BioSafety BioSecurity Duel use research Awareness survey

7/21/2019 BioSafety BioSecurity Duel use research Awareness survey

1/47

BIOETHICS AND DUAL USE

RESEARCH EDUCATION SURVEY

REPORT

Muhammad Bilal Khan

Mphil II


2/47

1

Table of Contents

OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................. 2

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 3

Gender distribution of participants ........................................................................................................... 3

Distribution of participants on basis of their belonging area.................................................................... 4

Distribution on basis of teaching caliber................................................................................................... 5

ANSWERS TO THE ASKED QUESTIONS ............................................................................................... 6

Question 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 6

Q2 Please considers the following proposed definitions. Would you agree on them? ........................... 10

1. Biosafety .................................................................................................................................. 10

2. Biosecurity ............................................................................................................................... 11

3. Bioweapons ............................................................................................................................. 12

4. Dual-Use .................................................................................................................................. 13

5. Codes ....................................................................................................................................... 14

Q3. During the graduate curriculum you teach in, are there any specific modules focused primarily on

the following topics: ............................................................................................................................... 15

Bioethics ............................................................................................................................................. 15

Biosafety ............................................................................................................................................. 16

Biosecurity .......................................................................................................................................... 16

Q4. In the course(s) you teach, or in other course(s) taught during the graduate curriculum, are thereany references made to the following topics:.......................................................................................... 17

Q5. Please consider the following........................................................................................................... 19

Analysis and comment line for Q5 ..................................................................................................... 34

Q6. Please tick the appropriate option according to the extent to which you agree or disagree. ............ 34

Q.7 Do you think these topics (mentioned above) are important for life sciences students to be aware

of? ........................................................................................................................................................... 44

Q8. We asked our participants that this education should be mandatory or voluntary? ......................... 45

SUGESSTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................................... 46


3/47

2

OVERVIEW

A multi-purpose awareness program along with a risk assessment survey was conducted by

Bio-ethics and Dual use Research team under supervision of team leader Professor Doctor

Zabta Khan Shinwari from a very superior Quaid-i-Azam University platform.

Being a team member I too was assign to conduct this survey and writing the required report

based upon the answers, observations and points by the participants of the survey.

About 150 biotechnologists were short listed and contacted by me through either of the following

ways

Providing the printed copy of the survey form

Emailing the form

Emailing online modifiable copy of form

Online survey through protected link by google drive and pass phrase enabled access to

ensure only specified people be participant

Out of all only 30 people responded to the request of being participant and 21 fulfilled required

criteria and 9 forms were rejected based on the following reasons

Incomplete survey forms

Inappropriate or non-serious reply to form

Unwanted requests or suggestions to asked questions

In 21 appropriate and accurate survey responses my participants include some of prominent

figures of biotechnology in Pakistan like

i. Professor Dr. Zafar Mahmood Khalid, Dean Faculty of Bio-informatics and Bio-

technology International Islamic University Islamabad

ii. Dr. Jamil Ahmed, Dean Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics Baluchistan University

of Information Technology Engineering and management Sciences Quetta

iii. Dr. Asma Haque, Incharge, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology GC

University Faisalabad.

iv.

Dr. Naeem Shahwani, Chairman Department of Biotechnology, Baluchistan University of

Information Technology Engineering and management Sciences Quetta

Based on responses result of required results were as following


4/47

3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Gender distribution of participants

In my survey 13 members were male participants and rest 8 were female participants the

following pie chart is describing their distribution on the basis of their gender.

MALE

62%

FEMALE

38%

GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICIPANTS


5/47

4

Distribution of participants on basis of their belonging area

In my participants 4 have their assigned duties in rural areas, 14 of them perform their duties inurban areas and 3 participants did not respond to this question. The following graph is showing

their distribution.

RURAL

19%

URBAN

67%

NO ANSWER

14%

DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICIPANTS ON BASIS OF

THEIR BELONGING AREA


6/47

5

Distribution on basis of teaching caliber

When it was asked by the participants to enlist maximum caliber of their students of a class they

teach. 8 of them responded that their students are of Ph.D. class, 1 teaches M.Phil. Students, 3

deals with BS level students and rest 9 of them are their-self Ph.D. student in different

universities. The following pie chart is brief explanation of their distribution.

BS

14%

M.Phil

5%

Ph.D

38%

PHD STUDENTS

43%

TEACHING CALIBER OF PARTICIPANTS


7/47

6

ANSWERS TO THE ASKED QUESTIONS

Question 1

We enlist different terms for our participants and acquired whether or not they were familiar with

those. The following pie charts are briefly explaining their answers for different terms.

YES

95%

NO5%

BIOETHICSFirst term asked wasBioethics where 20

participants know what

this term stands for and

1 did not know aboutthis.


8/47

7

YES

100%

NO

0%

BIOSAFETY

YES

81%

NO

19%

BIOSECURITYwhen we asked if theyhave heard about

"Biosecurity" or not. 17

participants knew

about this rest of 4 did

not knew anythingabout this.

Second term asked was

Bioethics where all

21 participants were

well familiar about this.


9/47

8

YES90%

NO

10%

BIOWEAPONS

YES

86%

NO

14%

BIOTERRORISM

When asked if they are

familiar about Bioweapons

or not 19 people replied in

positive and other two said

that they did not know about

term bioweapons.

Participants were asked about

the term Bioterrorism. 18 of

them had known to this term

rest 3 participants knewnothing about bioterrorism.


10/47

9

YES

48%NO

52%

DUAL USE RESEARCH

YES

81%

NO19%

CODES OF CONDUCT

We asked our participants if

they have ever heard about

the term Dual use

Research. A majority of

people did not know about

this term, where 11 did not

know about this and

remaining 10 people were

familiar about this term.

We asked our participants if

they had ever known to term

Codes of Conduct or not. 17

participants replied that they

knew it and other 4 knew

nothing about this term.


11/47

10

Q2 Please considers the following proposed definitions. Would you agree on them?

In second part we put some definitions for our participants and asked them if they agree on the

definitions of the defined terms or not. The forum also allowed them to embed, modify or change

the definition of any specified term the way they feel convenient playing a role as an open

conference.

Each term is defined in detail result with modified version if any.

1. Biosafetydefinitions were given as followed

a. In this context, Biosafety refers to the containment principles, technologies and

practices that are implemented to prevent unintentional exposure to pathogens and

toxins, or their accidental release.

There are three key elements to biosafety:

Laboratory practice and technique

Safety equipment

Facility design and constructionAlmost all the participants agreed to the above mentioned definition except one person.

Pie chart is giving a brief overview of the results.

YES

95%

NO

5%

BIOSAFETY DEFINITION


12/47

11

2. Biosecurity definition was given as followed.

a. In this context, Biosecurity refers to mechanisms to establish and maintain the

security and oversight of pathogenic microorganisms, toxins and relevant

resources.

In practice biosecurity systems are normally comprised of the following

components

Physical protection

a) Personnel reliability

b) Adequate scientific

c) Commercial program oversight

d) Pathogen accountability

e) Transportation security

f) Information security

Almost all the participants agreed on the given definition except one person the followingpie chart is giving brief details of this question.

YES

95%

NO

5%

BIOSECURITY DEFINITION


13/47

12

3. Bioweapons definitions were given as per Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention,

that states.

a. Microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or method of

production, of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic,

protective or other peaceful purposes;

b.

Weapons, equipment or means of delivery designed to use such agents or toxins

for hostile purposes or in armed conflict.

Almost all the participants agreed on the given definition except one person the following

pie chart is giving brief details of the answer given by the participants.

YES

95%

NO

5%

BIOWEAPONS DEFINITION


14/47

13

4. Dual-Use was described in multiple ways and all possible aspects were covered as

followed.

a. The term "dual-use" is used to describe technologies that could have both benign

and malign usage, specifically in the form of biological weapons.

b. Ostensibly civilian facilities that are in fact intended for military or terrorist

bioweapons development and production;

c. Equipment and agents that could be misappropriated and misused for biological

weapons development and production.

d. The generation and dissemination of scientific knowledge that could be

misapplied for biological weapons development and production.

18 participants agreed on the given terms of dual-use while other 3 participants disagreed

on provided definitions.

The following pie graph is briefly describing the results of survey.

YES

86%

NO

14%

DUAL USE DEFINITION


15/47

14

5. Codeswere described as following

a. Ethical or practical guidance documents promulgated amongst the community to

advice or guide individuals on an issue or issues. Examples include the

Hippocratic Oath.

19 people agreed to the given term and 2 of them disagreed on the provided term.

The following pie graph is giving a brief overview of the results.

In response to the request to modify the disagreed term only 2 participants responded and

expressed their opinion. As following

1) Bioethics, Biosafety and Codes are also applied to Use of Biotechnology and Genetic

Engineering for GM (Genetically Modified) crops with desired genes. Bioethics is also

related to medical research.

2) I am unsure If the checked No definitions are correct, There should have been another

option saying Not too sure.

YES

90%

NO

10%

CODES DEFINITION


16/47

15

Q3. During the graduate curriculum you teach in, are there any specific modules focused

primarily on the following topics:

In third part we tried to acquire if their curriculum up-to-date and support basic concerns of

modern day research.

We recorded their responses in 3 different categories.

Bioethics

When asked whether or not their curriculum contains, any modules primarily focusing

bioethics and related topics

15 participants responded in yes and said they had this as part of their studies. The

following graph is showing brief results for this question.

YES

71%

NO

29%

BIOETHICS


17/47

16

Biosafety

We repeated the same question for biosafety modules where 17 people have biosafety

modules in their course and rest 4 had no such awareness. Pie chart is briefly describing

their responses

Biosecurity

We asked them if they have anything related to biosecurity in their course 9 people

replied that yes they have related topics while majority had no such modules in either of

their course. The following pie chart is briefly showing their answers.

YES

81%

NO

19%

BIOSAFETY

YES

43%

NO

57%

BIOSECURITY


18/47

17

Q4. In the course(s) you teach, or in other course(s) taught during the graduate

curriculum, are there any references made to the following topics:

We tried to acquire if the participants make references to any of the following topics in either of

their course or not. Following graphs are showing brief results of these. Where red color

representing No and green stands for yes.

YES

81%

NO

19%

BIOETHICS

YES

76%

NO

24%

BIOSAFETY

YES

52%

NO

48%

BIOSECURITY

YES

48%NO

52%

BIOLOGICALWEAPONS


19/47

18

Based on the results we consider an alarming situation and recommend that teachers should

consider referencing these terms and topics in their routine lectures, and this practice should

continue to raise the awareness level.

YES

14%

NO

86%

BTWC

YES29%

NO

71%

DUAL USE

YES

62%

NO

38%

CODES OF CONDUCT

YES

38%

NO

62%

LAWS PROHIBITING

BIOLOGICAL

WEAPONS


20/47

19

Q5. Please consider the following.

We asked our participants about different thing in their practical work or in curricula and based

upon their reply the results were as following described in a pie chart briefly.

YES

38%

NO

62%

DO THE ABOVE MENTIONED TOPICS

(BIOSECURITY, DUAL USE, BIOTERRORISM,

BIOSAFETY ETC.) APPEAR IN ANY OF THE

COURSE READINGS (BIBLIOGRAPHY, TEXTBOOKS

ETC)

Its an alarming situation where

majority had nothing in their books or

readings, the hot issues and topics of

biotechnology.


21/47

20

YES

38%

NO

62%

DO YOU HAVE ANY BIOETHICS OR BIOSAFETY

COMMITTEE IN YOUR INSTITUTION?

Even more alarming situation

appeared in this question

where institutions playing

nature and have no such

control committee to point out

control and safe research.

Based upon answers we can

also deduct that there may be

such committee but

participants know nothing

about that or it may be non-

functional or dormant giving no

concern to the research.


22/47

21

YES

9%

NO

86%

NO ANSWER

5%

DO YOU KNOW ANY LOCAL OR INTERNATIONAL

ORGANIZATION/ RESEARCH GROUP THAT WORK

ON ANALYZING AND REGULATING DUAL USE

RESEARCH AND BIOSECURITY?

Terrifying image appeared as the answer to this question where vast majority practicing

biotechnologies do not know any such regulatory authority focusing dual-use research dilemma.

Based on their answer we can deduct that there is a disaster waiting for us if not controlled in a short

time


23/47

22

YES24%

NO

76%

ARE YOU AWARE OF ANY INTERNATIONAL

REGULATION PROHIBITING THE NON-PEACEFUL

USE OF LIFE SCIENCE RESEARCH OR REGULATING

THEIR OVERSIGHT (INCLUDING INTERNATIONALTREATIES, AND STANDARDS)?

Another alarming situation appeared a pie graph based on the answer of participants where only

one fourth of the people know any such organizations that prohibit non-peaceful research and bio

weapons production.


24/47

23

YES

14%

NO

86%

ARE YOU AWARE OF ANY NATIONAL

REGULATION PROHIBITING THE NON-PEACEFUL

USE OF LIFE SCIENCE RESEARCH (INCLUDING

CIVIL AND PENAL LEGISLATION, EXPORTCONTROLS)?

Even devastating graph appeared based on the answers to this question by the participants where

only a fraction of people know any national regulatory authority. We can deduce that national

committees are very dormant and this may result in a disaster.


25/47

24

YES

14%

NO

86%

DO YOU KNOW ANY EXAMPLES OF CODES OF

RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT WHICH APPLY TO LIFE

SCIENTISTS AND BIOTECHNOLOGISTS AND

RELATED PROFESSIONALS?

A disastrous situation appears in this graph where participants who have got license to play nature

do not n=know any code of conduct and are not aware or any such laws limiting research activities.

This situation is devastating and if preceded in the same way will surely result in a disaster.


26/47

25

YES

19%

NO

81%

HAVE YOU ATTENDED ANY INTERNATIONAL

WORKSHOP OR SEMINAR ON BIOSECURITY,

BIOTERRORISM, BIOSAFETY AND DUAL USE

ISSUES?

This graph is actually showing our weakness where men knowing about issues and preaching safe

research are not taking all biotechnologists on the board and not leading any such activity. And

because of that majority of people have not attended any such workshop in that regard.


27/47

26

YES

25%

NO

75%

DO YOU THINK THAT YOU CONDUCTED,

MANAGED OR TAUGHT RESEARCH THAT HAD

DUAL USE POTENTIAL?

This graph is showing very strange results based upon the answers of the participants. Actually any

practical biotechnology has dual use potential. And our participants are not even aware of such a

danger in hand.


28/47

27

YES

57%

NO

43%

DO YOU THINK THAT YOUR FIELD OF STUDY

INVOLVES TECHNIQUES THAT HAVE THE

POTENTIAL TO BE MISUSED AS DEFINED ABOVE?

Even after providing early definitions and keys to this specified question still a large number of

participants disagree with this question although majority of participants voted for yes.


29/47

28

YES

10%

NO

90%

EVER YOU THINK THAT YOUR LABORATORY SET

UP CAN BE USED FOR PREPARATION OF

MATERIAL FOR TERRORIST ACTIVITIES?

Most of the participants believe that their lab cannot be used as bioweapons development unit. That

is good in a way but based on previous answers it can be deduced that they are under estimating the

potential threat of biological agents and research.


30/47

29

YES

29%

NO

71%

HAVE SOME OF YOUR COLLEAGUES EVER TALKED

TO YOU ABOUT THESE TOPICS?

This question was asked to judge overall awareness level of biotech community and shocking results

appeared based on the responses of participants. There a vast majority of participants did not even

consider it to be discussed in a group of meeting. We can observe a clear image of low awareness

level of overall community.


31/47

30

YES

48%

NO

52%

DO YOU HAVE ANY PLANS TO CHANGE YOUR

COURSE OR MODULE TO ACCOMMODATE SUCH

TOPICS?

Mixed opinion was observed in response to this question. That is a good and a bad at the same time

good is because now somehow biotechnology community consider these topics to be addressed andconsidered and bad because still about a half of them prefer standing on the same line.


32/47

31

YES

24%

NO

76%

HAVE YOU EVER DELIVERED A LECTURE DEALING

WITH TOPICS SUCH AS DUAL USE RESEARCH,

BIOSECURITY, BIOTERRORISM ETC.?

A vast majority of participants even if practicing this filed for a number of years did not ever had

delivered lecture to discuss and address any hot issues in biotechnology and have least knowledge

about this.


33/47

32

YES

52%

NO48%

DO YOU THINK THERE IS A LACK OF

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS AND RESOURCES ON

THESE ISSUES AVAILABLE FOR PROFESSORS?

Mix review came as an answer to this question slight majority agreed that overall there is less

material available on these issues but still a handsome number either had no access to such material

or they are not interested in any such material.


34/47

33

YES

43%

NO

57%

IS YOUR UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE OFFERING A

SEPARATE COURSE COVERING TOPICS LIKE

BIOETHICS, BIOSAFETY, BIOSECURITY AND DUAL

USE RESEARCH?

Majority had no such course or guide available at their respective institutes that obviously shows

the need of promotion of this course and such actives.


35/47

34

Analysis and comment line for Q5

Most of participants overall replied in no to the asked question that shows the urge of

participants to be taught these subjects but they are not having it of multiple reasons.

1. Bioethics, biosafety, bioweapons and bioterrorism were some terms that appeared in

there course content but there is no special or reserved coursed assigned for this purpose.Some institutes focus on bioethics in research but the hot topics like dual use research

education is only limited to Quaid-i-Azam university and only biotechnology department

offers it rest of the departments are totally unaware of these subject maters and there

importance.

2. Participants know about (chemical weapon convention) CWC but there were no or least

awareness about any society dealing with biotechnology research.

3. Participants are unaware of any research tribunal at national level. It is not only the

negligence of participants but also weakness of our committees and departments, that

they are dormant and do not publish and show them with activity.

Q6. Please tick the appropriate option according to the extent to which you agree or

disagree.

Some of important issues were placed before participants and their opinion was obtained that

how important are they for them. Following analysis is showing their responses.


36/47

35

STRONGLY

DISAGREE

29%

DISAGREE

38%

NEITHER

AGREE NOR

DISAGREE

19%

AGREE

14%

STRONGLY AGREE

0%

LABORATORY SETUPS AT EDUCATIONAL AND

RESEARCH INSTITUTES CAN BE USED FOR

PREPARATION OF MATERIALS FOR NON-

PEACEFUL PURPOSES.

Overall more than 60% people say that it is unlikely to happen that a laboratory setup is used for the

unhealthy activities. It may be because they are have a strong faith on good will and not knowing the

potential threat they are facing.


37/47

36

STRONGLY

DISAGREE

5%

DISAGREE

14%

NEITHER AGREE

NOR DISAGREE

28%AGREE

48%

STRONGLY

AGREE

5%

UNDESIRED ELEMENTS CAN GAIN ACCESS TO

SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES, ANYWHERE IN THE

WORLD, TO BE MISUSED FOR HOSTILE

ACTIVITIES.

Majority of participants agreed that using the simple protocol or the research they are doing if fall in

wrong hands may result in terror.


38/47

37

STRONGLY

DISAGREE

5% DISAGREE

5%

NEITHER AGREE

NOR DISAGREE

14%

AGREE

57%

STRONGLY AGREE

19%

OVERSIGHT, SECURITY MECHANISMS AND

REGULATIONS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL SHOULD

BE INCREASED FOR SAFE, SECURE AND

RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT OF SCIENTIFICRESEARCH.

2/3 majority agrees on the fact that legislation and practical implementation is required to oversight

the problems and risks associated with research so that any misconduct can be stopped and

managed in time.


39/47

38

STRONGLY

DISAGREE

0%

DISAGREE

9%

NEITHER AGREE

NOR DISAGREE

29%

AGREE

43%

STRONGLY

AGREE

19%

SCIENTISTS HAVE LOW LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON

NATIONAL CIVIL (INCLUDING EXPORT CONTROLS)

AND PENAL LAWS REGULATING POTENTIAL

MISUSE OF SCIENCE.

Based on the results obtained from answers of participants it can be concluded that scientist need

training workshops where they must be addressed about the issues regarding science and authorities

that regulate the research ethical issues.


40/47

39

STRONGLY

DISAGREE

0%

DISAGREE

5%

NEITHER AGREE

NOR DISAGREE

71%

AGREE

19%

STRONGLY

AGREE

5%

THE USE OF A CODE THAT INCLUDES THE

DANGER OF THE MISUSE OF SCIENCE IS

SUSPICIOUS FOR BIOLOGISTS.

A majority of participants showed confusion on this question and they neither agree nor disagree

with our statement.


41/47

40

STRONGLY

DISAGREE

0%

DISAGREE

5%

NEITHER AGREE

NOR DISAGREE

24%

AGREE

38%

STRONGLY AGREE

33%

EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

SHOULD INCLUDE STUDY MATERIAL ON DUAL

USE, BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY IN COURSE

WORK.

A vast majority of participants agreed on the statement and preferred to modify the course outline in

such a way that new course must include soothing highlighting the issues.


42/47

41

STRONGLY

DISAGREE

5%

DISAGREE

9%

NEITHER AGREE

NOR DISAGREE

33%

AGREE

29%

STRONGLY AGREE

24%

RESEARCH FUNDERS (FOUNDATIONS,

GOVERNMENTS,) SHOULD HAVE POLICIES

REGARDING FUNDING DUAL USE RESEARCH.

Overall majority of participants agreed to develop such policies that enable traceability of funds in

case any dual use dilemma is found in research and develop policies to control any misconduct.


43/47

42

STRONGLY

DISAGREE

0%

DISAGREE

0%

NEITHER AGREE

NOR DISAGREE

52%

AGREE

19%

STRONGLY AGREE

29%

SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS SHOULD HAVE POLICIES

REGULATING THE PUBLICATION OF DUAL USE

RESEARCH.

Most of participants in the survey showed confusion on this question however about 45% collectively

agreed that scientific journals must review the research before publishing it, and should consider any

dual use research issues before publishing it.


44/47

43

STRONGLY

DISAGREE

0%

DISAGREE

0%

NEITHER AGREE

NOR DISAGREE

33%

AGREE

48%

STRONGLY

AGREE

19%

MISUSE OF BIOLOGICAL

KNOWLEDGE/TECHNIQUES IS MORE

DESTRUCTIVE BECAUSE THERE IS NO DEFINED

BARRIER TO CONTROL IT.

Most of the people agree on the topic that misuse and any biological protocol in wrong hand will

prove to be disastrous.


45/47

44

Q.7 Do you think these topics (mentioned above) are important for life sciences students to

be aware of?

This question was asked to judge the interest and awareness level of the educators that how they

see their students and consider them to be aware to prevent any such misconduct unknowingly.

Following graph is explaining the attentions of participants.

VERY IMPORTANT

40%

IMPORTANT

30%

SOME HOW

IMPORTANT

20%

NOT

IMPORTANT

10%

DO NOT KNOW

0%

DO YOU THINK THESE TOPICS (MENTIONED

ABOVE) ARE IMPORTANT FOR LIFE SCIENCES

STUDENTS TO BE AWARE OF?

Almost 2/3 majority considered this topic important. That shows importance of this topic.


46/47

45

Q8. We asked our participants that this education should be mandatory or voluntary?

This is to judge the importance of the issues and its awareness program

MANDATORY

62%VOLUNTARY

14%

DID NOT ANSWER

24%

DO YOU THINK THAT THIS EDUCATION SHOULD

BE MADE MANDATORY OR VOLUNTARY

Majority of participants voted for mandatory. That means they consider this education must for their

students and want it to be as a part of their core course.


47/47

SUGESSTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Based upon the survey some of the recommendations are as following

1.

Review committee should me make that conduct workshops and meetings on regularbases

2. Report must be shared with all the participants so that they may be aware of current

situation and react to it.

3. Current societies must improve their standards and come on the board with updated

manuals and methodology.

4. Course content is outdated and need a review with improvements and including portions

that include issues and problems regarding biotechnology research.

5. All over Pakistan there should be a biotechnology center keeping record of all the critical

research that can be used for dual use purposes.

6.

Current biosafety committees at university level are dormant and not playing active rolein research, they need an update sessions with reviewers and key concern peoples.

7. Department of biotechnology Quaid-i-Azam university must send/refer its students and

teams focusing training sessions all over Pakistan. At least all participants must be given

training by the person who asked or offered them to be a participant of the survey.

8. Local and grass rote areas must be approached and a compulsion should be made for all

biotechnology students Quaid-i-Azam university to conduct at least one week training on

biosafety and security into their belonging areas.

9. A biotechnology committee is required that consist of all chair of departments having

biotechnology courses in Pakistan. There they must have regular meeting and focus

issues related to biotechnology and dual use research issues.

Prevention is better than cure Scientists and biotechnologist must recognize their responsibilities

and go hand in hand promoting safe research

Documents

BioSafety BioSecurity Duel use research Awareness survey