - 16.5 90.1 106.6

14 - 19.3 108.2 127.5

15 - 22.3 128.4 150.7

16 - 25.7 150.6 176.3

17 - 29.2 175.1 204.3

18 - 33.0 201.9 234.9

19 - 37.1 231.0 268.1

20 - 41.5 262.5 304.0

21 - 46.1 296.5 342.6

Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.9619 -2.1590

Slope (b) 2.2139 2.5590

R square 0.94 0.99

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 20: Biomass & Volume Table

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Biomass Table 7: Engelhardia spicata (Mauwa)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.5

3 0.4 0.3 0.7 1.4

4 0.7 0.7 1.3 2.7

5 1.0 1.3 2.2 4.5

6 1.3 2.2 3.2 6.7

7 1.7 3.2 4.4 9.3

8 2.1 4.5 5.8 12.4

9 2.6 6.0 7.4 16.0

10 3.1 7.8 9.2 20.1

11 3.6 9.9 11.1 24.7

12 4.2 12.3 13.3 29.7

13 4.8 14.9 15.6 35.3

14 5.4 17.9 18.1 41.3

15 6.0 21.2 20.7 47.9

16 6.7 24.8 23.6 55.0

17 7.4 28.7 26.6 62.7

18 8.1 33.0 29.8 70.8

19 8.8 37.6 33.2 79.5

20 9.6 42.5 36.7 88.8

21 10.3 47.8 40.4 98.6

22 11.1 53.5 44.3 109.0

23 12.0 59.6 48.4 119.9

24 12.8 66.0 52.6 131.4

25 13.7 72.8 57.0 143.5

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.414 -3.369 -2.142

Slope (b) 1.562 2.355 1.928

R square 0.966 0.943 0.987

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 21: Biomass & Volume Table

17

Biomass Table 8: Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Masala)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.6

2 0.3 0.2 1.7 2.3

3 0.6 0.5 4.0 5.2

4 1.1 1.0 7.6 9.6

5 1.7 1.6 12.6 15.9

6 2.5 2.4 19.1 24.0

7 3.5 3.3 27.4 34.2

8 4.6 4.5 37.5 46.6

9 5.8 5.9 49.6 61.4

10 7.3 7.6 63.8 78.7

11 8.9 9.5 80.2 98.6

12 10.7 11.6 98.9 121.2

13 12.7 14.1 119.9 146.7

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.2265 -3.7296 -1.7536

Slope (b) 2.2163 2.4482 2.5130

R square 0.82 0.79 0.99

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 22: Biomass & Volume Table

18

Biomass Table 9: Eugenia operculata

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4

3 0.2 0.3 0.8 1.3

4 0.4 0.6 1.6 2.6

5 0.6 1.2 2.8 4.6

6 0.8 2.1 4.2 7.1

7 1.2 3.3 6.0 10.4

8 1.5 4.8 8.0 14.3

9 1.9 6.7 10.4 19.0

10 2.3 9.0 13.2 24.5

11 2.8 11.7 16.3 30.8

12 3.3 15.0 19.7 38.0

13 3.9 18.7 23.4 46.0

14 4.5 23.0 27.5 55.0

15 5.2 27.8 32.0 65.0

16 5.8 33.3 36.7 75.9

17 6.6 39.3 41.9 87.8

18 7.3 46.0 47.4 100.8

19 8.1 53.4 53.2 114.8

20 9.0 61.5 59.4 129.9

21 9.9 70.3 66.0 146.2

22 10.8 79.9 72.9 163.6

23 11.7 90.2 80.2 182.1

24 12.7 101.3 87.8 201.9

25 13.8 113.3 95.8 222.9

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.523 -4.033 -2.198

Slope (b) 1.871 2.676 2.094

R square 0.856 0.906 0.950

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 23: Biomass & Volume Table

19

Biomass Table 10: Eurya acuminata (Jhingane)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.8

3 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.9

4 0.7 1.0 1.7 3.4

5 1.0 1.6 2.7 5.3

6 1.4 2.4 3.8 7.6

7 1.8 3.3 5.1 10.2

8 2.2 4.2 6.7 13.1

9 2.6 5.3 8.3 16.3

10 3.1 6.6 10.2 19.8

11 3.6 7.9 12.2 23.6

12 4.1 9.3 14.4 27.8

13 4.6 10.9 16.7 32.2

14 5.1 12.6 19.1 36.9

15 5.7 14.3 21.8 41.8

16 6.3 16.2 24.5 47.1

17 6.9 18.2 27.5 52.6

18 7.5 20.3 30.5 58.3

19 8.2 22.5 33.7 64.4

20 8.8 24.8 37.1 70.7

21 9.5 27.2 40.6 77.2

22 10.2 29.7 44.2 84.1

23 10.9 32.3 48.0 91.1

24 11.6 35.0 51.9 98.4

25 12.3 37.8 55.9 106.0

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.297 -2.377 -1.743

Slope (b) 1.463 1.849 1.797

R square 0.830 0.912 0.981

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 24: Biomass & Volume Table

20

Biomass Table 11: Ficus lacor (Kavro)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2

2 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

3 0.9 0.2 1.3 2.4

4 1.5 0.4 2.7 4.7

5 2.2 0.9 4.8 7.9

6 3.0 1.7 7.5 12.2

7 3.9 2.9 11.0 17.8

8 4.9 4.5 15.3 24.7

9 6.0 6.7 20.5 33.3

10 7.2 9.6 26.7 43.5

11 8.5 13.3 33.8 55.6

12 9.8 17.9 42.0 69.7

13 11.3 23.4 51.3 86.0

14 12.8 30.2 61.7 104.6

15 14.4 38.1 73.3 125.8

16 16.0 47.5 86.0 149.5

17 17.8 58.3 100.1 176.3

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.01 -5.86 -2.46

Slope (b) 1.70 3.40 2.49

Regression Model Ln W = a +b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 25: Biomass & Volume Table

21

Biomass Table 12: Ficus neriifolia (Dudhilo)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.8

2 0.3 0.6 1.3 2.1

3 0.4 0.8 2.6 3.8

4 0.6 1.1 4.2 5.9

5 0.8 1.3 6.2 8.3

6 1.0 1.5 8.6 11.1

7 1.2 1.7 11.3 14.2

8 1.4 2.0 14.2 17.6

9 1.6 2.2 17.5 21.3

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.30 -1.22 -0.986

Slope (b) 1.25 0.904 1.75

Regression Model Ln W = a +b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 26: Biomass & Volume Table

22

Biomass Table 13: Ficus semicordata (Khanayo)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.4

2 0.4 0.1 1.1 1.6

3 0.9 0.3 2.4 3.6

4 1.5 0.8 4.2 6.6

5 2.3 1.6 6.6 10.5

6 3.2 2.8 9.6 15.5

7 4.2 4.4 13.1 21.7

8 5.4 6.6 17.1 29.1

9 6.7 9.5 21.6 37.8

10 8.1 13.1 26.7 47.8

11 9.6 17.4 32.4 59.4

12 11.2 22.7 38.6 72.5

13 13.0 28.9 45.3 87.2

14 14.8 36.2 52.6 103.6

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.19 -4.67 -1.37

Slope (b) 1.81 3.03 2.01

R square 0.75 0.78 0.94

Regression Model Ln W = a +b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 27: Biomass & Volume Table

23

Biomass Table 13: Fraxinus floribunda (Lankuri)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

2 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.4

3 0.2 0.2 0.8 1.2

4 0.4 0.5 1.7 2.6

5 0.7 1.1 2.8 4.6

6 1.0 2.1 4.2 7.4

7 1.4 3.7 6.0 11.0

8 1.8 5.8 8.1 15.7

9 2.3 8.7 10.5 21.4

10 2.8 12.5 13.2 28.5

11 3.4 17.2 16.3 36.8

12 4.0 23.1 19.7 46.8

13 4.7 30.2 23.4 58.3

14 5.4 38.8 27.5 71.6

15 6.2 48.8 31.9 86.9

16 7.0 60.6 36.6 104.2

17 7.9 74.2 41.7 123.7

18 8.8 89.7 47.2 145.6

19 9.7 107.3 53.0 170.0

20 10.8 127.2 59.1 197.1

21 11.8 149.5 65.6 226.9

22 12.9 174.4 72.4 259.7

23 14.1 202.0 79.6 295.7

24 15.3 232.5 87.1 334.9

25 16.6 266.0 95.0 377.5

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.289 -5.052 -2.130

Slope (b) 1.885 3.231 2.082

R square 0.908 0.831 0.971

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 28: Biomass & Volume Table

24

Biomass Table 15: Litsea monopetala (Kutmero)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.3

2 0.3 0.1 0.8 1.2

3 0.6 0.3 1.9 2.8

4 0.9 0.7 3.6 5.2

5 1.3 1.1 6.0 8.4

6 1.7 1.6 9.1 12.4

7 2.2 2.3 12.8 17.3

8 2.7 3.0 17.4 23.1

9 3.2 3.9 22.7 29.8

10 3.8 5.0 28.8 37.5

11 4.4 6.2 35.7 46.2

12 5.0 7.5 43.4 55.9

13 5.6 8.9 52.1 66.6

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.25 -3.61 -1.88

Slope (b) 1.52 2.22 2.26

R square 76.2 83.6 94.0

Regression Model Ln W = a +b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 29: Biomass & Volume Table

25

Biomass Table 16: Lyonia ovalifolia (Angeri)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.5

2 0.2 0.7 0.4 1.3

3 0.4 1.1 0.8 2.3

4 0.5 1.4 1.4 3.3

5 0.6 1.8 2.1 4.5

6 0.8 2.1 3.1 6.0

7 0.9 2.5 4.2 7.6

8 1.1 2.9 5.6 9.6

9 1.2 3.3 7.1 11.6

10 1.4 3.7 8.8 13.9

11 1.6 4.1 10.8 16.5

12 1.7 4.5 13.0 19.2

13 1.9 4.9 15.4 22.2

14 2.1 5.3 18.0 25.4

15 2.3 5.7 20.8 28.8

16 2.5 6.1 23.9 32.5

17 2.7 6.5 27.2 36.4

18 2.8 7.0 30.8 40.6

19 3.0 7.4 36.1 43.5

20 3.2 8.1 39.2 47.3

21 3.4 8.5 42.7 51.2

22 3.6 8.8 46.5 55.3

23 3.8 9.4 50.1 59.5

24 4.0 9.9 54.0 63.9

25 4.2 11.5 56.7 68.2

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.52646 -1.37076 -2.83343

Slope (b) 1.429867 1.351643 2.009853

R square 0.99 0.93 0.99

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 30: Biomass & Volume Table

26

Biomass Table 17: Maesa macrophylla (Bhogate)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

2 0.2 0.9 0.4 1.5

3 0.5 1.8 0.8 3.1

4 0.8 2.8 1.4 5.0

5 1.1 4.0 2.2 7.3

6 1.5 5.3 3.0 9.8

7 1.9 6.7 4.0 12.5

8 2.3 8.1 5.1 15.5

9 2.8 9.6 6.2 18.7

10 3.3 11.2 7.5 22.0

11 3.8 12.9 8.8 25.5

12 4.4 14.6 10.2 29.2

13 5.0 16.4 11.7 33.1

14 5.5 18.3 13.3 37.1

15 6.2 20.2 15.0 41.3

16 6.8 22.1 16.7 45.7

17 7.5 24.1 18.6 50.1

18 8.1 26.2 20.4 54.7

19 8.8 28.2 22.4 59.5

20 9.5 30.4 24.4 64.4

21 10.3 32.6 26.5 69.4

22 11.0 34.8 28.7 74.5

23 11.8 37.0 30.9 79.7

24 12.6 39.3 33.2 85.1

25 13.4 41.6 35.6 90.6

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.416 -0.806 -1.769

Slope (b) 1.474 1.382 1.650

R square 0.650 0.807 0.766

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 31: Biomass & Volume Table

27

Biomass Table 18: Melastoma melabathricum (Angeri, Chulesi)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6

3 0.1 0.5 0.7 1.4

4 0.2 1.0 1.2 2.4

5 0.3 1.6 1.8 3.7

6 0.4 2.3 2.4 5.1

7 0.5 3.1 3.1 6.7

8 0.6 4.1 3.8 8.4

9 0.7 5.1 4.5 10.4

10 0.8 6.3 5.4 12.5

11 0.9 7.6 6.2 14.7

12 1.0 8.9 7.1 17.1

13 1.2 10.4 8.0 19.6

14 1.3 12.0 9.0 22.3

15 1.4 13.7 10.0 25.1

16 1.6 15.5 11.0 28.1

17 1.7 17.4 12.1 31.2

18 1.8 19.4 13.2 34.4

19 2.0 21.5 14.3 37.7

20 2.1 23.6 15.5 41.2

21 2.3 25.9 16.6 44.8

22 2.4 28.3 17.9 48.6

23 2.6 30.8 19.1 52.4

24 2.7 33.3 20.4 56.4

25 2.9 36.0 21.6 60.5

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) 3.01 5.12 3.67

Slope (b) 7.96 .61 1.05

R square 0.99 0.96 0.98

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 32: Biomass & Volume Table

28

Biomass Table 19: Myrica esculenta (Kafal)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

2 0.1 0.3 0.6 1.0

3 0.2 0.6 1.4 2.2

4 0.4 1.1 2.4 3.8

5 0.6 1.6 3.5 5.8

6 0.8 2.3 4.8 8.0

7 1.1 3.1 6.3 10.5

8 1.4 3.9 7.9 13.2

9 1.7 4.9 9.7 16.2

10 2.0 5.9 11.5 19.4

11 2.3 7.0 13.5 22.8

12 2.7 8.2 15.6 26.4

13 3.0 9.4 17.8 30.3

14 3.4 10.8 20.2 34.3

15 3.8 12.2 22.6 38.5

16 4.2 13.6 25.1 42.9

17 4.7 15.2 27.7 47.5

18 5.1 16.8 30.5 52.3

19 5.6 18.4 33.3 57.3

20 6.0 20.2 36.2 62.4

21 6.5 22.0 39.2 67.7

22 7.0 23.8 42.3 73.1

23 7.5 25.8 45.4 78.7

24 8.1 27.7 48.7 84.5

25 8.6 29.8 52.0 90.4

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.5346 - -

Slope (b) 1.4034 - -

R square 0.848 - -

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 33: Biomass & Volume Table

29

Biomass Table 20: Myrsine capitellata (Setikath)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.6

3 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.7

4 0.5 1.1 1.8 3.4

5 0.8 2.0 2.9 5.7

6 1.2 3.3 4.3 8.8

7 1.7 4.9 5.9 12.6

8 2.3 6.9 7.8 17.1

9 3.0 9.4 9.9 22.3

10 3.8 12.3 12.3 28.4

11 4.6 15.7 14.9 35.3

12 5.6 19.6 17.8 42.9

13 6.6 24.0 20.9 51.5

14 7.7 28.9 24.2 60.9

15 8.9 34.4 27.8 71.1

16 10.2 40.4 31.6 82.3

17 11.6 47.1 35.7 94.3

18 13.1 54.3 40.0 107.3

19 14.6 62.1 44.5 121.3

20 16.3 70.6 49.3 136.1

21 18.0 79.7 54.3 152.0

22 19.8 89.4 59.5 168.8

23 21.7 99.9 65.0 186.6

24 23.8 111.0 70.7 205.4

25 25.9 122.8 76.6 225.3

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.286 -3.047 -1.859

Slope (b) 2.031 2.426 1.932

R square 0.957 0.932 0.979

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 34: Biomass & Volume Table

30

Biomass Table 21: Phyllanthus emblica (Amala)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5

3 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.3

4 0.3 0.8 1.4 2.5

5 0.4 1.3 2.3 4.0

6 0.6 1.9 3.3 5.8

7 0.7 2.7 4.5 8.0

8 0.9 3.6 5.9 10.4

9 1.1 4.6 7.5 13.2

10 1.3 5.8 9.2 16.3

11 1.4 7.1 11.1 19.7

12 1.6 8.5 13.2 23.4

13 1.9 10.1 15.4 27.4

14 2.1 11.7 17.9 31.7

15 2.3 13.5 20.4 36.2

16 2.5 15.5 23.2 41.1

17 2.7 17.5 26.1 46.3

18 3.0 19.7 29.1 51.8

19 3.2 22.0 32.3 57.6

20 3.5 24.5 53.7 81.6

21 3.7 27.1 39.2 70.0

22 4.0 29.8 42.9 76.6

23 4.3 32.6 46.7 83.6

24 4.5 35.6 50.7 90.8

25 4.8 38.7 54.8 98.3

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.009 -2.850 -2.046

Slope (b) 1.416 2.001 1.883

R square 0.907 0.900 0.968

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 35: Biomass & Volume Table

31

Biomass Table 22: Pinus patula

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total2 0.8 0.4 0.3 1.5

3 1.6 1.0 0.9 3.4

4 2.4 2.0 1.6 6.0

5 3.4 3.4 2.6 9.3

6 4.4 5.1 3.8 13.2

7 5.5 7.2 5.1 17.8

8 6.6 9.6 6.7 22.9

9 7.8 12.4 8.5 28.7

10 9.0 15.6 10.5 35.1

11 10.3 19.1 12.6 42.0

12 11.6 23.1 15.0 49.6

13 12.9 27.3 17.5 57.8

14 14.3 32.0 20.2 66.5

15 15.7 37.1 23.1 75.9

16 17.1 42.5 26.2 85.8

17 18.6 48.3 29.5 96.4

18 20.1 54.5 32.9 107.5

19 21.6 61.1 36.5 119.2

20 23.2 68.0 40.3 131.5

21 24.8 75.4 44.3 144.4

22 26.4 83.1 48.4 157.8

23 28.0 91.2 52.7 171.9

24 29.6 99.7 57.2 186.5

25 31.3 108.6 61.8 201.7

26 66.6 117.9 33.0 217.5

27 71.6 127.5 34.7 233.8

28 76.8 137.6 36.4 250.8

29 82.1 148.0 38.2 268.3

30 87.6 158.9 39.9 286.4

31 93.2 170.1 41.7 305.0

32 99.0 181.7 43.5 324.3

33 105.0 193.7 45.4 344.1

34 111.1 206.2 47.2 364.5

35 117.4 219.0 49.1 385.5

36 123.9 232.2 50.9 407.0

37 130.5 245.8 52.8 429.1

38 137.3 259.8 54.7 451.8

39 144.3 274.1 56.7 475.1

40 151.4 288.9 58.6 498.9

41 158.6 304.1 60.6 523.3

42 166.1 319.7 62.5 548.3

43 173.6 335.7 64.5 573.8

44 181.4 352.1 66.5 600.0

45 189.3 368.9 68.5 626.7

46 197.3 386.0 70.6 653.9

47 205.5 403.6 72.6 681.8

48 213.9 421.6 74.7 710.2

49 222.4 440.0 76.7 739.2

50 231.1 458.8 78.8 768.7

51 239.9 478.0 80.9 798.8

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.98883 -2.25456 -1.29787

Slope (b) 1.857716 2.152228 1.507033

R square 0.97 0.99 0.93

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

Page 36: Biomass & Volume Table

32

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 37: Biomass & Volume Table

33

Biomass Table 23: Pinus roxburghii (Salla)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

3 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.5

4 0.2 0.0 0.8 1.1

5 0.3 0.1 1.6 2.0

6 0.5 0.2 2.7 3.3

7 0.6 0.2 4.1 5.0

8 0.8 0.4 6.0 7.2

9 1.0 0.5 8.3 9.8

10 1.3 0.7 11.1 13.0

11 1.5 0.9 14.4 16.8

12 1.8 1.1 18.2 21.1

13 2.1 1.4 22.6 26.1

14 2.5 1.7 27.6 31.7

15 2.8 2.0 33.2 38.1

16 3.2 2.4 39.5 45.1

17 3.6 2.8 46.5 52.9

18 4.0 3.3 54.2 61.5

19 4.5 3.8 62.6 70.9

20 4.9 4.4 71.7 81.1

21 5.4 5.0 81.7 92.1

22 5.9 5.7 92.5 104.1

23 6.4 6.4 104.1 116.9

24 7.0 7.2 116.5 130.7

25 7.5 8.1 129.8 145.4

26 8.1 8.9 144.0 161.1

27 8.7 9.9 159.2 177.8

28 9.4 10.9 175.3 195.5

29 10.0 12.0 192.3 214.3

30 10.7 13.1 210.3 234.1

31 11.4 14.3 229.4 255.0

32 12.1 15.6 249.4 277.1

33 12.8 16.9 270.5 300.2

34 13.5 18.3 292.7 324.5

35 14.3 19.8 315.9 350.0

36 15.1 21.4 340.2 376.7

37 15.9 23.0 365.7 404.6

38 16.7 24.7 392.3 433.7

39 17.6 26.4 420.1 464.1

40 18.4 28.3 449.0 495.7

41 19.3 30.2 479.1 528.7

42 20.2 32.2 510.5 562.9

43 21.1 34.3 543.1 598.5

44 22.1 36.4 576.9 635.4

45 23.0 38.7 612.0 673.7

46 24.0 41.0 648.4 713.4

47 25.0 43.4 686.0 754.5

48 26.0 45.9 725.0 797.0

49 27.1 48.5 765.3 840.9

50 28.1 51.2 807.0 886.3

51 29.2 53.9 850.1 933.2

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -4.30199 -6.59408 -3.98515

Slope (b) 1.959546 2.69398 2.74356

R square 0.99 0.99 0.99

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

Page 38: Biomass & Volume Table

34

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 39: Biomass & Volume Table

35

Biomass Table 24: Pinus wallichiana (Gobre Salla)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total2 0.5 0.6 0.5 1.6

3 1.0 1.2 1.1 3.3

4 1.4 2.0 2.0 5.4

5 2.0 2.8 3.0 7.8

6 2.5 3.7 4.3 10.6

7 3.1 4.7 5.7 13.6

8 3.7 5.8 7.4 16.8

9 4.3 6.9 9.1 20.3

10 4.9 8.0 11.1 24.0

11 5.6 9.3 13.2 28.0

12 6.2 10.5 15.4 32.1

13 6.9 11.8 17.8 36.5

14 7.6 13.2 20.3 41.0

15 8.2 14.6 23.0 45.8

16 8.9 16.0 25.8 50.7

17 9.7 17.5 28.7 55.8

18 10.4 19.0 31.8 61.2

19 11.1 20.5 35.0 66.6

20 11.8 22.1 38.4 72.3

21 12.6 23.7 41.8 78.1

22 13.3 25.3 45.4 84.1

23 14.1 27.0 49.1 90.2

24 14.9 28.7 53.0 96.5

25 15.7 30.4 56.9 103.0

26 16.4 32.2 61.0 109.6

27 17.2 34.0 65.2 116.4

28 18.0 35.8 69.5 123.3

29 18.8 37.6 73.9 130.4

30 19.6 39.5 78.5 137.6

31 20.5 41.4 83.1 145.0

32 21.3 43.3 87.9 152.5

33 22.1 45.2 92.8 160.1

34 22.9 47.2 97.8 167.9

35 23.8 49.2 102.9 175.8

36 24.6 51.2 108.1 183.9

37 25.5 53.2 113.4 192.1

38 26.3 55.3 118.8 200.5

39 27.2 57.4 124.3 208.9

40 28.1 59.5 130.0 217.5

41 28.9 61.6 135.7 226.3

42 29.8 63.8 141.6 235.1

43 30.7 65.9 147.5 244.1

44 31.6 68.1 153.6 253.3

45 32.5 70.3 159.7 262.5

46 33.4 72.6 166.0 271.9

47 34.3 74.8 172.3 281.4

48 35.2 77.1 178.8 291.0

49 36.1 79.4 185.4 300.8

50 37.0 81.7 192.0 310.7

51 37.9 84.0 198.8 320.7

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.4115 -1.36927 -1.81568

Slope (b) 1.290245 1.483074 1.815914

R square 0.99 0.99 0.99

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

Page 40: Biomass & Volume Table

36

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 41: Biomass & Volume Table

37

Biomass Table 25: Pyrus pashia (Mayal)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6

3 0.2 0.6 0.9 1.6

4 0.3 1.3 1.6 3.2

5 0.5 2.4 2.5 5.4

6 0.7 3.8 3.6 8.1

7 0.9 5.7 4.8 11.4

8 1.2 7.9 6.2 15.4

9 1.5 10.6 7.8 20.0

10 1.8 13.8 9.6 25.2

11 2.2 17.5 11.5 31.1

12 2.5 21.6 13.6 37.7

13 2.9 26.3 15.8 45.0

14 3.3 31.5 18.2 53.0

15 3.8 37.3 20.7 61.8

16 4.3 43.6 23.3 71.2

17 4.7 50.5 26.1 81.4

18 5.3 58.0 29.1 92.3

19 5.8 66.1 32.1 104.1

20 6.4 74.8 35.4 116.5

21 6.9 84.2 38.7 129.8

22 7.5 94.1 42.2 143.9

23 8.2 104.7 45.8 158.7

24 8.8 116.0 49.6 174.4

25 9.5 127.9 53.5 190.9

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.440 -2.755 -1.863

Slope (b) 1.748 2.349 1.814

R square 0.887 0.937 0.953

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 42: Biomass & Volume Table

38

Biomass Table 26: Quercus floribunda (Seto Khasru)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total2 14.0 18.7 31.1 42.2

3 18.3 26.5 54.7 64.3

4 21.8 33.4 79.3 94.9

5 24.8 39.6 104.7 104.6

6 27.6 45.5 130.8 123.4

7 30.1 51.0 157.3 141.7

8 32.4 56.2 184.3 159.5

9 34.6 61.2 211.6 176.9

10 36.6 66.1 239.4 194.0

11 38.6 70.8 267.4 210.7

12 40.4 75.3 295.7 227.2

13 42.2 79.8 324.2 243.4

14 43.9 84.1 353.0 259.4

15 45.6 88.3 382.1 275.2

16 47.2 92.4 411.3 290.8

17 48.8 96.5 440.8 306.2

18 50.3 100.4 470.4 321.5

19 51.7 104.3 500.2 336.6

20 53.2 108.2 530.2 351.6

21 54.6 111.9 560.4 366.5

22 55.9 115.7 590.7 381.2

23 57.3 119.3 621.1 395.8

24 58.6 122.9 651.7 410.3

25 59.9 126.5 682.5 424.7

26 61.1 130.0 713.4 439.0

27 62.4 133.5 744.4 453.1

28 63.6 136.9 775.5 467.2

29 64.8 140.3 806.7 481.2

30 65.9 143.6 838.1 495.2

31 67.1 147.0 869.6 509.0

32 68.2 150.2 901.2 522.8

33 69.3 153.5 932.9 536.5

34 70.4 156.7 964.7 550.1

35 71.5 159.9 996.6 563.6

36 72.6 163.1 1028.5 577.1

37 73.6 166.2 1060.6 590.5

38 74.7 169.3 1092.8 603.9

39 75.7 172.4 1125.1 617.1

40 76.7 175.4 1157.5 630.4

41 77.7 178.5 1189.9 643.5

42 78.7 181.5 1222.5 656.6

43 79.7 184.5 1255.1 669.7

44 80.6 187.4 1287.8 682.7

45 81.6 190.4 1320.6 695.7

46 82.5 193.3 1353.4 708.6

47 83.5 196.2 1386.4 721.4

48 84.4 199.1 1419.4 734.2

49 85.3 201.9 1452.5 747.0

50 86.2 204.8 1485.6 759.7

51 87.1 207.6 1518.8 772.4

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) 2.326333 2.509542 2.762831

Slope (b) 0.547374 0.722447 1.166462

R square 0.999175 0.999176 0.999176

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

Page 43: Biomass & Volume Table

39

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 44: Biomass & Volume Table

40

Biomass Table 27: Quercus lanuginosa (Banjh)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

2 0.2 0.4 0.9 1.6

3 0.4 0.8 1.5 2.7

4 0.5 1.2 2.1 3.8

5 0.7 1.6 2.7 5.0

6 0.8 2.1 3.3 6.2

7 0.9 2.5 3.9 7.4

8 1.1 3.0 4.5 8.6

9 1.2 3.6 5.1 9.9

10 1.3 4.1 5.7 11.1

11 1.5 4.6 6.3 12.4

12 1.6 5.2 6.9 13.6

13 1.7 5.7 7.5 14.9

14 1.8 6.3 8.1 16.2

15 2.0 6.9 8.7 17.5

16 2.1 7.5 9.3 18.8

17 2.2 8.1 9.9 20.1

18 2.3 8.7 10.5 21.5

19 2.5 9.3 11.0 22.8

20 2.6 9.9 11.6 24.1

21 2.7 10.5 12.2 25.5

22 2.8 11.2 12.8 26.8

23 3.0 11.8 18.4 33.2

24 3.1 12.5 14.0 29.5

25 3.2 13.1 14.6 30.9

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.921 -1.628 -0.532

Slope (b) 0.937 1.235 0.988

R square 0.649 0.529 0.786

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 45: Biomass & Volume Table

41

Biomass Table 28: Quercus leucotrichophora (Banjh)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2

2 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.0

3 0.3 0.4 1.7 2.4

4 0.6 0.8 3.3 4.7

5 0.8 1.3 5.7 7.8

6 1.2 2.0 8.7 11.9

7 1.5 2.9 12.6 16.9

8 1.9 3.9 17.2 23.0

9 2.3 5.0 22.8 30.2

10 2.8 6.4 29.3 38.5

11 3.3 7.9 36.7 47.9

12 3.9 9.6 45.1 58.6

13 4.5 11.6 54.5 70.5

14 5.1 13.7 64.9 83.7

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.17 -3.51 -2.12

Slope (b) 1.76 2.26 2.37

R square 73.7 82.0 95.3

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 46: Biomass & Volume Table

42

Biomass Table 29: Rhododendron arboreum (Lali Gurans)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.8

3 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.9

4 0.6 0.9 1.8 3.2

5 0.8 1.4 2.7 4.9

6 1.1 2.0 3.7 6.8

7 1.4 2.8 4.8 8.9

8 1.7 3.7 6.0 11.3

9 2.0 4.7 7.3 14.0

10 2.3 5.8 8.8 16.8

11 2.6 7.0 10.3 19.9

12 2.9 8.4 11.9 23.2

13 3.3 9.8 13.6 26.7

14 3.6 11.4 15.4 30.4

15 4.0 13.1 17.2 34.3

16 4.4 14.9 19.1 38.4

17 4.7 16.8 21.2 42.7

18 5.1 18.8 23.2 47.1

19 5.5 20.9 25.4 51.8

20 5.9 23.1 27.6 56.7

21 6.3 25.4 29.9 61.7

22 6.7 27.9 32.3 66.9

23 7.2 30.4 34.7 72.3

24 7.6 33.1 37.2 77.9

25 8.0 35.8 39.8 83.6

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.533 - -

Slope (b) 1.393 - -

R square 0.698 - -

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 47: Biomass & Volume Table

43

Biomass Table 30: Rhus wallichii (Bhalayo)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.7

3 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.6

4 0.5 0.9 1.6 3.0

5 0.7 1.5 2.5 4.7

6 0.9 2.2 3.7 6.8

7 1.1 3.0 5.1 9.2

8 1.3 4.0 6.7 12.0

9 1.5 5.0 8.5 15.1

10 1.7 6.3 10.5 18.5

11 1.9 7.6 12.7 22.3

12 2.2 9.1 15.1 26.4

13 2.4 10.7 17.7 30.9

14 2.7 12.4 20.5 35.6

15 2.9 14.3 23.5 40.7

16 3.2 16.3 26.7 46.1

17 3.4 18.4 30.1 51.9

18 3.7 20.6 33.6 57.9

19 3.9 23.0 37.4 64.3

20 4.2 25.5 41.3 70.9

21 4.5 28.1 45.4 77.9

22 4.7 30.8 49.7 85.2

23 5.0 33.6 54.2 92.8

24 5.3 36.6 58.8 100.8

25 5.6 39.7 63.7 109.0

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.332 -2.592 -1.954

Slope (b) 1.251 1.949 1.899

R square 0.861 0.934 0.956

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 48: Biomass & Volume Table

44

Biomass Table 31: Shorea robusta (Tarai Sal, Agrath)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

3 0.40 0.39 1.30 2.09

4 0.78 0.87 2.75 4.40

5 1.31 1.61 4.93 7.85

6 2.00 2.64 7.94 12.58

7 2.86 4.03 11.87 18.76

8 3.91 5.79 16.82 26.52

9 5.14 7.99 22.88 36.01

10 6.56 10.65 30.13 47.34

11 8.19 13.81 38.64 60.64

12 10.03 17.51 48.50 76.04

13 12.08 21.78 59.77 93.63

14 14.35 26.65 72.53 113.53

15 16.85 32.17 86.85 135.87

16 19.57 38.36 102.80 160.73

17 22.54 45.26 120.43 188.23

18 25.74 52.88 139.82 218.44

19 29.19 61.29 161.03 251.51

20 32.89 70.49 184.11 287.49

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.473 -3.913 -2.608

Slope (b) 2.325 2.727 2.996

R square 0.965 0.990 0.982

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 49: Biomass & Volume Table

45

Biomass Table 32: Viburnum coriaceum (Ghode Khari)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6

3 0.3 0.7 0.6 1.6

4 0.5 1.4 1.1 3.0

5 0.8 2.5 1.6 4.9

6 1.2 3.9 2.2 7.3

7 1.6 5.7 2.9 10.2

8 2.1 7.8 3.6 13.6

9 2.6 10.4 4.5 17.5

10 3.3 13.3 5.3 21.9

11 3.9 16.6 6.3 26.8

12 4.7 20.3 7.3 32.3

13 5.4 24.5 8.3 38.2

14 6.3 29.1 9.4 44.8

15 7.2 34.1 10.6 51.8

16 8.2 39.5 11.8 59.5

17 9.2 45.4 13.0 67.6

18 10.3 51.8 14.3 76.4

19 11.4 58.6 15.7 85.7

20 12.6 65.9 17.1 95.6

21 13.8 73.7 18.5 106.0

22 15.1 81.9 20.0 117.0

23 16.5 90.7 21.5 128.6

24 17.9 99.9 23.1 140.8

25 19.3 109.6 24.7 153.6

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.117 -2.759 -2.005

Slope (b) 1.880 2.227 1.619

R square 0.855 0.609 0.895

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 50: Biomass & Volume Table

46

Biomass Table 33: Wendlandia coriacea (Tilka)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total

2 0.2 0.3 0.7 1.2

3 0.4 0.6 1.3 2.3

4 0.6 1.0 2.0 3.6

5 0.8 1.4 2.9 5.0

6 0.9 1.8 3.7 6.4

7 1.1 2.2 4.7 8.0

8 1.3 2.7 5.6 9.7

9 1.5 3.2 6.6 11.4

10 1.7 3.7 7.7 13.1

11 1.9 4.3 8.8 15.0

12 2.1 4.8 9.9 16.9

13 2.3 5.4 11.1 18.8

14 2.5 6.0 12.3 20.8

15 2.7 6.6 13.5 22.8

16 2.9 7.2 14.8 24.9

17 3.1 7.8 16.0 27.0

18 3.3 8.5 17.3 29.2

19 3.5 9.2 18.7 31.4

20 3.8 9.8 20.0 33.6

21 4.0 10.5 21.4 35.9

22 4.2 11.2 22.8 38.2

23 4.4 11.9 24.2 40.5

24 4.6 12.7 25.7 42.9

25 4.8 13.4 27.1 45.3

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.25318 -2.08243 -1.28028

Slope (b) 1.198318 1.463424 1.431782

R square 0.996303 0.998405 0.999326

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 51: Biomass & Volume Table

47

Biomass Table 34: Daphne species

SN Top Height in Meter Wet bark in gm/plant Air dry bark in gm/plant

1. 1.01 - 1.25 14.30 7.15

2. 1.26 - 1.50 25.65 12.82

3. 1.51 - 1.75 41.39 20.69

4. 1.76 - 2.00 61.85 30.92

5. 2.01 - 2.25 87.21 43.60

6. 2.26 - 2.50 117.51 58.75

7. 2.51 - 2.75 152.68 76.34

8. 2.76 - 3.00 192.54 96.27

9. 3.01 - 3.25 236.81 118.40

10. 3.26 - 3.50 285.16 142.58

11. 3.51 - 3.75 337.50 168.60

12. 3.76 - 4.00 392.50 196.25

13. 4.01 - 4.25 450.62 225.31

14. 4.26 - 4.50 511.09 255.54

15. 4.51 - 4.75 573.43 286.71

16. 4.76 - 5.00 633.17 316.58

Page 52: Biomass & Volume Table

Part - II

Page 53: Biomass & Volume Table
Page 54: Biomass & Volume Table

50

Biomass Table 35: Castanopsis indica (Dhale Katus)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.2 0.1 - 0.3

2 0.7 0.5 - 1.3

3 1.3 0.9 - 3.2

4 2.1 1.0 2.9 6.1

5 3.1 1.8 5.2 10.1

6 4.2 2.9 8.4 15.5

7 5.3 4.4 12.6 22.3

8 6.6 6.2 17.8 30.7

9 8.1 8.4 24.3 40.8

10 9.6 11.1 32.0 52.6

11 11.2 14.2 41.0 66.4

12 12.9 17.8 51.5 82.2

13 14.7 21.9 63.5 100.1

14 16.6 26.6 77.0 120.2

15 18.6 31.8 92.2 142.6

16 20.7 37.6 109.2 167.4

17 22.8 44.0 127.9 194.7

18 25.0 51.1 148.5 224.6

19 27.4 58.8 171.0 257.2

20 29.7 67.2 195.6 292.5

21 32.2 76.2 222.1 330.6

22 34.8 86.0 250.9 371.7

23 37.4 96.6 281.8 415.7

24 40.1 107.9 314.9 462.8

25 42.8 119.9 350.3 513.1

26 45.7 132.8 388.1 566.7

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.51 -3.58 -2.55

Slope (b) 1.63 2.60 2.61

R square 0.79 0.98 0.99

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 55: Biomass & Volume Table

51

Biomass Table 36: Castanopsis tribuloides (Musure Katus)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.2 0.9 - 1.1

2 0.6 2.6 - 3.2

3 1.5 5.1 - 6.6

4 2.6 2.9 5.4 10.9

5 4.1 4.1 7.9 16.1

6 5.8 5.4 11.0 22.2

7 7.9 6.8 14.4 29.1

8 10.4 8.3 18.2 36.9

9 13.1 9.9 22.4 45.4

10 16.2 11.6 26.9 54.7

11 19.6 13.4 31.8 64.8

12 23.3 15.3 37.9 76.5

13 27.4 17.2 42.7 87.3

14 31.8 19.3 48.7 99.8

15 36.5 21.4 54.9 112.8

16 41.5 23.5 61.5 126.5

17 46.8 25.8 68.5 141.1

18 52.5 28.1 75.7 156.3

19 56.5 30.5 83.3 170.3

20 61.6 32.9 91.0 186.0

21 66.5 35.3 99.0 201.0

22 71.3 37.7 107.0 216.0

23 76.1 40.1 114.0 230.0

24 81.0 42.5 122.0 245.0

25 85.8 44.9 130.0 260.0

26 90.7 47.3 137.0 275.0

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.08 -1.82 -0.71

Slope (b) 1.51 2.0 1.72

R square 0.98 0.97 0.97

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

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52

Biomass Table 37: Mixed Species: Eurya acuminata (Jhingane), Myrsinecapitellata (Bakle pate), Myrsine semiserrata (Kalikath/Kaligedi), Tinju and

others

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.4 0.1 - 0.5

2 1.1 2.3 - 3.4

3 1.9 5.2 - 7.1

4 2.9 2.7 5.9 11.5

5 4.1 4.1 9.2 17.4

6 5.3 5.6 13.3 24.2

7 6.7 7.5 18.2 32.4

8 8.2 9.5 23.8 41.5

9 9.4 11.8 30.1 51.3

10 11.4 14.2 37.3 62.9

11 13.1 16.9 45.1 75.1

12 14.9 19.8 53.8 88.5

13 16.8 22.9 63.2 102.9

14 18.7 26.2 73.4 118.3

15 20.7 29.6 84.3 134.6

16 22.8 33.3 96.0 152.1

17 24.9 37.2 108.5 170.6

18 27.1 41.2 121.7 190.0

19 29.4 45.5 135.7 210.6

20 31.7 49.9 150.0 231.6

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.51 -0.98 -1.02

Slope (b) 1.8 1.48 2.01

R square 0.96 0.98 0.93

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 57: Biomass & Volume Table

53

Biomass Table 38: Mixed Species: Lyonia ovalifolia (Angeri), Engelhardiaspicata (Mauwa), Sapium (Khirro), Rhus succedanea (Bhalayo), Rhus javanica

(Bhakimlo), Emblica officinalis (Amala)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.2 0.7 - 0.9

2 0.5 1.8 - 2.3

3 0.9 3.0 - 3.9

4 1.5 4.4 - 5.9

5 2.1 5.8 - 7.9

6 2.7 7.4 - 10.1

7 3.4 9.0 - 12.4

8 4.2 10.7 - 14.9

9 5.1 12.4 - 17.5

10 6.0 14.2 - 20.2

11 6.9 16.1 - 23.0

12 7.9 18.0 - 25.9

13 9.0 20.0 - 29.0

14 10.1 22.0 - 32.1

15 11.2 24.1 - 35.3

16 12.4 26.1 - 38.5

17 13.6 28.3 - 41.9

18 14.8 30.4 - 45.2

19 16.1 32.6 - 48.7

20 17.4 34.9 - 52.3

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.77 -0.32 Not applicable

Slope (b) 1.54 1.29 Not applicable

R square 0.99 0.99 Not applicable

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

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54

Biomass Table 39: Mixed Species: Syzygium cumini (Jamun), Myricaesculenta (Kafal), Setikath, Machilus spp (Kaulo), Ficus nemoralis (Dudhilo),

Michelia kisopa (Champ), Lithocarpus spicata (Arkhaulo) and others

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.3 1.4 - 1.7

2 0.8 3.6 - 4.4

3 1.4 6.6 - 8.0

4 2.3 3.8 6.1 12.2

5 3.3 5.2 8.6 17.1

6 4.4 6.7 11.3 22.4

7 5.6 8.3 14.2 28.1

8 6.9 10.0 17.4 34.3

9 8.4 11.7 20.8 40.9

10 9.9 13.6 24.4 47.9

11 11.5 15.5 28.2 55.2

12 13.3 17.5 32.2 63.0

13 15.1 19.5 36.3 70.9

14 17.0 21.6 40.6 79.2

15 18.9 23.8 45.1 87.8

16 21.0 26.0 49.7 96.7

17 23.1 28.3 54.5 105.9

18 25.4 30.6 59.4 115.4

19 27.6 33.0 64.4 125.0

20 30.0 35.4 69.6 135.0

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.38 -0.57 -0.28

Slope (b) 1.59 1.38 1.51

R square 0.88 0.96 0.93

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 59: Biomass & Volume Table

55

Biomass Table 40: Quercus glauca (Phalant)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.3 1.0 - 1.3

2 0.9 3.2 - 4.1

3 1.8 6.6 - 8.4

4 2.8 2.4 4.5 9.7

5 4.1 3.8 6.4 14.3

6 5.5 5.4 9.4 20.3

7 7.0 7.3 12.5 26.8

8 8.7 9.5 15.9 34.1

9 10.5 11.9 19.7 42.1

10 12.5 14.7 23.9 51.1

11 14.6 17.7 28.5 60.8

12 16.8 21.0 33.4 71.2

13 19.1 24.5 38.7 82.3

14 21.5 28.3 44.3 94.1

15 24.1 32.4 50.3 106.8

16 26.8 36.8 57 120.2

17 29.5 41.5 63 134.3

18 32.4 46.4 70 149.1

19 35.3 51.6 78 164.5

20 38.4 57.0 85 180.7

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.21 -1.83 -1.04

Slope (b) 1.62 1.96 1.83

R square 0.97 0.98 0.97

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 60: Biomass & Volume Table

56

Biomass Table 41: Schima wallichii (Chilaune)

DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.1 0.2 - 0.3

2 0.6 0.9 - 1.5

3 1.2 2.4 - 3.6

4 2.1 1.4 3.6 7.1

5 3.2 2.3 6.3 11.8

6 4.6 3.5 9.9 18.0

7 6.2 5.0 14.6 25.8

8 8.0 6.8 20.5 35.3

9 10.1 8.9 27.6 46.6

10 12.3 11.4 36.0 59.7

11 14.8 14.2 45.8 74.8

12 17.5 17.4 57.0 91.9

13 20.4 20.9 69.7 111.0

14 23.5 24.8 84.1 132.4

15 26.9 29.1 100.0 156.0

16 30.4 33.8 117.7 181.9

17 34.2 38.8 137.2 210.2

18 38.2 44.3 158.5 241.0

19 42.4 50.2 181.6 274.2

20 46.8 56.5 206.7 310.0

21 51.4 63.3 233.8 348.5

22 56.2 70.4 262.9 389.5

23 61.2 78.1 294.1 433.4

24 66.4 86.1 327.4 479.9

25 71.8 94.6 362.9 529.3

26 77.5 103.6 400.6 581.7

Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.92 -2.88 -2.22

Slope (b) 1.92 2.31 2.52

R square 0.98 0.98 0.98

Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH

W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

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57

Page 62: Biomass & Volume Table

Part - III

Page 63: Biomass & Volume Table
Page 64: Biomass & Volume Table

60

Volume Table 1: Castanopsis indica (Dhale Katus)

DBH (cm) Volume in Cubic Meters1 -

2 -

3 -

4 0.002

5 0.003

6 0.005

7 0.009

8 0.012

9 0.017

10 0.024

11 0.031

12 0.040

13 0.050

14 0.061

15 0.075

16 0.090

17 0.107

18 0.125

19 0.146

20 0.169

21 0.200

22 0.200

23 0.300

24 0.300

25 0.300

26 0.400

VolumeIntercept (a) -10.31

Slope (b) 2.85

R square 0.96

Regression Model Ln Volume = a+b Ln DBH

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 65: Biomass & Volume Table

61

Volume Table 2: Castanopsis tribuloides (Musure Katus)

DBH (cm) Volume in Cubic Meters1 -

2 -

3 -

4 0.005

5 0.008

6 0.013

7 0.018

8 0.024

9 0.031

10 0.039

11 0.048

12 0.059

13 0.070

14 0.082

15 0.096

16 0.111

17 0.127

18 0.144

19 0.163

20 0.200

21 0.200

22 0.200

23 0.200

24 0.300

25 0.300

26 0.300

VolumeIntercept (a) -9.48

Slope (b) 2.29

R square 0.98

Regression Model Ln Volume = a+b Ln DBH

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

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62

Volume Table 3: Dalbergia sissoo (Sissoo)

DBH (cm) Overbark Volume in cubic meters Underbark Volume in cubic Meters1 0.0004 0.0003

2 0.0014 0.0010

3 0.0031 0.0023

4 0.0056 0.0042

5 0.0091 0.0068

6 0.0136 0.0102

7 0.0191 0.0144

8 0.0258 0.0194

9 0.0337 0.0253

10 0.0429 0.0322

11 0.0534 0.0400

12 0.0652 0.0488

13 0.0784 0.0587

14 0.0931 0.0697

15 0.1092 0.0817

16 0.1269 0.0949

17 0.1462 0.1093

18 0.1670 0.1249

19 0.1895 0.1417

20 0.2137 0.1597

21 0.2396 0.1790

Overbark Volume Underbark VolumeIntercept (a) -8.7927 -9.0705

Slope (b) 2.4002 2.3957

R square 0.99 0.99

Regression Model Ln Volume = a+b Ln DBH

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

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63

Volume Table 4: Eucalyptus Camaldulensis (Masala)

DBH (cm) Overbark Volume in cubic meters Underbark Volume in cubic Meters1 0.0004 0.0003

2 0.0016 0.0011

3 0.0036 0.0026

4 0.0068 0.0050

5 0.0112 0.0083

6 0.0169 0.0128

7 0.0242 0.0185

8 0.0330 0.0256

9 0.0436 0.0341

10 0.0559 0.0441

11 0.0700 0.0557

12 0.0862 0.0690

13 0.1044 0.0841

14 0.1247 0.1010

15 0.1472 0.1200

16 0.1719 0.1409

17 0.1990 0.1639

Overbark Volume Underbark VolumeIntercept (a) -8.7329 -9.1708

Slope (b) 2.4871 2.5723

R square 0.99 0.99

Regression Model Ln Volume = a+b Ln DBH

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 68: Biomass & Volume Table

64

Volume Table 5: Quercus glauca (Phalant)

DBH (cm) Volume in Cubic Meters1 -

2 -

3 -

4 0.003

5 0.006

6 0.010

7 0.015

8 0.022

9 0.030

10 0.040

11 0.051

12 0.065

13 0.081

14 0.099

15 0.119

16 0.142

17 0.168

18 0.196

19 0.227

20 0.261

VolumeIntercept (a) -9.49

Slope (b) 2.72

R square 0.98

Regression Model Ln Volume = a+b Ln DBH

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 69: Biomass & Volume Table

65

Volume Table 6: Schima wallichii (Chilaune)

DBH (cm) Volume in Cubic Meters1 -

2 -

3 -

4 0.005

5 0.008

6 0.014

7 0.021

8 0.030

9 0.042

10 0.056

11 0.072

12 0.091

13 0.114

14 0.139

15 0.168

16 0.200

17 0.236

18 0.275

19 0.319

20 0.367

21 0.419

22 0.475

23 0.536

24 0.602

25 0.673

26 0.749

VolumeIntercept (a) -9.15

Slope (b) 2.7

R square 0.96

Regression Model Ln Volume = a+b Ln DBH

DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above

ground) in centimetre

a and b Coefficients of the model

Page 70: Biomass & Volume Table

Part - IV

Page 71: Biomass & Volume Table
Page 72: Biomass & Volume Table

68

Acacia auriculiformis

Family: Leguminosae

Nepali name:

Geographical distribution: New Guinea, N Australia

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Exotic

Altitude in Nepal (registered): Exotic (up to 1000m)

Zones: Exotic

Plant type: Small to medium-sized evergreen light-demanding tree, 9-11m, rarely up to 15m

Uses: Fuelwood

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: A dry pod which opens

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 40,000-57,000 seeds/kg

Collection season: May- Jun

Harvesting: Collect the pods just before they begin to open. The pods are lopped

Extraction of seeds: Spread in the sun for 5-10 days to release the seed.

Seed type: Orthodox

Best storage: Standard storage method

Pre-treatment of seed: Standard watersoaking method/scarification for small seedlot

Optimal germination %: More than 60%, Germination starts in 15-21 days and completeswithin 30-35 days (4).

Sowing time: First two weeks of April in the Tarai, first two weeks of march elsewhere (1)

Sowing method & transplanting: Sow directly into polypots (2 per pot) with a standard 3:1soil:sand mixture. Cover with mulch. Alternatively sow seed on beds or trays and coverwith mulch; After 304 days, remove daily all seeds from which the radicle has emerged5-10mm and resow into polypots with radicle downwards. Inoculation of mixture withRhizobium is necessary.

Nursery techniques: Space the pots with 5-10cm gaps between rows across the bed; Prune theroots at the same time and repeat every 10-14 days until planting

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 12-14 weeks/Tarai 14-16 weekselsewhere. Mature size: 20-30 cm, root-collar diameter 2-3 mm

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences: Wider range of deep or shallow acid or alkaline soils. Can grow on very dry,poor and stony sites; fire-tender; drought tolerant but susceptible to severe drought.

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69

Acacia catechu

Family: Leguminosae

Nepali name: Khayer

Geographical distribution: Tropical Himalaya, India, Burma, Thailand, S China

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 200 - 1400m

Zones: Tropical

Plant type: Medium sized light-demanding tree

Uses: Fuelwood, fodder and farm timber

Time from flowering to mature fruits: 9-10 months

Fruit type and maturity: A dry pod which opens

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 30,000-40,000 seeds/kg, 3-6 seeds/pod, 0.5-2kg of seedper tree.

Collection season: Nov-March according to locality

Harvesting: Collect the pods just before they begin to open. The pods are lopped

Extraction of seeds: Dry in the sun 5-10 days then beat with sticks to complete opening, (1)

Seed type: Orthodox

Best storage: Standard storage method

Pre-treatment of seed: Standard watersoaking method/scarification for small seed lot

Optimal germination %: 70 - 90 %

Sowing time: Mar-Apr

Sowing method & transplanting: Sow directly into polypots (2 per pot) with a standard 3:1soil:sand mixture. Cover with mulch. Alternatively sow seed on beds or trays and coverwith mulch; After 304 days, remove daily all seeds from which the radicle has emerged5-10mm and resow into polypots with radicle downwards. Inoculation of mixture withRhizobium is necessary.

Nursery techniques: Space the pots with 5-10cm gaps between rows across the bed; Prune theroots at the same time and repeat every 10-14 days until planting

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 12-14 weeks/Tarai, 14-16 weekselsewhere. Mature size: 20-30cm, root-collar 2-3mm (India Mature size: 50-60cmheight)

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences: Prefers well-drained, coarse, gravely alluvial soils, and souls with PH valuesbetween 7.4 and 8.9. Can withstand flooding, and frost tolerant from sapling stage.Drought resistant, strong light demander. Wide range of soils, gravels.

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70

Alnus nepalensis

Family: Betulaceae

Nepali name: Utis

Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Gharwal to Bhutan), Assam, Tibet, Burma, Indo-China, W China

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 500 - 2600m (mostly above 900m)

Zones: Sub-alpine, Temperate, Sub-tropical, Tropical

Plant type: A large deciduous tree, 30m on good sites

Uses: Fuelwood, timber, fodder and soil stabilisation

Time from flowering to mature fruits: Flower appear in Sep.-Nov.

Fruit type and maturity: A small woody cone, Brown when ripe

Fruit production & Seed quantity: One tree > 1 kg of fruits; 1 kg of seed per 8 kg of fruits;400,000-2,300,000 seeds/kg

Collection season: Nov - Mar

Harvesting: Cut fruit-bearing twigs, (not whole branches!) when cones are brown, just beforethe open

Extraction of seeds: Dry the cones in the sun and shake

Seed type: Orthodox

Best storage: Standard storage method

Pre-treatment of seed: None

Optimal germination %: 60 - 70 %

Sowing time: Mar-Below 1200m.; Aug - Above 1200m.

Sowing method & transplanting: Nursery bed: 20 g/m2. Shade and protect from heavy rainor sow in trays under cover. When the seedling 2-3 cm tall or 2-4 primary leaves(3months) prick out into containers.

Nursery techniques: Root pruning is important

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 16 weeks/below 1200m; 44weeks/above 1200m (India 60 weeks). Mature size: 25-35

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences: Prefers moist per meable sites and shady aspects at low altitudes. Naturalcoloniser grows well in full light, does not need high fertility. Seedlings of low altitudeprovenances can be susceptible to frost.

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71

Cassia siamea

Family: Leguminosae

Nepali name:

Geographical distribution: Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Cambodia, S Burma, S India, widelycultivated

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Exotic

Altitude in Nepal (registered): Exotic (low altitude)

Zones: Exotic, tarai/bhabar

Plant type: tree

Uses: Fuelwood, forage for animal bedding and compost

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: A long pod which opens

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 30,000-40,000 seeds/kg

Collection season: Dec - Apr

Harvesting: Collect the pods when they have turned brown, just before they open

Extraction of seeds: Dry in the sun, and then beat with sticks to complete opening

Seed type: Orthodox

Best storage: Standard storage method

Pre-treatment of seed: Standard watersoaking method, but only 30 seconds in hot water;scarity a small portion of each seed at the end opposite the hylum.

Optimal germination %: 70 - 90 %

Sowing time: Mar-Apr

Sowing method & transplanting: Polypot: Standard method.

Nursery techniques: Root-prune for the first time 4-6 weeks after sowing. Space the pots

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 10-12 weeks/Tarai; 12-14 weeks innertarai/Bhabar. Mature size: 25 cm height (India 30-35cm), root collar 2.5-3.5mm.

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences: Prefers well-drained fertile soils, grows over later It does not thrive onswampy sites. Young plants are liable to be damaged by browsing.

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72

Castanopsis indica

Family: Fagaceae

Nepali name: Dhale katus, banj katus

Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Kumaun to NEFA), Khasia, Burma, W China, Indo-China

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): /Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 910 - 2900

Zones: Sub-tropical, Tropical

Plant type: Moderate large evergreen tree

Uses: Construction, fodder firewood and edible nuts ,

Time from flowering to mature fruits: Flower appear in September

Fruit type and maturity: A spiny capsule which opens 1-3 nuts per fruit

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 1,300 nuts/kg

Collection season: Oct - Nov.

Harvesting: Cut the fruits from the tree just before they open, or gather them from the ground,provided they are fresh

Extraction of seeds: Break open by hand, remove the spiny coat

Seed type: Recalcitrant

Best storage: Recalcitrant storage method

Pre-treatment of seed: Moist cold stratification

Optimal germination %

Sowing time: Feb-Mar if stratified in a pot overwinter, otherwise Oct.-Nov.

Sowing method & transplanting: Polypot: 1seed/large pot (4 x 7 inch), place the seed on itsside, not vertically!. Soil:Sand plus 25% compost, cover with 5 cm soil and mulch.Nursery bed: Cover the bed with wire mesh. After germination, prick into containers assoon as the plumule emerges space the pots.

Nursery techniques: Root-pruning from start of monsoon, and repeat frequently

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 60-64 weeks(sown in the spring)/below 1800m; 112-114 weeks/above 1800m . 9 months. (2)

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences: Prefers high rainfall areas, frost hardy.

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73

Castanopsis tribuloides

Family: Fagaceae

Nepali name: Musure katus

Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Kumaun to NEFA), Khasia, Burma, SW China(Yunnan), Indo-China

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 450 - 2300m

Zones: Temperate, Sub-tropical, Tropical

Plant type: Moderate size evergreen Tree

Uses: Construction, fodder firewood and edible nuts

Time from flowering to mature fruits: Flower appear in July/Aug.

Fruit type and maturity: A spiny capsule which opens 1-3 nuts per fruit

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 400 nuts/kg

Collection season: Oct - Nov (1,3,11)

Harvesting: Cut the fruits, or knock down with bamboo sticks from the tree just before the openor gather from the ground, provided they are fresh.

Extraction of seeds: Break open by hand, remove the spiny coat

Seed type: Recalcitrant

Best storage: Recalcitrant storage method. Can be stored up to two months if kept moist

Pre-treatment of seed: Moist cold stratification

Optimal germination %: 80 % when fresh

Sowing time: Feb-Mar if stratified in a pit over winter .Oct.-Nov.

Sowing method & transplanting: Polypot: 1seed/large pot (4 x 7 inch), place the seed on itsside, not vertically!. Soil:Sand plus 25% compost, cover with 5 cm soil and mulch.Nursery bed: Cover with wire mesh. After germination, prick into containers as soon asthe plumnle emerges space the pots.

Nursery techniques: Root-pruning from start of monsoon, and repeat frequently.

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 60-64 weeks(sown in the spring)/below 1800m; 112-114 weeks/above 1800m.

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences: Tolerant of a wide variety of soils and annual rainfall. Seedlings are frosttender.

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74

Dalbergia sissoo

Family: Leguminosae

Nepali name: Sissoo

Geographical distribution: Tropical Himalaya (Kashmir to Sikkim), Assam, Bengal, widelycultivated

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 200-1400m

Zones: Tropical

Plant type: Medium to large deciduous light demanding tree, 30m

Uses: Construction, knife handles, railway sleepers, furniture, fodder, fuelwood, medicine,decorative plywood, pulp

Time from flowering to mature fruits: Yellow flowers appear March-May

Fruit type and maturity: A pod which does not open. Colour change during 8-9 months: palegreen to yellow green to brown.

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 13,500-18,000 pods/kg, 1kg seeds/1.25kg pods, 33,000-55,000 seeds (cleaned pod segments) seeds/kg, 1-4 seeds/pod, 1600-3000 seeds/I litreof pod segments.

Collection season: Dec-Mar, Generally abundant every year

Harvesting: Collect clusters of pods by climbing in the trees as early as possible. Pods shakennaturally of the trees are usually infested.

Extraction of seeds: Remove pods from twigs, dry in the sun and break into segmentscontaining one seed each. Winnow segments before storage.

Seed type: Orthodox

Best storage: Standard storage method. Store segments

Pre-treatment of seed: Soak the segments for 24-48 hours in temperated water before sowingand sow immediately or not required.

Optimal germination %: 95% from fresh seed

Sowing time: April below 1000m; March above 1000m

Sowing method & transplanting: Nursery bed: Sow in lines, cover with soil and mulch, removemulch after 1 week ( Stump production). Polypot: Standard method.

Nursery techniques: Thinning within the lines until distance of 10-15 cm and top-prune the tallest individualsfor stump production. Shade the first week, root-prune after 8-10 weeks.

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 60-64 weeks for stumps or 12-16weeks below 1000 cm (polypot seedlings).

Vegetative propagation: Root suckers, root sections, air-layering with varying degrees ofsuccess, stem cuttings (15cm long).

Site preferences: Prefers alluvial soils, coarse or fine. Does not tolerate heavy clays or shallowsoils less than 60 cm deep and water logged soil. Young seedling sensitive to frost andintense competition from grass.

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Daphne species

Family: Theaceae Nepali name: Lokta, Baruwa

Geographical distribution: From Uttar Pradesh in India, through Nepal (Mid-Hills), southernTibet, northern Assam and Bengal and Bhutan to south west China

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 1800 – 3600 m, (bholua up to 3000 and papyracea up to2500 m in dry western hills.

Zones: Temperate, Sub-tropical

Plant type: Evergreen shrub; tall 5 to 6 m (maximum)

Uses: Hand made paper

Time from flowering to mature fruits

Fruit type and maturity: D. bholua: Black or purple when ripe; D. papyracea : Orangeinitially, deep red when ripe

Fruit production and seed quantity:

Collection season: April to May

Harvesting

Extraction of seeds: The fruit should be collected before the pericarp is fully ripen, the seed issoft and readily eaten by birds. The flesh is easily removed as the seed is ripen.

Seed type: Orthodox, viability very short (few days)

Best storage: Bad storage therefore shown as soon as possible after collection.

Pre-treatment of seed: None

Optimal germination %: About 40-50%

Sowing time: May

Sowing method and transplanting: Open nursery bed or trays, should be pricked out intopolypots as soon as first true leaves emerge. Polypot filled with soil from the seedcollection area.

Nursery techniques: Root prune and space the pots in the spring before planting

Time in nursery and out planting time: Production time: start of monsoon after on year inthe nursery

Vegetative propagation

Site preferences: Semi hard woods succeed, however, may take 18 months to initiate roots;slower growing than seedlings; requires two to three years in the nursery beforeplanting out; survival percent is low, as much as 40%.

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Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Family: Myrtaceae

Nepali name: Masala

Geographical distribution: Australia

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Exotic

Altitude in Nepal (registered): Exotic (below 1600m)

Zones: Exotic

Plant type: large evergreen tree 25 to 50m high

Uses: Fuelwood and poles timber

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: A small dry woody capsule which brown at maturity

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 600,000-770,000 seeds/kg

Collection season: Apr - May, Aug - Sep (2,12)

Harvesting: Pick or knock from the tree cut fruit bearing branches when the capsules turnbrown and

Extraction of seeds: Leave the capsule in the sun until they open. Remove the seed by shaking.Separate large fruit parts by sieving.

Seed type: Orthodox

Best storage: Standard storage method

Pre-treatment of seed: None

Optimal germination %: 80%

Sowing time: Tarai: May; Inner tarai/bhabar: April

Sowing method & transplanting: Trays 10g/m2 either under the roof or a soil shed or undershade. Soil: Sieved moist sand/thin sand to cover and mulch. Pricking out after 2-3weeks. Prick into polypots. When the plants have two pairs of primary leaves. Usestandard mixture. Shade the first week.

Nursery techniques: Root pruning after one month in pots and repeat frequently every 2-3weeks. Space the pots with 5cm gaps a month after pricking out.

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 8-10 in the tarai; 10-12 in the innertarai (India 28 weeks). Mature size: 25-30cm (India 35-40cm) height, root collar

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences:

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Eurya acuminata

Family: Theaceae

Nepali name: Jhingane, tingare.

Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Kumaun to NEFA), India, Sri Lanka, east to ?SWChina, Malaysia

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 1300 - 2700

Zones: Temperate, Sub-tropical

Plant type: Small tree

Uses: Fodder, compost, timber, fuelwood

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: Berry; Blue when ripe (3), Black when ripe (2)

Fruit production & Seed quantity

Collection season: Nov-Feb (3); May-June (2)

Harvesting:

Extraction of seeds: The pulp should be removed

Seed type:

Best storage:

Pre-treatment of seed:

Optimal germination %

Sowing time: Immediately after collection

Sowing method & transplanting: Sow on beds; the seedlings are pricked out into polypotswhen the pairs of leaves appear (2)

Nursery techniques: I

Time in nursery & outplanting time:

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences: Will grow on comparatively poor soils, frost resistant, drought resistant.

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Ficus lacor

Family: Moraceae

Nepali name: Kabro, Kavro

Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), India, Burma, Indo-China

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 500 - 500 Tarai - 1600m (2)

Zones

Plant type: Small deciduous or nearly evergreen tree

Uses: Fodder , fuelwood

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: One type of fig usually red or purple when ripe

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 2,500,000-3,500,000 seeds/kg

Collection season: Mar - May

Harvesting: Knock the fig down when colour red-purple. Check that only seed-bearing trees areharvested!

Extraction of seeds: Squeeze the fleshy contents of the figs into a bucket of water. Mix well andallow the seeds to settle at the bottom. Throw away the water and repeat until the seedsare clean

Seed type: Orthodox

Best storage: Standard storage method

Pre-treatment of seed: None

Optimal germination %: 15% in laboratory

Sowing time: Aug below 700m; early Aug above 700m

Sowing method & transplanting: Trays or Nursery bed: Standard method, 10 g/m2. Keep thetrays (soil:sand - 1:1) under the waterproof roof of a shed. They should have holes at thebottom. Seedlings pricked out when at least 3-5 primary leaves, 4-5 weeks aftergermination. Shade immediately

Nursery techniques: Root pruning should be started and repeated every 2-3 weeks untilplanting

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 16-44 weeks. Mature size: 20-25cmheight

Vegetative propagation: Large cuttings (2 m) are the traditional method used by farmers.Hardwood cuttings inserting in Feb.

Site preferences: Tolerant of light frost, but damaged by browsing or fire. One of the firstspecies to naturally regenerate on disturbed and eroded sites. Grows on wide range ofsoils, however good growth is obtained on moderately deep soils with an adequatemixture supply.

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Ficus neriifolia

Family: Moraceae

Nepali name: Dudhilo

Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Nepal to NEFA), E. Tibet, Khasia, Burma, SW China(Yunnan)

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): /Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 900-2200m

Zones: Sub-tropical

Plant type: Small deciduous tree

Uses: Fodder

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: Two fig types, on different trees; usually red-purple when ripe

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 1,500,000-3,000,000 seeds/kg

Collection season: Jun - Aug

Harvesting: Knock the fig down when colour red-purple. Check that only seed-bearing trees areharvested!

Extraction of seeds: Squeeze the fleshy contents of the figs into a bucket of water. Mix well andallow the seeds to settle at the bottom. Throw away the water and repeat until the seedsare clean

Seed type: Orthodox

Best storage: Standard storage method

Pre-treatment of seed: None

Optimal germination %: 41% in lab

Sowing time: Early Aug - Below 1500m; Mar - Apr - Above 1500m

Sowing method & transplanting: Trays or nursery bed: Standard method, 5 g/m2. Keep thetrays (soil:sand - 1:1) under the waterproof roof of a shed. The tray should have holes atthe bottom. Seedlings pricked out when at least 3-5 primary leaves, 4-5 weeks aftergermination. Shade immediately

Nursery techniques: Root-pruning should be started and repeated every 2-3 weeks untilplanting

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 16-44 weeks. Mature size: 20-25cmheight

Vegetative propagation: Hardwood cuttings; large cuttings (1.5-2m long)

Site preferences: Air layering, nemoralis is more frost tolerant than other figs, capable ofgrowing on a wide range of sites. It can tolerate soils of high PH.

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Ficus semicordata

Family: Moraceae

Nepali name: Khanyu, Khasru khanyu, Rai Khanyu

Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Nepal to NEFA), India, Burma, S China, Indo-China,Malaya

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 200 - 1700m Terai-2000m (3)

Zones: Sub-tropical

Plant type: Tree, small to moderate sized tree, 10-12 m

Uses: Fodder

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: Two fig types, on different trees; usually red-brown when ripe.

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 1,000,000-3,500,000 seeds/kg

Collection season: Jul - Oct

Harvesting: Knock the fig down when colour red-purple. Check that only seed-bearing trees areharvested!

Extraction of seeds: Squeeze the fleshy contents of the figs into a bucket of water. Mix well andallow the seeds to settle at the bottom. Throw away the water and repeat until the seedsare clean.

Seed type: Orthodox

Best storage: Standard storage method

Pre-treatment of seed: None

Optimal germination %: 14% in lab

Sowing time: Late Feb to early March. Feb - Below 700m; Early Aug - Above 700 m

Sowing method & transplanting: Trays or Nursery bed: Standard method, 12 g/m2. Keep thetrays (soil:sand - 1:1) under the waterproof roof of a shed. The trays should have holesat the bottom. Seedlings pricked out when at least 3-5 primary leaves, 4-5 weeks aftergermination. Shade immediately.

Nursery techniques: Root-pruning should be started and repeated every 2-3 weeks untilplanting

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 16-44 weeks. Mature size: 20-25cmheight

Vegetative propagation: Air layering is possible

Site preferences: 2 varieties: var. semicordata - Khasru khanyu (200-2000m) & var. montana -Rai khanyu (1400-2000m, better fodder). Light demander and coloniser with sometolerance to frost, most types of soil including low fertility. Grows particularly well onwell drained looms with good mixture.

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Fraxinus floribunda

Family: Oleaceae

Nepali name: Lankuri

Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Punjab to Bhutan), Assam, east to W China

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): /Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 1200 - 2000 m 1200-2700m (1)

Zones: Temperate? Sub tropical

Plant type: A large tree

Uses: Poles, fuelwood, fodder, and timber

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: Samara, seeds cannot be extracted

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 60,000 samaras/kg

Collection season: Sep - Jan - depending on locality

Harvesting: To avoid dormancy, cut of bunches of green samaras when they just begin to turnbrown.

Extraction of seeds: Remove stems only. Keep green samaras in the shade and do not allow todry out.

Seed type: Orthodox (1)

Best storage: Green samaras should only be stored a few months. Brown samaras can be storedby standard storage method

Pre-treatment of seed: Keep green samaras moist and sow immediately. Brown seed needs aseason of warmth followed by cold while moist to overcome dormancy

Optimal germination %: 75 %

Sowing time: Sep-Oct - Green seed

Sowing method & transplanting: Nursery bed: 200g/m2 and cover with soil. Prick intopolypots after germination but before primary leaves

Nursery techniques: Root prune when roots penetrate the pots

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 36-40 weeks/below 1500m; 88-92weeks/above 1500m. Mature size: 20-30cm height.

Vegetative propagation: Cuttings (11)

Site preferences: Best on deep, moist soils but will tolerate difficult sites. Seedlings frostsensitive, and needs full light.

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Litsea monopetala

Family: Lauraceae

Nepali name: Kutmiro

Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Kumaun to Sikkim), E Pakistan, Burma, SW China(Yunnan)

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): /Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 910 - 2000m, Terai-1500m (1)

Zones: Tropical

Plant type: A medium sized tree

Uses: Fodder, fuelwood

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: Black fleshy berry

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 5,300 seeds/kg

Collection season: Late May - early Aug.

Harvesting: Fruits should be collected just as they are turning black

Extraction of seeds: Soak in water, and rub flesh seed coat. Do not allow to dry out

Seed type: Recalcitrant

Best storage: Keep moist, and sow within few days. Cannot be stored

Pre-treatment of seed: Remove fleshy seed coat

Optimal germination %: More than 60 %

Sowing time: May-Aug

Sowing method & transplanting: Polypot: Standard method. Sow in a raised bed and protectwith wire-mesh. Prick out into polypots when 2-4 primary leaves. Nursery bed: Shaded.Use a good potting mixture containing 25 % compost.

Nursery techniques: Start to root-prune when roots begin to emerge from the pots. Removethe surplus seedling when 2-4 primary leaves.

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 44-56 weeks. Mature size: 20-35cmheight, root collar 3.5mm

Vegetative propagation: Cuttings from mature trees

Site preferences: Best on loamy soil but can grow on poorer soils and southern slopes. Tolerantto light frost.

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Myrica esculenta

Family: Myricaceae

Nepali name: Kaphal, kabasi.

Geographical distribution: Himalya (Kashmir to Bhutan), India, Burma, east to W&C China,S to Malaysia

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 1200 - 2300m. 1000-2300(3)

Zones: Temperate, Sub-tropical

Plant type: A small evergreen tree

Uses: Medicine, fruits

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: Drupe, about 1cm long, ellipsoid, at first with brownish hairs,eventually covered with fleshy red tubercles

Fruit production & Seed quantity: About 8000/seeds/kg

Collection season: Apr-Jul

Harvesting:

Extraction of seeds: The pulp should be removed

Seed type: Orthodox, viability about 6 months

Best storage: Standard storage?

Pre-treatment of seed:

Optimal germination %: 55-75%

Sowing time: April - July, immediately after collection

Sowing method & transplanting: Sow in trays or beds, prick out into polypots after about 3months.

Nursery techniques:

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 48 weeks & 15cm

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences:

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Phyllanthus emblica

Family: Euphorbiaceae

Nepali name: Amala

Geographical distribution: India, Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), Assam, N Burma, S India,Indo-China, Malaysia

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 150 - 1400m

Zones: Sub-tropical, Tropical

Plant type: A small light demander tree

Uses: Medicine, tanning, agricultural implements, inferior building, cheap furniture, fuelwood

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity:

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 34,000-89,000 seeds/kg; 4-6 seeds per stone

Collection season: Aug-Feb, most commonly between Sep. and Jan.

Harvesting

Extraction of seeds: Expose the stones to the sun until they crack & allow the seed to escape

Seed type: Orthodox, viability short

Best storage:

Pre-treatment of seed:

Optimal germination %: 25-30% (2)

Sowing time: Sep-Oct

Sowing method & transplanting: Sow in trays or beds, prick out into polypots when 7-10cmhigh (2).

Nursery techniques:

Time in nursery & outplanting time:

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences: Used on dry & degrade sides.

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Pinus patula

Family: Pinaceae

Nepali name: Patle salla

Geographical distribution: E Mexico

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Exotic

Altitude in Nepal (registered): Exotic (in Nepal best 1500-2500m)

Zones: Exotic

Plant type: A large tree, up to 50m height as an exotic

Uses: Timber, firewood, annual bedding

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: Medium sized woody persistent cone that opens

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 100,000 - 150,000 seeds/kg

Collection season: Dec - Apr. crops very variable. Depends on climate

Harvesting: Climb the trees and pick the brown cones by hand

Extraction of seeds: Spread the cones on a tarpaulin in the sun to dry completely, knocktogether to extract the seeds. Put the seeds in a cloth bag and rub gently to removewings on the seed.

Seed type: Orthodox

Best storage: Standard storage method

Pre-treatment of seed: None or Soaking in water for 2 days

Optimal germination %: 70 - 90 % (1); 35 - 40%. (2)

Sowing time: Aug-Sep - Below 1500m; Mar-Apr - Above 1500m

Sowing method & transplanting: Polypot: Standard method - if no rodents. Nursery bed: 50g/m2, Standard tray sowing method, and cover with wire mesh. At least 10 %mycorrhizal soil. Prick out before the first primary needles develop. Watering and useof shade should be carefully watched.

Nursery techniques: Start to root-prune when roots emerge from the pots and repeat every 3-6weeks as required

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 40-44 weeks below 1500m; 60-64weeks/above 1500 m; 20-30cm high.

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences: Grows well on dry warm southern slopes. Frost tolerant except as a nurseryseedling, fire sensitive. Heavy clay mixture will reduce growth. Sensitive to deficiency.

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Pinus roxburghii

Family: Pinaceae

Nepali name: Khote salla, rani salla, aulo salla

Geographical distribution: Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan)

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 500 - 2700m

Zones: Sub-tropical, Tropical

Plant type: A large light demander tree; is more than 50m high.

Uses: Timber, firewood, animal bedding, resin.

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: Large woody persistent cone that opens.

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 8,000-12,300 seeds/kg; 200-800 cm more cones/tree in goodseed year. 50 or more seeds per cone; 450g of seed per 100 cones.

Collection season: Jan - Mar - earliest in the east. Crops very irregular. Good crops every 5-7years. Do not lop whole branches.

Harvesting: Climb the trees and cut the brown cone-bearing twigs and allow to fall ontotarpaulin

Extraction of seeds: Spread the cones on a tarpaulin in the sun to dry completely, knocktogether to extract the seeds. Put the seeds in a cloth bag and rub gently to removewings on the seed.

Seed type: Orthodox

Best storage: Standard storage method

Pre-treatment of seed: None/ Soaking in water for 2 days/Soaking in water for 24 hours thereaftermixed with fresh dung and germination will take place after 8-10 days.

Optimal germination %: 70 - 90 %

Sowing time: Feb-Mar - Below 1000m; Aug-Sep - Above 1000m

Sowing method & transplanting: Polypot: Standard method - if no rodents. Soil: Standard mixturewith at least 10 % mycorrhizal soil. Nursery bed: 300 g/m2, Standard tray sowing method, andcover with wire mesh. Watering and use of shade should be carefully watched.

Nursery techniques: Root-prune when roots emerge from the pots and repeat every 3-6 weeks asrequired

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 16-20 weeks below 1000m; 40-44weeks/above 1000m.

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences: Favours warm, dry, well drained and light textured soils; however it can growon poor soils. Heavy clay mixture will reduce growth and give poor quality seedlings.Good coloniser of bare southern faces. Frost and fire hardy.

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Pinus wallichiana

Family: Pinaceae

Nepali name: Gobre salla, rani salla, aulo salla

Geographical distribution: Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal)

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 1800 - 3300m; 1800-3600m (1,3)

Plant type: A large light demander tree

Uses: Timber, firewood, animal bedding , resin

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: Long soft deciduous cone that opens

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 115,000 -30,000 seeds/kg; 100 or more cones per tree

Collection season: Oct - Nov. Usually adequate crops each year

Harvesting: Climb the trees and pick the cones by hand when they have turned brown

Extraction of seeds: Spread the cones on a tarpaulin in the sun to dry completely, knocktogether to extract the seeds. Put the seeds in a cloth bag and rub gently to removewings on the seed.

Seed type: Orthodox

Best storage: Standard storage method

Pre-treatment of seed: None/Soaking in water for 24 hours thereafter mixed with fresh dungand germination will take place after 8-10 days

Optimal germination %: 40-70%

Sowing time: Mar-Apr - Below 2000m; Aug-Sep - Above 2000m

Sowing method & transplanting: Polypot: Standard method - if no rodents. Nursery bed:250 g/m2, Standard tray sowing method, and cover with wire mesh. At least 10 %mycorrhizal soil. Watering and use of shade should be carefully watched.

Nursery techniques: Root-prune when roots emerge from the pots, and repeat every 3-6 weeksas required.

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 60-64 weeks/below 1500m; 88-92weeks/1500-2000m; 108-112 weeks/above 2000 m. Mature size: 15-20 cm height.

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences: Prefers well drained porous soils. Heavy clay mixture will reduce growth andgive poor quality seedlings. Frost hardy, resistant to fire, buds and new foliage browsedby goats and buffaloes.

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Pyrus pashia

Family: Rosaceae

Nepali name: Mayal, mel

Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, W China

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 750-2600m

Zones: Temperate

Plant type: Small to medium deciduous tree, 15m

Uses: Walking sticks, combs & other small articles, leaf fodder, fuelwood, fruits, live hedges

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: Pome, five celled, globose,1.3-1.5cm or 2-4cm, edible, dark brownturning black when mature

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 70,000-110,000 seeds/kg

Collection season: Nov-Jan

Harvesting:

Extraction of seeds: Extract when fruits turn blackish & begin to rot

Seed type: Orthodox, viability short

Best storage:

Pre-treatment of seed:

Optimal germination %: 75% when fresh

Sowing time: Jan-Feb, immediately after collection

Sowing method & transplanting:

Nursery techniques:

Time in nursery & outplanting time:

Vegetative propagation: Hardwood cuttings, root suckers

Site preferences: Variety of soils, including shallow rocky soils, not stiff badly drained.

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Quercus floribunda

Family: Fagaceae

Nepali name: Belekharmendo, thinke (Jumla)

Geographical distribution: E Afghanistan, Himalaya (Chitral to Nepal)

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 2100 - 2700m

Zones: Temperate

Plant type: A large tree; 30m or more in height

Uses: Construction, agricultural implements, leaf fodder

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: Acorn

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 500-600 seeds/kg

Collection season: Aug-Oct

Harvesting:

Extraction of seeds:

Seed type: Recalcitrant

Best storage: Recalcitrant storage

Pre-treatment of seed

Optimal germination %

Sowing time: Aug - Aug immediately after collection, Feb-March, if stored

Sowing method & transplanting:

Nursery techniques:

Time in nursery & outplanting time:

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences: Growth becomes stunted on shallow gravely soils, best on well drained clayloam; frost-hardy; does not tolerate drought.

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Quercus leucotrichophora

Family: Fagaceae

Nepali name: Banjh, Sano banjh

Geographical distribution: W Pakistan (Himalaya (Kumaun to Nepal), Sri Lanka, ?Burma

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 1500 - 2400m; 1650-2400m (1,3)

Zones: Temperate, Sub-tropical

Plant type: A medium sized evergreen tree, usually about 15m in height

Uses: Timber, firewood, fodder, Resin has medicinal uses

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: Fleshy nut with scaly cup, (acorn)

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 500-800 acorns/kg

Collection season: Nov - Mar - usually every second year is a good seed-year

Harvesting: Shake branches with ripe acorns onto tarpaulin. Fresh ripe acorns can be collectedfrom the ground

Extraction of seeds: Remove cups by hand

Seed type: Recalcitrant

Best storage: Recalcitrant storage method, few months

Pre-treatment of seed:

Optimal germination %: 95 % if fresh and moist

Sowing time: Feb-Mar

Sowing method & transplanting: Nursery bed: Sow in a bed in lines 5cm apart with 3cmbetween seeds along the lines. The point of the acorn facing upwards and transplant topots when first leaves appear. Polypot: 1 seed/on its side in a pot, cover with 5mm soil.The beds, pots should be mulched, shaded and applied with wire mesh to protect fromrodents. 20-25% compost is needed in the Nursery techniques. Root-pruning from startof monsoon, and repeat frequently; early in the spring, space 5-10cm gap between rows.

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 60-64 weeks/low alt; 112-116 weekshigher alt. (above 1800-2000m) Mature size: 20cm

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences: Does not thrive well on dry sites, sensitive to fire and browsing, seedlingsshade tolerant for 2-3 years. It needs moderately fertile soils, growing well on claysderived from shales and clay looms.

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Rhododendron arboreum

Family: Ericaceae

Nepali name: Lali gurans

Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 1500 - 3600m

Zones: Sub-alpine, Temperate, Sub-tropical

Plant type: Tree, 15m

Uses: Fuelwood, wooden vessels & utensils, khukuri handles

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: Capsule

Fruit production & Seed quantity: About 12,000,000 seeds/kg

Collection season: Aug-Mar

Harvesting:

Extraction of seeds: Extract seed by drying the capsules in the sun

Seed type:

Best storage:

Pre-treatment of seed

Optimal germination %: More than 80% from fresh seed (2)

Sowing time: May-June

Sowing method & transplanting: Sow in beds or boxes, prick into polypots when two leaveshave appeared

Nursery techniques:

Time in nursery & outplanting time: 48-60 weeks

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences: Grows on a wide range of soils, not confined to acid soils

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Quercus glauca

Family: Fagaceae

Nepali name: Sano phalant

Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Kashmir to NEFA), Khasia, Naga Hills, Burma, China,Indo-China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 450 - 3100m

Zones: Temperate

Plant type: A large evergreen tree

Uses: Timber, firewood, fodder, charcoal

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: Fleshy nut with scaly cup, (acorn)

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 500-840 acorns/kg

Collection season: Oct - Dec.

Harvesting: Shake branches with ripe acorns onto tarpaulin, ripe acorns can be collected fromthe ground when they are fresh

Extraction of seeds: Remove cups by hand

Seed type: Recalcitrant

Best storage: Recalcitrant storage method, few months

Pre-treatment of seed:

Optimal germination %: 60 - 80 %

Sowing time: Feb-Mar, if stored otherwise immediately after collection.

Sowing method & transplanting: Nursery bed: sow in a bed in lines 5cm apart, with 3cmbetween seeds along the lines the point of the acorn facing upwards and transplant topots when first leaves appear. Polypot: 1 seed/on its side in a pot, cover with 5mm soil.The beds, pots should be mulched, shaded and applied with wire mesh to protect fromrodents. 20-25% compost is needed in the Nursery techniques. Root-pruning from startof monsoon, and repeat frequently. Early in the spring space the pots with 5-10cm gapsbetween rows.

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 60-64 weeks/low alt; 112-116weeks/higher alt. (above 1800-2000m) Mature size: 20cm.

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences: Seedlings sensitive to frost, prefers moist situation such as north aspects andthe sides of the ravines and grows well on deep clay looms; seedlings liable to browsing.

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Schima wallichii

Family: Theaceae

Nepali name: Chilaune

Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, S Tibet, east to W China

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): /Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 200 - 2100m, 900-2000m (3)

Zones: Sub-tropical

Plant type: Large evergreen tree upto 30m tall with a dense crown

Uses: Timber, fodder, bedding, medicine

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: Capsule, almost spherical, woody about 1.5cm across, splitting intofive valves to release winged seed

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 160,000-350,000 seeds/kg

Collection season: Jan-Apr.

Harvesting:

Extraction of seeds: Dry fruits in the sun for a few days until they open, shake and theshgently.

Seed type: Orthodox, viability for few months.

Best storage: Standard storage

Pre-treatment of seed: None

Optimal germination %: About 40%

Sowing time: Mar-Apr

Sowing method & transplanting: Nursery bed or trays Prick out into polypots when first trueleaves or at about 2-4 cm appear after about 10 weeks. Use 2:1:1 soil, sand, compost.

Nursery techniques: Root prune and space the pots in the spring before planting.

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 60 weeks; 30-45cm

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences: Wide variety of soil types, preferring north slopes in dry areas, seedling aremoderately shade tolerant and can be frost tender.

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Shorea robusta

Family: Dipterocarpacea

Nepali name: Sal, agrath, Sakhuwa

Geographical distribution: Subtropical Himalaya (Garwhal to Assam), India

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 150 - 1500m

Ecological Zones: Tropical, Sub-tropical

Plant type: Large deciduous (for a short time) light-demanding tree, 30 - 40 m in the tarai, 20-25m elsewhere.

Uses: Construction, doors & window frames, planking, carts, leaf fodder, poles, railway sleepers,fencing post, tool handles, plywood, fuelwood, tanning (bark), leaf plates, resin.

Time from flowering to mature fruits : Flower appear Mar-Apr.

Fruit type and maturity: Ovoid, about 8mm in diameter, with 5 wings - 3 long & 2 short, thelonger up to 7.5cm long, calyx with segments; from pale green when ripe and the wingsdry and brown.

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 450-1,000 fruits/kg, 516-531seeds/kg

Collection season: Jun

Harvesting: Shake fruit bearing branches lightly and collect the seed from the ground

Extraction of seeds:

Seed type: Recalcitrant, viability goes down after few days

Best storage: Recalcitrant storage

Pre-treatment of seed: Not required

Optimal germination %: 75-96%

Sowing time: Jun-Jul within a week after collection

Sowing method & transplanting: Sow directly into polypots (2 per pot). Use a mix of 2:1:1soil, sand, compost

Nursery techniques: Frequent root pruning is necessary as it develops a strong tap root

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 48-56 weeks & when 25-35 cm with4mm rid

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences: Wide variety of soils, not on very sandy, gravely soils & in waterlogged stiffareas. Tolerates light frost. Tolerant of drought and fire, sensitive to browsing. It growsquite well on soil containing.

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Syzygium cumini

Family: Myrtaceae

Nepali name: Jamun, ban jamun, phanir

Geographical distribution: Subtropical Himalaya, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Australia

W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y

Altitude in Nepal (registered): 300 - 1200, terai-1600m (3)

Ecological Zones: Tropical, Sub-tropical

Plant type: Large evergreen tree, dense irregular crown, short trunk

Uses: Agricultural implements, fence posts, boats, bridges, packing cases, boxes, fuelwood,tanning, fruits, leaf fodder, construction, carts & solid wheels

Pollination Type:

Time from flowering to mature fruits:

Fruit type and maturity: Drupe, oblong or subglobose, 12-30mm long, edible, when maturepurple to black with pink juicy pulp

Fruit production & Seed quantity: 1,000-1,300 seeds/kg

Collection season: Jun-Aug

Harvesting:

Extraction of seeds: Heap fruits in the shade to rot & wash pulp off to separate out the stones.

Seed type: Recalcitrant, viability 3 months

Best storage:

Pre-treatment of seed: Not required

Optimal germination %: 50% when fresh

Sowing time: Aug-Sep, immediately after collection

Sowing method & transplanting: Sow into polypots, 2/pot, or should be sown in nurserybeds for stump production

Nursery techniques:

Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 48 weeks for seedlings, 104 weeks forstumps

Vegetative propagation:

Site preferences: Prefers clay loam soils but will grow on well-drained soils, shallow rocky, ofvarying texture from clayey to loamy, not on dry sandy or stiffer gravely; shade tolerantparticularly when young.